EP1927094A2 - Vorrichtung, verfahren und computerprogramm zum zusammenstellen eines tests sowie vorrichtung, verfahren und computerprogramm zum prüfen eines prüflings - Google Patents
Vorrichtung, verfahren und computerprogramm zum zusammenstellen eines tests sowie vorrichtung, verfahren und computerprogramm zum prüfen eines prüflingsInfo
- Publication number
- EP1927094A2 EP1927094A2 EP06791882A EP06791882A EP1927094A2 EP 1927094 A2 EP1927094 A2 EP 1927094A2 EP 06791882 A EP06791882 A EP 06791882A EP 06791882 A EP06791882 A EP 06791882A EP 1927094 A2 EP1927094 A2 EP 1927094A2
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- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- task
- test
- database
- replacement
- tasks
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09B—EDUCATIONAL OR DEMONSTRATION APPLIANCES; APPLIANCES FOR TEACHING, OR COMMUNICATING WITH, THE BLIND, DEAF OR MUTE; MODELS; PLANETARIA; GLOBES; MAPS; DIAGRAMS
- G09B7/00—Electrically-operated teaching apparatus or devices working with questions and answers
Definitions
- the present invention generally relates to a device, a method and a computer program for assembling a test, and to a device, a method and a computer program for testing a device under test, in particular devices, methods and computer programs that enable a dynamic test combination.
- Computer-based learning systems are currently enjoying ever-increasing popularity in education and training. This increase in computer-based learning systems is partly due to the considerable advances in information technology and the proliferation of high-speed data communication networks.
- electronic learning systems allow a multimedia teaching of learning content, whereby, for example, audiovisual elements can be used.
- a learning control helps a learner to recognize knowledge and understanding deficits and can therefore also help to repeat the topics in which the learner still has some catching up to do. It should also be pointed out that a learning control can demonstrably increase the learner's motivation.
- various types of learning controls are known. In the simplest case, at least one fixed test is stored in the electronic learning system, which can be edited by the user, whereupon an evaluation takes place in which it is determined which questions or test tasks the learner has correctly processed.
- such a fixed test may be compiled by a human tutor, with the human tutor being responsible for ensuring that the test is balanced, ie equally demanding the learner's skills.
- a firmly established test can only insufficiently or not at all take into account the current state of knowledge of the learner.
- the present invention provides an apparatus for assembling a test comprising a database storing a plurality of test tasks, each test task associated with a task type of a plurality of task types, means for selecting test tasks from the database, a set of selected test tasks for the test, and means for outputting the selected test tasks of the test to a user.
- the means for selecting test tasks comprises means for selecting, for a task type, the plurality of task types, at least one test task from a database, and for applying the selected test task to the set of selected test tasks if a task is available in the database for the task type and an exception handling logic configured to search for a task type among the plurality of task types for which no test task is available in the database, a substitute test task in the database according to a predetermined replacement rule, and the set of selected tasks if there is a test task in the database that meets the replacement rule.
- a replacement test task is determined according to a predetermined replacement rule Knowledge of a learner or a test sample customized test composition can be done.
- a rule-based selection of a replacement test task for a task type for which the If no test task is available then a balanced test can be generated even if test tasks are not available for all intended task types from a plurality of task types.
- test-assembling device is activated before a sufficient number of test tasks are stored in the database for each type of task being processed, ie, for example, downloading the entire database of test tasks to a learner's local computer takes a relatively long time to activate and the device to assemble the test is activated before the download is completely completed.
- no test tasks are available for a task type from the plurality of task types because those test tasks which the test object has already successfully solved are marked as not available in order to avoid repeated processing of the already successfully solved test tasks ,
- the inventive concept allows a dynamic or user-adapted or user-adaptive compilation of a test.
- the device according to the invention can thus also be regarded as a user-adapted or user-adaptive device.
- the automated, well-balanced tests adapted to the level of knowledge of the user or examinee can be used both for a self-assessment and for an assessment within the framework of a certified examination acceptance test.
- the present invention thus offers significant advantages over known devices for assembling a test.
- the present invention enables a Assemble a test successfully even if at least one (or sufficiently many) test tasks are not available for all types of tasks to be used, whereas conventional test systems in this case do not allow a balanced or balanced test set-up.
- a determination of a replacement test task for a task type for which no test task is available in the database by an exception handling logic using a predetermined replacement rule allows for a well-defined substitution, so that when a suitable replacement rule is specified, an automated method is still used balanced test can be done.
- the substitution rule can hereby use information and / or meta information pertaining to the test tasks or the task types in order to control the replacement. Thus, optimal replacement can be ensured even if it is not known a priori which task types are available at all.
- the device according to the invention for assembling a test makes it possible to subsequently reduce the number of available test tasks without this disrupting an automated test set-up. This can be z. For example, by deleting test tasks or by marking test tasks as unavailable.
- the concept according to the invention makes it possible to carry out a self-assessment of a trainee as well as a test of a candidate under an examination situation.
- the concept according to the invention can also include a certified test acceptance.
- a user of a device according to the invention or of the inventive concept can therefore be both a learner and a candidate.
- the device for assembling a test further comprises an availability control device that is designed to ensure that the device for selecting at least one test task from the database is already a test task that has already succeeded by the availability control than by a user is identified as not recognized as available.
- the availability controller may be configured to add user-related information to the database indicating that the user has successfully completed a test task when the availability checker detects that the user has successfully completed the particular test task.
- the availability control device can thus preferably evaluate information that is generated during an evaluation of the responses provided by the user.
- the database comprises both test tasks and user-related information, which test tasks have already been successfully solved by a specific user.
- the user-related information can of course be created for several different users, so that a particularly memory-efficient database system is created.
- a user-customized test combination in a multi-user system eg in a client-server system
- the availability controller may be configured to delete a particular test task on the database when a user successfully completes the test task has solved. This is advantageous, for example, in portable computer systems with limited storage space. Since, according to the invention, it can be provided that a test task which has already been successfully solved once is not repeated, it is, of course, not necessary to continue to store it. Thus, a resource-saving operation of an electronic learning system or an electronic learning environment can be made possible.
- the inventive device for assembling a test has a device for receiving a desired level of difficulty, wherein each test task is further assigned a degree of difficulty, and wherein the device for assembling the test further comprises a difficulty control device which is designed to ensure that the means for selecting at least one test task from the database only recognizes as available a test task whose assigned degree of difficulty deviates by more than a predetermined degree of difficulty from the target level of difficulty.
- a test carried out in the electronic learning system can be adapted to the learning progress of a learner by specifying a desired degree of difficulty.
- the replacement rule is preferably designed to instruct the exception handling logic to determine a replacement task type for the task type from the plurality of task types for which no test task is available in the database and a replacement test task from the database in the database Find replacement task type and apply it to the set of selected tasks.
- a replacement task type test task typically there is a very similar replacement task type to each task type, such that the use of a replacement task type test task (rather than a task type task, for which in the database there is no test task), the balance of the test is only marginally affected, since the types of tasks serve to train analog skills.
- replacing a task type with a similar replacement task type is typically not perceived as disturbing by a human learner.
- the exception handler may preferably be configured to determine the replacement task type for the task type for which no test task is available by accessing a task type replacement table. Indeed, it has been found that typically a well-defined replacement of a non-existent task type by a replacement task type is appropriate. Such an association between a task type and a replacement task type may, for example, be stored in a task type replacement table describing an association between task type (to be replaced) and replacement task type. The storage of the assignments between task types and replacement task types in the form of a table is very memory-efficient and also allows quick access.
- each task type of the plurality of task types is assigned a task-type feature vector which, for example, describes a task type based on at least one numerically writable criterion, but better of several numerically writable criteria.
- the exception handling device is preferably designed to determine a replacement task type for the task type for which no test task is available such that task-type feature vectors of the task type for which no test task is available and the replacement task type. Task type may make little difference. This can be ensured, for example, by identifying a replacement task type based on the task type feature vector of the task type to be replaced, the task type feature of which vector is as similar as possible to the task type feature vector of the task type to be replaced.
- the similarity can be determined here for example by an arbitrary mathematical distance measure or a mathematical norm, wherein a weighting can be introduced for individual entries of the task type feature vectors (wherein an entry of the task type feature vector describes a characteristic property of a task type).
- each task type by a task type feature vector it can be achieved that it is sufficient to describe each task type by a task type feature vector.
- manual creation of a task type replacement table is no longer necessary. Rather, the task type replacement table may be created either automatically based on the task type feature vectors, or the task type feature vectors may be evaluated as shown whenever replacement of a task type by a replacement task type is needed.
- This is particularly advantageous in connection with time-varying task databases, such as may arise, for example, through transmission via a network interface. Namely, exactly the task types are used in a determination of the most suitable replacement task type, which are also available in the database.
- the description of the task types by task type feature vectors and the replacement of task types based on the task type feature vectors has the advantage that task types from different sources or tutors are thus comparable and thus eliminates central provision of replacement rules (e.g., in the form of a table).
- the replacement rule be designed to instruct the exception handling logic, based on the target level of difficulty to determine a substitute degree of difficulty and to search for the task type of the plurality of task types for which there is no test task with the desired level of difficulty in the database, a degree of difficulty, the degree of difficulty of the substitute difficulty at most by a predetermined amount, and to include the replacement test task in the set of selected test tasks.
- it has proved advantageous to extend the replacement rule such that for a task type for which there is no replacement test task at the target level of difficulty, a replacement test task with a different (substitute) difficulty level is identified.
- a difficulty can be reduced if a certain task is not successfully solved several times, or if tasks of a certain type of task are not solved correctly enough comparatively frequently. In this case, it is recommended to set the substitute difficulty level for a replacement test task to be lower than the target difficulty level.
- a strategy may be chosen differently in a selection of a replacement test task (i.e., the replacement rule), depending on whether the test performed is a self-test of a student or a test of a student. For example, when performing an examination with a candidate, an increased difficulty level of a replacement test task compared to the target difficulty level can be rewarded by an increased number of points that the candidate can receive by successfully responding to the replacement test task. Thus, the changed level of difficulty of the replacement test task can be taken into account in the evaluation of the test.
- the exception handling logic may be configured to issue a message to the user that includes information about the use of a substitute difficulty level, if one is used.
- the exception handling logic may include an interrogator configured to issue a message to the user if for a task type for which there is no test task in the database, there is no test task that satisfies the replacement rule.
- the interrogator may be further configured to receive an input from the user, wherein the exception handler logic either generates a truncated test depending on the input or issues a prompt to the user to select another subject area and receives an input from the user which makes such a selection possible. If there is no test task that fulfills the replacement rule, it can no longer be guaranteed that a balanced test will be generated.
- the device for compiling a test interacts with the user and thus allows the user to agree to carry out a shortened test by means of a corresponding input. If the user does not want a shortened test, it is further preferred to allow the user to interactively select a test for another topic to prevent the user from falling in motivation.
- Such an arrangement of the device according to the invention for assembling a test is again particularly advantageous in connection with an electronic learning system in which the database with the test questions is only gradually set up or transferred to a processing device of the user.
- the means for selecting at least one test task from the database is adapted to select for a task type from the plurality of task types a predetermined number of test tasks belonging to the task type from the database, if in the database for the task type sufficient number of test tasks is available.
- a predetermined number of test tasks belonging to the task type from the database if in the database for the task type sufficient number of test tasks is available.
- the device for assembling a test can provide that only one or a few test tasks of a time-consuming task type are selected while a predetermined number of test tasks are selected to a different, faster task type to be processed.
- the predetermined number of tasks may be provided, for example, by means for receiving information about a number of tasks based on the received information on the number of tasks.
- the inventive device for assembling a test in a device for testing a device under test.
- the device for testing a device under test preferably also comprises a device for reading in a response to at least one of the selected test tasks output by the device for assembling the test.
- the device for testing a device under test preferably comprises a device for evaluating the read-in response in order to obtain coded information as to whether the read-in response represents a correct solution of the output selected test task.
- the device for testing a device under test comprises a device for outputting a test result as a function of the coded information.
- a corresponding device for testing a device under test can thus be a test, starting from a test composition to a representation of the test result can be performed fully automated, which in turn results in the advantages of a test composition according to the invention with an exception treatment using substitution rules.
- the availability control device which determines when a test task stored in the database is available for the device for selecting at least one test task from the database, is adapted to the encoded information, whether the read-in answer to evaluate a correct solution of the issued selected test task.
- the coded information which can contain, for example, a two-valued statement as to whether a user has successfully solved a specific test task, is stored in a user-related database.
- Such a system response may be, for example, an increase or decrease in the level of difficulty, as previously stated.
- the means for evaluating the read-in responses comprises a comparison device which is designed to compare the read-in response with a comparison response stored in the database and belonging to the output selected test task, and the read-in response as a correct one Response if the response read in from the comparison response is at most a predetermined deviation. and to provide for the issued selected test task coded information corresponding to the comparison result.
- a comparison device which is designed to compare the read-in response with a comparison response stored in the database and belonging to the output selected test task, and the read-in response as a correct one Response if the response read in from the comparison response is at most a predetermined deviation. and to provide for the issued selected test task coded information corresponding to the comparison result.
- a predetermined deviation between an input response and the comparison response may be tolerable. This is the case, for example, when a user is asked to make a longer text entry. What is essential here is merely that a description form exists which makes a deviation of a response from the comparison response quantifiable.
- a response as a correct answer only if the read-in answer matches the comparison response. This can be advantageous, for example, in multiple-choice test tasks, and enables a particularly advantageous electronic evaluation, for example with the aid of a comparison device.
- the device for compiling a test can also include references to the relevant topics and / or to weak points of the user (the learning or the user) Test items).
- FIG. 1 shows a flowchart of a method according to the invention for assembling a test according to a first exemplary embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 2 is a graphical representation of an example database entry for a test task
- FIG. 3 shows a flow chart of a method according to the invention for determining the available test tasks
- FIG. 4A shows a first part of a flowchart of a method according to the invention for assembling a test according to a second exemplary embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 4B shows a second part of a flowchart of a method according to the invention for assembling a test according to the second exemplary embodiment of the present invention
- 5A is a flowchart of a method of identifying a replacement test task in a test task database using a replacement task type table according to the present invention
- Fig. 5B is a graphical representation of a replacement task type table
- 6A is a flowchart of a method according to the invention for identifying a permissible replacement
- Fig. 6B is a graphical representation of a task type feature vector
- FIG. 7 shows a flow chart of a method according to the invention for identifying a replacement task type according to a third exemplary embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 8 is a flowchart of a method according to the invention for carrying out a test according to a fourth exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 9 shows a flowchart of a method according to the invention for carrying out a test according to a fifth exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 1 shows a flowchart of a method according to the invention for assembling a test according to a first exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
- the flowchart of FIG. 1 is designated 100 in its entirety.
- the inventive method is designed to select test tasks from a database.
- the database is designated by 110 and comprises a plurality of available test tasks.
- each test task in the database is associated, for example, with a task type.
- each test task in the database has an associated field or entry that describes the task type. It is equally possible that several tables or sub-databases exist in the database, with only test tasks of the same type being stored in a table or sub-database.
- the data structure of the database is designed so that an association exists between test tasks and task types.
- the tasks available in the database may be marked as unavailable.
- the database may include a flag that specifies that a test task is not available. This flag can be set, for example, if a user has already successfully solved a task.
- tasks in the database may be filtered out as available tasks, and available tasks typically have to satisfy a condition or a logical combination of several conditions.
- the object of the algorithm shown with reference to FIG. 1 is to assemble a possibly balanced test, which typically comprises a plurality of types of tasks, and at the same time to allow treatment of an exceptional case in which no test task is available in the database for a task type ,
- the algorithm shown receives as input at least one task type 120 of a test task to be searched for in the database.
- the algorithm shown then examines whether a test task of the given task type 120 is available in the database. This can be done, for example, by filtering the test tasks available in the database 110.
- the database may also be designed to log how many tasks of different types of tasks exist. In other words, the database may, for example, have a counter associated with a task type indicating the number of test tasks associated with and available to the task type. If it is detected in the first step 130 that at least one test task is available in the database for the given task type 120, at least one test task for the specified task type 120 is subsequently selected in a second step 140.
- a test task for the given task type 120 is searched for in the database.
- the first task found in the database for the given task type 120 may be used.
- it is possible to randomly select one or more test tasks from a plurality of test tasks available in the database 110 for the given task type 120 for example using a random number generator.
- step 130 of checking whether a task-type test task is available in the database and step 140 of selecting at least one task-type task may be very closely related. For example, an attempt can also be made to select a test task from the database 110. If the selection is unsuccessful, it can be determined in this case that there is no test task in the database for the given task type 120.
- test task for the task type is selected in the second step 140, then in a third step 150, the selected test task can be taken over into a set of selected test tasks.
- an exception handling 160 may be performed if it is determined in the first step 130 that for the given task type 120 no test task is available in the database. If this is the case, then in a step 164 a test task is searched in the database which fulfills a predetermined replacement rule.
- the replacement rule hereby provides instructions as to which criteria a replacement test task, which replaces a task of the type 120, to that in the Database no test task is available, must meet.
- the replacement rule may express that for a given task type 120 for which no test task is available in the database, a replacement task of a replacement task type may be used.
- the replacement rule may specify one or more criteria according to which test tasks in the database 110 are classified as available.
- the test task may also specify a filter that searches the database 110 for available tasks.
- the database search filter specified by the replacement rule is hereby preferably wider than an original filter used to determine if a test task is available for the task type in the database.
- a modified filter in which, for example, the predetermined task type 120 is replaced by a replacement task type
- the replacement rule may be specific to a given task type 120.
- a step 168 If it is determined in a step 168 that a task has been found in the database 110 in the step 164 that fulfills the predetermined replacement rule, then in a further step 172 the found test task satisfying the replacement rule is adopted in the set of the selected test tasks . If, on the other hand, no substitute test task that satisfies the replacement rule is found in the database 110, the exception handling 160 is terminated without taking over a test task in the set of selected test tasks.
- the replacement rule may well be a multi-level replacement rule.
- the multi-level replacement rule may include multiple partial replacement rules that are treated as descending priority.
- a partial replacement rule with a lower priority is not applied until a replacement rule with a higher priority returns no result.
- a filter used for the evaluation of the database 110 for a search of a replacement test task can be extended or changed step by step.
- the flow chart 100 shown in FIG. 1 may be executed for a plurality of types of tasks. After the selection of the selected test task in the set of selected test tasks in the third step 150 or after the execution of the exception handling 160, it is thus preferably checked in a test step 180 whether another task type is to be processed. If so, a new task type is selected in a step 182 and the method shown is repeated. Once all the task types to be processed have been processed, finally the selected test tasks are output in an output step 190.
- the selected test tasks for example, visually and / or audibly and / or tactfully issued to a user.
- the test tasks may also be printed out or optionally stored on a data carrier for use by a user. Thus, the selected test tasks issued to the user are determined by the flow of the described algorithm 100.
- test tasks are no longer available for individual task types. If a suitable test task does not exist for a task type 120 to be used, then the user is presented with a replacement test task which is in accordance with the replacement rule is selected. Thus, it can be ensured that always the best possible set of test tasks, in which the task types are represented as balanced as possible, is made available. Furthermore, it can be ensured that a certain number of test tasks are always output to the user, even if test tasks are no longer available for individual task types.
- the method according to the invention enables the automated generation of tests which are always balanced and / or user-adapted, the exception handling 160 being well defined by at least one predetermined replacement rule.
- FIG. 2 shows a graphical representation of an exemplary database entry for a test task.
- the exemplary database entry is designated 200 in its entirety.
- the database here has entries for a plurality of test tasks, two of which are shown in FIG. Incidentally, the database entries shown here are to be understood as exemplary, with individual entries being dispensable in the case of an actual implementation. On the other hand, additional entries may be added.
- each test task is assigned a unique task identifier 210, for example in the form of a serial number.
- a task be associated with a task type identifier 212 (eg, "A").
- the task type identifier 212 may specify the type of task (eg, sort task, multiple-choice task.
- the database entry for a test task may include a difficulty identifier 214, which preferably represents a difficulty of the task as a numerical value.
- the database entry captures a cleared-flag 216 indicating whether a task has already been successfully resolved by a user.
- the already-released flag may be a binary or Boolean entry.
- the database entry may include a user-owned miss counter 218, indicating, for example, how many times a user has already solved a task unsuccessfully.
- the database entry may include a period identifier 220 in which a processing time allowed or claimed for a task is entered in coded form.
- the database entry 200 may also include a reference 222 to any text associated with the particular test task or other information associated with the test task (eg, images, audio information, animations, or other multimedia information), the text or other information can be considered as more in-depth information. It is likewise possible that the database entry 200 comprises a text field 224 in which a task text or at least a heading of the task is entered directly.
- a coded subject area identifier 226 may also be part of the database entry 200. The information in the database entry 200 of a test task may be used in a search in the database to select available tasks and to further enable display and evaluation of the respective test tasks.
- the already-resolved flag 216 and the miss-trial counter 218 may be individually stored in a separate table for a plurality of users, that is, the already-released flags 216 and the miscount counter 218 represents user-specific information associated with a user.
- a database entry 200 for a task may include a plurality of other fields.
- a database may include references to help texts and further information.
- the database entry 200 may also include additional information relevant to an evaluation of the task, such as information about a correct answer or about a score that a candidate can obtain by correctly solving the task. All this information can be used both in the selection of the task and in the later output of the task and in the subsequent evaluation of a user input.
- FIG. 3 shows a flow diagram of a method according to the invention for determining the available test tasks from a database, which comprises all test tasks (possibly divided over several tables for different task types).
- the inventive method is designated in its entirety by 300.
- a database 310 comprises a complete set of test tasks, with each test task being assigned at least one task type, one already successful resolved flag, and one difficulty level.
- those test tasks are filtered out of the database 310 in which the already successful solved flag is set.
- a filter 324 that only tasks of the type of task currently being processed (for example of the task type "A") are taken into account
- the filter 324 can also be designed such that also a topic area Identifier (for example, subject area identifier "0x01" describing topic 1) is evaluated so that only tasks of the desired topic are selected.
- a topic area Identifier for example, subject area identifier "0x01" describing topic 1
- the already successful solved flag is set to "0”, so that only tasks that are not yet successful by the user are read out. were solved richly.
- the other fields of the database entry 200 for example, need not be taken into account during the filtering and may for example assume any value (indicated by an asterisk "*").
- a corresponding additional filtering can be applied in a second step 330, so that test tasks whose degree of difficulty differs from the given degree of difficulty are filtered out or not taken over into the set of available tasks. It should be noted that the consideration of the degree of difficulty in the second step 330 is optional. If consideration of the degree of difficulty is provided, the first step 320 and the second step 330 can also be combined. Subsequent to the filter steps 320, 330, a set of available test tasks that have not yet been successfully solved is then available. This set of test tasks may be described by a list of task identifiers 210, for example.
- the set of available test tasks that have not yet been solved may include a copy of database entries 200.
- FIGS. 4A and 4B show a first part and a second part of a flowchart of a method according to the invention for assembling a test according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
- FIGS. 4A and 4B show a method which enables exception handling in the selection of test tasks for a task type. It should be noted that the method shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B can be traversed several times for different types of tasks in the context of a test composition according to the invention. It should also be noted that for a given task type, either only one task or a predetermined number of tasks may be searched, where the predetermined number may be different for different task types.
- the method for assembling a test with a hierarchical exception treatment shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B is designated 400A and 400B, respectively.
- a first step 410 it is attempted to identify in a database a predetermined number of tasks of a predetermined degree of difficulty marked as not yet solved.
- step 412 If it is determined in a step 412 that the predetermined number of tasks (preferably exactly one task) has been successfully identified, the identified tasks are taken over in a set of selected tasks in a step 414. Subsequent to step 414, the illustrated method may be repeated for another task type until all task types to be processed are processed. Applying identified tasks to a set of selected tasks will create a test that can be issued to a user.
- step 412 If, however, it is determined in step 412 that the predetermined number of test tasks (that is to say, not at least one test task) is available for a given task type and a predetermined degree of difficulty in the database, at least one is attempted in the database in a step 420 to identify a replacement test task from a valid replacement task type or from a set of multiple valid replacement task types. As permitted substitute task types, all available in the database which task types are used, or one or more replacement task types can be determined for the given task type by means of a replacement rule. Incidentally, the selection of replacement task types will be explained later with reference to FIGS. 5A, 5B, 6A and 6B.
- one or more replacement test tasks can be identified from the replacement task type or from the set of multiple allowable replacement task types, then the identified replacement test tasks are again incorporated into the set of selected test tasks at step 414 and the algorithm is processed For another task type, repeat from the set of task types to be processed until all task types to be processed are edited. However, if it is determined in step 422 that the replacement task types identified in step 420 or the set of identified replacement test tasks do not have a replacement test task of the predetermined difficulty level in the database marked as not yet solved (resp If there are not enough spare test tasks available), then in a step 424 an attempt is made to identify in the database substitute test tasks with a permissible level of substitution difficulty.
- a permissible level of substitute difficulty is derived from the given degree of difficulty.
- the substitute difficulty level is a predetermined deviation, for. B.
- a level of difficulty may be greater than the predetermined target level of difficulty.
- a predetermined desired degree of difficulty or a substitute degree of difficulty may also include an interval of degrees of difficulty.
- several levels of difficulty (or intervals of difficult grades) are successively checked to identify a replacement test task with an acceptable level of substitution difficulty in step 424 in the database.
- step 424 either only test tasks in the database of the given task type or additional test tasks with one or more additional replacement task types can be used to identify a replacement test task.
- step 430 it is determined in step 430 that in step 424 a replacement test task of the given task type and the substitute difficulty level or also (optionally) a substitute test task of a permissible replacement task type and a permissible substitute difficulty level could be identified
- the identified test task is in turn taken over in step 414 in the set of selected tasks.
- the output of a message to the user may also be initiated to indicate to the user that a test task with a substitute difficulty level has been used.
- the corresponding edition is to be regarded as optional.
- the output can also be done directly at the time the test is compiled, or even after the test is issued to the user with the substitute difficulty level.
- step 434 a message is output to the user in a step 434 that only a reduced test can be carried out.
- step 438 an input of the user is read. If the input of the user read in step 438 indicates that the user agrees with a reduced test, then if necessary, test tasks of other task types to be used are selected and included in the set of selected tasks, again using the same procedure. If test tasks or replacement test tasks have been included in the set of selected tasks for all the task types to be processed, a reduced test with tasks from the set of selected tasks is finally carried out in a step 446.
- a step 450 the ongoing test composition is aborted.
- a user may choose another subject area, or the test composition may be repeated after a predetermined waiting time.
- the latter possibility is advantageous if it can be assumed that new test tasks can be added to the database of test tasks, so that, if appropriate, sufficient test tasks are available after the waiting time has expired.
- Repeating the test composition after expiration of a waiting time which may be determined by a timer means, for example, thus makes it possible to carry out a complete test as soon as sufficient test tasks are available.
- FIG. 5A shows a flow chart of a method of identifying a replacement task with a replacement task type in a task database using a replacement task type table.
- the method shown in FIG. 5A is designated 500 in its entirety.
- a replacement task type table also referred to as a task type replacement table
- a task type replacement table according to the invention describes one or more replacement task types for each task type.
- the arrangement of the replacement Task types in the table are typically a priority when checking the replacement task types or when looking for replacement task tasks with a replacement task type. Incidentally, it is noted that it may also happen that there is no substitute task type for a task type.
- a task type replacement table may be implemented in the form of a conventional table, but also, for example, as a linked list.
- the illustrated method 500 describes, for example, steps 420 and 422 of method 400A, 400B.
- a first replacement task type is searched in a replacement task type table (or task type replacement table). If the first replacement task type is found in the replacement task type table, the first replacement task type is accepted as the current replacement task type and, consequently, in a second step 520 in the test task database, a replacement task of the first Replacement task type searched. If it is determined in a third step 524 that a replacement test task of the first replacement task type has been found, the replacement test task can be used in a fourth step 528, ie, for example, into the set of selected tasks. men, be.
- a replacement test task of the new current replacement task type is again searched for in the test task database.
- step 532 determines whether there is no other replacement task type for the given task type in the replacement task type table. If it is determined in step 532 that there is no other replacement task type for the given task type in the replacement task type table, the method shown is aborted with step 540, preferably telling a parent algorithm that there is no replacement Test task was found from an admissible replacement task type.
- the replacement task type table for one or more replacement task types stored in the replacement task type table, it is checked whether a replacement test task is available in the test task database.
- the order in which the possible replacement task types are processed for a given task type is in turn determined by the replacement task type table.
- the task type replacement table may therefore be coded in various forms. For example, a classic table with a predetermined number of columns are used. However, a linked list may also be used to store the replacement task type table.
- the substitute task type table may also be described by a different form of description (eg, "all but the specified task type") The substitute task type table may be statically predetermined, or may be specified when adding new task types are updated automatically.
- Fig. 5B shows an exemplary replacement task type table
- Task type replacement table of Fig. 5B is in their
- Entity designated 570 The task type is again described by a task type identifier 572 (eg, "A”, “B”, “C”, 7)
- a task type eg task type "A”
- There then exists one Number of replacement task types 574, 576, 578 for example, task types "B” and “C”
- task types "B" and “C” are listed by priority in the replacement task type table.
- not all fields of the replacement task type table must be filled.
- task type "A” is preferably replaced by task type "B”. If there is no replacement test task for task type "B", an attempt is also made to replace task type "A” with task type "C.” Similarly, task type "B” is preferred by task type "A”.
- the task type "F” exists according to the exemplary replacement task type table 570 not a valid replacement task type, i. H.
- the task type "F” can not be replaced by a replacement task of another task type.
- FIG. 6A also shows a flow chart of a method according to the invention for identifying a permissible one Replacement task type for a given task type.
- the method shown in FIG. 6A is designated 600 in its entirety.
- task types are described by task type feature vectors, that is, each task type is assigned a task type feature vector.
- a method exists for determining a quantitative measure of difference between two given task type feature vectors of different task types.
- individual features of the task type feature vector can be weighted differently.
- the task type feature vector may also be a scalar (ie, a one-entry vector).
- a task type feature vector which preferably describes several numerically expressible criteria, is particularly well suited for processing by an electronic computer.
- a distance function may preferably provide the difference between two task-type feature vectors in the form of a numerical value or a discretely expressible distance information, wherein a calculation of the distance function may be performed, for example, by an evaluation of a mathematical standard.
- the associated task type feature vector is thus determined for a given task type to be replaced (for which no test task is available in the database). This can for example be taken from a table or extracted from the information stored in the database and associated with the task type. For a potential replacement task type, another task type feature vector (again preferably from a table) is then similarly determined. Thereafter, in a step 610, a quantitative measure of a difference between the task type feature vectors of the task type to be replaced and the potential replacement task type is determined.
- the potential replacement task type is adopted in a set of possible replacement task types in a step 630.
- the possible replacement task types may be additionally sequenced such that a possible replacement task type whose task type feature vector is least different from the task type feature vector of the given task type to be replaced with the highest priority is used, while other possible replacement task types, which differ more from the task type to be replaced according to their task type feature vectors, are used with lower priority.
- the possible replacement task types can be entered, for example, in a table or a linked list.
- FIG. 6B shows an exemplary graphical representation of a table of task type feature vectors for various types of tasks.
- a task type feature vector for a given task type includes, for example, has a task type identifier 670, a processing time identifier 674 describing a processing time provided for processing the task type, and a plurality of request classifiers 678, 682, 686.
- the request classifiers 678, 682, 686 describe, in coded form and in the form of numerical values, different requirement categories that a task type presents to a user. For example, it may be described how high the demands of a task on the user are in terms of knowledge, transferability and / or concentration ability. It should be noted that, however, only a single one of the described features of a task type (for example, only the processing time) or any combination of features may be used to create a task type feature vector. On the basis of the task type feature vectors, it can then be determined by determining a mathematically or algorithmically defined distance measure which task types can be replaced by which other task types.
- the request categories of the request classifier may further optionally include, for example, requirements regarding communication capability or application of propositional logic and / or abstract logic.
- FIG. 7 shows a flowchart of a further method according to the invention for identifying a replacement test task according to a third exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
- the method shown in FIG. 7 is designated 700 in its entirety. Again, it is assumed that a task type and a degree of difficulty are given, for the specified task type and the given level of difficulty no test task in the database of test tasks is available. Thus, in a first step 710, a valid replacement task type is determined for the given task type, for which purpose, for example, a replacement task type table 712 may be used. In a further step 720 it is checked whether there is a replacement test task in the database of test tasks for an identified allowable replacement task type and the given difficulty level. If this is the case, then the replacement test task with the replacement task type and the specified difficulty level is used, ie taken over into the set of selected tasks.
- a permissible level of substitute difficulty for the given level of difficulty is determined.
- the further error handling 750 may include, for example, an output to a user and a query as to whether the user agrees to perform a truncated test. It should also be noted that if a replacement test task with a permissible level of substitution difficulty is used, it may generate a notification of the user by issuing a message to the user.
- 8 shows a flow chart of a method according to the invention for carrying out a test according to a fourth exemplary embodiment of the present invention. The method shown in FIG. 8 is designated in its entirety by 800 and describes a test procedure.
- a degree of difficulty is read in here. Furthermore, a subject area can optionally be read in as well. However, it is pointed out here that it is possible to omit the reading of the degree of difficulty, if, for example, in an electronic learning system only a single degree of difficulty is possible.
- a test is then compiled using a database of test tasks.
- the second step 820 can be, for example, a method 100 according to FIG. 1, a method 300 according to FIG. 3, a method 400A, 400B according to FIGS. 4A, 4B, a method 500 according to FIG. 5A, a method 600 according to FIG 6A and / or a method 700 according to FIG. 7.
- the test is compiled using a database, whereby an exception treatment is preferably performed if there is no test task available for a task type of the database to be taken into account which has a suitable degree of difficulty and which is not yet correct by a user has been answered.
- a third step 830 it is further determined whether the compilation of the test is successful. If this is not the case, then the inventive method is terminated. However, if the compilation of the test is successful, the test is performed in a fourth step 840.
- the task issued, for example, in visual and / or audible form.
- the output of the test task preferably comprises a visual output of a text, an image, a video, an animation, and / or a virtual reality modeling language (VRML) world, a reference to the output Visualization is stored in the database. Furthermore, it is preferred to also output an acoustic information to a user.
- the database is used to describe or manage various multimedia sources for outputting the test task by cross-references.
- the compilation of the test tasks in step 820 in this case provides a higher-level sequence control for the output of various multimedia contents.
- the compilation of a test in step 820 thus takes place in such a way that results in a balanced output of multimedia content, wherein at least one replacement rule determines the selection of test tasks and thus the sequence of multimedia man-machine communication.
- a response is read by the user.
- the read-in response is then preferably evaluated by comparing the input response with a comparison response information from the test task database.
- the evaluation of the read-in response can also take place in other ways, for example by involving a tutor or by entering the read-in response into a neuronal network. This method is recommended if a possible read-in response can be highly complex due to the present test task and if therefore several possible correct answers exist.
- a difference between the read-in response and a comparison response stored in the database and belonging to the output test task can also be determined, wherein an input response is classified as correct if the difference is smaller than a given maximum allowable difference.
- a read-in answer is correct only if it matches the comparison response belonging to the issued test question from the database.
- any method for determining the difference between two inputs may be used. For numerical inputs, for example, a tolerance interval can be used.
- a tolerance interval can be used.
- questions where multiple possible answers exist for example, the lack of one of several possible answers may be tolerated, but the input is still recognized as correct.
- a coded information is then generated as to whether the user has correctly solved the test task.
- the coded information which contains information as to whether the user has correctly solved a test task, can then be stored in the database (either directly after the execution of a test task or after execution of all test tasks belonging to a test).
- the encoded information may be stored in the database so as to be associated with a user when an electronic testing system can be used by multiple users.
- the coded information is stored in step 850.
- a test result may then be generated using the encoded information.
- the test result for example, provides information about how many tasks a user has correctly solved.
- the test result may further include time information indicative of how long a user has needed to process a test, what deficiencies the candidate has and / or which subjects should be preferentially treated to compensate for these deficiencies.
- the time information may be determined, for example, by a timer that is part of a device for performing a test.
- the method of performing a test may include starting an electronic timer and reading the electronic timer after completion of the last test task associated with a compiled test.
- test result can also be output in a concluding step 870, for example visually and / or acoustically or in the form of an expression to the user.
- test composition changes for each repeated execution of the method 800 based on the answers read by the user.
- the method 800 does not pose the problem that a test can no longer be performed as soon as a user has correctly solved all test tasks of even one task type. Namely, by assembling a test using a database and using an exception handler, substitute test tasks can be identified for a task type for which no more test tasks are available. Replacement test tasks may also be selected according to predetermined replacement rules to continue to give a balanced test.
- FIG. 9 shows a flow chart of a method according to the invention for carrying out a test according to a fifth exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 9 describes the principle of the dynamic test combination.
- the method shown in FIG. 9 is designated in its entirety by 900 and, in a first step 910, comprises reading in a subject area and reading in a degree of difficulty.
- a number of test tasks to be processed can also be read in, if this is not specified.
- the number of test tasks to be processed can also be derived from received information about a number of test tasks to be solved.
- a number of test tasks per test and a degree of difficulty can be determined institution-dependent.
- tests from 20 tasks of difficulty levels 1 to 5 can be put together, while in a second company tests consisting of 30 test tasks are put together.
- a device for receiving a number and a degree of difficulty of the test tasks to be processed brings in some cases an added value, since thus a simple adaptation of the device according to the invention to different applications at different test institutes (or in different companies) is possible. A special advantage arises from this in the context of an examination situation.
- a test of learning success is prepared, after which a set of unresolved test tasks are provided in a third step 930.
- a fourth step 940 Based on the unresolved tasks provided in the third step 930, then, if possible, in a fourth step 940, one task per task type is selected. If this is possible (positive or "yes"), then the respective task is integrated into a test in a fifth step 942. If, on the other hand, it is not possible to select one task per type in the fourth step 940 (negative or "no")
- a sixth step 950 an attempt is made to select a replacement task of a different (replacement) task type.
- the replacement task is in turn integrated into the test in the fifth step 942. If it is not possible to find a replacement test task of another (replacement) task type in the sixth step 950, a replacement test task with a different (substitute) difficulty level in the database is attempted in a seventh step 960 to identify. If a test task with a different (substitute) difficulty level is identified in the database in the seventh step 960, an indication is issued to the user and the identified replacement test task is integrated into the test in the fifth step 942. If no replacement test task with a different difficulty can also be found (negative) in the seventh step 960, an output is made in one eighth step 970 in comparison with one User.
- the user also reads in an input which, depending on the content, is evaluated as approval (positive) or rejection (negative) for carrying out a test with a reduced number of test tasks. If the input is such that it is considered as approval, then a reduced test is compiled. On the other hand, if the user does not agree to a reduced test in the eighth step 970, (negative), an issue is given to the user prompting the user to select another topic.
- an input of the user is read in which allows selection of a topic.
- a learning test environment thus comprises, in contrast to known teaching / learning / test systems, a broad spectrum of task types for learning success control.
- Classification can be done in closed task types, semi open task types and open task types.
- Closed task types include, for example, multiple choice tasks, true / false tasks, image selection, hot spot, reordering tasks, and assignment tasks.
- Semi-open task types include, for example, image caption and short text inputs.
- Open tasks include, for example, making a sketch and detailed text input.
- Each type of task is preferably stored in a separate table of the task database (database of the test tasks), whereby in addition to task text, solution reference, topic reference, related topics and correct solution also response specifications can be specified or stored in the database.
- a combination of different types of tasks makes it possible to combine the advantages with parallel compensation of the disadvantages. Furthermore, a variety of task types helps to develop and test different mental representations of knowledge.
- the learning control can be carried out according to a requirement for early, regular and individual duel customizable learning success controls are designed so that a time of performing a learning test is determined to be constantly retrievable. Tasks can be processed in freely selectable processing sequences, and further viewed and / or edited as desired. Further, a targeted content of a learning control may be automatically preselected or freely selected by a user. Furthermore, it is preferred that three levels of difficulty be selected (beginner, intermediate and expert modes). In addition, a solution advice can be provided during the execution of a test.
- dispense with a time limitation although preferably an indication of the exceeding of a time limit is output.
- the required processing time can be displayed.
- relevant modules or topic areas can be automatically selected.
- Already processed tasks are also preferred.
- Effective assistance can be provided by giving instructions on how to operate the learning control as well as the required user input to a user. This avoids cognitive overloading of the various types of tasks.
- the dynamic test compilation algorithm thus checks the learning success of the user for each task. Taking into account the metadata, one task per task type is randomly selected from the set of unresolved tasks in order to achieve a balanced mix of task types. If a suitable task is found for a task type, a method described above proceeds, wherein, for example, the user can be informed about the respective method steps by corresponding outputs, and furthermore a user's consent can be read in by corresponding inputs.
- the following information is preferably provided to the examinee or the learner:
- Hypertext reference to uncontrolled topics where the elimination of knowledge deficits can also be done through a communication environment by accessing the distributed knowledge of the group.
- the described method can be performed just as well by a corresponding device.
- the method according to the invention can be implemented in hardware or in software.
- the implementation may be on a digital storage medium, such as a floppy disk, CD, DVD, or flash memory medium, with electronically readable control signals that may interact with a programmable computer system to perform the appropriate method.
- the invention thus also consists in a computer program product with program code stored on a machine-readable carrier for carrying out the method according to the invention, when the computer program product runs on a computer.
- the invention can thus be realized as a computer program with a program code for carrying out the method when the computer program runs on a computer.
- the present invention may be practiced on a server computer that exchanges data with one or more associated client computers.
- a dedicated application program for retrieving data from the server may run on the client computer.
- a standard program for displaying multimedia content for example a web browser, can also run on the client computer.
- a preparation of the information to be output can thus be done either in the client computer or in the server computer.
- Such implementations of the present invention can be considered server execution or client-server execution.
- the inventive method for compiling a test and for carrying out the test thus offers the advantage that a balanced as possible test can be created even if no or not enough test tasks in a database are available from a task types.
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Description
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Applications Claiming Priority (2)
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| PCT/EP2006/008702 WO2007036287A2 (de) | 2005-09-23 | 2006-09-06 | Vorrichtung, verfahren und computerprogramm zum zusammenstellen eines tests sowie vorrichtung, verfahren und computerprogramm zum prüfen eines prüflings |
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| US8083675B2 (en) * | 2005-12-08 | 2011-12-27 | Dakim, Inc. | Method and system for providing adaptive rule based cognitive stimulation to a user |
| US9892650B2 (en) | 2006-09-11 | 2018-02-13 | Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company | Recovery of polled data after an online test platform failure |
| US9142136B2 (en) | 2006-09-11 | 2015-09-22 | Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company | Systems and methods for a logging and printing function of an online proctoring interface |
| US9390629B2 (en) | 2006-09-11 | 2016-07-12 | Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company | Systems and methods of data visualization in an online proctoring interface |
| US20080102432A1 (en) * | 2006-09-11 | 2008-05-01 | Rogers Timothy A | Dynamic content and polling for online test taker accomodations |
| US20080241809A1 (en) * | 2007-03-09 | 2008-10-02 | Ashmore Mary E | Graphical user interface and method for providing a learning system |
| JP2009252176A (ja) * | 2008-04-10 | 2009-10-29 | Ntt Docomo Inc | 情報配信装置および情報配信方法 |
| US20100047760A1 (en) * | 2008-08-20 | 2010-02-25 | Mike Best | Method and system for delivering performance based emulation testing |
| DE102010000873A1 (de) | 2010-01-13 | 2011-08-25 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V., 80686 | Kompetenzmanagementsystem, Verfahren zum Betrieb eines Kompetenzmanagementsystems und Computerprogramm |
| KR20150095053A (ko) * | 2014-02-12 | 2015-08-20 | 한화테크윈 주식회사 | 제품 검사의 유효성 검증 장치 및 방법 |
| EP3021225B1 (de) * | 2014-11-14 | 2020-07-01 | Mastercard International, Inc. | Automatische konfigurationscodebasierende Auswahl von Testfällen für Zahlungsendgeräte |
| US12027069B2 (en) * | 2019-01-14 | 2024-07-02 | Pearson Education, Inc. | Method and system for automated multidimensional content selection and presentation |
| JP6681485B1 (ja) | 2019-01-21 | 2020-04-15 | VISITS Technologies株式会社 | 課題収集評価方法、解決案収集評価方法、課題収集評価のためのサーバ、解決案収集評価のためのサーバ、並びに、課題及びその解決案の収集評価のためのサーバ |
| WO2020155118A1 (zh) * | 2019-02-01 | 2020-08-06 | 姜淇宁 | 一种教学测试项目匹配方法、装置和设备 |
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| US20030110215A1 (en) * | 1997-01-27 | 2003-06-12 | Joao Raymond Anthony | Apparatus and method for providing educational materials and/or related services in a network environment |
| JP2001100626A (ja) * | 1999-09-29 | 2001-04-13 | Casio Comput Co Ltd | 問題作成装置、ネットワーク型教育管理システム、及び記憶媒体 |
| JP2001109365A (ja) * | 1999-10-08 | 2001-04-20 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | 学習支援装置、学習支援方法及びそのプログラムを記録した記録媒体 |
| JP2001296790A (ja) * | 2000-04-14 | 2001-10-26 | Fujitsu Ltd | オンライン試験方法およびオンライン試験システム並びにオンライン試験用問題集作成方法,オンライン試験用問題集作成装置およびオンライン試験用問題集作成プログラムを記録したコンピュータ読取可能な記録媒体 |
| EP1156430A2 (de) * | 2000-05-17 | 2001-11-21 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | System zum Wiederauffinden von Informationen |
| DE10155094A1 (de) * | 2000-11-24 | 2002-06-20 | Siemens Ag | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Ermittlung einer individuell abgestimmten, nicht vorgefertigten Trainingseinheit |
| US20020086267A1 (en) * | 2000-11-24 | 2002-07-04 | Thomas Birkhoelzer | Apparatus and method for determining an individually adapted, non-prefabricated training unit |
| DE50100063D1 (de) * | 2001-01-29 | 2003-01-09 | Geco Ag | Verfahren zur Zusammenstellung eines Testes mit Hilfe einer Datenverarbeitungsanlage |
| US6537072B2 (en) * | 2001-05-01 | 2003-03-25 | Ibm | System and method for teaching job skills to individuals via a network |
| JP2003156996A (ja) * | 2001-11-22 | 2003-05-30 | Junichi Yakahi | 学習支援システム、方法およびプログラム、ならびに情報サーバ |
| US7052277B2 (en) * | 2001-12-14 | 2006-05-30 | Kellman A.C.T. Services, Inc. | System and method for adaptive learning |
| US20040005536A1 (en) * | 2002-01-31 | 2004-01-08 | Feng-Qi Lai | Universal electronic placement system and method |
| JP3915561B2 (ja) * | 2002-03-15 | 2007-05-16 | 凸版印刷株式会社 | 試験問題作成システム、方法及びプログラム |
| US7395027B2 (en) * | 2002-08-15 | 2008-07-01 | Seitz Thomas R | Computer-aided education systems and methods |
| US20040224297A1 (en) * | 2003-05-09 | 2004-11-11 | Marc Schwarzschild | System and method for providing partial credit in an automatically graded test system |
| US8438147B2 (en) * | 2003-09-29 | 2013-05-07 | Home Box Office, Inc. | Media content searching and notification |
| US20060014130A1 (en) * | 2004-07-17 | 2006-01-19 | Weinstein Pini A | System and method for diagnosing deficiencies and assessing knowledge in test responses |
| US7335028B2 (en) * | 2004-12-08 | 2008-02-26 | Charles Sun | System and method for creating an individualized exam practice question set |
| US20060134593A1 (en) * | 2004-12-21 | 2006-06-22 | Resource Bridge Toolbox, Llc | Web deployed e-learning knowledge management system |
| US20060282413A1 (en) * | 2005-06-03 | 2006-12-14 | Bondi Victor J | System and method for a search engine using reading grade level analysis |
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- 2006-09-06 WO PCT/EP2006/008702 patent/WO2007036287A2/de not_active Ceased
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| DE102005045625B4 (de) | 2008-06-05 |
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