Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01C—MEASURING DISTANCES, LEVELS OR BEARINGS; SURVEYING; NAVIGATION; GYROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS; PHOTOGRAMMETRY OR VIDEOGRAMMETRY
  • G01C19/00—Gyroscopes; Turn-sensitive devices using vibrating masses; Turn-sensitive devices without moving masses; Measuring angular rate using gyroscopic effects
  • G01C19/58—Turn-sensitive devices without moving masses
  • G01C19/64—Gyrometers using the Sagnac effect, i.e. rotation-induced shifts between counter-rotating electromagnetic beams
  • G01C19/66—Ring laser gyrometers

Definitions

• the field of the invention is that of solid state gyrolasers used in particular in inertial units. This type of equipment is used, for example, for aeronautical applications.
• the laser gyro developed about thirty years ago, is widely marketed and used today. Its operating principle is based on the Sagnac effect, which induces a difference in frequency ⁇ v between the two optical transmission modes propagating in opposite directions, said to be counter-propagating, of a bidirectional ring laser cavity animated by a movement of rotation.
• the frequency difference ⁇ v induced between the two optical modes by the rotational movement is equal to:
• ⁇ v 4A ⁇ / ⁇ L
• L and A are respectively the length and area of the cavity
• ⁇ is the Sagnac effect laser emission wavelength
• ⁇ is the speed of rotation of the assembly.
• the measurement of ⁇ v obtained by spectral analysis of the beat of the two emitted beams, makes it possible to know the value of ⁇ with a very great precision.
• a fringe counting device typical of the gyrolasers makes it possible, from the beat signal, to know the relative angular position of the system.
• the amplifying medium is a gaseous mixture of helium and neon atoms in appropriate proportion.
• the gaseous nature of the amplifying medium is a source of technical complications during the production of the laser gyro, in particular because of the high purity of gas required and the premature wear of the cavity during its use due, in particular, to leakage. of gases and deterioration of the high voltage electrodes used to establish the population inversion.
• a solid state laser gyrolaser operating in the visible or the near infra-red using, for example, a medium an amplifier based on crystals doped with rare-earth ions such as neodymium, iron or ytterbium instead of the helium-neon gas mixture; the optical pumping being then provided by laser diodes operating in the near infra-red. This removes, de facto, all the problems inherent to the gaseous state of the amplifying medium.
• the realization of gyrolasers of this type presents certain technical difficulties related in part to the fact that counterpropagating waves interfere in the amplifying medium. Indeed, if the amplifying medium is a crystalline solid of type
• Nd-YAG Nd-YAG
• stimulated emission-induced population inversion networks in the gain medium have the effect of destabilizing bidirectional emission.
• these networks become mobile and Doppler induce a frequency shift between the two counter-propagating waves circulating in the laser cavity, which increases the non-linearity of the frequency response of the gyrolaser .
• a VECSEL essentially comprises a stack of active quantum well zones constituting gain zones.
• the gain zones may have a diameter of a hundred microns, close to the dimensions of the optical beam circulating in the cavity, also allowing a propagation of the unguided wave.
• the quantum well active zones of the vertical structure must have a pitch equal to that of the network formed by the interferences of the two counterpropagating waves present in the structure so as to optimize the gain.
• the configurations according to the invention are particularly favorable to the operation of a crystalline solid state laser gyrolaser and make possible the operation of a vertical structure semiconductor amplifier gyrolaser type VECSEL used in transmission.
• the subject of the invention is a gyrolaser comprising at least one ring optical cavity and a solid state amplifier medium arranged in such a way that a first and a second optical wave can propagate in opposite directions inside.
• the cavity characterized in that the cavity comprises:
• First optical means for imposing a first state of linear polarization common to the two counterpropagating optical waves outside the zone containing the amplifying medium;
• Second optical means for imposing, within the zone containing the amplifying medium, a second state of linear polarization at the first optical wave and a third state of linear polarization at the second optical wave, the third state of polarization state perpendicular to the second state of polarization.
• the second means comprise two Faraday rotators, the first disposed at the input of the zone containing the amplifying medium and the second at the output of the zone containing the amplifying medium, the first providing a rotation of a polarization state. 45 degrees in a first direction, the second rotating a polarization state of 45 degrees in the opposite direction.
• the laser gyro comprises means for periodically reversing the signs of the rotation angles of the Faraday rotators.
• the first optical means comprise at least one linear polarizer.
• the first means may also include optical means for introducing a non-reciprocal optical phase shift between the two counter-propagative optical waves.
• the cavity may comprise means for measuring the temperature and means for changing the value of the phase shift according to the measurement of said temperature.
• the first optical means comprise a device for stabilizing intensities in the beat regime, as described, for example, in the patent applications FR 03 03645 or FR 03 14598.
• reciprocal optical devices such as wave plates or rotators may be inserted into the cavity to minimize or eliminate the effects of unwanted phase shifts that may be induced by laser cavity mirrors such as when polarization of the laser do not coincide with the planes s and p of the mirrors.
• the amplifying medium may be a crystalline medium, for example of the Nd type.
• YAG or a semiconductor medium with a vertical structure of VECSEL type.
• the invention also relates to an angular measurement or angular velocity measuring system comprising at least one laser gyro as described above.
• the system comprises three laser gyros whose cavities are oriented so as to make measurements in three independent directions.
• FIG. 1 represents a diagram of a laser gyro according to the invention
• FIG. 2 represents the principle of an optical rotator with a Faraday effect
• FIG. 3 represents the polarization states in the zone containing the amplifying medium.
• FIG. 1 represents a diagram of a laser gyro according to the invention. It basically includes: An optical ring cavity 1 composed of mirrors 5 and a partially transparent plate 6;
• First optical means 4 making it possible to impose a first state of linear polarization common to the two counterpropagating optical waves outside the zone containing the amplifying medium 2;
• Second optical means 30 and 31 making it possible to impose, in the zone containing the amplifying medium and delimited by said elements 30 and 31, a second state of linear polarization at the first optical wave and a third state of linear polarization at the second optical wave; the third state of polarization being perpendicular to the second state of polarization;
• the second means 30 and 31 are optical rotators with non-reciprocal Faraday effect.
• An optical rotation of the polarization of a wave is said to be non-reciprocal when the effects of rotation of the polarization accumulate after a round-trip of said wave in an optical component having this effect.
• the optical component is called a non-reciprocal optical rotator.
• Faraday effect materials have this feature. These are materials that, when subjected to a magnetic field, rotate the plane of polarization of the beams passing through them. This effect is not reciprocal. Thus, the same beam coming in opposite direction will undergo a rotation of its plane of polarization in the same direction. This principle is illustrated in FIG. 2.
• the polarization direction of the linearly polarized beam 101 is rotated by an angle ⁇ as it passes through the Faraday effect component 30 in the forward direction (upper diagram of FIG. 2).
• the first rotator 30 is disposed at the input of the amplifying medium 2 and the second rotator 31 at the output of the amplifying medium, the first rotator providing a rotation of a polarization state of 45 degrees in a first meaning, the second rotating a polarization state of 45 degrees in the opposite direction.
• the rotators are of equal lengths and that the magnetic fields passing through them are of equal modules and of opposite directions. This effect can be achieved by using, for example, permanent magnets with poles in opposite directions or using induction coils crossed by currents of opposite sign.
• the state of linear polarization of a wave 101 passing through the first rotator 30 is rotated 45 degrees in a first direction and passes through the amplifying medium 2 with this inclination.
• the polarization state of this wave is rectified by the second rotator 31 and returns to its initial polarization direction.
• the linear polarization state of a wave 102 coming in the opposite direction and passing through the second rotator 31 is rotated 45 degrees in the opposite direction and passes through the amplifying medium with this inclination. Consequently, the two polarization states of the two waves are perpendicular to the interior of the amplifying medium 2.
• the polarization state of this second wave is rectified by the first rotator 30 and returns to its initial polarization direction.
• the two states of polarization being perpendicular, they can not interfere. This removes all the disadvantages associated with these interferences, such as the creation of population inversion networks for the crystalline solid state and the gain lock for the VECSEL.
• the Backscattering induced by the amplifying medium is also greatly attenuated by this device, effectively reducing the size of the blind area.
• the cavity of the gyro laser comprises first optical means 4 for imposing such a state.
• first means may be a simple linear polarizer.
• phase shift can also provide other functions useful for the operation of the laser gyro.
• phase shifts leading to unwanted changes in laser polarization states can occur during reflections on the mirrors of the laser cavity. This is for example the case when the incident polarizations are not in the so-called S and P planes of the mirrors, S and P meaning “Senkrecht”. and "Parallel”. In this case, reciprocal optical devices can be used to correct the polarization states.
• the insertion of two half wave plates of which the axis is at 22.5 ° from the direction of the state of linear polarization makes it possible to obtain, in the zone containing the gain medium, crossed polarizations lying in the planes S and P of the mirrors, and not at 45 ° of these planes as it would be the case without the use of these half wave plates.
• the own polarization states of the laser cavity propagating in opposite directions are orthogonal at the level of the amplifying medium
• the axes of the chosen reference correspond to the main axes of an intracavity polarizer, which facilitates the mathematical representation.
• the amplifying medium is an Nd type crystalline solid.
• YAG stimulated emission-induced population inversion networks in the amplifying medium can no longer be formed, eliminating one of the causes of bidirectional emission instability and the frequency shifts induced by said networks when the laser gyro turns ;
• phase-shift angle introduced by this device can be corrected by a value depending on the temperature of the cavity by means of a device. servo coupled to a temperature sensor. It is thus possible to compensate, for example, the phase shift effects between the two modes induced by birefringence in the gain medium.

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• Optics & Photonics (AREA)
• Electromagnetism (AREA)
• Power Engineering (AREA)
• General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
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• Gyroscopes (AREA)

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• 2005
  • 2005-12-13 FR FR0512604A patent/FR2894662B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
• 2006
  • 2006-12-07 CN CNA200680047080XA patent/CN101331382A/zh active Pending
  • 2006-12-07 US US12/097,367 patent/US7710575B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 2006-12-07 WO PCT/EP2006/069449 patent/WO2007068654A1/fr active Application Filing
  • 2006-12-07 EP EP06830453A patent/EP1960737A1/de not_active Withdrawn
  • 2006-12-07 RU RU2008128484/28A patent/RU2008128484A/ru not_active Application Discontinuation

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