EP1914475B1 - Method and apparatus for controlling combustion in a furnace - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for controlling combustion in a furnace Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1914475B1
EP1914475B1 EP07397034.5A EP07397034A EP1914475B1 EP 1914475 B1 EP1914475 B1 EP 1914475B1 EP 07397034 A EP07397034 A EP 07397034A EP 1914475 B1 EP1914475 B1 EP 1914475B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
washing medium
flue gas
furnace
sensor
flue
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Active
Application number
EP07397034.5A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP1914475A3 (en
EP1914475A2 (en
Inventor
Markku Raiko
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Valmet Automation Oy
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Valmet Automation Oy
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Publication date
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Publication of EP1914475A2 publication Critical patent/EP1914475A2/en
Publication of EP1914475A3 publication Critical patent/EP1914475A3/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1914475B1 publication Critical patent/EP1914475B1/en
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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C10/00—Fluidised bed combustion apparatus
    • F23C10/18—Details; Accessories
    • F23C10/28—Control devices specially adapted for fluidised bed, combustion apparatus
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
    • F23G5/30—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor having a fluidised bed
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
    • F23G5/50—Control or safety arrangements
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G7/00—Incinerators or other apparatus for consuming industrial waste, e.g. chemicals
    • F23G7/05—Incinerators or other apparatus for consuming industrial waste, e.g. chemicals of waste oils
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G7/00—Incinerators or other apparatus for consuming industrial waste, e.g. chemicals
    • F23G7/10—Incinerators or other apparatus for consuming industrial waste, e.g. chemicals of field or garden waste or biomasses
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23J—REMOVAL OR TREATMENT OF COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OR COMBUSTION RESIDUES; FLUES 
    • F23J15/00—Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes
    • F23J15/02—Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes of purifiers, e.g. for removing noxious material
    • F23J15/04—Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes of purifiers, e.g. for removing noxious material using washing fluids
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N5/00—Systems for controlling combustion
    • F23N5/003—Systems for controlling combustion using detectors sensitive to combustion gas properties
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2207/00—Control
    • F23G2207/60—Additives supply
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23J—REMOVAL OR TREATMENT OF COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OR COMBUSTION RESIDUES; FLUES 
    • F23J2219/00—Treatment devices
    • F23J2219/40—Sorption with wet devices, e.g. scrubbers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N2241/00—Applications
    • F23N2241/18—Incinerating apparatus

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method according to the preamble of claim 1 for real-time monitoring the combustion process of e.g. a fluidized bed furnace.
  • the present invention is especially suitable for controlling the combustion of fuels with varying compositions and that are difficult to combust.
  • fuels include, for example, waste fuels and biomasses.
  • the invention also relates to an arrangement for carrying out the method.
  • Fluidized bed combustion in its various forms is the most common combustion method in small and medium-sized furnaces.
  • air mixture of air and flue gas or other gas is blown into a bed consisting of sand or other non-combustible material, the bed thus floating above the bottom of the furnace.
  • Fuel is introduced into this bed.
  • Fluidized bed combustion is well suitable for both sequential and simultaneous combustion of a number of various fuel qualities. Due to the heat contained by the fluidized layer the combustion remains constant even when the quality of fuel changes, which is especially advantageous when burning bio fuels. Due to carbon dioxide emissions trade the demand of bio fuels increases in the market and their price is increased. The competitiveness of peat is also reduced by carbon dioxide emissions trade.
  • the problem with the combustion of bio fuels can be the high alkali metal and chlorine content of the fuel.
  • Vaporizable alkalis such as potassium and sodium, can easily react with chlorine in the vapour phase and they form corroding and fouling compounds that also increase the sintering tendency of the fluidized layer.
  • the alkali metals also condense from the vapour phase in hot flue gases onto the cooler surfaces of the superheater. Due to these aspects a layer of impurities, difficult to clean, is formed on the surfaces. In order to control fouling the amount of fuels containing detrimental compounds must be kept sufficiently low.
  • the alkali content can be controlled by analysing the fuel or taking samples from the flue gases and analysing the samples in a laboratory. This is often sufficient in case the composition of the fuel is stable and it is known well enough. As the quality and contents of the fuel changes, there is a need for a real-time or at least reasonably fast contents measurement.
  • Publication US 5432090 describes a method for measuring the alkali contents in real time by optically measuring the intensity and spectrum of the light emitted by the flame in the furnace.
  • US 5432090 and US 629813 disclose corresponding systems in which flue gases are directed into the flame, the flame being optically monitored.
  • the aim of the present invention is to produce a method for indirectly measuring the properties of the gas phase in the furnace, especially its fouling properties.
  • An especial aim of one embodiment of the invention is to produce a method by means of which the amount of vaporized alkali metals can be analyzed from the flue gases of the furnace.
  • the aim of one embodiment of the invention is to provide a method for controlling the alkali content of the flue gases.
  • the aim of one unclaimed embodiment of the invention is to provide a method of controlling the sulphur emission of combustion by dosing the vaporizable alkalis.
  • the invention is based on extracting a sample of the flue gases, the sample being directed into a washer and at least one chemical or physical property of the washing medium being measured, thereby producing an indication of the contents of the changes of the gas phase.
  • the method according to the invention is characterized by what is disclosed in the characterizing part of claim 1.
  • Another, unclaimed, application of the invention is controlling the sulphur emissions with vaporizing alkalis (K, Na).
  • K, Na vaporizing alkalis
  • the application cannot be used because the alkali cannot be controllably dosed and even a small momentary excess amount will cause fouling of the heat surfaces.
  • the invention makes it possible to develop a continuously developing fuel chemistry control system.
  • the nucleus thereof is measurement technology by means of which the gas chemistry of combustion products can be determined in real time.
  • the measurement points are chosen from various points of the furnace of the furnace and the flue channel.
  • the measurement data are analyzed on the basis of a theory known in gas chemistry and practical comparison data.
  • the comparison data is both general and furnace-specific, whereby new experiences can be immediately utilized.
  • the invention can be used for carrying out a continuous control of the fuel introduction so that fouling, utilization of the amount of cheap fuel and, for example, control of sulphur emissions are optimized. Considerable savings are achieved by use of less expensive fuels. Control of fouling will accomplish longer running periods and service intervals.
  • the method according to the invention is especially necessary in plants utilizing bio fuels and waste fuels. Due to the above-mentioned reasons the use of these will in the future increase and in the Nordic countries small and medium-sized furnace plants using these fuels are based on fluidized bed technology. Thus, the invention is especially useful for such plants, but it can also be used in other kinds of furnaces.
  • the problems with the heat surfaces of the steam furnace are caused by the reaction of alkali metals (Na, K) and chlorine.
  • the idea of the invention is to estimate the amount of these components in gaseous state in the furnace by means of an indirect measurement method. It is further attempted to determine the concentration of sulphur oxides, in gaseous state as well, in the furnace.
  • the reactions between the gases can be estimated with concentrations (partial pressures of the gases in the furnace) and the reaction balance.
  • the earth alkali metal in chalk form (Ca) is in solid state in the furnace and its reactions can't be estimated with this method, neither is it necessary. Instead, the amounts of vaporizable metals (zinc, aluminium, chromium, copper) can be estimated. These metals can cause problems because they are partly vaporized in the furnace and when they are allowed to react with the gaseous chlorine, the fouling and detrimental emissions caused by them are increased.
  • a flue gas removal line 2 to the ceramic filter 3 starts from the furnace 1.
  • the filter 3 is used for separating solid particles from the flue gases, so the measurement result can be made to apply to detrimental materials in the gas phase, especially alkali metals.
  • the flue gases are directed to a process water circulation 8, in which water is circulated by means of pump 4.
  • the water is cold, so the materials in gaseous phase are condensed in water.
  • the circulation speed and the amount of gas from the furnace are kept constant, whereby the electrical conductivity of the circulated water is changed as a function of the alkali vapour content of the flue gases.
  • the change of the electrical conductivity can further be used as an adjustment criteria for controlling the composition of the fuel mixture or for mixing an additive into the fuel.
  • the change of the electrical conductivity is measured with sensor 5 and the measurement result is processed by means of computer 6.
  • Process water can be added to the circulation via valve 7.
  • the system can also include other sensors for forming a more comprehensive fuel chemistry control system.
  • the most important measurement value is pH and, in addition thereto, the electrical conductivity.
  • Other values to be measured can include, for example, alkalinity.
  • the washing medium of the washer can be used for measuring any quantities that can be measured with analysis methods. If the washing medium is, for example, water, conventional water chemistry analysis methods and sensors can be used the analysis. Especially advantageously process water of the plant is used as the medium of the washer, whereby the values measured for the process water can be used as reference values for the water treated with the washer.
  • the medium of the washer can also be other than water and the washing can be carried out in a number of stages, with a number of mediums, if necessary.
  • the washing medium can be treated with various methods, such as with ion exchange, reverse osmosis, buffering, dosing of chemicals, stripping and so on).
  • the flue gases are extracted from the part of the furnace or the flue channel from which measurement data is desired, such as for measuring alkali metal contents the samples are taken from an area where they are in gaseous phase but the combustion reactions have already taken place. Temperature has an especial effect on the sampling place, as the temperature varies in different parts of the furnace and the flue gas channel. Most of the reactions taking place in the furnace and the flue gas channel take place according to temperature, so the sampling place must also be chosen so that the sample can be taken at a temperature suitable for the reactions. In gas phase the alkali metals react with chlorine and produce corrosive compounds. On the other hand, if this area contains sufficient amounts of sulphur, they will react with sulphur and form less detrimental compounds. In addition to alkali metals, for example the proportion of chlorine, sulphur and oxides of sulphur can be measured for producing a more complete analysis. In this case the apparatus must naturally be provided with suitable sensors.
  • the invention can be used in both single fuel and multi-fuel furnaces.
  • the invention can also be used for controlling introduction of additional fuels and in multi-fuel furnaces also for adjusting the fuel mixture ratio.
  • the purpose is to somehow keep the process conditions of the combustion in an area where no detrimental compounds of chlorine and alkali metals are produced.
  • the combustion temperature can additionally or alternatively be lowered as well.
  • the method works so that when at least a change of pH or increase of electrical conductivity from a furnace-specifically determined maximum is observed by means of the sensor or the sensor system, the control system is sent an indication to commence operations for changing the process conditions.
  • These operations can include decreasing the amount of the chlorine-containing fuel, decreasing the amount of the alkali metal-containing fuel, changing the additives or changing the combustion temperature.
  • the measurement data need not be very accurate in the method, but it will be enough to get an indication that the process is advancing or has advanced into a detrimental area, subsequent to which the control values can be corrected. Because the measurement is continuous, the effect of the change in control can be immediately seen.
  • the adjustment of the combustion process so as to meet the desired process values can be done by means of the measurement result using conventional adjustment technology.
  • peat price e.g. 7 €/MWh
  • price e.g. 0 €/MWh expensive (price e.g. 0 €/MWh) REF fuel
  • the maximum chlorine content is 15 %. Due to the corrosion risk of the furnace heat surfaces the maximum proportion of REF fuel must be limited to 10 %.
  • the system allows determining a safe maximum proportion of REF fuel so that its amount can be reduced or increased based on how the quality of the peat and the REF fuel momentarily change. If the fuel effect of the plant is 100 MW and the annual running time is 6000 h, an increase in the proportion of REF fuel from 10 % to 20 % would mean a cost savings of 420 000 € per annum. Reduction of, e.g. maintenance costs and improved utilization factor, can cause additional cost savings.
  • the flue gas can be mixed with clean water or other suitable washing liquid or even with a gas instead of process water.
  • the most important aspect is that the composition changes of the flue gas can be measured from the washing fluid.
  • the term flue gas washer is an apparatus in which the sample amount of flue gas is mixed with the analysis liquid used as the washing medium. Instead of directly mixing the flue gases can be directed into contact or interaction through, for example, a semi-permeable membrane, whereby complete mixing does not take place.
  • Another, unclaimed, aspect of the invention is a method of controlling the combustion process of a furnace, in which method at least one fuel is introduced into the furnace, alkali metal content is measured from the flue gases of the furnace, the process conditions of the furnace are changed on the basis of the measurement result, flue gas is extracted from the furnace (1), flue gas is directed into contact with the washing medium of the flue gas washer, and at least one property of the washing medium is measured.
  • electrical conductivity can be determined from the mixture of water and flue gases for indicating a change of content of alkali metals.
  • the pH of the mixture of washing medium and flue gases is determined for determining its sulphur content.
  • the amount of additive, such as alkali metals, can be changed for adjusting the proportions of elements in the flue gases.
  • Another step of this unclaimed method for multi-fuel combustion is that the mixture of the fuels can be changed for adjusting the element proportion of the flue gases, and that the combustion temperature can be changed.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analyzing Non-Biological Materials By The Use Of Chemical Means (AREA)
  • Regulation And Control Of Combustion (AREA)
  • Incineration Of Waste (AREA)
EP07397034.5A 2006-10-13 2007-10-12 Method and apparatus for controlling combustion in a furnace Active EP1914475B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FI20065655A FI124679B (fi) 2006-10-13 2006-10-13 Menetelmä ja sovitelma kattilan polton valvomiseksi

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1914475A2 EP1914475A2 (en) 2008-04-23
EP1914475A3 EP1914475A3 (en) 2013-11-20
EP1914475B1 true EP1914475B1 (en) 2016-11-30

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ID=37232261

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP07397034.5A Active EP1914475B1 (en) 2006-10-13 2007-10-12 Method and apparatus for controlling combustion in a furnace

Country Status (2)

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EP (1) EP1914475B1 (fi)
FI (1) FI124679B (fi)

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102009007783B3 (de) * 2009-02-06 2010-08-26 Karlsruher Institut für Technologie Verfahren zur Reduzierung des Schadstoffpotentials in Abgasen und Rückständen von Verbrennungsanlagen
FI121944B (fi) * 2009-06-17 2011-06-15 Metso Power Oy Menetelmä termisen prosessin tuloksena syntyvän savukaasun koostumuksen valvomiseksi
FI124333B (fi) 2012-03-14 2014-07-15 Valmet Power Oy Laitteisto ja menetelmä tuhkan keräämiseksi savukaasuista

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US629813A (en) 1898-02-25 1899-08-01 Warren Wheeler Philbrick Matcher-head.
US3693557A (en) * 1971-07-08 1972-09-26 Combustion Eng Additive feed control for air pollution control systems
SE8302030L (sv) * 1983-04-12 1984-10-13 Boliden Ab Forfarande vid gasanalys
JP3182913B2 (ja) 1992-04-23 2001-07-03 株式会社日立製作所 燃焼ガス中の金属成分計測方法及び装置
DE4232771A1 (de) * 1992-09-30 1994-03-31 Ruhrkohle Oel & Gas Probenahmesystem zur Erfassung von kondensierbaren Bestandteilen in heißen Verbrennungsgasen
US5271674A (en) 1992-12-21 1993-12-21 Riley Storker Corporation Apparatus and method for predicting ash deposition on heated surfaces of a fuel burning combustion vessel
DE4308055A1 (de) * 1993-03-13 1994-09-15 Rwe Entsorgung Ag Verfahren zur Regelung thermischer Prozesse
ATE190239T1 (de) * 1995-05-30 2000-03-15 Thermal Energy Int Inc Rauchgaswäsche und abwärmerückgewinnung
DE10131464B4 (de) * 2001-06-29 2006-04-20 Bayer Industry Services Gmbh & Co. Ohg Verfahren zur korrosions- und emissionsarmen Mitverbrennung hochhalogenierter Abfälle in Abfallverbrennungsanlagen
JP2004286380A (ja) 2003-03-24 2004-10-14 Sumitomo Heavy Ind Ltd 廃棄物燃焼ボイラ

Non-Patent Citations (1)

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Title
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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FI20065655A0 (fi) 2006-10-13
FI20065655A (fi) 2008-04-14
FI124679B (fi) 2014-12-15
EP1914475A3 (en) 2013-11-20
EP1914475A2 (en) 2008-04-23

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