EP1907925A1 - Générateurs de nombres aléatoires quantiques - Google Patents

Générateurs de nombres aléatoires quantiques

Info

Publication number
EP1907925A1
EP1907925A1 EP06742182A EP06742182A EP1907925A1 EP 1907925 A1 EP1907925 A1 EP 1907925A1 EP 06742182 A EP06742182 A EP 06742182A EP 06742182 A EP06742182 A EP 06742182A EP 1907925 A1 EP1907925 A1 EP 1907925A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
single photon
output ports
random number
number generator
generating
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP06742182A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP1907925A4 (fr
Inventor
Yuhui Luo
Kam Tai Chan
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Chinese University of Hong Kong CUHK
Original Assignee
Chinese University of Hong Kong CUHK
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Chinese University of Hong Kong CUHK filed Critical Chinese University of Hong Kong CUHK
Publication of EP1907925A1 publication Critical patent/EP1907925A1/fr
Publication of EP1907925A4 publication Critical patent/EP1907925A4/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R15/00—Details of measuring arrangements of the types provided for in groups G01R17/00 - G01R29/00, G01R33/00 - G01R33/26 or G01R35/00
    • G01R15/14—Adaptations providing voltage or current isolation, e.g. for high-voltage or high-current networks
    • G01R15/22—Adaptations providing voltage or current isolation, e.g. for high-voltage or high-current networks using light-emitting devices, e.g. LED, optocouplers
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F7/00—Methods or arrangements for processing data by operating upon the order or content of the data handled
    • G06F7/58—Random or pseudo-random number generators
    • G06F7/588—Random number generators, i.e. based on natural stochastic processes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
    • H04L9/08—Key distribution or management, e.g. generation, sharing or updating, of cryptographic keys or passwords
    • H04L9/0816—Key establishment, i.e. cryptographic processes or cryptographic protocols whereby a shared secret becomes available to two or more parties, for subsequent use
    • H04L9/0852—Quantum cryptography

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a random number generator. More specifically, the invention relates to a random number generator based on quantum optics.
  • a random number is a number generated by a process, whose outcome is unpredictable, and which cannot be reproduced. Random numbers are very useful in computer science and engineering, communications, information security, reliability test of communications systems, and other applications. In engineering, random numbers are always used to test the reliability of a system. The quality of test random numbers determines the reliability of the system. Also, in the field of information security, the quality of random numbers is a key factor for the whole security.
  • random number generators There exist two main types of random number generators, one of which is a software-based generator. From a general point of view, the software generator produces so-called pseudo-random numbers because the sequence produced by an algorithm is always periodic. Although the pseudo-random numbers have been used in some applications, they are not qualified to be used in most applications where randomness requirements are strict.
  • Another type is a physical (both classical and quantum physics) random number generator. Macroscopic processes described by classical physics can be used to generate random numbers. Ostensibly random numbers can be generated using "noise" created by minor fluctuations in electronic circuits. It is disputed whether such electronic noise devices generate true random numbers. Determinism is hidden behind complexity. Unfortunately, they are often innately slower than pseudo-random number generators, rendering them unsuitable for any application where a substantial quantity of random numbers is required. Another drawback of the noise-based random number generators is that it is difficult to ensure that the system does not interact with environmental parameters like the ambient temperature or an electromagnetic field. Electronic noise devices can become unstable over time.
  • a spin-off company from the University of Geneva, id Quantique has marketed a quantum mechanical random number generator based on quantum physics. The randomness is guaranteed by the random behavior of single 'light particles', called photons, hitting a semi-transparent mirror. A photon generated by a source beamed to a semi-transparent mirror is reflected or transmitted with 50 percent probability, and these measurements can be translated into a string of quantum random bits. However, it is a little difficult to align the semi-transparent mirror to a detector. Another drawback is the difficulty to integrate with other devices or components and thus it is difficult to reduce the component size and cost.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide an all-fiber optical random number generator for generating true random numbers by using the random behavior of single photons.
  • the random number generator of the invention comprises an optical coupler having an input port and two output ports; a single photon source connected to the input port, emitting a single photon which is transmitted from the input port to the output ports; a single photon detector connected to the output ports, detecting the single photons coming out from either of the output ports; and a device generating random numbers according to the detection result of the single photon detector.
  • the present invention further provides a method for generating random numbers, which comprises generating a string of single photons; coupling the single photons into an optical coupler having two output ports; detecting the single photons coming out from either of the output ports; and generating random numbers according to the detection result.
  • the random number generator of the present invention is implemented by all-fiber devices, such as fibers, a variable optical attenuator, a laser and a single photon detector all with fiber connectors, and an optical fiber coupler, which is really simple, inexpensive, reliable and effective. Moreover, it is convenient to connect all the above optical devices by using fiber connectors only and without any need of using lenses or mirrors and complicated procedures for optical alignment.
  • FIG. 1 shows the principle of the quantum random number generator according to the invention.
  • FIG. 2 schematically shows an embodiment of the random number generator of the present invention.
  • the random number generator includes a single photon source 100, an optical coupler 200 having an input port 201 and two output ports 202 and 203, and a single photon detector counter 300.
  • the single photon source 100 is employed to generate a string of single photons.
  • the single photons are launched into the input port 201 of the optical coupler 200, one by one.
  • the optical coupler 200 is a conventional optical fiber coupler which has a split ratio of 50:50.
  • the single photon from the single photon source 100 is transmitted from the input port 201 of the coupler 200 to either one of the output ports of the coupler 200.
  • the single photon detector counter 300 is connected to the output ports to detect the photon coming out from either of the output ports.
  • a single photon coming out from the output port 202 can be assigned to represent "0" and a single photon coming out from the output port 203 can be assigned to represent "1".
  • the opposite assignment is also valid. In this way, it is possible to obtain true random numbers by using the random behavior of single photons.
  • each of the two output ports 202 and 203 has an identical probability for the single photon to leave.
  • the optical coupler of the invention allows that the single photon entering the optical coupler has the same probability (50:50) to leave from the port 202 or port 203.
  • the detection result at port 202 is discrete, so the mechanism can generate a discrete random number string if a single photon string is launched into the input port continuously.
  • the result measured at port 203 is complementary to that at port 202.
  • the total state at ports 202 and 203 can be described by Equation (2)
  • Equation (2) represents an entangled state.
  • the quantum system of random property can be easily realized by a single coupler with one input port and two identical output ports with fiber pigtails and connectors.
  • the random number generator of the present invention is further described with reference to FIG. 2.
  • FIG. 2 shows another embodiment of the random number generator of the present invention.
  • the random number generator of the invention comprises a single photon source which can be implemented by a laser 10 and a variable optical attenuator (VOA) 20; a 50:50 optical fiber coupler 30 including an input port 31 and two output ports 32 and 33; a first Single Photon Detector (SPD) 40 connected to optical coupler 30 via port 32; a second Single Photon Detector (SPD) 60 connected to optical coupler 30 via port 33; and means 50 for generating random numbers from the detection result of the Single Photon Detectors 40 and 60.
  • VOA variable optical attenuator
  • those that emit exactly one photon per pulse may be available at visible and near-IR wavelengths in the future.
  • Spontaneous parametric down conversion can also be used to create a source of single photons.
  • the coupler 30 can be implemented by a waveguide or an optical fiber coupler.
  • the SPD 40 or SPD 60 can be implemented by a semiconductor detector, a charge-coupled device sensor or a photomultiplier tube detector.
  • the laser 10 emits a beam of light, which is attenuated into a single photon in a measured interval at the VOA 20.
  • the single photon is launched into the input port 31 of the 50:50 coupler 30. After that, the single photon has the same probability to leave the coupler from either the port 32 or port 33. Therefore, the probability of detecting a single photon by the SPD 40 or 60, at either port 32 or port 33, respectively, is 50%, and so is the probability of detecting no photon. Therefore, the outcomes detected at port 32 are intrinsically and hence truly random.
  • the bits are complementary to those at port 32, as discussed in above, and are therefore also truly random.
  • the random number generator is implemented by generating single photons and then propagating them inside a fiber, a fiber coupler and other components that have fiber connectors, which is simple, inexpensive, reliable and effective. Moreover, because of the use of the fiber devices, it is convenient to connect to the single photon detectors just by using fiber connectors, without the need of using lenses or mirrors and complicated procedures for optical alignment.
  • the single photon detectors 40 and 60 are cooled at -51 0 C and work at a gated mode.
  • the wavelength of the laser employed is around 1550nm.
  • the detection efficiency of the SPDs is more than 10%.
  • a continuous wave conventional laser light beam is attenuated into single photon strings in order to obtain statistical single photons.
  • the count in the measured interval (preferably, is 0.2ns) is less than 0.1 so as to guarantee that statistical single photons can be obtained.
  • NIST test issued by National Institute of Standards Technology is conducted to check the random property of the data obtained by the generator of the present invention.
  • the NIST statistical test suite for random number generators offers a battery of 16 statistical tests. These tests assess the presence of a pattern which, if detected, would indicate that the sequence is non-random.
  • the properties of a random sequence can be described in terms of probability.
  • a probability called the P-value. This value summarizes the strength of the evidence against the perfect randomness hypothesis.
  • a P-value of zero indicates that the sequence appears to be completely non-random.
  • a P-value larger than 0.01 means that the sequence is considered as random with a confidence of 99%.
  • only one method is used to check the experimental data.
  • the sequence is below:

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Computer Security & Cryptography (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Computational Mathematics (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Mathematical Analysis (AREA)
  • Mathematical Optimization (AREA)
  • Pure & Applied Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analysing Materials By The Use Of Chemical Reactions (AREA)
  • Cosmetics (AREA)
  • Optical Modulation, Optical Deflection, Nonlinear Optics, Optical Demodulation, Optical Logic Elements (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention concerne un générateur de nombres aléatoires quantiques à fibres uniquement, un coupleur optique comportant un port d'entrée et deux ports de sortie; une source de photon unique reliée au port d'entrée qui émet un photon unique lequel est transmis du port d'entrée aux ports de sortie; un détecteur de photon unique connecté à chacun des deux ports de sortie qui détecte le photon sortant d'un des ports de sortie; et un moyen qui génère des nombres aléatoires en fonction du résultat de la détection effectuée par le détecteur de photon unique. Le générateur selon l'invention peut générer de véritables nombres aléatoires.
EP06742182A 2005-06-16 2006-06-16 Générateurs de nombres aléatoires quantiques Withdrawn EP1907925A4 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US69151005P 2005-06-16 2005-06-16
PCT/CN2006/001361 WO2006133650A1 (fr) 2005-06-16 2006-06-16 Générateurs de nombres aléatoires quantiques

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1907925A1 true EP1907925A1 (fr) 2008-04-09
EP1907925A4 EP1907925A4 (fr) 2009-06-03

Family

ID=37531962

Family Applications (1)

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EP06742182A Withdrawn EP1907925A4 (fr) 2005-06-16 2006-06-16 Générateurs de nombres aléatoires quantiques

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US20060288062A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP1907925A4 (fr)
JP (1) JP2008547072A (fr)
KR (1) KR20080025151A (fr)
CN (1) CN101198926A (fr)
WO (1) WO2006133650A1 (fr)

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JP4952461B2 (ja) * 2007-09-12 2012-06-13 ソニー株式会社 乱数生成装置および乱数生成方法
WO2010033013A2 (fr) * 2008-09-16 2010-03-25 Mimos Berhad Procédé et appareil permettant de générer par mécanique quantique un nombre aléatoire
GB0915000D0 (en) * 2009-08-27 2009-09-30 Univ Bruxelles Quantum random number generation
FR2964762B1 (fr) * 2010-09-09 2013-01-04 Mobilegov France Procede d'authentification securise a base d'otp de type challenge-response
CN102176199B (zh) * 2011-01-28 2013-06-19 中国科学院西安光学精密机械研究所 一种真随机数产生方法及装置
EP2754243B1 (fr) 2011-09-09 2016-08-17 National Research Council of Canada Générateur de nombre aléatoire
EP2592547A1 (fr) * 2011-11-09 2013-05-15 Novomatic AG Dispositif de génération de nombres aléatoires réels et système de jeu
CN102681816B (zh) * 2012-05-22 2015-01-14 太原理工大学 一种全光真随机数发生器
US9658831B2 (en) * 2014-03-11 2017-05-23 Sony Corporation Optical random number generator and method for generating a random number
EP2940923B1 (fr) * 2014-04-28 2018-09-05 Université de Genève Méthode et dispositif pour un générateur optique de nombres aléatoires quantiques
CN104238996B (zh) 2014-09-04 2017-08-11 清华大学 源无关量子随机数的产生方法及装置
KR101631493B1 (ko) * 2015-01-22 2016-06-20 한국과학기술원 양자암호통신 시스템의 단일광자 광원 생성 장치
KR102200221B1 (ko) 2015-05-13 2021-01-11 한국전자통신연구원 다중 출력 양자 난수 발생기
CN106325815B (zh) * 2016-10-17 2018-12-28 清华大学 一种量子随机数发生器及量子随机数生成方法
GB2560873B (en) 2016-12-23 2020-01-01 Crypta Labs Ltd Quantum Random Number Generator
EP3401358B1 (fr) * 2017-05-08 2021-04-14 Carl Freudenberg KG Élément d'étanchéité revêtu de plasma
EP3729258B1 (fr) * 2017-12-19 2023-11-15 Quantinuum Ltd Amplification, génération ou certification de caractère aléatoire
KR102153317B1 (ko) 2018-06-20 2020-09-08 시옷랩주식회사 양자 난수열 기반의 암호 장치
KR20200082469A (ko) 2018-12-28 2020-07-08 삼성전자주식회사 난수 생성기
US11868130B2 (en) * 2019-03-01 2024-01-09 Lakuruma Systems Ltd. System and method for decision making for autonomous vehicles
CN110795065B (zh) * 2019-10-31 2020-05-22 太原理工大学 一种基于toad的全光随机数产生装置
CN110806852B (zh) * 2019-10-31 2020-05-26 太原理工大学 一种基于反馈干涉原理的全光真随机数发生器
KR102411342B1 (ko) 2022-02-15 2022-06-22 주식회사 티제이원 양자 암호 통신에 의한 망 분리 및 망간 자료 전송 장치

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US20040139132A1 (en) * 2001-05-09 2004-07-15 Norbert Lutkenhaus Efficient use of detectors for random number generation
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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CN101198926A (zh) 2008-06-11
JP2008547072A (ja) 2008-12-25
US20060288062A1 (en) 2006-12-21
EP1907925A4 (fr) 2009-06-03
KR20080025151A (ko) 2008-03-19
WO2006133650A1 (fr) 2006-12-21

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