EP1921936B1 - Procédé de déterminer un stimilus visuel d'un vêtement d'une équipe de sport - Google Patents

Procédé de déterminer un stimilus visuel d'un vêtement d'une équipe de sport Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1921936B1
EP1921936B1 EP06785040.4A EP06785040A EP1921936B1 EP 1921936 B1 EP1921936 B1 EP 1921936B1 EP 06785040 A EP06785040 A EP 06785040A EP 1921936 B1 EP1921936 B1 EP 1921936B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
visual
zone
activity
tiles
pattern
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Active
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EP06785040.4A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP1921936A2 (fr
Inventor
Richard Macdonald
Edward Louis Harber
Tina Marie Grace
Victoria Morton
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Nike Innovate CV USA
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Nike International Ltd
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A41—WEARING APPAREL
    • A41D—OUTERWEAR; PROTECTIVE GARMENTS; ACCESSORIES
    • A41D13/00—Professional, industrial or sporting protective garments, e.g. surgeons' gowns or garments protecting against blows or punches
    • A41D13/0015—Sports garments other than provided for in groups A41D13/0007 - A41D13/088
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A41—WEARING APPAREL
    • A41D—OUTERWEAR; PROTECTIVE GARMENTS; ACCESSORIES
    • A41D27/00—Details of garments or of their making
    • A41D27/08—Trimmings; Ornaments

Definitions

  • the disclosure pertains to methods of managing visual characteristics of team athletic apparel based on activity-specific situations.
  • Visual stimuli produced by apparel and other articles associated with specific activities are generally configured to provide overall visibility, to distinguish one team or group from another (often based on traditional team or group colors), or to provide a pleasing appearance.
  • the appearance of apparel and other articles is largely dictated by such considerations in combination with considerations of comfort, fit, and safety.
  • sports uniform colors are frequently selected based on traditional team colors such as school or club colors, and have visual characteristics that are customized to provide an appearance that is stylish and up to date. Otherwise, uniform selection is based primarily on player comfort and safety.
  • Many team uniforms are provided in both "home” and "away” versions so that opposing teams having the same team or club colors can be distinguished.
  • US6128783 discloses a reversible sweater having a pair of contiguous configurations, one composed of a knit fabric and the other composed from micro-fibre fabric.
  • a wearer may select which side of the reversible sweater to wear outside and/or inside. If the knit side is worn outside, the sweater has a conventional appearance, but provides warmth which is the function of the knitted configuration, and wind resistance, water resistance and vapour permeability, all of which are functions of the micro-fibre configuration. If the micro-fibre configuration is worn outside, the sweater has a florescent and reflective appearance, but provides warmth which is a function of the knit configuration, and wind resistance, water resistance and vapour permeability, all of which are functions of the micro-fibre configuration.
  • a method of managing visual stimulus comprising: identifying an activity-specific visual zone of an article of team sports apparel, wherein the activity-specific visual zone is associated with a selected team sport and based upon common angles of view experienced by players of the selected sport ; and assigning a visual characteristic to a surface of the article of team sports apparel associated with the activity-specific visual zone.
  • the visual characteristic comprises functional ornamentation based on luminance contrast.
  • the visual characteristic comprises functional ornamentation based on colour contrast.
  • the visual characteristic comprises functional ornamentation including an almost periodic pattern.
  • the almost periodic pattern is an interrupted periodic pattern.
  • the almost periodic pattern is a spatially chirped pattern.
  • the visual characteristic comprises functional ornamentation defined by a plurality of pattern segments secured to the article.
  • the visual characteristic comprises dynamic ornamentation defined by a plurality of tiles.
  • the tiles are specularly reflective.
  • the plurality of tiles is situation on a relatively dark background.
  • the tiles are iridescent.
  • the activity-specific visual zone is selected based on a frequency with which the zone is encountered during the selected team sport.
  • the activity-specific visual zone is selected based on an estimated importance of the zone during the selected team sport.
  • visual stimulus management methods and applications thereof are described with respect to a particular activity - soccer. This activity is selected as an example because of its worldwide appeal and familiarity.
  • the methods and applications described herein are applicable to other team sports such as basketball, baseball, soccer, lacrosse, hockey, rugby, and football.
  • the described methods and applications are also applicable to activities other than sports, including other commercial and recreational activities. Examples of uniforms and other articles of clothing are described, but other items can be configured in a similar manner.
  • Assignment of a specific visual stimulus to a particular participant zone can be associated with improved perception, and thus improved decision making by a participant's teammate.
  • a visual stimulus can be selected to increase the accuracy of passes between teammates.
  • visual stimuli configured for peripheral vision are preferred.
  • Various kinds of visual stimuli can be used.
  • luminance contrast and object detail can be used to provide an appropriate visual stimulus.
  • color characteristics (such as hue or saturation) can be used.
  • a just noticeable color difference is typically associated with dominant wavelength differences of between about 2 nm to 4 nm, but depends on spectral region. Differences in luminance can also be used, with differences of 1-1.5% typically observable for either central or peripheral vision.
  • central vision details as small as about 1 arcmin are legible, while details as small as about 0.5 arcsec can be detected.
  • peripheral vision details as small as about 10 arcmin are legible, while details as small as about 0.5 arcsec can be detected.
  • Angular spacings of about 0.6 arcmin or greater permit objects to be perceived as separate objects in either central or peripheral vision. Misalignments of objects can be detected that are as small as about 3-5 arcsec ("hyperacuity").
  • Peripheral vision can detect flicker at rates as high as about 80 Hz-100 Hz, while central vision can detect flicker at rates less than about 20 Hz.
  • visual stimuli for central vision are lateral motion, luminance contrast, color contrast, and flicker.
  • lateral motion, flicker, luminance contrast, and color contrast are generally interdependent, and can depend on observer adaptation or recent exposure of the observer to a bright object.
  • Visual stimuli can also be affected by environmental conditions such as stadium lighting, hazy or foggy weather, or direct sunlight. Backgrounds such as grass, stadium seating, spectator apparel can also be significant.
  • FIG. 1 An example visual stimulus management method is illustrated in FIG. 1 .
  • a distribution of common angles of view are identified in a step 100.
  • common angles of view experienced by a passer and a pass receiver in a soccer match can be identified.
  • Such a distribution provides a quantitative assessment of what portions of teammates are visible to each other while passing.
  • the identification of viewing angles can be based on one or more matches or practices using a diverse player group, or using a player group of a particular skill level and experience. For example, common angles of view can be different for relatively inexperienced youth league players and premier league professionals.
  • common view angle identification can differ for different locations on a soccer pitch as well as for different player positions.
  • common angles of view are activity specific, and observations of an activity are used to establish activity-specific common view angles.
  • passers tended to play more through balls to receivers in wide positions (i.e., at larger angles from the passer's line of sight).
  • the greatest number of through balls was played when the receiver was positioned side-on to the passer.
  • the lowest number of through balls was played to the backs of receiving players. For smaller pass distances, fewer through balls were played at wider pass angles.
  • FIG. 2 A depiction of common view angles is shown in FIG. 2 , based on observations of about twenty premier league soccer matches. Approximately 56% of all forward passes were made while viewing a front 202 of a pass receiver. About 16% and 18% were made while viewing a right front side 204 and a left front side 206, respectively. About 1% were made viewing a player back 212, and 5% and 4%, respectively, were made viewing a right back side 208 and a left back side 210, respectively. To assist in the most commonly encountered passing situations, visual treatments can be applied to fronts and/or sides of player uniforms. For example, if passing to player sides is to be improved, corresponding front and/or side regions of player uniforms can be visually enhanced.
  • body zones 302, 304, 306 can be associated with corresponding motion speeds and viewing distances.
  • the body zone 302 is commonly viewed from a considerable distance, and typical player movements associated with this body zone are relatively slow. Such a characterization of this body zone can differ greatly in different activities. Because most use of the arms is forbidden in soccer, arm movements tend to be slow and provide only generally indicators of player activity.
  • the body zone 304 is associated with intermediate viewing distances, and fast, large scale player movements.
  • a player dribbling at midfield can be moving rapidly to cover a large distance to approach an opponent's goal.
  • the body zone 306 can be associated with fast movements viewed at near distances. In soccer, this body zone is particularly important as passing is based on player movements in this zone. Sports or other activities in which hand/arm motions are significant can be associated with different zone divisions and different zone characterizations. Adjacent body portions of a player can be associated with different zones. For example, portions of a player's arms can be assigned to different zones based on anticipated types of motion.
  • a step 104 body zones and player functions are correlated.
  • surfaces are selected for visual management based on, for example, as noted above, a frequency with which the surfaces are encountered, an estimated importance of the surface during the activity, or likely benefit to be obtained by managing visual stimuli on such surfaces.
  • a step 108 visual stimuli provided by the selected surfaces are managed to enhance or otherwise configure visual stimuli produced by the surface. In some cases, additional testing is performed in a step 110 to confirm performance enhancement.
  • Visual stimuli provided by surfaces of team uniforms can be managed using texture, color, gray level, patterning, surface reflectivity, fluorescence, iridescence, or other visually observable surface properties.
  • one or more color parameters such as hue, saturation, and value associated with a selected surface portion can be configured to provide, for example, a selected contrast, while remaining color parameters are selected so that the uniform retains a traditional appearance.
  • a relatively dark surface portion can be configured to contrast with a relatively light surface portion while other color parameters are selected in accordance with traditional team colors, logos, and designs.
  • gray values can be used that can provide an intended stimulus in a selected zone while not detracting from a traditional team colors or team appearance.
  • visual stimuli are provided to selected zones by one or more individual tiles of a heat transferable material arranged in a mosaic layout.
  • Highly reflective tiles such as tiles having a chrome appearance
  • tinted chrome, pearl, or crystal colored tiles typically having areas of about 2.5-3.0 cm 2 can be applied.
  • Such tiles can be split into segments as needed to facilitate garment movement or to catch and/or reflect light.
  • Tiles are typically separated by less than about 0.5 cm, and can have various shapes such as square, rectangular, circular, elliptical, polygonal, or other regular or irregular shapes.
  • Tile edges can be linear, curved, dentate, smooth, rough, or other configurations.
  • Such tiles are typically applied to a background portion of a garment in a selected zone of the garment, and can be configured (with the background portion) to provide a selected luminance contrast rather than a color contrast.
  • Background luminance and texture are preferably "opposite" that of the tiles.
  • Tiles can be applied in regular or periodic patterns, irregular, almost-periodic, or chirped patterns can provide a superior visual stimulus.
  • Irregular patterns can be based on an approximately random arrangement of tiles of randomly varying areas.
  • Almost-periodic patterns can have a spatially varying placement frequency.
  • One example can be referred to as a "chirped" pattern in which pattern pieces are regularly situated but become progressively smaller and/or closer together in at least some regions of the pattern.
  • Other almost periodic patterns include "interrupted" patterns in which at least some pattern portions required in a periodic placement are omitted or are configured differently than other pattern portions.
  • Visual stimuli can be selected based on either central vision, peripheral vision, or both, but in at least some typical examples, selection based on peripheral vision is preferred.
  • visual stimuli can be based on relative differences in apparent darkness, such as a pattern of light areas on a dark background or dark area on a light background to provide luminance contrast.
  • visual markers associated with visual stimuli can be assigned to jersey chests, sleeves, and front sides as well as sides of shorts and socks.
  • visual markers can be assigned to one or more of a jersey side, sides of shorts, or sides of socks.
  • Such markers can be applied and selected to aid a passer in rapid location of an intended pass recipient.
  • Visual markers can be defined in one or more zones of, for example, a jersey, shorts, or both.
  • Such markers can be defined by additional materials attached to a garment, textured, colored, or patterned portions of a garment, or combinations of such markings.
  • Marker size can be selected based on anticipated or intended viewing distances so that the marker can be noted during the activity.
  • FIGS. 4A-4C A representative arrangement of zones configured to provide visual stimuli for soccer uniforms is illustrated in FIGS. 4A-4C that show rear, side, and front views of a soccer player.
  • FIG. 4A zones in which visual stimuli are defined not apparent, as effective passes are rarely directed toward a player's back.
  • FIG. 4B visual stimuli are defined in zones 401, 403, 405, 407 that can be situated on sides of a uniform jersey, shorts, and socks, respectively.
  • FIG. 4C shows the zones 401, 403, 405, 407 continuing onto front portions of the uniform.
  • visual stimuli are defined in one, two, three, or all of these zones. Superior results are generally obtained with zones defined at least on sides of a jersey, shorts and socks. Defining zones on jersey sleeves and fronts can provide additional performance improvement, but such zones can be omitted.
  • Zone areas listed in the above table generally provide a response accuracy of about 20% when applied to jersey (sides, sleeves, chest), shorts, and socks, and can produce typical player response times that are at least as much as 50 ms faster than response times in the absence of such visual stimuli. When applied only to jersey sides, shorts, and socks, response accuracy is typically about 13-15% but with inconsistent changes in player response time.
  • visual stimulus management is particularly well suited for team uniforms
  • other activities and apparatus that can benefit from visual stimulus management include uniforms for police officers, fire fighters, and military personnel.
  • Portions of apparel for such officers can be selected, and particular visual characteristics assigned to the selected portions in order to, for example, enhance officer visibility in typical emergency situations while maintaining a uniform, professional appearance. Appearance of military uniforms can also be managed to enhance visibility to facilitate unit communication.
  • Some surfaces of apparel portions can be dedicated to visual enhancement while other portions are provided with, for example, conventional camouflage. For example, soldier locations and movements should be communicated to allies, while concealed from enemies.
  • One or more components of a team uniform such as, for example, jerseys, shorts, pants, helmets, shoes, shin guards, gloves, skirts, or sock can be provided with visually managed surfaces.
  • patterns or other visual stimuli can be applied directly to a player's body.
  • Apparatus associated with sports and other activities can also include visually managed surfaces.
  • sporting equipment such as hockey or lacrosse sticks can include visually managed surfaces.
  • Visual management methods can permit enhanced visibility objects to be otherwise configured for aesthetic or other reasons. Visibility of selected object portions can be enhanced for communication with teammates but other selected portions treated conventionally.
  • Activity-specific surfaces can be visually managed based on luminance contrast provided with black and white (or with colors having a relatively high luminance contrast such as blue and yellow).
  • superior results can be obtained using variable visual treatments that provide visual appearances that vary in response to player movement, motion of a portion of the visual treatment, or changes in position or angle from which the visual treatment is viewed.
  • visual treatments include deformable reflective surfaces, iridescent materials and surfaces, fringes, tassels, quasi-periodic patterns, patterns based on relative displacements between periodic or regular patterns (e.g., Moire patterns), sets of irregularly spaced or variably energized light emitters, lenticular surfaces, or the like.
  • Such visual treatments can be associated with apparent movement.
  • iridescent surfaces can have spectral reflectivities that vary as a function of viewing angle, and enhance motion perception.
  • Using such patterns on an athletic jersey permits slight changes in jersey shape or position to produce substantial visual stimuli in comparison with, for example, surfaces that are dyed or ornamented with a set of dyed segments.
  • visual treatments are referred to herein as dynamic functional ornamentation.
  • a quasi-periodic pattern 502 includes a series of rectangular regions 504 associated with a relatively high luminance value and a series of rectangular regions 506 associated with a relatively low luminance value.
  • the low luminance value regions 506 are situated to approximately correspond to locations at which additional high luminance value regions would appear if the pattern 502 were strictly periodic.
  • the regions 506 thus correspond to "missing" high luminance regions. Such missing portions of a periodic pattern can produce a marked visual stimulus.
  • FIG. 5B illustrates an alternative arrangement of high luminance regions and low luminance regions.
  • the visual treatments of FIGS. 5A-5B can be referred to as interrupted period patterns.
  • low luminance regions can be substituted at random locations in an otherwise periodic arrangement of high luminance regions, but can also be associated with a different period (repetition frequency) than the high luminance regions.
  • High or low luminance regions can have other shapes such as elliptical, circular, square, polygonal, or other regular or irregular shapes with a curved perimeter, a perimeter defined by straight lines, or a combination thereof.
  • High and low luminance values can be defined with gray scale values (such as black and white), colors (such as blue and yellow), reflectivity, spectral reflectivity, texture, other visual parameters, or combinations thereof.
  • regions of a quasi-periodic pattern can be defined in black and white while other regions are defined in one or more sets of contrasting colors.
  • Color and gray scale regions can be configured to blend each other, and such blending can be periodic.
  • FIGS. 5A-5B use rectangular regions of similar shape and size, but in other examples, shape and size of individual regions can vary regularly or irregularly. Rectangular regions can have longer dimensions oriented along different axis in different portions, or curved regions such as elliptical regions can have different orientations of major axes, and ellipticity can vary periodically or otherwise.
  • Quasi-periodic patterns can also be defined with a spatially varying period, so that pattern element spacing varies. A combination of two frequencies can be used to provide a visual "beat frequency."
  • a football uniform includes a jersey 600 and pants 602 that include activity specific visual zones 601, 603, respectively.
  • the zones 601, 603 include a series of pattern elements such as representative pattern elements 604, 605 situated along an axis that generally extends along a side of the uniform.
  • Visual zones can be provided on a left side, a right side, or both sides of the uniform.
  • pattern element area decreases from a waist region 606 towards player shoulders and player feet.
  • pattern element shape varies from generally oblong in a horizontal direction as worn at the waist region 606, to generally oblong in a vertical direction in other portions of the zones 601, 603.
  • a pattern element such as the pattern element 604 can be defined as a single patch applied to the jersey 600, or can be defined with a series of pattern segments or cells.
  • the zones 601, 603 are defined on a player side, but zone size and location generally depends on specific game tasks undertaken by a particular player based on visual communication with one or more teammates.
  • FIG. 6B is another representative example of a football uniform that includes activity-specific visual zones 610, 612 situated on a jersey and pants.
  • Visual stimuli patterns 611, 613 are defined with a plurality of pattern elements such as representative pattern elements 611, 612 that are distributed throughout the zones 610, 612. As shown in FIG. 6B , shapes, shapes, colors, and gray levels of the pattern elements can vary.
  • the pattern elements are defined using reflective materials having a reflectively that varies as a function of angle so that movement of a pattern element can cause the pattern element to appear darker or lighter.
  • FIGS. 6C-6E illustrate placement of additional visual stimuli in activity specific visual zones situated on a rugby jersey and shorts.
  • Various stimulus patterns are applied in the zones.
  • FIG. 6C shows patterns that include a periodic arrangement of lines that extend along a first direction and bend to extend along a second direction, similar to those of FIGS. 5A-5B .
  • Alternative periodic patterns are shown in FIGS. 6C-6D , with the activity specific visual zones extending to the jersey sleeve.
  • FIG. 6E illustrate rugby shorts and jersey that are proved with visual stimulus zones in which pattern segments are periodically applied, but selected patterns segments have different luminance values.
  • arrangements of the selected pattern portions is not strictly periodic, but can be random, periodically interrupted, or with varying frequency (chirped).
  • pattern segments 620, 622 can be relatively light in appearance
  • pattern segments 624, 626 can be relatively dark in appearance.
  • the arrangement of light and dark segments is not strictly periodic, and an arrangement of light and dark segments can be randomly selected.
  • a representative soccer jersey 650 is illustrated in FIG. 6F .
  • Activity specific visual zones 652, 654 are defined on portion of the jersey shoulders and sides.
  • the visual zone 652, 654, also extend to a jersey front.
  • Pattern elements of varying size, shape, and orientation are provided in rows of varying spacings. For example, in a region 656, patterns elements are at least partially situated rows having varying spacings and orientations, and are of varying size. In a region 658, pattern elements are more randomly placed and sized. Such patterns elements can be applied to the jersey, or woven or otherwise incorporated in the jersey.
  • FIG. 6G Another representative soccer uniform is illustrated in FIG. 6G , and include zones 672, 74 that are provided with visual stimulus patterns. As shown in FIG. 6G , patterns are applied to both left and right sides of jersey and shorts, but in other example, such patterns can be applied to only one side, and different sides can be selected for the jersey and shorts.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Physical Education & Sports Medicine (AREA)
  • Professional, Industrial, Or Sporting Protective Garments (AREA)
  • Cosmetics (AREA)
  • Finishing Walls (AREA)
  • Adornments (AREA)

Claims (13)

  1. Procédé de gestion d'un stimulus visuel, le procédé comprenant les étapes consistant à :
    identifier une zone visuelle propre à l'activité (302, 304, 306, 401, 403, 405, 407, 601, 603, 610, 612, 652, 654) d'un vêtement de sport d'équipe (600, 602, 650), où la zone visuelle propre à l'activité (302, 304, 306, 401, 403, 405, 407, 601, 603, 610, 612, 652, 654, 672, 674) est associée à un sport d'équipe sélectionné et basée sur des angles de vue fréquemment ressentis par les joueurs du sport sélectionné ;
    et affecter une caractéristique visuelle à une surface du vêtement de sport d'équipe (600, 602, 650) associée à la zone visuelle propre à l'activité (302, 304, 306, 401, 403, 405, 407, 601, 603, 610, 612, 652, 654, 672, 674).
  2. Procédé conforme à la revendication 1, où la caractéristique visuelle comprend une ornementation fonctionnelle basée sur un contraste de luminance.
  3. Procédé conforme à la revendication 1, où la caractéristique visuelle comprend une ornementation fonctionnelle basée sur un contraste de couleur.
  4. Procédé conforme à la revendication 1, où la caractéristique visuelle comprend une ornementation fonctionnelle comportant un motif quasi-périodique (502).
  5. Procédé conforme à la revendication 4, où le motif quasi-périodique est un motif périodique interrompu.
  6. Procédé conforme à la revendication 4, où le motif quasi-périodique est un motif à fréquence modulée spatialement.
  7. Procédé conforme à la revendication 1, où la caractéristique visuelle comprend une ornementation fonctionnelle définie par une pluralité de segments de motif (604, 605) fixés au vêtement (600).
  8. Procédé conforme à la revendication 1, où la caractéristique visuelle comprend une ornementation fonctionnelle définie par une pluralité de carreaux.
  9. Procédé conforme à la revendication 8, où les carreaux sont à réflexion spéculaire.
  10. Procédé conforme à la revendication 9, où la pluralité de carreaux est située sur un fond qui est plus sombre que la pluralité de carreaux.
  11. Procédé conforme à la revendication 8, où les carreaux sont iridescents.
  12. Procédé conforme à une quelconque des revendications précédentes, où la zone visuelle propre à l'activité (302, 304, 306, 401, 403, 405, 407, 601, 603, 610, 612, 652, 654, 672, 674) est sélectionnée sur la base d'une fréquence avec laquelle la zone (302, 304, 306, 401, 403, 405, 407, 601, 603, 610, 612, 652, 654, 672, 674) se rencontre au cours du sport d'équipe sélectionné.
  13. Procédé conforme à une des revendications 1 à 11, où la zone visuelle propre à l'activité (302, 304, 306, 401, 403, 405, 407, 601, 603, 610, 612, 652, 654, 672, 674) est sélectionnée sur la base d'une estimation de l'importance de la zone (302, 304, 306, 401, 403, 405, 407, 601, 603, 610, 612, 652, 654, 672, 674) au cours du sport d'équipe sélectionné.
EP06785040.4A 2005-06-20 2006-06-16 Procédé de déterminer un stimilus visuel d'un vêtement d'une équipe de sport Active EP1921936B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US11/157,473 US20070016999A1 (en) 2005-06-20 2005-06-20 Visual stimulus management
PCT/US2006/023621 WO2007001923A2 (fr) 2005-06-20 2006-06-16 Procede de stimulation visuelle

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EP1921936A2 EP1921936A2 (fr) 2008-05-21
EP1921936B1 true EP1921936B1 (fr) 2013-10-16

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US (1) US20070016999A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP1921936B1 (fr)
CN (1) CN100593983C (fr)
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WO2007001923A2 (fr) 2007-01-04
CN101242749A (zh) 2008-08-13
US20070016999A1 (en) 2007-01-25
EP1921936A2 (fr) 2008-05-21
CN100593983C (zh) 2010-03-17

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