EP1885994B1 - Dispositif destiné au mouvement sélectif d'outils de puits et procédé d'utilisation de celui-ci - Google Patents

Dispositif destiné au mouvement sélectif d'outils de puits et procédé d'utilisation de celui-ci Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1885994B1
EP1885994B1 EP06747645A EP06747645A EP1885994B1 EP 1885994 B1 EP1885994 B1 EP 1885994B1 EP 06747645 A EP06747645 A EP 06747645A EP 06747645 A EP06747645 A EP 06747645A EP 1885994 B1 EP1885994 B1 EP 1885994B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
well
electromagnets
pipe string
pipe
intervention tool
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Active
Application number
EP06747645A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP1885994A1 (fr
EP1885994A4 (fr
Inventor
Henning Hansen
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ZI-LIFT AS
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Zi-Lift AS
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Publication of EP1885994A1 publication Critical patent/EP1885994A1/fr
Publication of EP1885994A4 publication Critical patent/EP1885994A4/fr
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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
    • F04B47/00—Pumps or pumping installations specially adapted for raising fluids from great depths, e.g. well pumps
    • F04B47/06—Pumps or pumping installations specially adapted for raising fluids from great depths, e.g. well pumps having motor-pump units situated at great depth
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B17/00—Drilling rods or pipes; Flexible drill strings; Kellies; Drill collars; Sucker rods; Cables; Casings; Tubings
    • E21B17/02—Couplings; joints
    • E21B17/028—Electrical or electro-magnetic connections
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B23/00—Apparatus for displacing, setting, locking, releasing or removing tools, packers or the like in boreholes or wells
    • E21B23/14—Apparatus for displacing, setting, locking, releasing or removing tools, packers or the like in boreholes or wells for displacing a cable or a cable-operated tool, e.g. for logging or perforating operations in deviated wells
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/12—Methods or apparatus for controlling the flow of the obtained fluid to or in wells
    • E21B43/121—Lifting well fluids
    • E21B43/128—Adaptation of pump systems with down-hole electric drives
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
    • F04B17/00—Pumps characterised by combination with, or adaptation to, specific driving engines or motors
    • F04B17/03—Pumps characterised by combination with, or adaptation to, specific driving engines or motors driven by electric motors
    • F04B17/04—Pumps characterised by combination with, or adaptation to, specific driving engines or motors driven by electric motors using solenoids
    • F04B17/046—Pumps characterised by combination with, or adaptation to, specific driving engines or motors driven by electric motors using solenoids the fluid flowing through the moving part of the motor

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a device for the selective propulsion or movement of a well tool. More particularly, it relates to a device for controlling the movement of a well tool which is used in petroleum wells in connection with the recovery of petroleum products or servicing/intervention in petroleum wells. The movement in the form of propulsion and/or rotation of the well tool is provided by means of magnetic forces.
  • the invention also relates to a method for the selective movement of a well tool in or through at least a portion of a pipe string.
  • well tool is meant herein any equipment which is arranged to be run into and operated within a well in connection with the operation and servicing thereof.
  • a well tool is run into the well by being lowered, under the influence of gravity, into the well, hanging on, for example, a steel rope, a so-called "wireline".
  • propelling devices may be used, such as so-called well tractors, pulling or pushing the tool in the longitudinal direction of the well.
  • so-called coiled tubing is also used to drive the well tool to its location of use.
  • the above-mentioned prior art is based on there being a physical connection between the well tool and a portion of the well located on the surface.
  • extensive surface lock-gate tools are required.
  • extensive run-in equipment is required and a manning of 2 to 10 persons, depending on what equipment is to be run into the well.
  • the area at the well surface is considered to be a hazardous area for personnel because of pressurized equipment, movable parts and the lifting and moving of heavy equipment.
  • the invention has as its object to remedy or at least reduce one or more drawbacks of the prior art.
  • positional specifications such as “upper” and “lower”, “bottom” and “top” or “horizontal” and “vertical”, refer to the position that the equipment is in in the following figures, which may also be a natural, necessary or practical position of use.
  • US 4 071 086 A discloses a pulling tool apparatus for helping equipment descend down a wellbore, such as logging tools being dropped into a deviated wellbore.
  • a mass is slidably located inside the pulling tool which is acted on so that it is propelled in an upward direction at a fast rate and then propelled in a downward direction at a slow rate so that the net effect of the moving mass on the logging cable is to pull it in a downward direction because of the reaction forces exerted on the tool itself by the moving mass.
  • US 1 840 994 A discloses a device for pumping wells.
  • the pump incorporates a plurality of individual housing sections. Enclosed in each housing section is a solenoid, through which runs a plunger. When the solenoids are supplied with electricity, the magnetic sections of the plunger are attracted by the magnetized solenoids, thereby lifting the plunger within the individual housing.
  • GB 1428297 discloses an apparatus for propelling a ball provided with a magnetically responsive material along a subsea pipeline by successively energising magnetic coils placed outside the pipeline.
  • the present invention is constituted by a device for the selective movement of a well tool in or through at least one portion of a pipe string, said at least one portion of the pipe string being provided with a plurality of electromagnets which are arranged to move the well tool in said at least one portion by means of magnetic influence on said well tool.
  • selective propulsion is meant, in this connection, that the movement of the well tool, with respect to both the direction of propulsion and/or the direction of rotation and also the speed within the pipe string, is arranged to be controlled from a control room on a drilling rig, for example.
  • each single electromagnet is preferably integrated, partially or entirely, into a substantially complementary recess in a portion of the internal wall surface of the pipe string.
  • said plurality of electromagnets in the at least one portion of the pipe string are placed, in one embodiment, one behind the other in the longitudinal direction of the pipe string.
  • said plurality of electromagnets it is advantageous, but not necessary, for said plurality of electromagnets to be annular and extend around a portion of the internal wall surface of the pipe string.
  • each one of said plurality of electro- magnets that are placed one behind the other in the longitudinal direction of the pipe string is constituted by at least one chip-like electromagnet located in only a portion of the internal circumferential portion of the pipe string.
  • two or more chip-shaped electromagnets are approximately equally spaced around a portion of the internal wall surface of the pipe string.
  • the chip-shaped electromagnets which are arranged one behind the other in the longitudinal direction of the pipe string are placed on one or more lines extending substantially parallel to the centre axis of the pipe string.
  • the chip-shaped electromagnets which are arranged one behind the other in the longitudinal direction of the pipe string, are placed randomly or along lines which do not extend parallel to the centre axis of the pipe string, for example but not limited to lines extending helically round the longitudinal axis of the pipe string.
  • said plurality of electromagnets is placed in a portion of the well pipe and distributed substantially equally spaced round a portion of the well pipe.
  • the electromagnets are arranged to create a magnetic field which moves in terms of rotation in a plane substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the pipe string.
  • a well tool such as a pumping device, could thereby be influenced by the magnetic field to rotate around the centre axis of the well pipe.
  • the power supply to the electromagnets is controlled sequentially between the individual adjacent magnets by means of control devices known per se.
  • the polarity of the individual magnet is synchronized with the movement of the well tool and thereby with the magnetic influence on the well tool, either to provide propulsion along the longitudinal axis of the well pipe or pipe string, or to provide rotation of the well tool around the centre axis of the well pipe in the desired direction and at the desired speed.
  • the well tool is provided, in a preferred embodiment, with centring or guiding devices.
  • the guiding devices may be constituted by mechanical means known per se, such as, but not limited to, rolling devices or other guiding means substantially bearing on portions of the internal wall surface of the pipe string.
  • the guiding device or centring means of the well tool may be constituted by magnets, which are used in a manner known per se, for example as known from lateral guiding of so-called "MagLev" trains, to centre the well tool in a pipe string.
  • the well tool may also be provided with magnets cooperating with the electromagnets placed in the wall portion of the pipe string.
  • the magnets which are placed on or integrated into the well tool in such a case, are permanent magnets.
  • electromagnets placed on the well tool could provide a further enhanced magnetic effect compared with said permanent magnets, electromagnets placed on the well tool have the disadvantage of the well tool then requiring a power supply and thereby cables extending between the well tool and the surface of the well. Essential, advantageous features of the invention will thereby be lost.
  • the invention also relates to a method for the selective movement of a well tool in or through at least a portion of a pipe string, the method including the following steps:
  • the reference numeral 1 indicates a well pipe forming a portion of a pipe string 2 and being provided; in a portion, with a plurality of electromagnets 3 which are fixed in a recess 5 in the well pipe 1.
  • the electromagnets 3 will have a portion exposed to the well.
  • a protectant (not shown) may be applied to the outside of the electromagnets 3.
  • a protectant may be for example, but not limited to, a suitable type of pipe or a coating which is fit to resist the environment of the well.
  • the electromagnets 3 are supplied with power from the surface through a power cable 42, control system 22 and power cable 43. In an alternative embodiment (not shown) the electromagnets 3 are supplied with power from the surface through a cable integrated into a portion of the pipe string 2.
  • the electrical connection between the individual well pipes 1 is provided in the latter case by means of electrical connections which are integrated into the threaded portions of the individual pipes 1, which are used to form the pipe string 2.
  • FIG. 1 a well tool which is constituted by a check valve 20, known per se, inserted into a well pipe 1.
  • the well pipe 1 is provided with twenty-two electromagnets 3 equally spaced within the recess 5 in the internal wall surface of the well pipe 1.
  • the electromagnets 3 are fixed to the well tool 1 by means of a securing means 9, such as, but not limited to, composite material, ceramic material or metal.
  • the electromagnets 3 have an internal pipe diameter substantially corresponding to the diameter of the internal diameter of the well pipe 1 immediately above and below the portion with electromagnets 3.
  • the check valve 20 in Figure 1 is arranged to be driven up and down along the electromagnets 3 in the well pipe 1 by sequential application of current to the electromagnets 3 by means of a control system 22 known per se.
  • a control system 22 known per se.
  • the entire check valve 20 or parts thereof must be of a magnetizable material, so that the magnetic field generated by the electromagnets 3 may influence and thereby drive the check valve 20 in a desired direction upwards or downwards along the longitudinal axis of the well pipe 1.
  • the check valve 20 is provided with flexible bushings 24 arranged to be brought to bear on the electromagnets 3 and the securing means 9, at least when the check valve 20 is driven in the upward direction in the well pipe 1.
  • the bushings 24 could also effect centring of the check valve 20 in the well pipe 1.
  • check valve 20 could also work as a free-running piston arranged to pump fluid up the pipe string 2.
  • the pipe string 2 is constituted by the well pipe 1 and the well pipes 2' which are connected to the end portions of the well pipe 1. Thereby, fluid may be pumped in the pipe string 2 without the pumping device, here constituted by a simple check valve 20, having connected cables or physical driving devices of any kind.
  • the well pipe 1 is provided with portions of reduced internal diameter in relation to the diameter of the portion of the well pipe 1 in which the check valve 20 can be moved.
  • Such a precautionary measure is important should an uncontrolled loss of power supply to the electromagnets 3 occur.
  • the check valve 20 is arranged to be expanded to the desired diameter after having been run in to the desired position in the well, and that it is arranged to be retracted to the necessary reduced diameter by means of a pulling tool (not shown), known in itself, which is used in connection with the extraction of the check valve 20.
  • Figures 2 and 3 show a check valve 20 run into a well pipe 1.
  • the well pipe 1 is provided with a plurality of electromagnets 3 corresponding to the embodiment discussed in connection with Figure 1 above.
  • the check valve 20 is connected to a stay 28 which is connected in its turn to a pumping unit 30.
  • the pumping unit 30 is constituted by a single- or double-acting pump known per se.
  • the check valve 20, stay 28 and pumping unit 30 form a pumping device which is arranged to be driven by the check valve 20 being moved up and down along the electromagnets 3 in the well pipe 1 by sequential application of power to the electromagnets 3 by means of a control system 22.
  • Figures 2 and 3 show two different positions of the check valve 20 and stay 28 relative to the pumping unit 30.
  • the pumping unit 30 is provided with a latching device 32 which is arranged, in a manner known per se, for example by means of spring-loaded latching elements, to be brought into engagement with complementary recesses 34 in a portion of the pipe string 2.
  • the latching device 32 can be disengaged from the recesses 34 by means of a pulling tool (not shown), known per se .
  • a fluid flow which is provided by the pumping device is shown by the arrows F.
  • Figure 4 shows a plurality of well pipes 1 corresponding to the well pipe 1 which is mentioned in connection with Figures 1-3 above and which is provided with a plurality of electromagnets 3.
  • the well pipes 1 are screwed together and form a portion of a pipe string 2.
  • a well intervention tool 40 is arranged to be driven in the pipe string 2 by the electromagnets 3 causing, by means of control devices 22 (not shown), known per se, movement of the magnetic field in one direction or the other of the pipe string 2. As mentioned above, the speed of the tool 40 in the pipe string can also be controlled.
  • the electromagnets 3 are supplied with power from the surface through a cable (not shown) which is integrated into a portion of the pipe string 2.
  • the electrical connection between the individual well pipes 1 is provided by means of electrical connections integrated into the threaded portions of the individual pipes 1, which are used to form the pipe string 2.
  • power is provided to the electromagnets via a cable 42 (see Figure 7 , for example) extending on the outside of the pipe string 2.
  • the distance between the groups of electromagnets 3 in two interconnected well pipes 1 is preferably smaller than the extent of the tool 40 in the longitudinal direction of the pipe string 2.
  • portions having electromagnets 3, as shown in Figure 4 for example, could drive the tool 40 forwards without the use of, for example, so-called well tractors or some other known running tool.
  • the well tool 40 may be connected, in a manner known in itself, to a so-called wireline connecting the tool 40 with the surface.
  • Figures 5 and 6 show cross-sectional views, a side view and a sectional view, respectively, of a pump 20' provided with several permanent magnets 3' equally spaced in an outer mantle portion of the pump 20'.
  • the pump 20' is placed in a well pipe 1 which is provided with a plurality of electromagnets 3 in its internal wall surface.
  • a control device 22 is arranged, in a manner known per se, to control sequentially the supply of power to the individual electromagnet 3, whereby a rotating magnetic field could be provided, influencing said permanent magnets 3' in such a way that they rotate the pump 20' in the desired direction and at the desired speed around the centre axis of the pump 20'.
  • the pump 20' is provided with bushings 24 that could provide centring of the pump 20' in the pipe 1. Other types of centring devices as mentioned above could also be used.
  • Figure 7 is shown a section of a portion of a pipe 1, in which the end portion of an electrical cable 42 is embedded in a portion of the pipe 1 which is provided with electromagnets 3.
  • the individual electromagnet 3 is supplied with power from a control system 22 known per se and through cable 43 which are connected to said electrical cable 42.
  • a control system 22 known per se and through cable 43 which are connected to said electrical cable 42.
  • the terminal portion 44 of the cable 42 in the pipe 1 is secured against fluid penetration.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Earth Drilling (AREA)
  • Turning (AREA)
  • Pressure Welding/Diffusion-Bonding (AREA)
  • Automatic Tool Replacement In Machine Tools (AREA)
  • Media Introduction/Drainage Providing Device (AREA)
  • Read Only Memory (AREA)
  • Drilling And Boring (AREA)

Claims (10)

  1. Un dispositif destiné au déplacement sélectif d'un outil d'intervention sur puits (40) le long d'au moins une portion d'un train de tiges (2), le déplacement étant assuré au moyen d'un champ magnétique agissant sur l'outil d'intervention sur puits (40) et étant assuré au moyen d'une pluralité d'électroaimants (3) positionnés le long de la paroi interne du train de tiges (2),
    caractérisé en ce que les électroaimants (3) sont positionnés dans au moins deux tubes de puits successifs (1), l'outil d'intervention sur puits (40) étant arrangé pour être déplacé, sous l'influence unique des électroaimants (3), dans une direction souhaitée à l'intérieur desdits au moins deux tubes de puits successifs (1), et le dispositif incluant de plus un dispositif destiné à commander de façon séquentielle la polarité des aimants individuels (3), de sorte que le déplacement souhaité de l'outil d'intervention sur puits (40) le long desdits au moins deux tubes de puits successifs (1) soit réalisé.
  2. Le dispositif selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce qu'au moins un électroaimant de ladite pluralité d'électroaimants (3) est annulaire et est positionné dans une portion de la portion de paroi interne (5) du train de tiges (2).
  3. Le dispositif selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce chaque électroaimant de ladite pluralité d'électroaimants (3) est constitué d'électroaimants en forme de puce (3) disposés dans une portion de la portion de paroi interne (5) du train de tiges (2).
  4. Le dispositif selon la revendication 3, caractérisé en ce que les électroaimants en forme de puce (3) situés dans la portion de paroi interne (5) du train de tiges (2) sont alignés avec les électroaimants en forme de puce (3) précédents ou successifs, ladite ligne s'étendant de façon substantiellement parallèle à l'axe central de ces au moins deux tubes de puits successifs (1).
  5. Le dispositif selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que l'outil d'intervention sur puits (40) est muni d'appareils de centrage (24) formés d'aimants qui sont arrangés substantiellement pour centrer l'outil d'intervention sur puits (40) à l'intérieur du train de tiges (2).
  6. Le dispositif selon une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisé en ce que des câbles (42) destinés à l'alimentation électrique des électroaimants (3) sont placés sur l'extérieur du train de tiges (2).
  7. Le dispositif selon une quelconque des revendications 1 à 5, caractérisé en ce que des câbles destinés à l'alimentation électrique des électroaimants (3) sont intégrés dans le tube de puits individuel (1), l'électricité étant transmise entre les tubes de puits individuels (1) par des raccordements électriques placés dans les points de raccordement des tubes de puits (1).
  8. Un procédé de déplacement sélectif d'un outil d'intervention sur puits (40) le long d'au moins une portion d'un train de tiges (2), le déplacement étant assuré au moyen d'un champ magnétique agissant sur l'outil d'intervention sur puits (40) et étant assuré au moyen d'une pluralité d'électroaimants (3) positionnés le long de la paroi interne du train de tiges (2),
    caractérisé en ce que le procédé inclut les étapes consistant à :
    - munir au moins deux tubes de puits successifs (1) du train de tiges (2) d'une pluralité d'électroaimants (3) ;
    - faire descendre l'outil d'intervention sur puits (40) dans le train de tiges (2) jusqu'à ce que l'outil d'intervention sur puits (40) puisse être influencé par les électroaimants et puisse se déplacer plus avant le long desdits au moins deux tubes de puits successifs (1) ; et
    - commander la polarité des aimants individuels (3) de façon séquentielle, de sorte que le déplacement souhaité de l'outil d'intervention sur puits (40) le long desdits au moins deux tubes de puits successifs (1) soit réalisé.
  9. Le procédé selon la revendication 8, caractérisé en ce que des câbles (42) destinés à l'alimentation électrique des électroaimants (3) sont placés sur l'extérieur du train de tiges (2).
  10. Le procédé selon la revendication 8, caractérisé en ce que des câbles destinés à l'alimentation électrique des électroaimants (3) sont intégrés dans le tube de puits individuel (1), l'électricité étant transmise entre les tubes de puits individuels (1) par des raccordements électriques placés dans les points d'interconnexion des tubes de puits (1).
EP06747645A 2005-05-27 2006-05-18 Dispositif destiné au mouvement sélectif d'outils de puits et procédé d'utilisation de celui-ci Active EP1885994B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NO20052539A NO323081B1 (no) 2005-05-27 2005-05-27 Anordning og fremgangsmate for selektiv framdrift av et bronnintervensjonsverktoy i en rorstreng
PCT/NO2006/000183 WO2006126886A1 (fr) 2005-05-27 2006-05-18 Dispositif destine au mouvement selectif d'outils de puits et procede d'utilisation de celui-ci

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1885994A1 EP1885994A1 (fr) 2008-02-13
EP1885994A4 EP1885994A4 (fr) 2010-07-28
EP1885994B1 true EP1885994B1 (fr) 2011-11-09

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EP06747645A Active EP1885994B1 (fr) 2005-05-27 2006-05-18 Dispositif destiné au mouvement sélectif d'outils de puits et procédé d'utilisation de celui-ci

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Country Link
US (1) US7857065B2 (fr)
EP (1) EP1885994B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE532941T1 (fr)
AU (1) AU2006250156B2 (fr)
BR (1) BRPI0609696A2 (fr)
CA (1) CA2604355A1 (fr)
EA (1) EA011598B1 (fr)
NO (1) NO323081B1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2006126886A1 (fr)

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US10385657B2 (en) 2016-08-30 2019-08-20 General Electric Company Electromagnetic well bore robot conveyance system
US10253606B1 (en) * 2018-07-27 2019-04-09 Upwing Energy, LLC Artificial lift
US10989027B2 (en) 2018-07-27 2021-04-27 Upwing Energy, LLC Artificial lift
US10914149B2 (en) 2018-08-29 2021-02-09 Upwing Energy, LLC Artificial lift

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US6288470B1 (en) * 1999-02-11 2001-09-11 Camco International, Inc. Modular motor construction
US6700252B2 (en) * 2000-12-21 2004-03-02 Schlumberger Technology Corp. Field configurable modular motor
WO2003001029A1 (fr) * 2001-06-26 2003-01-03 Weatherford/Lamb, Inc. Pompe electrique destinee a etre utilisee dans la completion d'un puits
US7378769B2 (en) * 2002-09-18 2008-05-27 Philip Head Electric motors for powering downhole tools

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
NO323081B1 (no) 2006-12-27
EP1885994A1 (fr) 2008-02-13
BRPI0609696A2 (pt) 2011-10-18
US7857065B2 (en) 2010-12-28
ATE532941T1 (de) 2011-11-15
EA011598B1 (ru) 2009-04-28
EA200702578A1 (ru) 2008-06-30
AU2006250156B2 (en) 2009-04-23
WO2006126886A1 (fr) 2006-11-30
NO20052539D0 (no) 2005-05-27
AU2006250156A1 (en) 2006-11-30
EP1885994A4 (fr) 2010-07-28
US20080202768A1 (en) 2008-08-28
CA2604355A1 (fr) 2006-11-30

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