EP1883932A1 - Injecteur local d'electrons polarises de spin a pointe en semi-conducteur sous excitation lumineuse - Google Patents
Injecteur local d'electrons polarises de spin a pointe en semi-conducteur sous excitation lumineuseInfo
- Publication number
- EP1883932A1 EP1883932A1 EP06763243A EP06763243A EP1883932A1 EP 1883932 A1 EP1883932 A1 EP 1883932A1 EP 06763243 A EP06763243 A EP 06763243A EP 06763243 A EP06763243 A EP 06763243A EP 1883932 A1 EP1883932 A1 EP 1883932A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- tip
- spin
- cantilever
- light
- gaas
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
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- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 11
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- HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon nitride Chemical compound N12[Si]34N5[Si]62N3[Si]51N64 HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 3
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- OAKJQQAXSVQMHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrazine Chemical compound NN OAKJQQAXSVQMHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 241000258963 Diplopoda Species 0.000 description 1
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000756 V alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ZGSDJMADBJCNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N [S-][NH3+] Chemical compound [S-][NH3+] ZGSDJMADBJCNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 description 1
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- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005381 magnetic domain Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 229920000435 poly(dimethylsiloxane) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- -1 polydimethylsiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- GRVFOGOEDUUMBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium sulfide (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[S-2] GRVFOGOEDUUMBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004569 spin polarized scanning tunneling microscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000992 sputter etching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000927 vapour-phase epitaxy Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01Q—SCANNING-PROBE TECHNIQUES OR APPARATUS; APPLICATIONS OF SCANNING-PROBE TECHNIQUES, e.g. SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPY [SPM]
- G01Q60/00—Particular types of SPM [Scanning Probe Microscopy] or microscopes; Essential components thereof
- G01Q60/02—Multiple-type SPM, i.e. involving more than one SPM techniques
- G01Q60/04—STM [Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy] combined with AFM [Atomic Force Microscopy]
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y35/00—Methods or apparatus for measurement or analysis of nanostructures
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01Q—SCANNING-PROBE TECHNIQUES OR APPARATUS; APPLICATIONS OF SCANNING-PROBE TECHNIQUES, e.g. SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPY [SPM]
- G01Q60/00—Particular types of SPM [Scanning Probe Microscopy] or microscopes; Essential components thereof
- G01Q60/02—Multiple-type SPM, i.e. involving more than one SPM techniques
- G01Q60/08—MFM [Magnetic Force Microscopy] combined with AFM [Atomic Force Microscopy
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01Q—SCANNING-PROBE TECHNIQUES OR APPARATUS; APPLICATIONS OF SCANNING-PROBE TECHNIQUES, e.g. SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPY [SPM]
- G01Q70/00—General aspects of SPM probes, their manufacture or their related instrumentation, insofar as they are not specially adapted to a single SPM technique covered by group G01Q60/00
- G01Q70/08—Probe characteristics
- G01Q70/14—Particular materials
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01Q—SCANNING-PROBE TECHNIQUES OR APPARATUS; APPLICATIONS OF SCANNING-PROBE TECHNIQUES, e.g. SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPY [SPM]
- G01Q80/00—Applications, other than SPM, of scanning-probe techniques
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a local injector of spin polarized electrons using a semiconductor tip under light excitation.
- Different methods based on local probe microscopy techniques, have been developed to probe surface magnetism and nanoscale thin films. [See M. Bode's review Spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopy, Rep. Prog. Phys. 66, (2003), 523].
- Near-field magneto-optical microscopy uses an optical probe. The results obtained so far show a resolution of several hundred nanometers.
- Magnetic Force Microscopy is used to probe leakage fields near the surface of a system with a magnetic order. This technique, based on the measurement of the force induced by the leakage field on a magnetic tip, gives access (under certain conditions) to the domain structure. It is currently the reference technique for domain imaging in magnetic thin films with an optimal resolution of a few tens of nanometers.
- the electrons are spin polarized if the light is circularly polarized (helicity ⁇ + or ⁇ " ) and if the light energy, with energy greater than the band gap Eg is also smaller than the sum Eg + ⁇ where ⁇ is the spin-orbit interaction energy
- the available energy window ranges from 1.42 eV to about 1.70 eV at room temperature. mode of operation has a double advantage: on the one hand the average spin of the injected electrons is controlled by the helicity of the light and changes sign when this helicity goes from ⁇ + to ⁇ " .
- IBM has developed the "Millipede", which consists of a matrix of cantilevers that allow both writing and reading. Following the promising results obtained, several variants of storage systems using local probe techniques have been proposed, (storage by heating, ferroelectric storage, etc.) but no local probe storage system seems to be necessary for the moment. .
- the present invention relates to a local injector device spin polarized electrons semiconductor tip under light excitation that allows to easily change the spin polarization of the injected electrons and optimize the injection conditions without inducing parasitic absorption of the excitation light, which is easy to implement, with a spatial resolution comparable to or better than about one nanometer, this device giving access jointly and in a simple way to the topographic and magnetic information of the tested materials, without parasitic effects, and avoiding the disadvantages mentioned above magnetic tips.
- the local electron injector device is an injector comprising a semiconductor tip fixed on a lever or cantilever and under light excitation, and it is characterized in that the light excitation is a polarization light beam. circular illuminating the face of the cantilever opposite to that on which the tip is formed and that the cantilever is a transparent material at the wavelength of the light beam.
- the tip is subjected to a surface treatment in order to remove and avoid the re-formation of a surface layer of oxide and to improve the proportion of electrons injected.
- FIG. 1 is a simplified diagram of a tip device disposed at the end of a cantilever according to the invention
- FIG. 2 is a partial and enlarged view of the device of FIG. 1, used to explain the process of creation and transport of spin-polarized electrons, in accordance with the invention
- FIGS. 3 and 4 are simplified diagrams showing two steps for producing a local electron injector device in accordance with FIG. the invention, FIG. 3 being seen in the "rear” face (face opposite to that on which the tip is formed), whereas FIG. 4 is seen in the "front" face, and
- FIG. 5 is a simplified diagram of an experimental setup for testing a local electron injector device according to the invention.
- a cantilever (a lever) 1 at the end of which is formed a tip 2.
- This cantilever is of the type used in atomic force microscopy (AFM). This geometry allows the excitation of the tip by the light source. It also makes it possible to stabilize the tip / surface distance by detecting, in a manner known per se, the laser light reflected by the cantilever using a quadrant diode, and by measuring the deflection thereof.
- AFM atomic force microscopy
- the excitation light 3 illuminates the face of the cantilever 1 opposite that on which is formed the tip 2, substantially opposite the tip.
- This light is a circularly polarized monochromatic light having, for example, a wavelength of between about 1.42 eV and 1.70 eV.
- the cantilever is advantageously made of transparent material at the wavelength of the exciting light and which does not change its polarization.
- a GaAs cantilever of lesser thickness or comparable to the absorption depth of the light (of the order of one micron)
- One possible material is a Ga 1-x Al x As semiconductor alloy, provided that a sufficiently large concentration of aluminum x is chosen, greater than about 0.25-0.3. This choice simplifies the epitaxial growth of the tip.
- T 1 * [Y 1 + T 1 "1 ] " 1 .
- the time T 1 * is the life time of the spin, given the recombination with a lifetime ⁇ and the spin relaxation with a time T 1 .
- the left side of the condition above indicates that the electrons are well created in the back area of the tip, which does not disturb the light field by the tip, and the surface of the sample. The right part indicates that the electrons diffuse to the end of the tip and that their spin is preserved.
- the spin diffusion length is of the order of 5 ⁇ m, the above condition is verified if the tip has a length of 2 to 3 ⁇ m
- the non-contact injection of photo-electrons towards a metal or semiconducting surface can be done according to several mechanisms whose relative importance depends on the applied voltage: i) conventional tunnel mechanism ii) high voltage photoemission above the tunnel barrier, iii) Fowler Nordheim mechanism (RH Fowler and L. Nordheim, Proc.Roy.Soc.London, 119, 173, (1928)). last mechanism, we increase the photocurrent injected by playing on the f ocalization of the electric field lines, that is to say choosing a sharper point
- the realization of the cantilever-tip assembly is performed by combining mainly epitaxial steps (particularly selective) and deep etching.
- the epitaxy of the tip is carried out on a substrate having on the surface an ad hoc epitaxial structure (making it possible to control the mechanical and opto-electronic properties of the cantilever, as specified above with regard to the materials that can be used for the cantilever) and covered with a mask in which holes (typically of micrometric dimensions) are open.
- holes typically of micrometric dimensions
- the most suitable technique for this kind of growth is hydride or chloride vapor phase epitaxy (ITVPE) and it is possible for example to make GaAs tips having a height and a width of a few microns on this technique.
- an AlGaAs / GaAs substrate masked by silicon nitride or silica.
- ITVPE chloride vapor phase epitaxy
- anisotropic etching V. Cambel, D. Gregusova, and R. Kudela, J. Appl. Phys. 94, 4643, (2003)].
- the realization of the cantilever requires on the one hand to eliminate all around it the substrate material, so to be able to engrave trenches in the substrate several hundred microns deep.
- the initial thickness of the substrate may be limited (for example to 200 ⁇ m, which in the case of GaAs may be a good compromise between the mechanical strength of the cantilever block and the necessary etching time).
- the use of an anisotropic etching technique with high etch rates is preferable.
- the ICP (Inductively Coupled Plasma) technique is generally preferable to other usable techniques such as RIE (Reactive Ion Etching) ion etching techniques or chemical etching techniques.
- RIE Reactive Ion Etching
- 3 and 4 is as follows: (These steps may define a number of identical sets, arranged on a massive slice of GaAs): 1) realization of a GaAs / GaAIAs / GalnP epitaxial structure on a GaAs substrate of thickness 200 ⁇ m, on what will be called the front face.
- the thickness of the GaAlAs layer will be chosen between about 0.5 microns and a few microns, depending on the stiffness of the cantilever that is desired. A tunnel injection experiment requires the steepest cantilever possible, while an AFM contact-type experiment requires a weak, and therefore thinner, cantilever.
- the thickness of the GaInP layer will be the thickness commonly chosen in stop layer etching processes.
- FIG. 5 shows a test assembly of the injection device thus produced.
- This assembly where the assembly 6 tip and cantilever is installed on a support 7, facing a sample 8, must allow to focus the light on a surface of the sample of a few microns in diameter, at a point that does not move during the scanning of the surface of this sample.
- This condition can be achieved using two piezoelectric ceramic actuators. (See Figure 5)
- the first ceramic 9 supports the cantilever and provides a movement parallel to the light axis (Oz) of the coherent light beam 10 illuminating the rear face of the cantilever.
- the second ceramic 11, on which is fixed the sample 8 allows a displacement in the two perpendicular directions, Ox and Oy (in a plane perpendicular to the plane of the drawing), which allows to sweep the sample.
- This assembly is compatible with use in ultra-vacuum, under air or under neutral gas, or electrochemical environment.
- a hydrophobic liquid such as a polymer (polydimethylsiloxane for example) or a perfluorinated oil.
- the electron injection tip is treated.
- the treatment of the tip has a dual purpose. It is first necessary to remove the oxide layer that can prevent the appearance of a tunnel current. In addition, it is important to reduce the recombination at the surface which decreases the current of the electrons injected into the tip after photocréation at the rear thereof.
- the tip can be treated with a solution of sulphide (sodium sulphide or ammonium sulphide for example).
- sulphide sodium sulphide or ammonium sulphide for example.
- hydrochloric acid in propanol, followed by introduction under vacuum in the absence of oxygen.
- a simple chemical technique may allow use in a gaseous or liquid medium, which greatly simplifies the measurements [VL Berkovits, TV L'vova, VP UHn, "Procedure to obtain nitride films on surfaces of III-V semiconductors "patent of the Russian Federation 2168237 (2001)].
- This method which consists of immersing the tip in a solution based on hydrazine (N 2 H 4 ), allows after a possible moderate annealing under vacuum to cover the tip of a very thin layer of nitrogen, with a thickness of the order of the monolayer. It has been shown that this technique decreases the surface recombination rate, and protects the surface for at least several months against oxidation.
- the device of the invention makes it possible to perform imaging of the magnetic domains and the topography of the surface of thin layers by minimizing the injector / sample magnetic interaction, and this, in an ultra-high vacuum, liquid or gaseous environment. It can also be used for the study of spintronics in different materials by spin injection, or for the study of quantum structures and high density storage of information.
- HI-V alloys for the lever makes it possible to adjust the thickness and therefore the stiffness of this lever without introducing light absorption.
- a softer lever is generally better suited to AFM conditions while a steeper lever allows for better control of tip-to-substrate distance, since this distance is less dependent on the forces in between.
- the tip is then usually GaAs.
Landscapes
- Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Radiology & Medical Imaging (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Nanotechnology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Measurement Of Length, Angles, Or The Like Using Electric Or Magnetic Means (AREA)
- Testing Or Measuring Of Semiconductors Or The Like (AREA)
- Analysing Materials By The Use Of Radiation (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR0505394A FR2886407B1 (fr) | 2005-05-27 | 2005-05-27 | Injecteur local d'electrons polarises de spin a pointe en semi-conducteur sous excitation lumineuse |
| PCT/EP2006/062550 WO2006125788A1 (fr) | 2005-05-27 | 2006-05-23 | Injecteur local d'electrons polarises de spin a pointe en semi-conducteur sous excitation lumineuse |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP1883932A1 true EP1883932A1 (fr) | 2008-02-06 |
Family
ID=35447432
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP06763243A Withdrawn EP1883932A1 (fr) | 2005-05-27 | 2006-05-23 | Injecteur local d'electrons polarises de spin a pointe en semi-conducteur sous excitation lumineuse |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US7841016B2 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP1883932A1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2886407B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2006125788A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP2104111A1 (fr) * | 2008-03-20 | 2009-09-23 | Nanoworld AG | Sonde pour SPM avec un porte-à-faux raccourci |
Family Cites Families (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0355241A1 (fr) * | 1988-08-18 | 1990-02-28 | International Business Machines Corporation | Microscope à effet tunnel à polarisation de spin |
| FR2682128B1 (fr) | 1991-10-08 | 1993-12-03 | Thomson Csf | Procede de croissance de couches heteroepitaxiales. |
| FR2689680B1 (fr) | 1992-04-02 | 2001-08-10 | Thomson Csf | Procédé de réalisation de couches minces hétéroépitaxiales et de dispositifs électroniques. |
| US5793743A (en) * | 1993-11-03 | 1998-08-11 | International Business Machines Corporation | Reading a magnetic storage medium with a probe that detects tunneling current induced in a magnetic layer by a non-ionizing light beam |
| RU2168237C2 (ru) | 1999-05-11 | 2001-05-27 | Берковиц Владимир Леонидович | Способ получения нитридной пленки на поверхности полупроводниковых соединений а3в5 |
| US8553517B2 (en) * | 2002-10-14 | 2013-10-08 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | Magnetic medium using spin-polarized electrons and apparatus and method of recording data on the magnetic medium |
| WO2005006346A2 (fr) * | 2003-07-08 | 2005-01-20 | Qunano Ab | Structures de sonde comprenant de la nanotrichite, leurs procedes de production et procedes de fabrication de nanotrichites |
-
2005
- 2005-05-27 FR FR0505394A patent/FR2886407B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2006
- 2006-05-23 US US11/915,611 patent/US7841016B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2006-05-23 EP EP06763243A patent/EP1883932A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2006-05-23 WO PCT/EP2006/062550 patent/WO2006125788A1/fr not_active Ceased
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| See references of WO2006125788A1 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20080210864A1 (en) | 2008-09-04 |
| WO2006125788A1 (fr) | 2006-11-30 |
| FR2886407B1 (fr) | 2007-09-28 |
| FR2886407A1 (fr) | 2006-12-01 |
| US7841016B2 (en) | 2010-11-23 |
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