EP1910499A2 - Verfahren und vorrichtung zur thermochemischen umwandlung von organischen substanzen in hochwertige organische produkte - Google Patents
Verfahren und vorrichtung zur thermochemischen umwandlung von organischen substanzen in hochwertige organische produkteInfo
- Publication number
- EP1910499A2 EP1910499A2 EP06754555A EP06754555A EP1910499A2 EP 1910499 A2 EP1910499 A2 EP 1910499A2 EP 06754555 A EP06754555 A EP 06754555A EP 06754555 A EP06754555 A EP 06754555A EP 1910499 A2 EP1910499 A2 EP 1910499A2
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- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
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- reaction
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- stage
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G11/00—Catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils
- C10G11/02—Catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils characterised by the catalyst used
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G1/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal
- C10G1/006—Combinations of processes provided in groups C10G1/02 - C10G1/08
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G1/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal
- C10G1/02—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal by distillation
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G1/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal
- C10G1/06—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal by destructive hydrogenation
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G1/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal
- C10G1/08—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal with moving catalysts
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G11/00—Catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils
- C10G11/02—Catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils characterised by the catalyst used
- C10G11/08—Halides
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G45/00—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds
- C10G45/02—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds to eliminate hetero atoms without changing the skeleton of the hydrocarbon involved and without cracking into lower boiling hydrocarbons; Hydrofinishing
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G51/00—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by two or more cracking processes only
- C10G51/02—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by two or more cracking processes only plural serial stages only
- C10G51/023—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by two or more cracking processes only plural serial stages only only thermal cracking steps
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G51/00—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by two or more cracking processes only
- C10G51/02—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by two or more cracking processes only plural serial stages only
- C10G51/026—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by two or more cracking processes only plural serial stages only only catalytic cracking steps
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G51/00—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by two or more cracking processes only
- C10G51/02—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by two or more cracking processes only plural serial stages only
- C10G51/04—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by two or more cracking processes only plural serial stages only including only thermal and catalytic cracking steps
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G69/00—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by at least one hydrotreatment process and at least one other conversion process
- C10G69/02—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by at least one hydrotreatment process and at least one other conversion process plural serial stages only
- C10G69/04—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by at least one hydrotreatment process and at least one other conversion process plural serial stages only including at least one step of catalytic cracking in the absence of hydrogen
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G69/00—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by at least one hydrotreatment process and at least one other conversion process
- C10G69/02—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by at least one hydrotreatment process and at least one other conversion process plural serial stages only
- C10G69/06—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by at least one hydrotreatment process and at least one other conversion process plural serial stages only including at least one step of thermal cracking in the absence of hydrogen
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
- C10G2300/10—Feedstock materials
- C10G2300/1003—Waste materials
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
- C10G2300/10—Feedstock materials
- C10G2300/1011—Biomass
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P30/00—Technologies relating to oil refining and petrochemical industry
- Y02P30/20—Technologies relating to oil refining and petrochemical industry using bio-feedstock
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method and a device for thermochemical conversion of educts which contain high molecular weight organic components into low molecular weight products which comprise organic, liquid at room temperature, flammable products.
- Experiencing pyrolylyvs Pyrolysis processes are known which are used on an industrial scale for the conversion of oganic waste materials; the case NECESSARY temperatures are usually higher than 800 0 C.
- the pyrolysis products are very small molecules, which are in gaseous form and are therefore reused directly, for example as synthesis gases. Disadvantages are the high temperatures on the one hand in terms of energy expenditure and on the other hand because of the risk of dioxin formation, if the waste reacted chlorine are.
- the gases produced require extensive Gasremistsreac, and the gaseous Pyiolyseuzeuzeuze are not directly but only after additional and thus the Cost-increasing conversion processes can be used as petrochemical recyclables or as conventional engine fuel Under Development low temperature Flashpyrolyseclar in the temperature range between about 400 0 C and 500 0 C which are performed, for example for the direct liquefaction of wood in fluidized bed reactors, lead to inferior oil products which do not meet the quality expecta- conventional motor fuels. As a rule, these products have high oxygen and water contents and therefore low calorific values, are corrosive and as a rule thermodynamically unstable.
- thermochemical processes for the liquefaction of woody biomass which work with water as the reaction medium under very high pressures up to over 200 bar and at temperatures up to about 400 ° C and require expensive equipment.
- the products of these methods have also not met the quality requirements of conventional motor fuels to date, as it is more of a viscous tar than an oil with high oxygen contents and correspondingly low calorific value.
- Hydrogenating pressure conversion Also known is the hydrogenation under pressure in stirred tanks or flow reactors to improve the product quality in the liquefaction of organic materials with hydrogen deficiency such. As coals, or of organic substances with increased oxygen content such. Wood. Disadvantageous prove in these methods, the high cost, which arise because of very high operating pressures of over 100 bar, high consumption of expensive hydrogen, high residence times of the substances to be reacted in the reactor, considerable catalyst use and unsatisfactory product yield.
- Single-stage hydrostatic pressure conversion This process is used to produce liquid fuels and fuels from biomass. Also in the direct liquefaction of organic substances by single-stage hydrogenating Pressure conversion is pressures up to 100 bar or 20-80 bar hydrogen pressure and temperatures of 450 ° C necessary. It comes because of the high temperatures to strong coking because the Kokskristall Strukturstemperatur is 420 ° C. This process leads to increased deposits in the pipes, resulting in longer service lives and high maintenance costs. The process works after shock heating of the raw materials in combination with heavy oil circulation with an integrated bottom phase reactor, which makes difficult technical demands on the reactor: It has to fulfill both distillation functions and strip functions in order to selectively absorb gas streams. The mass and energy balance in this process is 100% wood as starting material with an oil yield of about 31% oil, but the energy yield is 73%. Both the high oxygen content and the high sulfur content in the product are unsatisfactory in these processes.
- catalytic pressure-free oiling catalytic cracking
- Catalytic liquefaction of biomass at 350 ° C to 400 0 C under atmospheric pressure is used for producing kohlenwasserstoffrei- chen liquid fuels and fuels.
- This process was originally developed to extract fuels from waste oils and oil shale. The process always works with the addition of catalysts.
- the temperatures can also be between 280 ° C to 350 ° C.
- a disadvantage of this process is that a comparatively high proportion of catalyst of about 1% of the raw material quantity is required and that a high proportion of precipitation products is formed.
- the residence time in the reactor is about 3 minutes, so that no very large throughputs are possible.
- the yield of organic substances is unsatisfactory.
- DE 103 16 969 A1 discloses a process for the catalytic treatment of residues in the tube bundle reactor for the conversion of hydrocarbon-containing residues, wherein an oil for use in diesel engines is produced using special ion-exchanging catalysts in the oil-catalyst suspension cycle.
- DE 100 49 377 C2 sets out a process in which the residues are decomposed in a circulating in evaporator and reactor recycled carrier oil using sodium aluminum silicate as a catalyst inter alia in diesel oil.
- DE 199 41 497 A1 also describes a process for the catalytic oiling of hydrocarbon-containing residues, which is characterized by the mixing of the residues with catalysts of aluminum silicate in a distillation vessel and by the use of a combustion vessel with honeycomb catalyst, wherein the polluted catalysts together after removal be placed in a Schwel authorer with residues.
- EP 1 538 191 A1 describes the production of diesel oil from hydrocarbon-containing residues using doped aluminum silicates as catalysts, in which the energy input through pumps and counter-rotating agitators takes place in an oil circuit with solids separation and product distillation, and the surfaces are continuously fed by the agitators getting cleaned.
- EP 1 101 812 B1 discloses a process for the conversion of chlorine-containing plastic waste into oil, which, however, is carried out using supercritical water.
- the present invention has the object, a new method and a new device for direct thermochemical conversion (or: conversion) of higher molecular weight organic starting materials in low molecular weight organic liquid at room temperature, preferably free or poor in heteroatoms to achieve a good energy balance or high conversion efficiency and to minimize or eliminate waste.
- thermochemical conversion of educts or: starting substances, raw materials
- the second phase at least one contains low molecular weight organic and liquid at room temperature, flammable product
- a second stage at least the following steps are carried out: heating at least a portion of the first phase of the reaction mixture from the first stage to perform a thermal
- reaction mixture is formed with at least two phases and
- phase Separating a phase from the reaction mixture formed in the second stage, which phase contains at least one low molecular weight organic combustible product.
- the second stage likewise comprises a bottom reaction and, moreover, depending on the starting material, may comprise a reaction taking place thermodynamically under high pressure or a catalytic reaction taking place in particular at low pressures, for example about atmospheric pressure.
- the first phase of the reaction mixture formed in the first stage and / or a second phase of the reaction mixture formed in the second stage is a substantially solid phase and is preferably fed to a pyrolysis reaction in the second stage.
- phase (s) containing at least one low molecular weight organic, combustible product are preferably separated from the reaction mixture in the gas phase or vapor phase, and then a separation of substances, in particular by distillation, is preferably carried out.
- the first phase is at least partially returned to the sump of the first stage and / or the first phase of the reaction mixture formed in the first stage and / or a second phase of a reaction mixture formed in the second stage, preferably in a sump, is a substantially liquid phase and is separated into a less viscous subphase and a more viscous subphase, and in which the thinner partial phase of the reaction of the respective stage is recycled.
- the first stage and / or the second stage preferably comprises a hydrogenation reaction of the reaction mixture.
- a process for (direct) thermochemical conversion of educts comprising higher molecular weight organic components in low molecular weight organic liquid at room temperature products in a first step, heating the reactants to reaction temperature for performing an at least partial cracking reaction in a bottom phase under hydrogenating Conditions.
- a separation of the individual phases of the three-phase reaction mixture takes place, wherein this phase separation is designed such that the implementation of a first stage causes a product-oriented residence time control of the individual phases, respectively components.
- Particularly advantageous is the at least partial recycling of the low-volatility product fraction into the bottom phase, since their catalytic properties substantially contribute to obtaining the desired product yield and purity.
- Transfer of the volatile Product fractions after a first phase separation into a next reaction stage, which can be carried out in a second reactor, and repressurizing cracking and hydrolysis reactions in the presence of a catalyzing bottoms provides a further advantageous increase in the yield of the desired product and, moreover, improves its purity because its heteroatom content can be lowered.
- the process can be adapted and optimized in the two step sequences, for example with regard to the pressurization of the reaction vessels.
- the system allows the switching or flexible handling of the sequences of steps, which contributes to an economic reaction leadership; both in terms of the energy to be used and the reactants, as well as in terms of time.
- a catalytic pressure-free cracking or cleaning can be performed, which can be followed by a hydrostatic pressure conversion, if the educts make sense.
- it can be cracked under pressure and hydrogenated without pressure.
- it is also possible to follow the cracking under pressure, possibly resulting Kokskomponenten a pyrolysis step: So these hard cokes are converted into product oil.
- both cracking and hydrogenation are either carried out both under pressure or both under pressure.
- the bottoms produced in the process which contain catalytic components, are always returned to the first catalyzed stage and thus support the process in an advantageous manner.
- the person skilled in the art who knows the properties of the starting products, can thus by choosing the named alternatives, combined with the selective handling of the paste Pressure and temperature, favorably determine the quality of the product and improve the energy balance.
- the educts under autocatalytic circulation of the heavy-volatile product fraction in the bottom phase reactor under pressure cracking with selective product-oriented residence time control is performed and in the second step sequence, the raw material is processed in a non-pressurized rotary reactor.
- the reasons for choosing this procedure can be determined by the educt composition.
- the inventive device according to claim 29 is suitable for carrying out the method according to the invention. It essentially comprises two heatable reactors with at least one inlet and one outlet device each for charging with educt and for removing product and intermediate product. It is advantageous if at least one of the reactors is a pressure reactor, so that, for example, the hydrogenation can be carried out under pressure.
- a first phase separator is arranged on or in the first reactor, so that the reaction mixture can be separated into its volatile and nonvolatile constituents.
- the volatile constituents, which ultimately contain the target product, namely low-viscosity, combustible oil, are transferred from the first reactor to the second reactor for further refining;
- both reactors are in direct fluid communication with each other.
- phase separators which are also connected to the first reactor.
- Various embodiments of the device according to the invention are equipped with different phase separation, gas separation, condensation or distillation or heating devices which are known to the person skilled in the art and which are matched to the product-dependent requirements.
- Raw materials or educts In principle, the process of the present invention for direct thermochemical conversion into low-viscosity and combustible at room temperature liquids, the following organic substances or organic substances containing mixtures or "starting materials" subjected: Carbonaceous substances or mixtures consisting of long-chain or crosslinked Molecules like Renewable resources, such as biomass, energy crops or vegetable oil and animal fat, or waste starting from hydrocarbons such as plastic waste, used and heavy oils, on celluloses of plant origin including their processing products such as contaminated wood waste and corresponding household waste fractions. Also suitable are organic protein-containing waste materials, which also include animal waste. Further suitable substances to be converted are sediments with increased organic content, such as fine-grained sieve fractions of dredged material from harbor waters and sewage sludge as starting materials.
- Thermochemical transformation This essentially means two terms, namely classic cracking, ie the conversion of long-chain into shorter-chain molecules, and cleaning. Cleaning is particularly in question when dirty oil is to be converted into a higher quality product. The oil is then substantially distilled off and the residue or sump further worked up.
- low-grade organic products are the following low-viscosity substances or liquids with a high proportion of hydrocarbons and high added value, such as petrochemical heteroatom-poor or -free recyclables and motor fuels, just to name a few examples ,
- Target products are especially pure high-quality organic products, namely essentially pure hydrocarbons, which thus consist only of the elements carbon and hydrogen and contain no heteroatoms.
- Heteroatoms Hydrocarbons that are not pure may contain heteroatoms. These include atoms in the hydrocarbon which are not carbon or hydrogen. At least one carbon or hydrogen is replaced in the hydrocarbon by a heteroatom such as nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus or metal.
- Raw materials with a low content of heteroatoms are for example used and heavy oils but also polyethylene and similar plastics.
- high heteroatom content ingredients include biological substances of plant and animal origin. Accordingly, raw materials can also be characterized by their heteroatom content.
- Inorganic constituents of the educts In addition to the abovementioned organic substances, inorganic constituents are to be taken into consideration, which are among others. a. Minerals or ash but also pure metals include z. B. are included in electrical cable and car tire waste. The inorganic proportions of said wastes or starting materials vary in content and composition. Old and heavy oils and pure plastic fractions, but also pure biomass fractions usually contain very low levels of ash. By contrast, in the case of bone meal and port silt, the inorganic content may be more than 50% by weight.
- Product oil The main reaction products produced by reacting the products according to the process of the invention are so-called product oils, which are the target fraction of low molecular weight liquid fuels.
- Temperature conditions are no longer distinguishable, there is a supercritical fluid or a supercritical state, in the present process in the range of 20 to 80 bar.
- a selective product-oriented residence time control means the use of an integrated phase separation in one of the reactors used, wherein the phase separation comprises a distillation or stripping function or a combination of both, so that the residence time of the heavy and the volatile components in the reactor can be specifically controlled.
- the cracking products are immediately and selectively removed from the reaction zone when their molecules have just reached the desired chain length.
- the non-volatile product stream circulated in the circuit has a different residence time in the reactor than the raw materials, because these raw materials usually already consist of various chemical components which require component-specific, different residence times in order to convert into product.
- the method according to the invention can be carried out according to three alternatives:
- Alternative 2 Procedure as in alternative 1, but with reverse handling of the pressures in the reactors. This advantageous alternative 2 can further reduce the oxygen content and the sulfur content in the product oil, whereby the oil yield and the energy yield are considerably increased.
- Alternative 3 With regard to the first phase, it is advantageously carried out in the same way as the first alternative, that is to say that after severe heating of the raw materials in the autocatalytic cycle of the low-volatility product, cracking under pressure in a bottom-phase reactor; the residence time in the reactor is selective and product oriented. In the second phase, the resulting so-called "hard” cokes are now subjected to a pyrolytic step, so that takes place at temperatures of up to 1400 0 C, a transfer to the product oil.
- the shock heating with subsequent pressureless oiling is achieved by heating the raw materials in a few seconds or fractions of seconds to reaction temperature.
- This rapid heating according to the invention can be realized for example by directly introducing sufficiently comminuted raw material into the intensively mixed bottom phase of the reactor.
- the raw materials are first preheated to a temperature just below the respective lowest cracking temperature of their components.
- a shock-heating treatment with subsequent depressurisation results when used in combination with the recirculation of the low volatility product phase produced in the reactor.
- shock heating with pressureless oiling and heavy oil circuit guidance in accordance with the invention combines with swamp phase reaction and selectively product-oriented residence time control. It was found that this can significantly increase the product yield, the oxygen and sulfur content drops significantly and the energy balance increases accordingly.
- the aspect of the selective product-oriented residence time control is achieved by either at least the first or the second reactor being equipped with an integrated phase separation or phase separation device and having novel distillation or stripping properties or combinations thereof.
- the phase separator When the phase separator is connected to the first reactor or drains through simple handling of the reactor, the second reactor operates after the first phase separation or phase separation stage followed by re-oiling.
- the first reactor obtains the distillation function according to the invention when it is simultaneously operated as an evaporator at the boiling point of the reaction mixture. This volatile or vaporizable components are removed from the liquid reaction mixture by going into the vapor phase.
- a stripping function according to the invention is achieved when a carrier gas stream is passed through the liquid reaction mixture which selectively absorbs volatile components from the reaction mixture. Both measures can be combined if the Reactor operates at boiling temperature, while a carrier gas stream is passed through the liquid reaction mixture.
- distillation and stripping function can be used to improve the process in the process of the invention. They depend in particular on the sometimes unusual thermodynamic phase equilibrium behavior of the material systems at elevated pressures and temperatures.
- the subject of claim 35 is a device (or: a reactor) for the thermochemical conversion of educts (or: raw materials, raw materials), the higher molecular weight organic components um- in low molecular weight products comprising organic liquid at room temperature flammable products, in particular organic fuels.
- This device is particularly suitable as a reactor for the process according to the invention and in particular for the Verölung or liquefaction of biomass such as wood or for the production of biodiesel suitable and / or is preferably operated under pressure, but can also be operated without pressure.
- This device comprises at least one reaction space (reaction chamber, reactor interior) for carrying out an at least partial decomposition or cracking reaction of at least one educt, at least one inlet for introducing or introducing the educt (s) into the reaction space and at least one outlet for discharging or discharging the low molecular weight products from the reaction space.
- reaction space reaction chamber, reactor interior
- inlet for introducing or introducing the educt (s) into the reaction space
- outlet for discharging or discharging the low molecular weight products from the reaction space.
- At least one arranged within the reaction chamber crushing device or: separation device, cutting or Zerspanvorraum
- mechanically comminuting or: separating or cutting or machining
- a raw material that has been compressed or caked together before entry into the reactor can also be processed efficiently for the reaction as a result of high delivery pressures, which are necessary for a correspondingly high process pressure in the reaction space.
- At least one mixing and / or shearing device which preferably has one or more mixing and / or shear blades, for mixing and / or homogenizing the educts or (S) and / or a reaction and / or phase mixture provided in the reaction space.
- at least one, preferably rotatable or rotating scraping elements having scraper for scrapping or cleaning surfaces of a wall of the reaction space is provided.
- the comminuting device, mixing and / or shearing device and / or scraper device can be arranged as rotating elements on a common or also different, at least partially extending through the reaction space rotating shafts.
- the mixing and / or shearing device can at least partially have common elements or be designed as a structural unit.
- FIG. 3 shows an embodiment of a horizontal reactor with illustrated mechanical conveying and comminution devices in the reactor chamber
- FIG. 4 shows a partial section through the reactor according to FIG. 3 with more visible comminution device
- FIG. 5 shows a partial section through the reactor according to FIG. 3 with more visible mixing device
- FIG. 6 shows an exemplary embodiment of a vertical reactor
- FIG. 7 shows a schematic circuit diagram of a device according to the invention. Corresponding parts and sizes are provided in the Figures 1 to 7 with the same reference numerals.
- FIG. 1 shows the method sequence according to the invention for one exemplary embodiment, first of all shows that a step of comminution takes place for solid raw materials which contain organic fractions O, inorganic fractions A and metal fractions M.
- Disturbing metals are separated in a next metal separation step; they are collected as metal shares of the raw material M.
- the raw materials are moisture-containing, therefore, a step of pre-dewatering, wherein the discharged water W is also collected. Only with low energy expenditure mechanically removable water fractions and pure metal fractions, such as those incurred for example in electrical cable and car tire waste, must be separated beforehand.
- any required solid catalysts and chemicals is not shown in the diagram of FIG 1, these are preferably added in powder form, for example via screw conveyors or lock systems directly into the first reactor RI.
- cracking catalysts for example, zeolite-based solid catalysts are suitable, whereas, in contrast, in the hydrogenation step described below, e.g. B. in sulfur-free raw materials metallic catalysts such as nickel and platinum come as support in question.
- metallic catalysts such as nickel and platinum come as support in question.
- halogen-containing raw materials such.
- alkaline solid chemicals such as calcium hydroxide can be added, which bind the chlorine before the onset of cracking reactions as a salt and thus remove from the reaction zone. This is an important advantage of the cracking process according to the invention in the sump phase over conventional cracking processes in the vapor phase, in which this possibility does not exist.
- solids can be crushed and fed via dosing on a drying belt a drying tunnel and dried there by continuous supply of hot air. Moisture measurement is automatic and controls the drying process.
- the pre-treated material is stored upstream in silos. From there, the pre-treated material can be transported via rotary valves to a twin extruder screw press to be finely ground and compacted. It creates pressure and heat, the material is mixed with catalyst material if necessary, and it can be introduced into the reactor RI.
- the twin extruder screw press counteracts the reactor pressure and thus excludes a setback.
- the loading of reactor RI with liquid raw materials such as heavy oils and their suspensions, when mineral catalysts are to be added, however, can be done, for example, via pump systems.
- the preheating can serve to improve the energy balance through heat recovery from the process streams.
- the heat energy supply can also be done by the exhaust gases of the gas burner.
- the raw material stream and optionally supplied solid catalysts and chemicals are preheated.
- the final temperature of the preheating should preferably be just below the temperature at which the cracking reactions begin. Depending on the raw material, this range may be on the order of 200 ° C to 330 ° C.
- hemicelluloses found in wood for example, are very sensitive to temperature and are in the lower part of the required cracking temperature, cellulose and, to a greater extent, stable hydrocarbons are assigned to the upper area.
- the heat required for the preheating and the heat energy requirement of subsequent process steps include, in particular, the heating of the reactor RI, the evaporator of the distillation column, the dryer for discharged mineral components and the water vapor gasification discharged organic residue can, for example on the Exhaust gases of a gas burner are covered.
- the gas burner is preferably supplied with complete energy independence via the reaction gas G which is produced as a by-product in the process. As a result, foreign energy is needed only to start the system.
- the preheated stream of heated sump phase in the cracking reactor RI is supplied. There intensive mixing takes place, and there also the shock heating can be carried out at cracking reaction temperature according to the invention. Rapid heating and reaction preferably take place in a reaction vessel or reactor RI, RII.
- the abovementioned shock-heating is advantageous for carrying out the method compared to the use of conventional heating methods, as they are for.
- a pre-circuit of separate heat exchanger sections o- represents the introduction of the reactants in a preheated to reaction temperature gas-vapor phase.
- the cracking and hydrogenation steps take place after the required temperatures and pressures have been set.
- the temperatures are preferably set between 290 0 C and 410 0 C, the pressures depend on the thermodynamic phase equilibrium behavior, which is known in the art, and also known possibly necessary partial pressures of reducing or hydrogenating gas components in the reaction mixture.
- the reactor RI is followed by an expansion plant, with the one hand, the high pressure of the reactor RI degraded and on the other hand, the energy is converted via a turbine into electricity.
- a first phase separation stage PI of the three-phase mixture present in the reactor RI is carried out.
- the liquid phase is essentially formed by low volatility ⁇ lfraktio- SO.
- the nonvolatile liquid product components are produced.
- These are the so-called heavy oil fractions SO, which at this stage of the process are first recycled to the reactor RI, which are thus advantageously recycled, because they can thus be subjected to further cracking reactions in the reactor RI and thus the yield increased in product.
- they advantageously develop a catalytic effect, which eliminates the need for additional catalysts.
- the required reaction times for the cracking and / or hydrogenation reactions of the raw materials are shortened by the catalysis, favorable reaction paths are supported and the required temperatures and pressures for carrying out the reaction are thus reduced in the process according to the invention compared with the processes of the prior art.
- phase separation stages PI, PII and Pill These heavy oil fractions SO occur in the multistage phase separation comprising the phase separation stages PI, PII and Pill.
- a second phase separation stage PII and a phase separation stage Pill of the mixture of liquid heavy fraction SO, a solid and tarry reaction residue R, inorganic portion of the raw material A, respectively Educts, and solid catalysts K.
- the phase separation stages PII and Pill falls the heavy oil fraction SO as a liquid phase.
- the heavy oil fractions fall SO when drying as a vapor phase and finally in the distillation of the main organic product stream as bottom fraction. Since the heavy oil fractions are among the reaction products, the above catalytic benefit effect will be referred to herein as autocatalytic.
- the solid phase of the three-phase mixture is composed of Aschecel. Minerals A shares of the raw material, optionally added solid catalysts K and chemicals and solid reaction residues R.
- Such solid reaction residues R can, for. B. charring residues, which form in part as by-products.
- phase separation stage PI following reactor RI, the liquid phase is separated from the gas-vapor phase together with the suspended solid phase. This can happen, for example, in centrifugal separators such as cyclones.
- This phase separation stage PI is preferably carried out under the same pressure as prevails in the first reactor RI.
- the separated in phase separation stage PI suspension is expanded by a gas expansion plant when the reactor RI, as shown in FIG 1, operated under pressure and undergoes a three-stage separation process on the phase separation stage PII, phase separation stage Pill and drying to separate and recover the low volatile oil phase, which, as described, is recycled to the reactors RI and RII.
- the phase separation stage PII separates the coarse-grained solids content together with fine-grained particles adhering thereto, for example, according to the sedimentation principle or also according to the centrifugal force principle.
- the remaining low-volatile oil phase SO is led together with the remaining fine fraction back to the reactor RI.
- the coarse enriched suspension is mechanically, z. B. via screw presses, from further low-volatile oil phase SO, which is returned to the reactors RI and RII, freed.
- drying step frees the solids-containing stream of vaporizable oil fractions. These can also be recycled to the internal reflux into the reactors RI, RII after a renewed condensation KII.
- the organic substance still remaining in the solids stream consists essentially of solid char residue and tarry residues R, optionally of inorganic raw material fractions A or solid catalyst K and chemicals.
- the organic components R can be converted in the subsequent steam gasification WDV in synthesis gas, consisting of carbon monoxide CO and hydrogen H 2 .
- synthesis gas consisting of carbon monoxide CO and hydrogen H 2 .
- the synthesis gas CO + H 2 can either be fed directly to the reactors RI, RII as reducing gas or converted completely into hydrogen H 2 and carbon dioxide CO 2 in a downstream carbon monoxide conversion CO conversion.
- the hydrogen H 2 in the gas separation GII is freed from carbon dioxide CO 2 using, for example, a membrane separation process and optionally fed to the reactors RI, RII as the hydrogenating gas component. If more hydrogen produces H 2 than needed by the process, the excess can be profitably marketed or converted, for example via a fuel cell process, into electrical power for plant operation.
- the raw materials used in the cracking reactions of oxygen-containing raw materials are used as secondary product reaction water used, so that essentially a wastewater-free process is realized. Any resulting excess water is purified by the steam gasification WDV simultaneously, so that any resulting excess small wastewater quantity W is equal to pure, that is, free of organic components, is obtained. If not enough water of reaction is available, add some fresh water. The respective proportions are different due to the raw material and depend on the ratio of the reaction water formed to the solid or low-volatility reaction residue.
- the target fraction containing the product of the process an oil as oil vapor ⁇ 1D, which is a low molecular weight liquid fuel.
- water of reaction is formed as water vapor WD and reaction gas G and hydrogen H 2 .
- the gas-vapor phase of the three-phase mixture is supplied in the case of elevated gas fractions after the reactor RII the condensation in the first condensation KI.
- This condensation step KI realized by cooling is used to separate the gas fractions reaction gas G and hydrogen H 2 from the condensable oil and water fractions ⁇ 1D + W, before the latter are fed to the distillative separation.
- the condensation step KI is preferably operated at the same pressure as the reactor RII. In the case of overpressure operation, this has the advantages that the required admission pressure is available for the optionally subsequent gas separation GI, that for the optionally following hydrogen recycled in the reactor RII less compression energy is used and that in subsequent expansion valves, the undesirable occurrence of multiphase flows, which could lead there to significant malfunction, is avoided.
- the gas separation GI can be realized as the gas separation GII, for example as a membrane separation process.
- the optionally separated from the reaction gas G hydrogen content H 2 is fed back to the reactor RI, RII.
- the separated reaction gas G is expanded by a second gas expansion plant, which is not illustrated in FIG. 1, and subsequently supplied to the burner for the above-described thermal energy supply of the entire process.
- phase separations or phase separators described above may comprise the step of stripping with gas. Therefore, prior to expansion in said expansion device, part of the reaction gas G, if required by the above-described stripping function of the reactor RI, RII, can be recycled to the reactor RI, RII.
- the expansion plant could also be connected in other embodiments with a turbine for generating electrical energy
- a gas stream G + H 2 needed for stripping this is first in reactor RI, then in reactor RII, when both reactors are operated simultaneously, passed finely divided through the liquid reaction mixture.
- the gas stream G + H 2 can generally assume the said phase separation phase separation function as set forth above and / or the hydrogenation function.
- a proportion of the reaction gas in the recirculation is preferably used, while the hydrogenation is preferred. example, by hydrogen H 2 occurs.
- the production of hydrogen H 2 can take place in two stages via a water vapor gasification WDV of the solid coke-like and low-volatility tar-like reaction residues R in the first stage and a downstream carbon monoxide conversion in the second stage.
- the hydrogen H 2 serves on the one hand to stabilize the cracking products by radical saturation and on the other hand to increase the hydrogen content in the product oil. This improves the calorific value, burning properties and storage stability of the product oil.
- the necessary overpressure is, among other things, a function of the elemental composition of the raw material.
- the target chemical already very similar, ie low in heteroatoms, as z. B. in used and heavy oils and hydrocarbon-based plastic waste is the case, it can be completely dispensed with inventive process control overpressure and hydrogen atmosphere.
- inventive process control overpressure and hydrogen atmosphere In part, even negative pressure operation is advantageous here.
- oxygen levels such as. B. in wood with about 43 wt.% Oxygen in the dry matter, was surprisingly found in inventive process control that even without additional hydrogenation hydrogen partial pressures of less than 80 bar are usually sufficient.
- the reaction mixture usually consists of the three phases gas-vapor phase, liquid phase and solid phase.
- the gas-vapor phase contains on the one hand the reaction gas G, which is formed as a by-product of the cracking reactions in the reactors I and II, and on the other hand the received vapors, which are inventively substantially vaporized product oil hydrocarbons. Due to the raw material, water vapor components WD can also be present. For this purpose, if necessary, further gas components such. B. hydrogen H 2 come as a hydrogenation gas.
- the oil and water phase oil + W + G condensed in the condensation step KI can also be expanded via an expansion turbine or an engine if the reaction in reactor RII is under overpressure, followed by subsequent distillation. During this relaxation, if necessary, certain gas components dissolved in the oil under excess pressure are released which, after distillation, can be separated off in a second condensation step KII and likewise fed to the burner.
- the distillation is preferably carried out as a Mehrgenrekt Scheme in which the oil fractions are decomposed into boiling fractions. According to the invention, the high-boiling bottoms fraction of the distillation is passed back into reactor RI, RII as low-volatile oil fraction SO, as described above.
- the liquid phase in phase separation stage PIV is mechanically separated by settling in an oil phase, the desired product oil, and a water phase so that the heavier water phase can be drained first before the product oil is collected in the product tank.
- the water phase W can be supplied to the above-described water vapor gasification WDV and / or carbon monoxide conversion.
- phase separation stage PIV is eliminated. This applies above all to raw materials without oxygen Part, which usually also no hydrogenating gas is needed, so that then usually no water requirement by steam gasification and / or carbon monoxide conversion is formed.
- the process according to the invention can generally also be carried out in more than two reactors, the material streams exemplified in FIG. 1, in particular the recycling of the heavy oil fraction, then have to be fed by the person skilled in the art according to the indicated process steps.
- any possible toxins such as prions are completely destroyed by the described conversion process. This should be ensured by the reaction temperatures of 350 0 C.
- An electrolytic decomposition as a pretreatment of the bone meal may prove to be advantageous to release mineral components as a catalyst material.
- a likelihood of contamination of the environment with released prions, which can occur, for example, in combustion processes, is significantly reduced here because of the air-free encapsulation of the process.
- the nitrogen content of Protein molecules are essentially converted into ammonia in the reducing atmosphere of the process according to the invention and eliminated via the aqueous phase. From the water phase, the ammonia fraction can be isolated and marketed by simple additional rectification.
- Examples of heavy metal-contaminated sediments with an increased organic content are sewage sludge and fine-grained fractions of dredger sludges from river courses freed from the unloaded sand.
- the conversion process in the reactor should ensure that the heavy metals are removed from the organic product and firmly bound in the inorganic matrix in such a way that the eluates are virtually free of heavy metals.
- the bonding forms of the heavy metals in the inorganic matrix under the reaction conditions used according to the invention completely changed without the known glazing, which requires much higher temperatures, such that all of the above heavy metals changed in tighter bonding forms, so that on the one hand practically no Pb and Cu and
- less than 1% of the Cd and less than 5% of the Zn were still in a replaceable, ie elutable, cation form.
- about 1% of the Pb and Cu, about 14% of the Cd and almost 30% of the Zn were present in the elutable form in the raw material used before the conversion process according to the invention.
- thermodynamically and chemically very demanding task of thermochemical conversion of high molecular weight organic E- products with optimization of the energy balance in low molecular weight organic, liquid at room temperature products free of or poor At heteroatoms are handled taking into account the inorganic as well as the organic requirements.
- inorganic chemistry As requirements for inorganic chemistry, reference is made, for example, to the implementation of harbor sludge, an organic substance as defined above, but containing inorganic components. These inorganic components are substantially in an improved and freed from organic components form after they have been subjected to the inventive method. In harbor silt, which is loaded with heavy metals, the heavy metals can be bound quantitatively in the inorganic fraction, so that the organic products are free of heavy metals.
- the heavy metals are incorporated into the inorganic matrix in such a way that they can no longer be eluted, so that the mineral product fraction can advantageously either be landfilled or used, for example, in the construction industry, thus resulting in an ecological relief of the environment after the highly toxic one Hazardous potential port silt material was subjected to the method according to the invention.
- the present method it is also possible in the conversion of the organic starting materials such.
- B. animal and bone meal on the one hand high-molecular, ie long-chain organic compounds selectively to crack, so shorten so that exactly the desired molecular chain length range comes out, for example, in diesel oil with a boiling range preferably from 200 0 C to 380 0 C.
- the heteroatoms can be selectively removed with as little loss of carbon and hydrogen as possible.
- mineral components can develop the desired catalytic effect.
- B. prions from animal and bone meal to eliminate partially or completely from the organic starting materials or render harmless and at the same time prudent reaction, the emergence of new toxins such. As to prevent dioxins.
- FIGS. 2 to 5 show exemplary embodiments of a horizontal reactor 2
- FIG. 6 shows an exemplary embodiment of a vertical reactor 2 which comprises a reaction chamber 3 surrounded pressure-tight by a wall 32, which in turn is subdivided into a phase separation zone 31 and a conveying zone 30.
- the reactor 2 is usually designed for pressures of-1 bar to + 80 bar, each based on atmospheric pressure.
- the wall 32 of the reaction space 3 is predominantly spherical in the phase separation zone 31 according to FIGS. 2 to 5 and approximately cylindrical in accordance with FIG. 6 and substantially cylindrical or tubular in the region of the conveying zone 30.
- the design of the reaction space 3 and its wall 32 is not limited to these special forms.
- the conveying zone 30 opens into the phase separation zone 31.
- two inlets 4 and 5 for introducing raw material (or educt (s)) RS into the conveying zone 30 open into the conveying zone 30.
- the two inlets 4 and 5 face each other slightly off-center to a central axis A of the conveying zone 30.
- the raw material RS is conveyed through a feed pressure, which is greater than the process pressure prevailing in the reactor chamber 3, from a conveying device (not shown), in particular an extruder screw press, through the inlets 4 and 5 into the conveying zone 30.
- a conveying device not shown
- the entire delivery zone 30 and a part of the phase separation zone 31 is filled with a sump (or a sump phase mixture) S, which consists of various phases and substances and in particular the raw material RS and the resulting thermal and / or catalytic decomposition or Cracking formed reaction products in solid, liquid and gaseous phase as phase mixture comprises.
- a conveying device 12 arranged in the conveying zone 30 and also extending into the phase separation zone 31 in FIG. 3 comprises a screw conveyor which is fastened to a rotary shaft 21 driven by a rotary drive 41 and the sump S or the phase mixture with the raw material RS in the conveying direction FR transported to the phase separation zone 31.
- an overpressure protection device 1 1 is additionally provided, which usually comprises a pressure relief valve.
- At least one and preferably several outlets 7 are provided in the wall 32 in the lower region of the separation zone 11, through which a part S 'of the sump phase S is returned to the conveying zone 30 via a return line 9, preferably assisted by a conveyor 8, preferably in FIG
- the feed means 8 in the return lines 9 are preferably oil or gas operated pumps, such as screw pumps, for example, with a discharge pressure of 1 bar (differential pressure) can work.
- return lines 9 and heaters 18 are also arranged, which can be operated in particular heat recovery from process heat or gas-fired by the resulting during the process fuel gas or oil-fired from emerging during the process oil or with heat from other processes, such as a combined heat and power plant etc.
- the direction of gravity (gravitational force, gravitational force) G is indicated by an arrow and points in FIGS 2 to 6 down.
- the delivery zone 30 and the phase separation zone 31 are horizontal or perpendicular to
- Gravity G arranged side by side and in the vertical reactor 2 according to FIG 6 vertically or in parallel to the gravitational force G over each other, wherein the phase separation zone 31 is above the conveying zone 30.
- the conveying direction FR extends horizontally or orthogonally to the gravitational force G in the case of the horizontal reactor 2 according to FIGS. 2 to 5 and vertically in the vertical reactor 2 according to FIGS. 2 to 5 and opposite to the direction of the gravitational force G. Otherwise, the two reactor types horizontal reactor and vertical reactor have a similar structure.
- a raw material is at least predominantly in solid form, it is advantageous, the raw material prior to introduction into the reactor as possible in comminuted form in the form of particles such as powder or granules to obtain the largest possible surface area for the decomposition reaction or cracking.
- a wood flour or wood powder having particle sizes of typically 0.5 mm is provided, as known, for example, from wood pellet production.
- the pressures may be up to 80 bar.
- the wood particles are compressed and caked together even before they enter the conveying zone, so that the wood raw material RS is not in the desired shape of individual particles but as a caked mass with an undesirably high density and compactness from the inlets 4 and 5 enters the conveying zone 30.
- a shredding device 20 is now arranged in the region of the inlets 4 and 5 which, in the illustrated embodiment (FIGS. 3 and 4 and 5), consists of a plurality of saw blades or saw elements 40 which are arranged parallel to each other and rotatable about the axis A, respectively are facing with the turning portions of their outer periphery the inlets 4 and 5.
- the compressed mass of the raw material RS is now crushed back into small particles as soon as it enters the conveying zone 30 due to the large number of small saw teeth of the sawing elements 40 (see FIG. 4), preferably again a particle size in the order of magnitude of 0.5 mm is sought.
- the sawing elements 40 of the comminution device 20 are preferably provided axially in the direction of the axis of rotation A with openings or in the form of open support structures, for example as in the case of a wheel with hub and spokes, in order to minimize the amount To provide flow resistance against the flowing in the conveying direction FR medium of the sump S.
- a plurality of cutting teeth are distributed, preferably evenly distributed, arranged to each other.
- a milling device with milling teeth or another cutting device for mechanical comminution of the incoming raw material RS can also be provided.
- the sawing elements 40 of the comminuting device 20 are preferably fastened to the rotary shaft 21, which also rotates the conveying screw of the conveying device 12 about the axis of rotation A, and thus also rotate at the same rotational speed as the conveying screw. However, it may also be provided a separate drive for the shredding device 20.
- a further outlet 17 which is designed in particular as a pipe socket, for discharging there due to gravity G settling heavy components of the reaction mixture or sump S.
- the accumulating on the outlet 17 heavy Components or outlet products are subjected to a further treatment not shown in FIG.
- these heavier components of the sump S can be fed via the outlet 17 to a phase separation, wherein the outlet products at the outlet 17, for example, from a separator, are separated into solid and liquid components and then preferably the liquid components again in lower viscosity components on the one hand and thicker or higher-viscosity components, on the other hand.
- the solid constituents can then be further decomposed in a pyrolysis plant, not shown in FIGS.
- Such an outlet 17 is usually also provided in the other embodiments according to FIG 2 and 4 to 5, but not shown there.
- a mixing and / or shearing device 23 is rotatably arranged on a rotary shaft 22 and arranged according to FIG 3 at the transition region to the conveying zone 30 in the phase separation zone 31 and comprises in the illustrated embodiment shown in FIG 5 four offset by 90 ° to each other arranged mixing and / or Shearing blades 29, which are designed in the manner of rotor blades and have relatively sharp shearing edges in order to achieve a shearing or possibly even cutting action for the passing medium with the raw material RS and the reaction products and other components of the sump S.
- FIG. 3 the mixing and / or shear blades 29 are curved and follow the course of the wall 32 of the reactor 2, and are arranged relatively close to the wall 32 in order to additionally achieve a cleaning action for the wall 32.
- FIG. 6 also shows the parts of the mixing and / or shear blades 29 of the wall 32 of the reactor 2 pointing radially to the axis A and further parts of the mixing and / or shear blades 29 running axially to the axis A extending to the shaft bearing 24. where they are attached.
- the mixing and / or shear blades in FIG. 6 thus have a Z-shaped basic shape in an axial section.
- the wings 29 in FIG. 3 may be configured as in FIG. 6.
- At least one scraper device with three scraper elements 25, 26 and 27 rotatably mounted on the shaft 22 is provided for scrapping Residues on the inner surface of the wall 32 in the phase separation zone 31, in particular at and around the outlets 6, 7 and 17.
- This scraping or cleaning action can also be achieved by combination or structural integration with the mixing and / or shearing means 23, for example by further drawing the wings 29 around the wall 32, e.g. 6 also run along the lateral and vertical wall regions of the wall 32 in the Phasentrennzo- ne 31, and then preferably at a second end also inside again connected to the shaft 22 and thus have a bow shape.
- a scraping device for the wall can also be provided in the conveying zone 30.
- the mixing and / or shearing device 23 and its mixing vanes 29 (and the scraping elements 25, 26 and 27) rotate in the opposite direction of rotation to the conveying screw of the conveying device 12.
- the two rotary shafts 21 and 22 are connected to one another in a shaft bearing 24 so as to be freely rotatable about the same axis of rotation A and are driven apart from one another by the associated drives 41 and 42.
- a single continuous rotary shaft can also be provided, so that all rotating components in the reactor 2 are driven by the same drive and at the same rotational speed.
- mixing device 23 and conveying device 12 rotate in the same direction of rotation and generally at the same rotational speed.
- the training with two separate shafts 21 and 22 also has the advantage that not only different directions of rotation, but also different rotational speeds for the mechanical components 23, 25, 26 and 27 in the phase separation zone 31 on the one hand and the conveyor 12 and the comminuting device 20 in the On the other hand, conveying zone 30 can be adjusted. Especially if a part of the conveyor is also arranged in the phase separation zone 31, the same direction of rotation is preferred.
- the drives 41 and 42 may be provided as direct drives for the associated shafts 21 to 22 or may also include gears or other translation means between motors and shafts. As motors electric motors or hydraulic motors or oil or gas-powered internal combustion engines can be provided.
- the entire reactor 2 is preferably designed explosion-proof.
- FIG. 7 shows a circuit diagram of a device according to the invention with a first reactor 50, a second reactor 60 and a pyrolysis reactor 70.
- the raw material RS is fed to the first reactor 50 at an inlet 51 and thermally decomposed there.
- the usable decomposition product exits as a vapor phase Dl at an upstream outlet 52 of the first reactor 50 and may be further separated, for example by distillation, to remove the fuel, e.g. Diesel or kerosene, and possibly other useful products.
- an outlet product Al exits and is withdrawn continuously or in individual batches and fed to a separator 80 which separates the outlet product Al into a substantially solid outlet product portion Al S and a substantially liquid outlet product portion AlL.
- the liquid outlet product fraction AlL is separated in a subsequent phase separator 81 into a low-viscosity or low-viscosity outlet product fraction AlLI and a more viscous or high-viscosity outlet product fraction A1L2.
- the less viscous Auslass whyanteil AlLl contains low molecular weight reaction products and is therefore returned directly to an input 54 of the first reactor 50.
- the higher viscous, more viscous outlet product A1L2 contains higher molecular components and is therefore supplied to an input 61 of the second reactor for further and more efficient decomposition in the second reactor 60.
- the decomposition reaction in the second reactor 60 can be adapted specifically to the viscous outlet product portions A1L2 which are formed during the decomposition process in the first reactor 50.
- thermochemical decomposition under high pressure can take place in the first reactor 50, while in the second reactor 60 a catalytic decomposition or cracking reaction takes place in the second reactor 60 to crack the relatively high molecular weight fractions in the Auslass etcanteil A1L2 can be performed.
- the useful products are discharged at an outlet 62 arranged at the top as the vapor phase D2 and, as a rule, further separated from one another by distillation.
- the second reactor 60 also has, preferably at the bottom, an outlet 63 at which outlet products A2 are withdrawn continuously or at regular intervals and fed to a separator 82 which separates the outlet products A2 into solid outlet product portions A2S and liquid outlet product portions A2L.
- the liquid outlet product portions A2L are again separated from a phase separator 83 into low-viscosity outlet product portions A2L1 and thick-liquid outlet product portions A2L2.
- the low-viscosity outlet product portions A2L1 are returned directly to the inlet 61 of the second reactor 60 again.
- the viscous Auslass etcanteile A2L2 containing higher molecular weight, not uncracked shares are fed to increase the efficiency of the process of a seed 84, in which at least one catalyst K is added in particular in a mixing and / or stirring or spinning process.
- the seeded viscous outlet product portion A2L2 + K is now returned to the inlet 61 of the second reactor 60.
- the solids fractions Al S and A2S of the outlet products A1 and A2 are in each case directly supplied by the separators 80 and 82 to an inlet 71 of the pyrolysis reactor 70 and are pyrolytically decomposed there.
- outlet 72 of the pyrolysis reactor 70 As vapor phase D3 and further separated or recycled.
- W water content of the raw material, water of reaction and fresh water
- PII phase separation stage II of coarse-grained solid with liquid phase fractions and liquid phase with fine-grained solid fraction
- Pill phase separation stage III of liquid phase and solid phase with residual liquid phase adhering
- PIV phase separation stage IV of water phase and oil phase
- KI, KII condensation steps I, II: separation of gas phase and condensable liquid phase
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- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102005035241 | 2005-07-25 | ||
DE102005040490A DE102005040490A1 (de) | 2005-07-25 | 2005-08-26 | Vorrichtung und Verfahren für eine Biokraftstoff Raffinerie: Direkte thermochemische Umwandlung von organischen Substanzen in flüssige Brennstoffe |
PCT/EP2006/006116 WO2007012368A2 (de) | 2005-07-25 | 2006-06-24 | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur thermochemischen umwandlung von organischen substanzen in hochwertige organische produkte |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1910499A2 true EP1910499A2 (de) | 2008-04-16 |
Family
ID=36956083
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP06754555A Withdrawn EP1910499A2 (de) | 2005-07-25 | 2006-06-24 | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur thermochemischen umwandlung von organischen substanzen in hochwertige organische produkte |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP1910499A2 (de) |
DE (1) | DE102005040490A1 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2007012368A2 (de) |
Families Citing this family (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102008037714A1 (de) | 2008-07-31 | 2010-02-04 | Continental Reifen Deutschland Gmbh | Kautschukmischung mit umweltfreundlichem Weichmacher |
DE102009030843A1 (de) * | 2009-06-26 | 2011-01-05 | Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg (HAW Hamburg) | Verfahren zur Bioraffinerie |
DE102009030809B3 (de) * | 2009-06-26 | 2010-12-16 | Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg | Thermochemische Umwandlung von Biomasse |
DE102010061476A1 (de) | 2010-12-22 | 2012-06-28 | Continental Reifen Deutschland Gmbh | Kautschukmischung mit umweltfreundlichem Weichmacher |
DE102010061480A1 (de) | 2010-12-22 | 2012-06-28 | Continental Reifen Deutschland Gmbh | Verfahren zur Herstellung von umweltfreundlichen Weichmachern |
PL399654A1 (pl) * | 2012-06-25 | 2014-01-07 | Green Power Spólka Z Ograniczona Odpowiedzialnoscia Spólka W Organizacji | Sposób wytwarzania uszlachetnionego biokomponentu do biopaliw oraz uszlachetniony biokomponent do biopaliw |
KR20220101617A (ko) * | 2019-10-04 | 2022-07-19 | 무라 테크놀로지 리미티드 | 중합체를 생성물로 전환하는 방법 및 장치 |
Family Cites Families (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE3616785A1 (de) * | 1986-05-17 | 1987-11-19 | Union Rheinische Braunkohlen | Verfahren zur aufarbeitung von kohlenstoff enthaltenden abfaellen und biomassen |
DE10215679B4 (de) * | 2002-04-10 | 2007-07-12 | Ibh Ingenieurgesellschaft Mbh | Direkte thermochemische Umwandlung von hochmolekularen organischen Substanzen in niedrigviskose flüssige Brennstoffe |
DE102004038220B4 (de) * | 2004-08-05 | 2009-07-23 | Proton Technology Gmbh I.Gr. | Thermische Biomassenverölung |
-
2005
- 2005-08-26 DE DE102005040490A patent/DE102005040490A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2006
- 2006-06-24 WO PCT/EP2006/006116 patent/WO2007012368A2/de active Application Filing
- 2006-06-24 EP EP06754555A patent/EP1910499A2/de not_active Withdrawn
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO2007012368A3 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO2007012368A3 (de) | 2007-04-19 |
DE102005040490A1 (de) | 2007-02-08 |
WO2007012368A2 (de) | 2007-02-01 |
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