EP1933597B1 - Chauffage ou chauffage supplémentaire électrique, en particulier pour un système de chauffage ou climatisation d'un véhicule - Google Patents

Chauffage ou chauffage supplémentaire électrique, en particulier pour un système de chauffage ou climatisation d'un véhicule Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1933597B1
EP1933597B1 EP06291905.5A EP06291905A EP1933597B1 EP 1933597 B1 EP1933597 B1 EP 1933597B1 EP 06291905 A EP06291905 A EP 06291905A EP 1933597 B1 EP1933597 B1 EP 1933597B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
webs
heating element
electric heater
auxiliary heater
heater according
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
EP06291905.5A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP1933597A1 (fr
Inventor
Erwan Gogmos
Dieter Gross
Michael Dipl.-Ing. Kohl
Jürgen Dipl.-Ing. Otto
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Mahle Behr GmbH and Co KG
Mahle Behr France Rouffach SAS
Original Assignee
Behr GmbH and Co KG
Behr France Rouffach SAS
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Behr GmbH and Co KG, Behr France Rouffach SAS filed Critical Behr GmbH and Co KG
Priority to EP06291905.5A priority Critical patent/EP1933597B1/fr
Priority to PCT/EP2007/010653 priority patent/WO2008071349A1/fr
Publication of EP1933597A1 publication Critical patent/EP1933597A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1933597B1 publication Critical patent/EP1933597B1/fr
Ceased legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H3/00—Air heaters
    • F24H3/02—Air heaters with forced circulation
    • F24H3/04—Air heaters with forced circulation the air being in direct contact with the heating medium, e.g. electric heating element
    • F24H3/0405—Air heaters with forced circulation the air being in direct contact with the heating medium, e.g. electric heating element using electric energy supply, e.g. the heating medium being a resistive element; Heating by direct contact, i.e. with resistive elements, electrodes and fins being bonded together without additional element in-between
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H3/00—Air heaters
    • F24H3/02—Air heaters with forced circulation
    • F24H3/04—Air heaters with forced circulation the air being in direct contact with the heating medium, e.g. electric heating element
    • F24H3/0405—Air heaters with forced circulation the air being in direct contact with the heating medium, e.g. electric heating element using electric energy supply, e.g. the heating medium being a resistive element; Heating by direct contact, i.e. with resistive elements, electrodes and fins being bonded together without additional element in-between
    • F24H3/0429—For vehicles
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H3/00—Air heaters
    • F24H3/02—Air heaters with forced circulation
    • F24H3/04—Air heaters with forced circulation the air being in direct contact with the heating medium, e.g. electric heating element
    • F24H3/0405—Air heaters with forced circulation the air being in direct contact with the heating medium, e.g. electric heating element using electric energy supply, e.g. the heating medium being a resistive element; Heating by direct contact, i.e. with resistive elements, electrodes and fins being bonded together without additional element in-between
    • F24H3/0429—For vehicles
    • F24H3/0452—Frame constructions
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H9/00—Details
    • F24H9/18—Arrangement or mounting of grates or heating means
    • F24H9/1854—Arrangement or mounting of grates or heating means for air heaters
    • F24H9/1863—Arrangement or mounting of electric heating means
    • F24H9/1872—PTC
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/10—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor
    • H05B3/12—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material
    • H05B3/14—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material the material being non-metallic
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/40—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes
    • H05B3/42—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes non-flexible
    • H05B3/48—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes non-flexible heating conductor embedded in insulating material
    • H05B3/50—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes non-flexible heating conductor embedded in insulating material heating conductor arranged in metal tubes, the radiating surface having heat-conducting fins
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01C—RESISTORS
    • H01C7/00—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material
    • H01C7/02—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material having positive temperature coefficient
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
    • H05B2203/02—Heaters using heating elements having a positive temperature coefficient
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
    • H05B2203/022—Heaters specially adapted for heating gaseous material
    • H05B2203/023—Heaters of the type used for electrically heating the air blown in a vehicle compartment by the vehicle heating system

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an electric heater or auxiliary heater, in particular for a heating or air conditioning system of a motor vehicle, according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • an additional heating power is required to heat the passenger compartment as well as to quickly remove a fogging (ice or water), in particular on the windshield, due to the low waste heat supply.
  • heat exchangers which are constructed of flat tubes through which a heat transfer medium flows, which emits heat in the heating case, at least at the outermost tubes an additional heating in Form of PTC heating elements, which are usually ceramic PTC components, which usually sets a surface temperature of between 110 and 160 ° C, regardless of the boundary conditions, such as applied voltage, nominal resistance, air flow. Due to limitations in design and geometry, the attachment or construction of an electric auxiliary heater is quite expensive. In addition, the ceramic PTC devices are relatively heavy.
  • Conventional ceramic PTC heaters which offer a very limited degree of freedom in the selection of a design form, use a fin member to improve the heat-radiating properties due to these design problems.
  • a radiator is for example from the JP-B2-3274234 known.
  • a corrugated fin is combined with the heater of the PTC heater by a metal plate, and heat exchange between the PTC heater and air is performed by this corrugated fin.
  • the generated heat of the PTC heater is thermally conducted through the metal plate to the corrugated fin and radiated from the corrugated fin to the air.
  • the disadvantage here is that the temperature of the corrugated fin, which is in contact with the air flow, is significantly lower than the temperature of the PTC radiator.
  • the direct heat transfer from the PTC radiator to the air flow is preferred.
  • an electric heater having a plurality of heater plates arranged in parallel with each other to define an air passage between two adjacent heater plates, a positive electrode element connected to an end face of each heater plate, and a negative electrode element connected to the other end face of each heater plate.
  • the radiator panels are, for example, an electrically conductive resin, in which an electrical conductive filler is mixed.
  • the electrically conductive resin generally has a positive resistance-temperature characteristic in which the electrical resistance increases at a predetermined temperature or higher. The current flows from one electrode element through the radiator plates to the other electrode element. This eliminates the corrugated fins in this direct heat transfer.
  • plastic PTC elements which are connected thereto by means of, for example, by gluing, the electrical contacting serving contact plates are connected, wherein the plastic PTC elements themselves form the heating grid directly.
  • the shows DE 10 2004 045 668 A1 Such electrically heatable plastic matrices, which may have, for example, a honeycomb structure or a foam structure through which air can flow.
  • introduction and discharge of the current contact means may be provided, for example in the form of combs with prongs, which are inserted into channels of the honeycomb structure, by means of bonded to the contact surfaces metal foils or by means of applied metal layers.
  • the application of the metal layers can be done for example by sputtering, the PVC process, arc evaporation or electroplating.
  • the US 5,206,476 A discloses a PTC heater unit disposed in the region of the outlets, wherein the PTC heater unit is formed by a polymer material with PTC properties, which has a plurality of rectangularly formed and arranged in a row air passages, which are traversed by air.
  • the PTC heater unit is formed by a polymer material with PTC properties, which has a plurality of rectangularly formed and arranged in a row air passages, which are traversed by air.
  • On the top and bottom of the PTC element contact plates are provided for electrical contacting, so that the flow of current from the upper contact plate over the top of the PTC element through the individual webs to the bottom of the PTC element and then to the lower contact plate or otherwise done around.
  • Such a heater unit leaves nothing to be desired.
  • the FR 2 859 866 A1 discloses a heater with a honeycomb-like heating element, which is provided on both sides with an electrical connection.
  • an electrical heater or auxiliary heater in particular for a heating or air conditioning system of a motor vehicle, having at least one heating element, which has at least one PTC element, which serves to heat a flowing medium, and the PTC element at least one row consisting of a plurality of outer and inner webs, wherein the outer webs are connected to the inner webs via at least one connecting portion, and the PTC element for Stromin- or -aus ein at two opposite edge regions, which are perpendicular or substantially perpendicular to Flow direction of the medium are arranged, is contacted via contact plates electrically, wherein at least one directly adjacent portion of the heating element contacting surface of the contact plate and at least one directly adjacent portion of the contact sheet contacting surface of the heating element an outer air duct limited, which is formed by the heating element and the contact plate, wherein a plurality of Stromein- or -leitleit Schemee is provided, which are separated from each other by said outer air channels, wherein all inner webs are arranged in parallel and the connecting region
  • the electrical contact region is cooled, so that the power density of the heating element can be increased.
  • a Abregeln the heating element as a result of too high a temperature in the edge region can be avoided.
  • the air can be directed into the outer air ducts in a targeted manner in order to increase the cooling of the edge area and thereby increase the overall performance of the heating element.
  • the connecting portion is formed spaced from the electrically contacting edge portions, and the spaced-apart outer ends of the outer-side outer webs are for flow-in and out-routing, i. there is no large-scale Stromein- or -austechnisch in or out of the PTC element over the entire (closed) side surface.
  • the connection region preferably forms part of the boundary of the outer air duct.
  • the medium is usually air, however, the medium may also be any other medium, in particular a liquid, such as, in particular, oil, where appropriate appropriate properties and suitable measures to avoid a current flow through the medium are provided , However, simplicity is referred to the medium only as air.
  • the heating element is arranged directly in the air flow, a high power density can be achieved in conjunction with a homogeneous temperature distribution over the entire heat transfer surface of the heating element. Furthermore, the pressure drop, since no additional heat transfer elements, such as corrugated fins or the like, must be provided in the air flow (but possibly can), not unnecessarily increased.
  • connection region preferably forms the electrically contacting edge region, and between the contact plate and the connection region, spacers are preferably provided which separate the outer air channels from one another.
  • at least one Surrounding area of air, which is adjacent to the electrically contacted edge regions of the heating element, ie the heat generated here can be dissipated and a Abregeln the heating element in the corresponding area due to overheating can be prevented. Influencing the air distribution to the individual air ducts through the heating element is possible.
  • the spacers may be formed directly on the contact plate. They are for example by means of forming, e.g. Embossing, made. Alternatively, spacers can be mounted as a spacer on the contact plate, for example. By means of soldering.
  • the spacers are electrically conductive to allow for power in and out of the heating element.
  • the spacers are particularly preferably formed from PTC material, and particularly preferably they are formed integrally with the heating element, wherein they are preferably formed by luftumsströmte, outer webs.
  • the contact sheets preferably have a thickness of 0.3 to 3.0 mm, in particular 0.5 to 2.0 mm. They are preferably made of aluminum, copper, a copper-zinc alloy, optionally with silicon, or steel, in particular spring steel. However, other electrically conductive materials are possible.
  • the heating element preferably has at least three rows, in particular preferably exactly three rows, of webs which are separated from one another by connecting areas.
  • the width of the webs is preferably 0.5 to 3.0 mm, particularly preferably 1 to 2.5 mm. Particularly preferably, the ridge widths of the inner and outer webs correspond.
  • the width of the connecting portion is preferably 0.5 to 3.0 mm, particularly preferably 1 to 2.5 mm. Particularly preferably, the width of the connecting regions corresponds to the width of the webs.
  • the width of a connecting region corresponds to the width of a web.
  • the width of the air channels formed between the webs is preferably 1 to 10 mm, particularly preferably 2 to 8 mm.
  • connection region is formed at least in a sectional plane as a surface extending over the entire width of the heating element, and particularly preferably two mutually parallel connecting regions which are flat over the entire width of the heating element are provided.
  • the connecting region can be formed at least between two adjacent webs in a slope to the outer sides of the heating element arranged adjacent to the contact metal sheets. This allows a change in the direction of air flow and thus influences the flow direction of the air flowing out of the heater or heater. With a corresponding embodiment, for example, a directional or a diffuse air flow can be achieved.
  • connection region is preferably arranged within a height range and spaced from the electrical contact, wherein the Height range from a minimum height which corresponds to the minimum width of a web or the minimum width of a connecting portion, to a maximum height which corresponds to one third of the total height of the heating element is sufficient.
  • At least a part of the webs runs parallel to each other.
  • at least some of the webs may be arranged in a fan-like manner or otherwise at an angle not equal to 180 ° to one another, even or excluding them, so that the air flow is fanned out or brought together.
  • the fanning or merging can take place in the height and / or width direction of the heating element.
  • At least a part of the webs, in particular of the inner webs, is formed such that these webs extend over only a part of the total depth of the heating element.
  • At least the outer webs are formed continuously in the depth direction, i. the outer air ducts preferably extend over the entire depth direction of the heating element.
  • the outer webs are shorter than the inner webs formed.
  • the inner webs are formed at least twice, particularly preferably at least three times or four times as long as one of the outer webs.
  • connection region is zigzag-shaped or wave-shaped, with a web being provided on each mountain or under each valley.
  • a connection region is zigzag-shaped or wave-shaped, with a web being provided on each mountain or under each valley.
  • the width of the connecting region is preferably 40% to 60%, particularly preferably 50%, of the width of a web.
  • the webs and / or the connecting regions may have a surface-enlarging structure.
  • This structure may, for example, be formed by a plurality of grooves of any shape, nubs or ribs.
  • the contact plate and / or the heating element can be connected to each other by means of mechanical joining, for example by means of compression, for example in a frame, or a biasing spring which is inserted into the frame with the other components. Also, a bonding is possible.
  • the adhesive can be applied and cured in any desired manner.
  • the adhesive may form a continuous layer, but preferably contact points for electrical contacting are provided, on which the parts to be connected are in direct contact with each other. In particular, in this case, the use of a low-cost, insulating adhesive is possible.
  • a particularly simple electrical contact between heating element and contact plate is possible in that slots are formed in the contact plate, in which elongated outer webs or the outer ends of spacers are inserted and fixed therein.
  • the slots may be double-T-shaped, so that tongues are provided on both sides in the depth direction of the heating element, which bear resiliently against the side surfaces of the webs or spacers and hold the same.
  • heating elements can be attached to the same from both sides of the contact plate, so that a very simple and compact construction of a heater or auxiliary heater, for example, is possible for two heating zones.
  • the PTC elements are preferably formed by plastic elements with PTC properties, which are easier and more flexible to produce than known ceramic PTC elements.
  • the PTC element especially in the case of a plastic PTC element, may be injection molded, extruded, sintered, or otherwise fabricated.
  • the heating element preferably consists of a polymer, particularly preferably a polyolefin, with electrically conductive filling materials, in particular with carbon, in particular in the form of soot particles. However, other suitable materials may also be used.
  • the plastic PTC element is partially, ie in the present case in the region of the ends of the outer webs, provided with at least one electrically conductive surface coating, hereinafter referred to as coating.
  • coating an electrically conductive surface coating reduces the surface resistance and thus the contact resistance, wherein a direct electrical connection of electrically conductive particles in the PTC element takes place, and thus simplifies the power supply and / or -deritung, so that a large-area contact can be omitted, thereby reduce the cost and also the weight of the heater.
  • the PTC elements are preferably provided with two electrically conductive coatings which are spatially separated from one another by the PTC element.
  • the coatings are arranged so that the PTC element flows through as large as possible and is thus heated accordingly.
  • the thickness and thus the distance of the two coatings of the PTC element is formed as constant as possible.
  • the current flow is preferably along the shortest path through the PTC element.
  • the coating is preferably formed by silver, aluminum, copper or gold and corresponding alloys, other good current conducting materials are also possible.
  • the coating can also be of multilayer design, for example by a copper layer applied to plastic.
  • the coating may preferably be by vapor deposition (e.g., PVC process, CVD process), plating, electrodeposition, and / or thermal spraying. Other methods are also possible.
  • vapor deposition e.g., PVC process, CVD process
  • plating e.g., plating, electrodeposition, and / or thermal spraying.
  • thermal spraying e.g., plating, electrodeposition, and / or thermal spraying.
  • Other methods are also possible.
  • an electrically conductive film can be glued, wherein the film can also be designed to be self-adhesive.
  • the outer contact plates are preferably connected to the minus pole and / or the inner contact plates are connected to the plus pole.
  • One or more such electrical heaters or heaters are preferably used in a motor vehicle heating or air conditioning system.
  • a corresponding arrangement of PTC elements both in the region of the heater, i.
  • the housing of an air conditioner used as a heater and in the area of the air ducts just before the vents, where the PTC elements generate additional heat when needed "on site”.
  • An electric heater 1 with a depth of 25 mm for a motor vehicle air conditioning (not shown), according to the first embodiment, a block-shaped and formed with a plurality of continuous in the air flow direction, mutually parallel openings formed heating element 2, which between two of electrical contacting of the heating element serving contact plates 3 is arranged.
  • the heating element 2 consists of a plastic with PTC properties, in the present case of a polyolefin with soot particles, for which reason reference is also made below to the heating element 2 as a PTC element.
  • the PTC element is produced by means of spraying; alternatively, other production methods, such as are known in particular from the production of plastics, are possible, such as, for example, extrusion or sintering.
  • a plastic PTC element another suitable material with PTC properties can also be used.
  • the contact plates 3 are electrically highly conductive metal sheets, which are connected to a power source (not shown).
  • the contact plates 3 forming the electrodes are in the present case steel sheets with a thickness of 0.5 mm.
  • the auxiliary heater 1 is arranged downstream of the heater in the airflow flowing through the motor vehicle air-conditioning system, but the auxiliary heater can also be arranged elsewhere in an air duct, for example shortly before the outflows, through which the air enters the vehicle interior flows. In this case, the air to be heated is passed both through the openings in the heating element 2.
  • the heating element 2 in the present case has three rows of webs 4 arranged parallel to one another and with respect to the contact sheets 3, namely upper and lower webs lower outer webs 4a and central inner webs 4b, which are separated from each other by air channels 5, namely outer air channels 5a between the outer webs 4a and inner air channels 5b between the inner webs 4b and offset with respect to the adjacent web row gap are.
  • connection regions 6 are formed, via which a transverse distribution of the current flow between the webs 4 can take place.
  • the two connection regions 6 are arranged parallel to one another and to the contact plates 3 and each have a thickness which corresponds to the width of the webs 4.
  • the connecting portions 6 are each closer to the outside of the heating element 2, i. at the corresponding contact plate 3, as arranged at the other connection region 6, i. the outer webs 4a are shorter than the inner webs 4b.
  • the width of the webs 4 of the individual rows is the same here and is 2 mm.
  • the width of the air channels 5, which are formed between the webs 4, is slightly larger than the width of the webs 4 and in the present case is 2.5 mm.
  • the length of the outer webs 4a, which corresponds to the distance of the contact plates 3 from the connection region 5, is presently 3 mm, the length of the inner webs 4b is in the present case 30 mm.
  • the PTC element heats up in the corresponding area and regulates as a result of heating, so that less heat is generated in the corresponding area.
  • the electrical resistance in the corresponding area increases, so that the current seeks another way, if possible.
  • the heat generated in the PTC element in this area due to the air flow through the outer air channels 5a, i. between the connection region and the contact sheet 3, derived and also over the connection region, if necessary, a distribution of the current over the entire width of the PTC element is made possible, especially in the central region of the heating element 2 a very needs-based heat generation.
  • the power densities of the surface of the individual webs 4 of the PTC element are presently about 0.45 watts / cm 2 in an air flow with an air volume of more than 1 kg / min. and an air inlet temperature into the heater 1 of less than 40 ° C.
  • the power densities under appropriate conditions based on the volume of the entire PTC element are presently about 4.0 watts / cm 3 .
  • FIGS. 3 and 4 are not shown, so far as not explicitly mentioned in the first embodiment, so that the same or equivalent components or areas of components with the same reference numerals as in the first embodiment are provided.
  • the webs 4a and 4b are not arranged on a gap, but are aligned with one another, so that a grid-like structure is produced in the contact plate-side outer regions of the heating element 2. Furthermore, the transition to the connecting regions 6, in contrast to the first embodiment, is rounded and not angular.
  • the air flow through the heater 1 is shown schematically in FIG Fig. 3 shown. As indicated here, a flow through the outer air channels 5a is again provided in this embodiment in order to cool the Stromeinleit- and Ausleit Scheme in or out of the outer webs 4a.
  • FIGS. 5 and 6 show a third embodiment of an auxiliary heater 1, which corresponds in principle to the two embodiments described above, so that the same or equivalent components or areas of components are provided with the same reference numerals as in the first embodiment.
  • the distribution of the inner and outer webs 4b and 4a is different, since the widths b of the outer air ducts 5a is different from the widths a of the inner air ducts 5b, wherein in the present case, the width b of the outer air ducts greater than that Width a of the inner air channels is (see Fig. 6 ).
  • the transitions of the webs 4a and 4b to the connecting portions 6 is rounded in accordance with the second embodiment.
  • the third embodiment not shown in the drawing also varies the distance of the inner and the outer webs across the width of the auxiliary heater, wherein in the present case, the distance in the outer regions is slightly less than in the central region. Any other variations in the distance of the inner and / or outer webs from each other are possible.
  • FIGS. 7 and 8 show a further, fourth embodiment of an auxiliary heater according to the invention 1.
  • the transition regions between the webs 4 and the connecting portions 6 are formed very fully rounded, ie the individual areas are flowing into each other. Further, the end portions are chamfered and thereby an improved flow path in the air inlet region is possible.
  • the outer and inner webs 4a and 4b are aligned with each other, but also an offset can be provided.
  • FIGS. 9 and 10 illustrated embodiment of an additional heater 1 substantially corresponds to the first embodiment, so that the same or equivalent components or areas of components are provided with the same reference numerals as in the first embodiment.
  • each of the two connection regions 6-in contrast to the first exemplary embodiment-runs in a zig-zag-shaped manner with presently right angles in the region of the branching of the inner and outer webs 4b and 4a.
  • the width of the webs 4 is constant.
  • the width of the connecting portion 6 is in the present case about half as large as the width of the webs 4.
  • the two connecting portions 6 are - according to the first embodiment - respectively arranged in the vicinity of the corresponding contact plate 3, but between the connecting portion 6 and the contact plate 3 a A plurality of outer air channels for cooling the outer webs 4a is provided.
  • connection region instead of right angles in the zig-zag-shaped connection region, as provided according to the fifth embodiment, also blunt or more acute angles can be provided.
  • a wave-shaped course of the connection region can be provided. Any Mixed forms are possible, as well as variations in the spacing of the webs of a row. It makes sense, however, an arrangement of the webs of two adjacent rows on the gap.
  • the sixth, in Fig. 11 illustrated embodiment of an auxiliary heater 1 substantially corresponds to the second embodiment, so that the same or equivalent components or areas of components are provided with the same reference numerals as in the second embodiment.
  • the inner webs 4b are not formed in the depth direction of the heating element 2 over the entire depth, but each only over half of the depth, with adjacent webs 4b are arranged offset, ie a luftanström deviser web 4b ', extending from the Air inlet side extends to the center of the heating element 2, in the middle of the heating element 2 (viewed in the depth direction) adjacent an air downstream web 4b "extending from the center of the heating element 2 to the air outlet side of the heating element 2.
  • Diegoing Stege 4a are formed continuously in the depth direction and over the width of the heating element at equidistant intervals and each aligned with a luftanström solutionen web 4b 'or a luftabström solutionen web 4b "arranged, ie, the outer air channels 5a are formed continuously.
  • a configuration as provided in the inner webs ofscribedednen embodiment, possible.
  • the lengths of the air-upstream and downstream edges correspond to each other, and the sum of the ridge lengths gives the length of an outer ridge.
  • the webs may be spaced apart in the depth direction, so that the sum of the web lengths of the air-upstream and downstream webs is smaller than the length of an outer web, but this reduces the heating power in relation to the overall depth.
  • a (short) overlap would be possible.
  • the air upstream and downstream air webs need not be the same length.
  • variations of the individual web lengths over the width of the heating element are possible.
  • Figures 12 and 13 show a seventh embodiment of an inventive heater 1, wherein the same or equivalent components or areas of components with the same reference numerals as in the first embodiment are provided.
  • the sectional profile in a section perpendicular to the (normal) air flow direction centered by the heating element 2 according to the seventh embodiment corresponds in this case to a section through the heating element according to the second embodiment, but missing the rounding.
  • a clear offset of the individual connecting regions 6, which originate from a web 4 results on the air inlet side and the air outlet side.
  • the maximum offset on the air inlet side and the air outlet side corresponds to how out Figures 12 and 13 can be seen, approximately the width of a web, which in the present case also corresponds to the width of the connecting portions.
  • the Figures 14 and 15 show variants of the seventh embodiment.
  • the in Fig. 14 variant of the connecting portion 6 shown widened formed.
  • the maximum offset on the Air intake side and the air outlet side is how out Fig. 14 larger than the width of a land, but slightly smaller than the width of the joint areas.
  • the width of the webs 4 and the connecting portion 6 is the same.
  • the maximum offset is about twice the width of a web.
  • Fig. 16 shows a heater 1 according to the eighth embodiment.
  • the arrangement of the webs 4 and connecting portions 6 on the air inlet side corresponds to that of the second embodiment, however, the rounded portions between the webs and connecting portions are formed smaller.
  • the connecting portions 6 extend upwards or downwards, so that in turn results in an offset on the air outlet side.
  • the connecting regions between two adjacent webs 4 run parallel to one another, but another embodiment is also possible.
  • Fig. 17 shows a further heater 1, which has different angles of inclination of the connecting portions 6, so that the cross-sectional areas of the individual air ducts 5 vary widely. In the case of the maximum offset of a portion of the connecting portions 6, the same extends up to about one third of the height of the heating element 2 zoom.
  • FIGS. 18 and 19 show a tenth embodiment of an auxiliary heater 1, which parallel to each other and the contact plates 3 extending connecting portions 6 but different orientations of the webs 4, wherein the webs 4 - apart from the two outer sides forming webs - are aligned fan-shaped.
  • the outer and inner webs are aligned in the present case.
  • a web which is significantly shortened in its depth is provided in each case between the web forming the outside and the adjacent web.
  • FIGS. 20 and 21 show an eleventh embodiment, a combination of the two previous embodiments, so that the heater 1 both inclined connecting portions 6 with different, varying over the width of the heating element 2 inclination angles and different orientations of the webs 4, wherein the webs 4 - apart from the two the Outside forming webs - are aligned fan-shaped.
  • the outer and inner webs are aligned in the present case.
  • the outer air ducts 5a also expand or narrow.
  • the Figures 22 and 23 show a tenth embodiment, which substantially corresponds to the second embodiment.
  • a plurality of U-shaped grooves running in the depth direction are provided in the region of the webs 4, which enlarge the surface, so that the power density can be increased.
  • connection regions 6 are formed without such structures, but a corresponding configuration can also be made in this region.
  • Fig. 24 shows a thirteenth embodiment of an auxiliary heater 1, wherein the heating element 2 has a block-like shape with a plurality of slot-like, arranged in parallel, inner air channels 5b, which are separated by webs 4 from each other.
  • the connecting regions 6 are arranged on the outside, that is to say the heating element 2 has no outer webs in the present case.
  • a contact plate 3 which has knob-like spacers 4a ', which are formed by means of forming (embossing) and abut with their ends on the outer surface of the heating element 2.
  • the configuration of the spacers does not necessarily have to be knob-like. Rather, it is also possible, for example, over the entire depth of continuous waves, bent-out tabs (possibly also with spring function) or soldered ribs or cones, however, a sufficient flow of current through the corresponding areas and avoiding excessive current densities in the field of Stromein- or Austechnisch in or out of the heating element, which lead to a Abregeln as a result of excessive heating, must be ensured.
  • a surface coating may be provided on the side of the heating element adjacent to the contact plate.
  • FIGS. 25 and 26 show a fourteenth embodiment.
  • the central structure of the heating element 2 corresponds to the heating element described above.
  • FIGS. 27 and 28 are shown, instead of cylindrical pin as a spacer 5a 'pin with externally rounded, star-shaped cross-section formed on the outer surfaces of the heating element 2. Due to the externally rounded, star-shaped cross-section of the pin has an enlarged surface, so that the heat output is improved.
  • the pin In addition to the in the FIGS. 27 and 28 illustrated shape of the pin are any other embodiments with increased surface possible.
  • thread-like grooves or grooves extending only over part of the pin length possible.
  • the basic shape does not necessarily have to be a circular cylinder, but, for example, elliptical, streamlined or rectangular cross-sections are possible as a basic shape-possibly even without an enlarged surface.
  • the spacers 4a ' according to the in the FIGS. 29 and 30 illustrated embodiment are formed by formed on the heating element 2 knobs, which in turn are arranged in three rows with seven spacers 4a '.
  • FIGS. 31 and 32 an electric heater 1 according to the seventeenth embodiment, wherein the Heat transfer region of this embodiment corresponds to that of the fifth embodiment, so that will not be discussed in detail.
  • Fig. 31 in the contact plates 3 in the depth direction of the auxiliary heater 1 extending slots are formed, which are formed as a result of a double-T-shaped configuration of the slots two extending in the depth direction tongues 3 '.
  • the slots protrude elongate outer webs formed 4a and are clamped between the tongues 3 ', that is, there is a clamping connection between the contact plates 3 and the heating element 2 is provided.
  • every second outer web 4a is formed extended.
  • an adhesive may be provided, which additionally secures the connection.
  • Fig. 33 shows an electric heater according to the eighteenth embodiment.
  • each normally absent, second outer web so that only elongated outer webs 4a are provided, which protrude through slots in the contact plates 3 and are held therein by means of clamping connections of the tongues.
  • the heating element 2 is planar, ie the connecting region 6 extends straight in this area.
  • two heating elements 2 are provided, for which the contact plates 3 are provided with slots such that alternately a heating element 2 is taken from above and a heating element 2 from below in slots.
  • a corresponding configuration of the contact sheet is only required in the case of the middle contact sheet, which is contacted from both sides.
  • the outer contact plates may have fewer slots, but the design consistency reduces the number of parts required and thus the manufacturing and storage costs.
  • Fig. 34 shows a variant of an auxiliary heater 1 according to the seventeenth embodiment, wherein two heating elements 2, as described according to the seventeenth embodiment, are connected to each other by means of a central contact plate 3.
  • the elongated outer webs 4a of the two heating elements 2 are arranged offset, so that in each case an elongated formed outer web 4a of the first heating element 2 next to an elongated outer web 4a of the second heating element 2 is arranged, wherein the elongated outer webs 4a respectively inserted in slots in the contact plate 3 and held by tongues 3 '.
  • the contact areas of the sheets 3 and heating elements 2 are flowed around by air as a result of the provision of the outer air channels 5a and are therefore cooled, so that the PTC material in the region of the outer webs 4a does not abregelt.
  • the central contact plate 3 between the two heating elements 2, on both sides of which external air ducts 5a are provided is sufficiently cooled in spite of its central position.
  • the Fig. 35 shows a nineteenth embodiment of an auxiliary heater 1, wherein present - according to the variant of the seventeenth embodiment - two heating elements 2 adjacent to a central contact plate 3 are arranged.
  • the outer webs 4a of the heating elements 2 are presently designed such that the outer webs 4a are each arranged offset to the inner webs 4b, wherein an outer web 4b is provided only at every second location.
  • the connecting region 6 between the webs 4 is flat in the regions in which no outer web is provided, ie extend parallel to the contact plates 3. In the other areas, ie in extension of an outer web 4a, the connecting region 6 is pulled out in a V-shape.
  • two adjacent outer lands 4a are V-shaped merges and ends in an extension to the outside, ie the two webs together with extension have a Y-shaped figure.
  • the function of the extension is the same as that of the outer region of the previously described extended outer webs, namely it is inserted into a slot in the contact plate 3 and is held by tongues 3 '.
  • two different air duct configurations of the outer air ducts 5a are provided, namely an approximately triangular and an approximately trapezoidal configuration, wherein presently only the trapezoidal outer air ducts 5a between the individual contact areas of heating element 2 and contact plate 3 are.
  • FIGS. 36 to 38 show a variant of the embodiment described above, which differs only in that the outer side clips omitted, but the ends of the elongated outer webs 4a are widened, so that an undercut to the tongues 3 'is provided and thereby the heating element. 2 is held on the contact plate 3.
  • both the outer end of the extension can be formed widened as well as brackets may be provided on the outer sides of the contact plates in conjunction with lugs on the heating element.
  • each of the connection regions is designed to extend in a continuous line in at least one sectional plane, or at least is arranged within a certain height range.
  • the height range in this case extends from a minimum height, which corresponds to the minimum web width or the minimum width of the connecting region, to a maximum height, which corresponds to one third of the total height of the heating element, in particular up to a height which corresponds to a quarter of the total height of the heating element ,
  • connection of the contact plates 3 to the ends of the outer webs 4a can be done in any way.
  • the contact sheets 3 can be clamped, as in Fig. 40 shown schematically.
  • heating element and contact plates are arranged in a frame and the force required to clamp the elements can, for example, be applied by a spring.
  • clip connections in the form of spring arms, which are formed on the contact plate, and projections or openings, which are formed on the heating element, may be provided for fixing the elements together.
  • a terminal - heating element and contact plate 3 can be glued, as in Fig. 41 shown schematically.
  • an electrically insulating adhesive the same is displaced in the context of compression from the gap between the contact plate and heating element and collects laterally adjacent to the end of the outer web 4a in the throat between contact plate and web.
  • contact plates 3 An encapsulation of the contact plates 3 with the PTC material is possible, wherein the contact plates 3 preferably have corresponding openings, such as slots and / or holes to safely with the aid of be held by the openings squat material due to a positive connection (see Fig. 42 ).
  • appropriate coatings may be provided on areas of the surface of the heating element.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Air-Conditioning For Vehicles (AREA)

Claims (25)

  1. Dispositif de chauffage ou dispositif de chauffage auxiliaire électrique, en particulier pour un système de chauffage ou de climatisation d'un véhicule automobile, comprenant au moins un élément chauffant (2) qui présente au moins un élément à coefficient de température positif (CTP) qui sert au réchauffement d'un milieu en circulation, et l'élément CTP présente au moins une rangée se composant d'une pluralité de barrettes extérieures et intérieures (4, 4a, 4b), où les barrettes extérieures (4a) et les barrettes intérieures (4b) sont connectées les unes aux autres par au moins une zone de connexion (6), et l'élément CTP servant à l'entrée ou à la sortie de courant est mis en contact électriquement par des tôles de contact (3) au niveau de deux zones de bordure se faisant face l'une l'autre, zones de bordure qui sont disposées de façon perpendiculaire ou pratiquement de façon perpendiculaire à la direction d'écoulement du milieu en circulation, où au moins une zone directement voisine de la surface de la tôle de contact (3) venant au contact de l'élément chauffant (2), ainsi qu'au moins une zone directement voisine de la surface de l'élément chauffant (2) venant au contact de la tôle de contact (3), limitent un conduit d'air extérieur (5a) qui est formé par l'élément chauffant (2) et par la tôle de contact (3), où il est prévu une pluralité de zones d'entrée ou de sortie de courant qui sont séparées les unes des autres à chaque fois par lesdits conduits d'air extérieurs (5a), caractérisé en ce que les barrettes intérieures (4b), dans leur totalité, sont disposées parallèlement, et la zone de connexion (6) est configurée en forme de zigzags ou en forme d'ondulations, où, sur chaque partie en saillie ou sous chaque partie en creux, il est prévu à chaque fois une barrette (4), et la zone de connexion est disposée à l'intérieur d'une plage de hauteur et espacée de la mise en contact électrique, où la plage de hauteur d'une hauteur minimale, qui correspond à la largeur minimale d'une barrette ou à la largeur minimale d'une zone de connexion, s'étend jusqu'à une hauteur maximale qui correspond à un tiers de la hauteur totale de l'élément chauffant.
  2. Dispositif de chauffage ou dispositif de chauffage auxiliaire électrique selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que la zone de connexion (6) est configurée en étant espacée des zones de bordure assurant la mise en contact électrique, et les extrémités extérieures - espacées les unes des autres - de barrettes extérieures (4a) disposées à l'extérieur servent à l'entrée ou à la sortie de courant, où la zone de connexion (6) forme une partie de la limitation du conduit d'air extérieur (5a).
  3. Dispositif de chauffage ou dispositif de chauffage auxiliaire électrique selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce que la zone de connexion (6) forme des zones de bordure assurant la mise en contact électrique, et il est prévu, entre la tôle de contact (3) et la zone de connexion (6), des éléments espaceurs qui séparent les uns des autres les conduits d'air extérieurs (5a).
  4. Dispositif de chauffage ou dispositif de chauffage auxiliaire électrique selon la revendication 3, caractérisé en ce que les éléments espaceurs sont configurés sur la tôle de contact (3).
  5. Dispositif de chauffage ou dispositif de chauffage auxiliaire électrique selon la revendication 3, caractérisé en ce que les éléments espaceurs sont configurés sur l'élément chauffant (2) et sont électroconducteurs.
  6. Dispositif de chauffage ou dispositif de chauffage auxiliaire électrique selon la revendication 5, caractérisé en ce que les éléments espaceurs sont formés par un matériau à coefficient de température positif (CTP).
  7. Dispositif de chauffage ou dispositif de chauffage auxiliaire électrique selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que l'élément chauffant (2) présente au moins trois rangées de barrettes (4) qui sont séparées les unes des autres par des zones de connexion (6).
  8. Dispositif de chauffage ou dispositif de chauffage auxiliaire électrique selon la revendication 7, caractérisé en ce que l'élément chauffant (2) présente, de façon précise, trois rangées de barrettes (4) qui sont séparées les unes des autres par deux zones de connexion (6).
  9. Dispositif de chauffage ou dispositif de chauffage auxiliaire électrique selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que la largeur des barrettes (4) est comprise entre 0,5 mm et 3,0 mm.
  10. Dispositif de chauffage ou dispositif de chauffage auxiliaire électrique selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que la largeur de la zone de connexion (6) est comprise entre 0,5 mm et 3,0 mm.
  11. Dispositif de chauffage ou dispositif de chauffage auxiliaire électrique selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que, dans au moins un plan de coupe perpendiculaire à la direction normale d'écoulement de l'air, la largeur d'une zone de connexion correspond à la largeur d'une barrette.
  12. Dispositif de chauffage ou dispositif de chauffage auxiliaire électrique selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que la largeur des conduits d'air, entre les barrettes (4), est comprise entre 1 mm et 10 mm.
  13. Dispositif de chauffage ou dispositif de chauffage auxiliaire électrique selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que la zone de connexion (6) est configurée, au moins dans un plan de coupe, comme une surface s'étendant sur toute la largeur de l'élément chauffant (2).
  14. Dispositif de chauffage ou dispositif de chauffage auxiliaire électrique selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que la zone de connexion (6), au moins entre deux barrettes voisines (4), est configurée en formant une inclinaison par rapport aux côtés extérieurs de l'élément chauffant (2) disposés de façon voisine par rapport aux tôles de contact (3).
  15. Dispositif de chauffage ou dispositif de chauffage auxiliaire électrique selon la revendication 14, caractérisé en ce que la zone de connexion (6) est disposée à l'intérieur d'une plage de hauteur et espacée de la mise en contact électrique, où la plage de hauteur d'une hauteur minimale, qui correspond à la largeur minimale d'une barrette (4) ou à la largeur minimale d'une zone de connexion (6), s'étend jusqu'à une hauteur maximale qui correspond à un tiers de la hauteur totale de l'élément chauffant (2).
  16. Dispositif de chauffage ou dispositif de chauffage auxiliaire électrique selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que les barrettes (4), au moins une partie d'entre elles, s'étendent de façon parallèle les unes par rapport aux autres.
  17. Dispositif de chauffage ou dispositif de chauffage auxiliaire électrique selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce qu'au moins une partie des barrettes (4) est disposée en éventail.
  18. Dispositif de chauffage ou dispositif de chauffage auxiliaire électrique selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce qu'au moins une partie des barrettes (4), en particulier des barrettes intérieures (4b), s'étend seulement sur une partie de la profondeur totale de l'élément chauffant (2).
  19. Dispositif de chauffage ou dispositif de chauffage auxiliaire électrique selon la revendication 18, caractérisé en ce que les barrettes extérieures (4a) sont configurées de façon continue dans le sens de la profondeur.
  20. Dispositif de chauffage ou dispositif de chauffage auxiliaire électrique selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que la largeur de la zone de connexion (6) est comprise entre 40 % et 60 % de la largeur d'une barrette (4), en particulier égale à 50 % de ladite largeur de barrette.
  21. Dispositif de chauffage ou dispositif de chauffage auxiliaire électrique selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que les barrettes (4) et/ou les zones de connexion (6) présentent une structure augmentant la surface.
  22. Dispositif de chauffage ou dispositif de chauffage auxiliaire électrique selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que l'élément chauffant (2) se compose d'un polymère, en particulier d'une polyoléfine, comportant des matières de charge électroconductrices, comportant en particulier du carbone, en particulier sous forme de particules de noir de carbone.
  23. Dispositif de chauffage ou dispositif de chauffage auxiliaire électrique selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce qu'il est prévu au moins deux éléments chauffants (2), en ce qu'une tôle de contact (3) est disposée entre les éléments chauffants (2) et en ce qu'il est prévu, des deux côtés de la tôle de contact (3), des conduits d'air extérieurs (5a) séparés les uns des autres par des éléments espaceurs.
  24. Dispositif de chauffage ou dispositif de chauffage auxiliaire électrique selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce qu'au moins un élément espaceur disposé en étant voisin d'un conduit d'air extérieur (5a) est configuré en étant prolongé et introduit dans une fente située dans la tôle de contact (3).
  25. Système de chauffage ou de climatisation d'un véhicule automobile, caractérisé par au moins un dispositif de chauffage ou un dispositif de chauffage auxiliaire électrique (1) selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes.
EP06291905.5A 2006-12-11 2006-12-11 Chauffage ou chauffage supplémentaire électrique, en particulier pour un système de chauffage ou climatisation d'un véhicule Ceased EP1933597B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP06291905.5A EP1933597B1 (fr) 2006-12-11 2006-12-11 Chauffage ou chauffage supplémentaire électrique, en particulier pour un système de chauffage ou climatisation d'un véhicule
PCT/EP2007/010653 WO2008071349A1 (fr) 2006-12-11 2007-12-07 Dispositif de chauffage ou de chauffage auxiliaire électrique, en particulier pour un système de chauffage ou de climatisation de véhicule à moteur

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP06291905.5A EP1933597B1 (fr) 2006-12-11 2006-12-11 Chauffage ou chauffage supplémentaire électrique, en particulier pour un système de chauffage ou climatisation d'un véhicule

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EP1933597A1 EP1933597A1 (fr) 2008-06-18
EP1933597B1 true EP1933597B1 (fr) 2014-02-26

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DE102013105686B4 (de) 2013-06-03 2015-10-08 Borgwarner Ludwigsburg Gmbh Fahrzeugheizung
DE102017121063A1 (de) * 2017-05-24 2018-11-29 Webasto SE Heizleiter sowie Heizgerät
DE102018218667A1 (de) * 2018-10-31 2020-04-30 Mahle International Gmbh PTC-Heizmodul und ein Verfahren zum Herstellen des PTC-Heizmoduls
DE112021004997T5 (de) 2020-10-27 2023-07-20 Ngk Insulators, Ltd. Heizelement zum erwärmen eines fahrzeuginnenraums, heizeinheit zum erwärmen eines fahrzeuginnenraums und heizsystem zum erwärmen eines fahrzeuginnenraums
CN114165920B (zh) * 2022-01-17 2024-10-01 深圳市京田精密科技有限公司 一种利用箱体内部倾斜面的气流辅助加热装置

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DE2364654A1 (de) * 1973-12-24 1975-06-26 Sigri Elektrographit Gmbh Heizvorrichtung
DE19804496A1 (de) * 1998-02-05 1999-08-12 Voigtsberger Hans Juergen Elektrisches Widerstandsheizelement mit einem Wabenkörper aus Widerstandsmaterial mit positivem Temperaturkoeffizienten des Widerstandes (PTC-Widerstand)
DE10060301B4 (de) * 2000-12-05 2011-11-17 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. Elektrisches Widerstandsheizelement mit einem Wabenkörper
FR2859866B1 (fr) * 2003-09-11 2006-03-24 Valeo Climatisation Element resistif chauffant et ensemble chauffant comprenant cet element
DE102005001385B3 (de) * 2004-12-22 2006-08-24 Schütz GmbH & Co. KGaA Elektrisches Luftheizregister

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