Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
  • H04N5/00—Details of television systems
  • H04N5/76—Television signal recording
  • H04N5/91—Television signal processing therefor
  • H04N5/913—Television signal processing therefor for scrambling ; for copy protection
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
  • G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
  • G06T1/00—General purpose image data processing
  • G06T1/0021—Image watermarking
  • G06T1/0028—Adaptive watermarking, e.g. Human Visual System [HVS]-based watermarking
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
  • G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
  • G06T1/00—General purpose image data processing
  • G06T1/0021—Image watermarking
  • G06T1/0085—Time domain based watermarking, e.g. watermarks spread over several images
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
  • H04N9/00—Details of colour television systems
  • H04N9/12—Picture reproducers
  • H04N9/31—Projection devices for colour picture display, e.g. using electronic spatial light modulators [ESLM]
  • H04N9/3179—Video signal processing therefor
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
  • G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
  • G06T2201/00—General purpose image data processing
  • G06T2201/005—Image watermarking
  • G06T2201/0052—Embedding of the watermark in the frequency domain
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
  • H04N5/00—Details of television systems
  • H04N5/76—Television signal recording
  • H04N5/91—Television signal processing therefor
  • H04N5/913—Television signal processing therefor for scrambling ; for copy protection
  • H04N2005/91357—Television signal processing therefor for scrambling ; for copy protection by modifying the video signal
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
  • H04N5/00—Details of television systems
  • H04N5/76—Television signal recording
  • H04N5/91—Television signal processing therefor
  • H04N5/913—Television signal processing therefor for scrambling ; for copy protection
  • H04N2005/91392—Television signal processing therefor for scrambling ; for copy protection using means for preventing making copies of projected video images
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
  • H04N21/00—Selective content distribution, e.g. interactive television or video on demand [VOD]
  • H04N21/40—Client devices specifically adapted for the reception of or interaction with content, e.g. set-top-box [STB]; Operations thereof
  • H04N21/47—End-user applications
  • H04N21/478—Supplemental services, e.g. displaying phone caller identification, shopping application

Definitions

• the invention relates to a method for processing a source image (I s ) comprising a step of decomposing this image (I s ) into a series of "component" images (I C1 , I C2 , .... C k. • • • > 'en) 0 P are different, said decomposition being adapted so that the successive visualization of the images of this series at a frequency greater than the color melting frequency for the human eye produces a merged image ( I F ) identical or nearly identical to said source image.
• Such an image processing method is described in WO05 / 027529 - THOMSON.
• the difference between the "component" images relates to a plurality of pixels large enough to be largely perceptible to the eye.
• a difference appears at the level of this plurality of pixels when viewing illegally recorded images, which considerably degrades and blurs the display.
• the identity between the source image and the merged image means that the differences between these two images are not perceptible to the eye, so as not to degrade the direct visualization, thus legal, images.
• each pixel of this image is associated on the one hand with a display of the screen, on the other hand with a triplet of video data (D R1 D G , D B ), and each display of the screen which is associated with a pixel of the image using the video data triplet (D R , D G , D B ) associated with this pixel.
• each triplet of video data associated with a pixel of the image to be displayed forms, in a color space linked to the display device, the coordinates of what is called the color vector of this pixel.
• the set of possible values of video data triplets or color vectors describes, in this color space associated with the device, a three-dimensional gamut of color.
• the video data is generally normalized, for example in the PAL system or in the NTSC system, both of which are so-called luminance-chrominance systems.
• a PAL image display device thus receives, in the form of electrical signals, the video data triplets, generally noted (Y, U, V), which correspond to all the color vectors and thus pixels of this image, in the color PAL space linked to this device.
• an NTSC image display device therefore receives, in the form of electrical signals, the video data triplets, generally noted (Y, I, Q), which correspond to each other. to the set of color vectors and thus pixels of this image, in the NTSC color space linked to this device.
• Y designates the luminance
• U and V where I and Q designate the chrominance.
• the video data is generally "gamma” (power to a "gamma" factor) to account for the voltage response of the CRT displays.
• the image processing method described in the aforementioned WO05 / 027529 results in a method image display.
• a display method then makes it possible: on the one hand, to display any sequence of processed source images so that the observer perceives the source images of this sequence as if no she was not treated; - On the other hand, scrambling the shooting of the display of this sequence of processed images, that would try to perform a malicious person, including using a camcorder not synchronized to the sequence of source images.
• the decomposition of the source images is performed in a color space noted YUV, that is to say a color PAL space; as indicated above, this space depends on the image display device used for displaying the images of the sequence.
• the values of U 3 , V 3 , U 4 , V 4 are determined so that the ends C 3 and C 4 of these two "component” vectors:
• the essential criteria for the decomposition of a color vector from one pixel of the source image into two color vectors each associated with a pixel of a component image are that, in the YUV color space for example , the points C 1 , C 3 and C 4 are aligned and that the Euclidean distance C 1 C 3 is equal to the Euclidean distance C 1 C 4 .
• source image decomposition as described in WO05 / 027529 does not always result in effective scrambling of images after illegal recording, for example using a camcorder.
• An object of the invention is to improve the scrambling of processed images. For this purpose, a means is proposed for increasing the differences between the composite images by improving the decomposition of the source images.
• the subject of the invention is a method for processing a source image I 80 , in which said source image I 80 is decomposed in a decomposition color space into a series of n "component" images I C1 . I C2 , ..., l ck , ..., l Cn and where, at each source pixel E SOj which belongs to a plurality of decomposed pixels E 801 , E 802 , ..., E SOj , ..., E SOq of this source image I 80 , corresponds to a series of component pixels E clj , E C2j , ..., E ckj , ..., E Cnj respectively in each of the said component images I C1 , I C2 , ...,
• a source point P SOj represents the end of vector OP SOJ source color associated with said pixel source E SOJ, and shows components by points P 1 J, P 2 j, ..., P kj, - -, P nj 'are color component vectors ends OP 1 J, OP 2 J, ..., OP kj , ..., OP nj associated with said component pixels E clj , E C2j , ..., E ckj , ..., E Cnj of the series corresponding to said source pixel (E SOj ), said decomposition is such that, for each source pixel (E SOj ) of said plurality,
• said decomposition is furthermore such that the distances between said source point P SOj and each of said component points P 1 J, P 2j , ..., P kj , ..., P nj associated with the component pixels (E clj , E C2j , ..., E ckj,. .., E Cnj ) corresponding to said source pixel (E SOj ) are all greater than or equal to K SOj times the radius L SOj of said limit sphere.
• the source image comprises q pixels which are decomposed, the other pixels of this source image then not being decomposed; the pixels that are not decomposed are unchanged in each of the component images; on the contrary, each pixel decomposed corresponds to a series of n component pixels, at least two of the pixels of this series being different, so that the n "component" images I C1 , I C2 , ..., l ck , ..., the Cn actually differentiate; the set of decomposed pixels E S (n , E 802 , ..., E SOj ,..., E SOq of the source image form a plurality of q decomposed pixels.
• Each pixel of the image to be decomposed is generally associated with a video data triplet (D R , D G , D B ) which is able to control an elementary display of a display device so as to obtain the display of said pixel, and which conventionally forms the coordinates of the color vector associated with said pixel of this image in a color space associated with said device; the set of possible values of the video data triplets then describes, in this color space associated with said device, a three-dimensional gamut of colors, which can be transposed into the decomposition color space, in the case at least where the Decomposition color space is different from the color space related to the device.
• K SOj is the interference factor of a pixel E 80 J of the source image I 80 .
• this interference factor is differs from the metamerization parameter t 4 defined in the document US2004 / 081318 which proposes another solution to improve the interference: instead of a sequential decomposition of source images as in the invention, this document proposes to "code", without to decompose them, the source images in at least four primary colors (instead of the three), so as to have a freedom parameter (t 4 ) that can be used to scramble a camcorder (see ⁇ 30); this document does not define any interference optimization criterion that is related to the position of the color vector ends in a sphere of the color space, as in the invention; note that the two methods can be used simultaneously without departing from the invention.
• Said display device used for displaying the decomposed images may be a virtual device; for example, if the color space linked to the device is YUV, the associated virtual device is a PAL TV. In the decay color space, each set of n frames
• Components (I C1 , I C2 , ..., Ick- - -. 'En) are differentiated by a plurality of component pixels whose resultant of the color vectors is equal to or almost equal to n times the vectors of color associated with decomposed pixels (E S oi, Eso 2 - - - ⁇ n j -. -. E 8 Q q) of said source image (I 80).
• the resultant of the color component vectors OP 1 J, OP 2 J,..., OP kj ,..., OP nj associated with the component pixels (E clj , E C2j , ..., E ckj , ..., E Cnj ) of each component image ('ci-' c 2 > - - 'ck- - -' en) is therefore equal to or almost equal to n times the source vector of color OP SOj associated with the decomposed source pixel E SOj of the source image I 80 , in the sense that the merging of the component pixels gives the source pixel approximately for the eye; Merging is the perception of the eye during the successive display of each component image at a frequency greater than that of the fusion of colors for the eye.
• this plurality of decomposed pixels may form a pattern, such as a message mentioning copyrights attached to the image.
• the position and the size of the pattern that appears in the component images can be advantageously adapted to optimize the perception by the eye, so as to further increase the interference. According to a variant, it is the majority of the pixels of the source image that are decomposed, and it is the "invariant" pixels that form a pattern inscribed, in a way, in "negative", on the image.
• Said decomposition space may be a YUV (PAL) or YIQ (NTSC) space, which are spaces linked to a display device; it may also be a space XYZ, Yxy, or linearly derived from these spaces, such as the space Ycd described below, which are luminance-chrominance spaces independent of the display device; other color spaces may be used for decomposition without departing from the invention.
• PAL YUV
• NTSC YIQ space
• said decomposition space is a perceptually uniform color space.
• this decomposition space not only the source image processing according to the invention makes it possible to guarantee a higher difference than in the prior art between the component images of this source image, but this difference is now optimized from the point of view of perception by the human eye, which further improves the interference.
• a perceptually uniform decomposition space one can choose the CIE-LAB space, the CIE-LUV space, or the QMH space, or the JCH space.
• the image processing method according to the invention makes it possible to guarantee, for each decomposed source image , a difference greater than in the prior art between the component images of this source image, which makes it possible to optimize the scrambling of the images.
• the component images of each series are then displayed at a frequency equal to n times the source frequency, which is greater than the color melting frequency for the human eye.
• a minimum difference, related to the factors K SO is ensured.
• the factor K SOj is common to all the decomposed pixels of the source image I 80 .
• the decomposition space comprises the absolute magnitude of luminance and, one of the coordinates of said source point P SOj then corresponding to a luminance Y SOj , then, for said decomposition, the series of n "limit" points P 1 JL, P 2 JL 1 - -, Pk j L'- - 'Pn j L,' a series of n component points P 1 J, P 2j , ..., Pj ⁇ - - P nj are chosen in the same constant luminance plane corresponding to the luminance coordinate Y SOj of said source point.
• said source point P SOj also belongs to this constant luminance plane. If a two-dimensional gamut is then defined by the intersection of the constant luminance plane Y SOj with said three-dimensional gamut always transposed into said decomposition color space, then the n "limit" points PI j L 'Pz j L- - - 'Pk j L'- -' Pn j L are positioned on a circle of radius L SOJ is included, the range limit, in said two-dimensional gamut. According to a second variant, for said decomposition, the series of n component points P 1 J, P 2j , ..., Pj ⁇ .
• P nj are chosen so as not to belong to any plane perpendicular to one of the reference axes of said decomposition space.
• the decomposition space comprises the absolute magnitude of luminance
• the decomposition then leads to a luminance modulation.
• This second variant is preferably used for the processing of a source image sequence in which each of the source images is processed according to the invention, and the decompositions of said source images are performed in such a way that the succession of the series of component pixels corresponding to the decomposed pixels of these source images gives rise to a luminance fluctuation at a frequency lower than the flicker limit frequency of the human eye, preferably less than or equal to 20 Hz.
• said source space comprises the luminance magnitude.
• the so-a , l so _b of a sequence which are each decomposed into two component images I cl are each decomposed into two component images I cl .
• each decomposed pixel E SOj-a of the first source image l SOa will be decomposed into two component pixels, E clj . a , E C2j-a such that the luminance of the first component pixel E cl ; a is greater than that of the second component pixel E C2j-a ; each pixel decomposed JI E 80 3 of the second source image so- b will be decomposed into two components E clj pixels.
• b- Ecz j -b so that the luminance of the first component pixel E clj .
• said interference factor K 80 . K 80 ; is common to the said plurality of pixels decomposed (E 801 , E 802 , - -, E SOj , ..., E SOq ) of said source image l SOj .
• said interference factor K 80 J is greater than or equal to 0.8.
• the differences between the component images of the source images are further improved and the scrambling of the images is further increased.
• said component points P 1 J, P 2j ,..., Pj ⁇ - - P nj forming the edges of a polyhedron, said polyhedron is equilateral and centered on said source point P 80 .
• These component points P 1 J, P 2j , ..., Pj ⁇ ..., P nj are therefore on the same sphere, or, if appropriate, the same circle, centered on P 80 , and of radius K 80 J x L 80 J. Thanks to the equilateral nature of the polyhedron, that is to say the equidistance of the component points, the differences between the component images of the source images are further improved, and the interference of the images is further increased.
• the subject of the invention is also a method for processing a source image sequence in which at least one of said images is processed according to the invention, in which, if, at each source pixel (E 80j ) of the at least one processed source image I 80 that belongs to said plurality of decomposed pixels (E 801 , E 802 , ..., E 80 J, ..., E 8Qq ), associates a motion vector and defines a limit a higher interference level M 80 J of said source pixel E 80 J which is greater than the interference factor K 80 J associated with said source pixel and which is such that the distances between the P 80 J end of the color source vector associated with said source pixel ( E 80j ) and each of the ends P 1 J, P 2j , ..., Pj ⁇ ..., P nj of the color component vectors associated with the component pixels (E clj , E C2j , ..., E ckj , ..
• E Cnj ) corresponding to said source pixel (E 80j ) are all less than or equal to M 80 J times the radius L 80 J of the bounding sphere limit ied to said source pixel (E 80j ), then, for each (E 80j ) of said source pixels of said plurality, said upper scrambling limit M 80 J is inversely proportional to the modulus of the motion vector of said source pixel (E 80j ). According to the invention, the difference between the component images of a given source image in the zones of this source image which are affected by a large movement in the sequence of the video sequence of images to be displayed is therefore reduced.
• the motion vector data is immediately available for each pixel of these images; this motion vector can be common to the different pixels of the same decompression macro-block.
• the scrambling factor K SOj associated with said source pixel is inversely proportional to the module of the motion vector of this source pixel (E SOj ).
• the scrambling factor is common to said plurality of decomposed pixels of each source image SOj .
• the interference factor is furthermore common to all the source images.
• the invention also relates to a method for displaying an image sequence intended for a given source frequency, comprising at least one series of component images (I C1 , I C2 , ..., Ick- - - -. 'en) obtained by the treatment of at least one source image I 80 according to the invention or by the processing of a sequence of images according to the invention, in which each of these images (I Q J) is successively displayed "Components" at a component frequency that is n times the source frequency and that is greater than the color fusion frequency of the human eye.
• component images I C1 , I C2 , ..., Ick- - - -. 'en
• the subject of the invention is also a device for displaying a source image, each pixel of which is associated with a video data triplet (D R , D G , D B ), comprising:
• a display panel comprising a two-dimensional matrix of polychromatic elementary displays
• control means able to control each elementary display by means of a video data triplet (D R , D G , D B ) associated with a pixel so as to obtain the display of this pixel;
• control means capable of processing the image to be displayed according to the invention, so as to generate a series of component images of said source image; wherein said control means is adapted to successively display each component image at a frequency greater than the color fusion frequency.
• a basic display of a display screen there may be mentioned a group of three liquid crystal or micro-mirror valves modulating in three different primary colors, or a group of three light-emitting diodes emitting in three different primary colors.
• each elementary display is formed by a valve.
• FIG. 2 represents a step of the decomposition of a color vector of a source image into two color vectors of component images, in the same color space (Y, c, d) independent of this device, according to the same embodiment of the invention as that of Figure 1.
• a device of image display having a screen comprising an array of display elements and having control means for these display elements, in which, to obtain the display of a given image, each pixel is associated with of this image a triplet of video data (D R , D G , D B ) which, when it is addressed to the display element which corresponds to this pixel, via the control means of this device, generates the display of this pixel.
• Each image of the sequence is partitioned into a matrix of pixels, so that each display element corresponds to a pixel of this matrix.
• Such a display device can be indifferently a digital video projector, a retro-projector, a plasma screen, an LCD screen or another image display screen that is addressable by video data.
• a source image to be decomposed I 80 is selected, here in a series of two component images I C1 , I C2 .
• Some pixels of the two component images I C1 , I C2 are identical to those of the source image I 80 , others are different from the source image and form a plurality of differentiating pixels: E C11 , E C12 , ...
• each component image I C1 , I C2 there are therefore q pixels differentiating from the source image I 80 , the other pixels being identical.
• the number of differentiating pixels preferably represents at least 10% of the total number of pixels of an image, so that the difference between the component images can be perceptible to the eye.
• the decomposition of the source image I 80 which will be described below aims to obtain that the fusion of the pixels E cl I and E C21 , E cl2 and E C22 , ..., E clj and E C2j , ... , E clq and E C2q , identical positions on all the component images I C1 , I C2 , generates for the human eye a pixel identical to that (E 8 (n , E 802 , ..., E 80 J ,. .., E 80q ) of the same position on the source image I 80.
• the source pixels (E 8 (n , E 802 , ..., E 80 J, ..., E 80q ) are decomposed into component pixels (E C11 , E C12 , ..., E clj , ...., E clq ) for the component image I C1 , and (E C21 , E C22 , ..., E C2j , ...., E C2q ) for the component image I C2
• the pixels of the source image I 80 that are to be decomposed therefore form the following plurality: E 8 (n , E 802 , ..., E 80 J, ..., E 80q
• E 80 J we will now explain in detail how to decompose one of these pixels, E 80 J, in pixels of the same position E clj and E C2j respectively component images I C1 , I C2 , the decomposition of the other pixels of this plurality being done in an identical manner.
• the triplet (D R S0 , D G S0 , D B S0 ) associated with the pixel E SOj represents the coordinates of a vector OP S0 , called "color vector", in an associated color space. to the display device.
• each of the video data can therefore take an integer value between 0 and 1023.
• Table 1 The three columns of Table 1 below give the coordinates of color reference vectors OO, OR, OG, OB, OC, OM, OY and OW, corresponding, in the order of the lines, to the black, then to each of the primaries of the device (respectively red, green and blue), then to each of the secondary of the device (respectively cyan, magenta, and yellow), then to the white of reference of the device.
• the ends of these color reference vectors therefore delimit a cube in this color space, also called a three-dimensional gamut, within which, including limits, are all the color vectors that can be displayed by the display elements of the color. the screen.
• Table 1 gives the correspondence between the coordinate values of the eight color reference vectors 00, OR, OG, OB, OC, OM, OY and OW when expressed in the video data space or color space. specific to the device, when expressed in the XYZ space, and when expressed in the new color space used here for decomposition.
• the correspondence D R , D G , D B -> XYZ is established in a manner known per se, for example using known methods of colorimetric characterization of a display device, such as those described in the referenced IEC standard. 61966.
• the spectral visual functions x ( ⁇ ), y ( ⁇ ), z ( ⁇ ) characteristic of XYZ color systems can also be used.
• the correspondence XYZ -> Ycd is established as previously defined.
• linear interpolation is performed from color reference vectors, on the one hand, which frame the color vector OP SOj , on the other hand for which the correspondence D R , D G , D B -> XYZ -> Ycd has been established, as previously mentioned; such a linear interpolation method is known per se and will not be described here in detail.
• the coordinates of the points which delimit each of the polygons can be obtained by linear interpolation of the coordinates of the polygons.
• points R ', G', B ', C, M', Y 'and W which are given in columns c and d of Table 1.
• the minimum circle 5 is centered on P SOj and has a radius equal to 0.5 x L SOj ;
• the average circle 6 is centered on P SOj and has a radius equal to 0.8 x L SOj ;
• the radius L SOj of the limit circle is deduced from the equation representing algebraically the reduced two-dimensional gamut 3 and from the equation expressing that the point P SOj is the centroid of the limit points P 1 JL and P 2jL -
• the factors 0.5 and 0.8 correspond to possible values of a factor of scrambling K SOj specific to the pixel E SOj ; this factor can be common to all the pixels of the source image S 0 to be broken down; conversely, this factor can be variable according to the pixels of the source image S 0 to be decomposed, preferably inversely proportional to the motion vector of this pixel, so as to advantageously reduce the interference rate in the parts of the image subject to strong movement; it can be common to all the source images to decompose, or on the contrary be variable according to the source images.
• K SOj 0.8
• the triplet is calculated (D R. clj> D G. clj, D B. clj), (D R. C2j, D G. C2j, D B. C2j) which express the coordinates of the same two OP C1 color vectors;, OP C2 , this time in the color space linked to the device.
• the pixels E 0 e. Eq 2 of the component images I C1 , I C2 will be displayed successively from the following triplets of video data (D R , cl , D G , cl , D B, clj ), (D R , C2j , D G , C2j , D B C2j ), which will generate, because of the merging of the colors, a pixel identical to the pixel E SOj of the source image E 80 .
• This difference between the pixels of the different component images of the same source image can advantageously be modulated, for example by increasing the number q of differentiating pixels, for example by changing the size of the scrambling pattern.
• the differentiating pixels E S (n , E 802 , ..., E SOj ,..., E SOq are positioned in the zones of the source images where it is possible to obtain the distances L SO i, L 802 , ..., L SOj ,..., L SOQ (previously defined) the highest.
• the difference between the pixels of the different component images of the same source image can be increased by increasing the scrambling factor K SOj , especially in the range of values between 0.8 and 1 inclusive.
• this interference factor remains greater than or equal to 0.5 in order to maintain a sufficient difference between the component images.
• a source image decomposition into two component images decompositions into a larger number of component images can be envisaged without departing from the invention; by generalizing, a source image can thus be decomposed into a series of n "component" images: I C1 , I C2 , ..., Ick- Cn ; alternatively, the number n may vary depending on the source image to be decomposed; indeed, as the color melting frequency depends on the brightness of the images, it is possible to consider a higher number n for low melting frequencies, and vice versa.
• Other color spaces can be envisaged to decompose the source images optimally without departing from the invention.
• a perceptually uniform space is chosen.
• CIE-LAB space also called Lab
• CIE-LUV space also called Luv space
• QMH space the QMH space
• JCH space the CIE-LAB space
• QCH space Q is the brightness (brightness)
• C the colorfulness
• H the huequadrature or hueangle
• JCH J designates the luminance ("lightness")
• C designates the "chroma”
• H designates previously the hue.

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• Testing, Inspecting, Measuring Of Stereoscopic Televisions And Televisions (AREA)
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• 2006
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