EP1827283B1 - Emballage sterilisable avec un fort barrage a l'oxygene - Google Patents

Emballage sterilisable avec un fort barrage a l'oxygene Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1827283B1
EP1827283B1 EP05848595A EP05848595A EP1827283B1 EP 1827283 B1 EP1827283 B1 EP 1827283B1 EP 05848595 A EP05848595 A EP 05848595A EP 05848595 A EP05848595 A EP 05848595A EP 1827283 B1 EP1827283 B1 EP 1827283B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
layer
package
seal
section
layers
Prior art date
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Active
Application number
EP05848595A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP1827283A1 (fr
Inventor
Paul Gaskell
Conor Brendan Ward
Gerry A. King
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Bemis Healthcare Packaging Inc
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Perfecseal Inc
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Publication date
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Publication of EP1827283A1 publication Critical patent/EP1827283A1/fr
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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L2/00—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor
    • A61L2/26—Accessories or devices or components used for biocidal treatment
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B50/00—Containers, covers, furniture or holders specially adapted for surgical or diagnostic appliances or instruments, e.g. sterile covers
    • A61B50/30—Containers specially adapted for packaging, protecting, dispensing, collecting or disposing of surgical or diagnostic appliances or instruments
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B50/00—Containers, covers, furniture or holders specially adapted for surgical or diagnostic appliances or instruments, e.g. sterile covers
    • A61B50/30—Containers specially adapted for packaging, protecting, dispensing, collecting or disposing of surgical or diagnostic appliances or instruments
    • A61B2050/314—Flexible bags or pouches
    • A61B2050/316—Flexible bags or pouches double- or multiple-walled
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L2/00—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor
    • A61L2/16—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor using chemical substances
    • A61L2/20—Gaseous substances, e.g. vapours
    • A61L2/206—Ethylene oxide
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L2202/00—Aspects relating to methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects
    • A61L2202/10—Apparatus features
    • A61L2202/18—Aseptic storing means
    • A61L2202/181—Flexible packaging means, e.g. permeable membranes, paper
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L2202/00—Aspects relating to methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects
    • A61L2202/20—Targets to be treated
    • A61L2202/24—Medical instruments, e.g. endoscopes, catheters, sharps

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to packaging and, more particularly, to packaging that allows sterilization of its contents with a subsequent high barrier to the ingress of oxygen and water vapor.
  • the package may be formed from a breathable material that allows sterilizing gas to pass through the breathable material.
  • breathable materials include spun-bonded olefin products such as those sold by E.I. Du Pont de Nemours and Company (Wilmington, Delaware) under the trademark TYVEK®. After sterilization and for the remainder of the life of the package, the breathable material provides a tortuous path for microbes, bacteria and other contaminants, allowing the package and its contents to remain sterile for a prolonged time period.
  • the breathable material does not act as a barrier to the ingress of gases, including, but not limited to, oxygen, or water vapor.
  • the packaging may be formed from a foil or other high-barrier material; however, high-barrier material does not allow sterilizing gas to pass through the material into the package.
  • some packages require some type of scavenger to remove gases, moisture, etc. This scavenger cannot be exposed to sterilizing gas and must be added to the package after sterilization. As it is added after sterilization, the scavenger is not sterile and, therefore, must not have direct contact with the sterile contents.
  • US 3,754,700 discloses a surgical pouch having a back wall of sheet polyethylene and a front wall of sheet polyethylene with a header piece of sterilizable, surgical kraft paper or other gas permeable, sheet material having bacteria holdout properties.
  • US Patent 5,947,288 (Dykstra, et.al) and US Patent 6,059,112 (Dykstra, et.al.) disclose a sterilizable pouch package with three layers wherein the inner layer has a perforation line and is of the like length to, but narrower width than, the outer layers; the side edges of the inner layer are preferably unsealed in order to facilitate sterile presentation of the sterilized contents of the package.
  • US Patent 5,241,149 discloses a three-layer package in bag-form wherein an inner air-permeable film is sealed to the side edges of the package along with outer air-impermeable layers.
  • US Patent Application 2005/0069452 (Varma, et. al.) , PCT Application WO 2004/066876 (Clarke, et. al.) and Short-Term Irish Patent S83657 (Clark, et. al.) disclose a package for a drug-eluting stent.
  • This package has two compartments separated by a breathable membrane internal wall wherein the side edges of the breathable membrane internal wall are included in the outer walls of the package.
  • PCT Application 2004/071308 discloses a three-layer pouch wherein the three layers are assembled and sealed together simultaneously by sandwiching an internal gas permeable microbe impermeable partition between two outer layers of material.
  • Prior art sterilizable packaging typically comprised a pouch with one foil layer and one TYVEK® layer, a thermoform tray insert in a foil pouch, or a thermoform tray with a TYVEK® lid in foil pouch.
  • Such conventional packaging does not provide for regulation of ambient conditions such as circulation of air, exposure to oxygen or absorption of gases, moisture, etc. Without such regulation, the efficacy of the packaging and its contents may be compromised.
  • the present invention provides a package with at least three layers.
  • One layer with at least one section of breathable polymeric material and at least one section of substantially non-breathable polymeric material is positioned between two layers of substantially non-breathable polymeric material.
  • the two layers of non-breathable material are fixed together to define a non-breathable pouch.
  • the layer with the breathable and non-breathable sections is fixed to the layers of non-breathable material and divides the non-breathable pouch into two compartments.
  • the outer seal fixing together the two layers of non-breathable material does not include a section of breathable material from the layer with the breathable and non-breathable sections.
  • the layer with the breathable and non-breathable sections must have at least one section of non-breathable material and at least one section of breathable material and optionally may include two or more sections of breathable material.
  • the section of non-breathable material may be positioned between and connect the two sections of breathable material.
  • the breathable section or sections need not necessarily extend across the whole width of this layer and may alternatively form, for example, one or more patches or windows in this layer.
  • the three layers comprising the package may have different lengths, and the layer with the breathable and non-breathable sections may have a width less than the layers of non-breathable material.
  • the two compartments formed by the three layers may be individually sealed via hermetic closing seals, and the closing seal of the second compartment includes only sections of the non-breathable material from the layer with the breathable and non-breathable sections. Such a seal minimizes the oxygen transmission rate for the package.
  • the package described herein may also be used in a method of packaging an item.
  • This method of packaging an item may include providing a package as that described herein, placing an item in the first compartment of that package, sealing the first compartment, introducing a sterilizing gas into the first compartment, removing the sterilizing gas from the package, placing another item in the second compartment, and sealing the second compartment to provide a hermetically sealed package
  • the present invention relates to a package for sterilizable devices, such as medical devices, particularly drug-eluting stents.
  • This package includes two compartments: a compartment for receiving and sterilizing one or more devices and a compartment for receiving a second item, such as a gas scavenger and/or a desiccant.
  • This package may be a flexible package but is not limited to a flexible package.
  • the attached figures disclose some, but not all, embodiments of this package and are further discussed herein.
  • a key feature of the present invention is the provision of hermetic seals having a high barrier to the transfer of oxygen across the seal edges in combination with the sterilizable compartmental structure as claimed.
  • Figure 1 is a plan view of a first component 10 of the inventive package described herein.
  • the dimensions in all drawings are for illustration purposes only and are not necessarily to scale.
  • the component 10 comprises a first layer 12 and a second layer 14 fixed together by an outer peripheral seal 18 to form a non-breathable pouch 16.
  • the first layer 12 and the second layer 14 comprise non-breathable polymeric material.
  • the first layer 12 and the second layer 14 may be formed from two individual sheets or formed from one continuous sheet folded to form the first layer 12 and the second layer 14.
  • the outer seal 18 is continuous around the periphery of the package and comprises a first continuous portion 24 having a first end 24a and a second end 24b, an opposing second continuous portion 28 having a first end 28a and a second end 28b and a top continuous portion 26.
  • the top continuous portion 26 is connected to the first portion 24 at the second end 24b of the first portion 24 and is connected to the second portion 28 at the second end 28b of the second portion.
  • the outer seal 18 comprises the first portion 24 and the second portion 28, and a folded edge 13 (see Figure 6F ) replaces the top portion 26.
  • the pouch 16 has an opening 90 formed by the first layer bottom edge 12d, the second layer bottom edge 14d and the first ends 24a, 28a of the first portion 24 and the second portion 28, respectively, of the outer seal 18.
  • the first layer 12 and the second layer 14 are generally rectangular, and the second layer 14 has a length greater than the first layer 12 so that a portion 22 of the second layer 14 projects beyond the first layer bottom edge 12d.
  • the first layer 12 and the second layer 14 are not limited to rectangular shape and may be of different shapes, including, but not limited to, square, circle or oval.
  • the second layer 14 is not limited to having a length greater than the first layer 12.
  • the first layer 12 and the second layer 14 may be of the same length, or the first layer 12 may have a length greater than the second layer 14.
  • the term "length" is defined as the axis including the openings or mouths of the package.
  • the length of the pouch 16 may be from about 18.5 cm to about 56.5 cm, and the width of the pouch 16 may be from about 13.5 cm to about 41.5 cm.
  • the length and the width are not limited to these dimensions. Greater and lesser dimensions are contemplated, and suitable minimum dimensions are a function of the item to be packaged.
  • Figure 6E is a side view of a first embodiment of the pouch 16 in Figure 1 , from the direction indicated by arrow A in Figure 1 .
  • the first layer 12 and the second layer 14 are formed from two individual sheets.
  • Figure 6F is a side view of a second embodiment of the pouch 16 in Figure 1 , again from the direction indicated by arrow A in Figure 1 .
  • the first layer 12 and the second layer 14 are formed from one continuous sheet folded to form the first layer 12 and the second layer 14 joined in a folded edge 13.
  • the first layer 12 and the second layer 14 may each have a total thickness from about 50 to about 150 microns.
  • the thicknesses are not limited to these dimensions. Greater and lesser dimensions are contemplated.
  • the third layer 30 comprises a first section 36 and a second section 34.
  • the sections are arranged side-by-side in a co-planar manner.
  • the first section 36 overlaps the second section 34 at OL1.
  • the first section 36 and the second section 34 are fixed together at OL1 by a first overlap seal 40.
  • Other means of fixing together the first section 36 and the second section 34 include, but are not limited to, butt seals and sealing tape.
  • the first section 36 comprises breathable polymeric material
  • the second section 34 comprises non-breathable polymeric material
  • FIG 2B is a side view of this first embodiment of the third layer 30, from the direction indicated by arrow B in Figure 2A .
  • This third layer 30 may have a total thickness from about 75 microns to about 225 microns. However, the thickness is not limited to these dimensions. Greater and lesser dimensions are contemplated.
  • Figure 3A is a plan view of a second embodiment of the third layer.
  • This second embodiment of the third layer 330 is similar to the first embodiment depicted in Figure 2A and Figure 2B but further comprises a third section 332.
  • the first section 336, the second section 334 and the third section 332 are arranged side-by-side in a co-planar manner with the second section 334 positioned between and connecting the first section 336 and the third section 332.
  • the second section 334 overlaps both the first section 336 and the third section 332 along opposite sides, at OL3 and OL2, respectively.
  • the first section 336 and the second section 334 are fixed together at OL3 by the first overlap seal 340, and the second section 334 and the third section 332 are fixed together at OL2 by a second overlap seal 338.
  • the first section 336 comprises breathable polymeric material
  • the second section 334 comprises non-breathable polymeric material
  • the third section 332 comprises breathable polymeric material.
  • Figure 3B is a side view of this second embodiment of the third layer 330, from the direction indicated by arrow C in Figure 3A .
  • This third layer 330 may have a total thickness from about 75 microns to about 225 microns. However, the thickness is not limited to these dimensions. Greater and lesser dimensions are contemplated.
  • Gurley Hill porosity values may be used to select the materials.
  • Gurley Hill porosity refers to the air resistance of an approximately 6.45 cm 2 (1 in 2 ) circular area of test sample using a pressure differential of 1.22 kPa and is measured in accordance with International Standard ISO 5636-5, "Paper and board - Determination of air permeance and air resistance (medium range) - Part 5: Gurley method.” Gurley Hill porosity values are reported in the amount of time (seconds) required for 100 cm 3 of air to pass through the test sample. In general, Gurley Hill porosity values indicate the gas barrier strength of a sample; lower values indicate the sample is more porous.
  • Samples with Gurley Hill porosity values greater than 100 seconds are generally considered substantially non-breathable. Accordingly, for the package described herein, the first layers 12, 512, the second layers 14, 514, the second section 34 of the third layer 30 and the second section 334 of the third layer 330 may each have a Gurley Hill porosity value greater than 100 seconds.
  • the first section 36 of the third layer 30, the first section 336 of the third layer 330 and the third section 332 of the third layer 330 may each have a Gurley Hill porosity value less than 100 seconds, preferably less than 80 seconds and more preferably less than 50 seconds.
  • Specific materials that may be used for the first layers 12, 512, the second layer 14, 514, the second section 34 of the third layer 30 and the second section 334 of the third layer 330 include heat sealable polymers such as polyolefins, polyethylene terephthalates, nylons, ethylene homopolymers or copolymers, or mixtures thereof in any number of lamina, particularly, but not limited to, one lamina to nine laminae.
  • the ethylene homopolymers or copolymers may include high density polyethylene homopolymers, high density polyethylene copolymers of ethylene and alpha olefins (such as 1-butene or 1-hexene), ultra high molecular weight polyethylene, low density polyethylene homopolymers, low density polyethylene copolymers of ethylene and polar groups (such as vinyl acetate or ethyl acrylate), linear low density polyethylene copolymers of ethylene and alpha olefins (such as 1-butene, 1-hexene or 1-octene), and ultra low density polyethylene copolymers of ethylene and alpha olefins (such as 1-butene, 1-hexene or 1-octene).
  • high density polyethylene homopolymers high density polyethylene copolymers of ethylene and alpha olefins (such as 1-butene or 1-hexene), ultra high molecular weight polyethylene, low density polyethylene homopolymers, low density
  • the materials for the first layers 12, 512, the second layers 14, 514, the second section 34 of the third layer 30 and the second section 334 of the third layer 330 may also include a metal foil and may be a metal foil laminate with metal foil and a polymeric layer such as nylon. It may also be a metal foil laminate with an outer lamina of polyethylene terephthalate, a core lamina of metal foil and an inner lamina of polyethylene. In this arrangement, the polyethylene terephthalate layer serves as a protective layer to the foil, and the polyethylene layer facilitates sealing.
  • Specific materials that may be used for the first section 36 of the third layer 30, the first section 336 of the third layer 330 and the third section 332 of the third layer 330 include spun-bonded olefins (such as TYVEK®) and papers. Papers may include any thin, flexible materials made from a pulp from wood or other natural or synthetic fibrous materials and may be uncoated or coated with substances including, but not limited to, heat-activated adhesives.
  • FIG. 4 a plan view with two partial cut-away sections is depicted of a package 99 comprising the component 10 of Figure 1 and the third layer 30 of Figure 2 .
  • Figure 6A depicts a cross-section side view of Figure 4 , taken from the line indicated by 6A-6A in Figure 4 .
  • the third layer 30 is positioned between the first layer 12 and the second layer 14 so that the first section 36 is located in the pouch 16 and the second section 34 has a first portion 34a located in the pouch 16 and a second portion 34b projecting beyond the first layer bottom edge 12d.
  • the second portion 34b of the second section 34 would be proximate the portion 22 of the second layer 14 projecting beyond the first layer bottom edge 12d if the second layer 14 has a length greater than the first layer 12.
  • the third layer 30 is fixed to the first layer 12 by a continuous inner peripheral seal 50 which terminates at the second layer bottom edge 14d.
  • This inner seal 50 has a first continuous portion 52 having a first end 52a and a second end 52b, an opposing second continuous portion 56 having a first end 56a and a second end 56b and a top continuous portion 54.
  • the third layer 30 is fixed to the second layer 14 by the first portion 52 and the second portion 56 of the inner seal 50.
  • the third layer 30 may, but is not required to, have a length less then the first layer 12 and the second layer 14.
  • the third layer 30 may also, but again is not required to, have a first section 36 width less than the first layer 12 and the second layer 14.
  • the third layer 30 divides the pouch 16 into a first compartment 92 and a second compartment 94.
  • the first compartment 92 is defined by the second layer 14, the third layer 30, a portion 58 of the first layer 12, the first portion 52 and the second portion 56 of the inner seal 50, and a segment of the outer seal 18 extending from a first overlap region 62 to a second overlap region 64.
  • the first overlap region 62 is the region at which the first portion 52 of the inner seal 50 overlaps the first portion 24 of the outer seal 18.
  • the second overlap 64 is the region at which the second portion 56 of the inner seal 50 overlaps the second portion 28 of the outer seal 18.
  • This first compartment 92 also has a first mouth 60.
  • the second compartment 94 formed by the third layer 30 dividing the pouch 16 is defined by the first layer 12, the third layer 30 and the inner seal 50.
  • the second compartment 94 has a second mouth 20.
  • the first end 52a of the first portion 52 and the first end 56a of the second portion 56 of the inner seal 50 are proximate the first end 24a of the first portion 24 and the first end 28a of the second portion 28 of the outer seal 18.
  • proximate is defined as not distant.
  • the first ends 52a, 56a, of the first portion 52 and the second portion 56, respectively, of the inner seal 50 may, but are not required to, extend beyond the first ends 24a, 28a of the first portion 24 and the second portion 28, respectively, of the outer seal 18.
  • the outer seal 18 fixes the first layer 12 to the second layer 14 without any interposing first section 36 of the third layer 30.
  • an item such as a medical device, particularly a stent for keeping open blood vessels, more particularly, an oxygen-sensitive drug-eluting stent, is placed in the first compartment 92 via the first mouth 60.
  • a first continuous closing seal 80 is then made across the first mouth 60, sealing the second section 34 of the third layer 30 to the second layer 14.
  • a sterilizing gas such as ethylene oxide, is then introduced into the first compartment 92 via the breathable material of the first section 36 of the third layer 30.
  • the sterilization process may be completed by means other than gas sterilization. These additional means include, but are not limited to, gamma radiation.
  • the sterilizing gas is then removed from the package 99.
  • Removing the sterilizing gas may comprise flushing the package 99 with an inert gas and/or applying a vacuum to the package 99.
  • the inert gas used to flush the package may be nitrogen.
  • the nitrogen may be flushed for a time sufficient to remove the sterilizing gas.
  • a suitable flush time may be from about one second to about ten seconds at a pressure of from about 10 psi to about 30 psi, preferably for about five seconds to about ten seconds at a pressure of 30 psi. Longer flush times may be used if desired for the particular package configuration.
  • the vacuum may be applied for a time sufficient to remove the desired quantity of gas. In one embodiment, the vacuum may be applied for from about one second to about ten seconds, preferably for from about five seconds to about ten seconds. Vacuum times may vary depending upon the package configuration, the quantity of gas to be removed, the items packaged and other variables.
  • one or more additional auxiliary items such as a desiccant and/or scavenger, particularly an oxygen scavenger, are inserted into the second compartment 94 via the second mouth 20.
  • a desiccant and/or scavenger particularly an oxygen scavenger
  • Suitable desiccants include those sold by Silgel Packaging, Ltd. (Shropshire, England) under the trademark SIV-DRI TM .
  • Suitable scavengers include those sold by Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Company, Inc. (Tokyo, Japan) under the trademark PHARMAKEEP®.
  • the first section 36 of the third layer 30 provides a breathable interface between the first compartment 92 and the second compartment 94.
  • auxiliary item such as the scavenging material
  • the second compartment 94 This allows the auxiliary item, such as the scavenging material, in the second compartment 94 to perform its functions in respect of any gas, water, etc., located in either the first compartment 92 or the second compartment 94 without coming into direct contact with the sterile contents of the first compartment 92.
  • a second continuous closing seal 70 is then made across the second mouth 20, sealing the second section 34 of the third layer 30 to the first layer 12 and to the second layer 14.
  • the second closing seal 70 extends from the first peripheral side edges 12a, 14a to the opposing peripheral side edges 12b, 14b of the first layer 12 and the second layer 14.
  • the second closing seal 70 overlaps the first portion 24 and the second portion 28 of the outer seal 18, the first portion 52 and the second portion 56 of the inner seal 50, the first layer 12, the second layer 14, and the second section 34 of the third layer 30.
  • the outer seal 18 comprises two layers of non-breathable material (i.e, the first layer 12 and the second layer 14).
  • the second closing seal 70 comprises three layers of non-breathable material (the first layer 12, the second layer 14 and the second section 34 of third layer 30).
  • the first portion 52 and the second portion 56 of the inner seal 50 include a layer of breathable material (i.e., the first section 36 of the third layer 30).
  • the first portion 52 and the second portion 56 of the inner seal 50 are substantially isolated from the external environment by oxygen barrier seals. Therefore, the contents of the first compartment 92 and the second compartment 94, particularly the first compartment 92, are protected from the environment outside the package 99; in particular, the ingress of oxygen is substantially prevented and the oxygen transmission rate is minimized.
  • the oxygen transmission rate for the package 99 is preferably less than 0.50 cm 3 /package/day and, more preferably, less than 0.10 cm 3 /package/day.
  • Oxygen transmission rate is measured in accordance with ASTM Test Method F1307-02, "Standard Test Method for Oxygen Transmission Rate Through Dry Packages Using a Coulometric Sensor" at 23°C and 50% relative humidity using a 21% by weight concentration of oxygen gas for whole package testing.
  • the portion of the package 99 beyond the second closing seal 70 not containing any items may be removed and discarded.
  • a section 66 of the first portion 24 of the outer seal 18 and an opposing section 68 of the second portion 28 of the outer seal 18 may be positioned apart from the edges (e.g., 12a, 12b, 12c) of the first layer 12 and the edges (e.g., 14a, 14b, 14c) of the second layer 14 in at least one region of the package 99 by an amount sufficient to allow a user to grasp the free ends of the first layer 12 and the second layer 14 and pull apart the ends with sufficient force to open the outer seal 18.
  • This region may be located at one or more of the corners of the package 99. This allows the user quick and easy access to the contents of the first compartment 92, for example, at the time medical personnel require the sterilized medical device.
  • Other opening mechanisms including, but not limited to, easy-to-peel-open package structures, tear-open notches, thumb notches and tear tapes, may be employed for the package 99 and/or for alternate embodiments of the package 99.
  • FIG. 5 a plan view with two partial cut-away sections is depicted of the preferred embodiment, the package 599 comprising the component 10 of Figure 1 and the third layer 330 of Figure 3 .
  • Figure 6C depicts a cross-section side view of Figure 5 , taken from the line indicated by 6C-6C in Figure 5 .
  • the embodiment depicted in Figure 5 and Figure 6C is similar to the embodiment depicted in Figure 4 and Figure 6A but includes the third layer 330 instead of the third layer 30.
  • the third layer 330 is positioned between the first layer 512 and the second layer 514.
  • the first section 336 is located in the pouch 516.
  • the second section 334 of the third layer 330 has a first portion 334a located in the pouch 516 and a second portion 334b projecting beyond the first layer bottom edge 512d.
  • the third section 332 of the third layer 330 projects beyond the first layer bottom edge 512d and would be proximate the portion 522 of the second layer 514 projecting beyond the first layer bottom edge 512d if the second layer 514 has a length greater than the first layer 512.
  • the third layer 330 is fixed to the first layer 512 by a continuous inner peripheral seal 550 which terminates at the second layer bottom edge 514d.
  • This inner seal 550 has a first continuous portion 552 having a first end 552a and a second end 552b, an opposing second continuous portion 556 having a first end 556a and a second end 556b and a top continuous portion 554.
  • the third layer 330 is fixed to the second layer 514 by the first portion 552 and the second portion 556 of the inner seal 550.
  • the third layer 330 may, but is not required to, have a length less then the first layer 512 and the second layer 514.
  • the third layer 330 may also, but again is not required to, have a first section 336 width less than the first layer 512 and the second layer 514.
  • the third layer 330 divides the pouch 516 into a first compartment 592 and a second compartment 594.
  • the first compartment 592 is defined by the second layer 514, the third layer 330, a portion 558 of the first layer 512, the first portion 552 and the second portion 556 of the inner seal 550, and a segment of the outer seal 518 extending from a first overlap region 562 to a second overlap region 564.
  • the first overlap region 562 is the region at which the first portion 552 of the inner seal 550 overlaps the first portion 524 of the outer seal 518.
  • the second overlap 564 is the region at which the second portion 556 of the inner seal 550 overlaps the second portion 528 of the outer seal 518.
  • This first compartment 592 also has a first mouth 560.
  • the second compartment 594 formed by the third layer 330 dividing the pouch 516 is defined by the first layer 512, the third layer 530 and the inner seal 550.
  • the second compartment 594 has a second mouth 520.
  • the first end 552a of the first portion 552 and the first end 556a of the second portion 556 of the inner seal 550 are proximate the first end 524a of the first portion 524 and first end 528a of the second portion 528 of the outer seal 518.
  • the first ends 552a, 556a of the first portion 552 and the second portion 556, respectively, of the inner seal 550 may, but are not required to, extend beyond the first ends 524a, 528a of the first portion 524 and the second portion 528, respectively, of the outer seal 518.
  • the outer seal 518 fixes the first layer 512 to the second layer 514 without any interposing first section 336 of the third layer 330.
  • an item such as a medical device, is placed in the first compartment 592 via the first mouth 560.
  • a first continuous closing seal 580 is then made across the first mouth 560, sealing the third section 332 of the third layer 330 to the second layer 514.
  • a sterilizing gas such as ethylene oxide, is then introduced into the first compartment 592 via the breathable material of the first section 336 and the breathable material of the third section 332 of the third layer 330.
  • the sterilizing gas is then removed from the package 599. Removing the sterilizing gas may comprise flushing the package 599 with an inert gas and applying a vacuum to the package 599.
  • one or more additional auxiliary items such as a desiccant and/or scavenger, particularly an oxygen scavenger, are inserted into the second compartment 594 via the second mouth 520.
  • the first section 336 of the third layer 330 provides a breathable interface between the first compartment 592 and the second compartment 594. This allows the auxiliary item, such as the scavenging material, in the second compartment 594 to perform its functions in respect of any gas, water, etc., located in either the first compartment 592 or the second compartment 594 without coming into direct contact with the sterile contents of the first compartment 592.
  • a second continuous closing seal 570 is then made across the second mouth 520, sealing the second section 334 of the third layer 330 to the first layer 512 and to the second layer 514.
  • the second closing seal 570 extends from the first peripheral side edges 512a, 514a to the opposing peripheral side edges 512b, 514b of the first layer 512 and the second layer 514.
  • the second closing seal 570 overlaps the first portion 524 and the second portion 528 of the outer seal 518, the first portion 552 and the second portion 556 of the inner seal 550, the first layer 512, the second layer 514, and the second section 334 of the third layer 330.
  • the outer seal 518 comprises two layers of non-breathable material (i.e, the first layer 512 and the second layer 514).
  • the second closing seal 570 comprises three layers of non-breathable material (the first layer 512, the second layer 514 and the second section 334 of third layer 330).
  • the outer seal 518 and the second closing seal 570 provide an oxygen barrier and minimize the oxygen transmission rate for the package 599.
  • the first portion 552 and the second portion 556 of the inner seal 550 include a layer of breathable material (i.e., the first section 336 of the third layer 330).
  • the first portion 552 and the second portion 556 of the inner seal 550 are substantially isolated from the external environment by oxygen barrier seals. Therefore, the contents of the first compartment 592 and the second compartment 594, particularly the first compartment 592, are protected from the environment outside the package 599; in particular, the ingress of oxygen is substantially prevented and the oxygen transmission rate is minimized.
  • the oxygen transmission rate for the package 599 is preferably less than 0.50 cm 3 /package/day and, more preferably, less than 0.10 cm 3 /package/day.
  • the portion of the package 599 beyond the second closing seal 570 not containing any items may be removed and discarded.
  • a section 566 of the first portion 524 of the outer seal 518 and an opposing section 568 of the second portion 528 of the outer seal 518 may be positioned apart from the edges (e.g., 512a, 512b, 512c) of the first layer 512 and the edges (e.g., 514a, 514b, 514c) of the second layer 514 in at least one region of the package 599 by an amount sufficient to allow a user to grasp the free ends of the first layer 512 and the second layer 514 and pull apart the ends with sufficient force to open the outer seal 518.
  • This region may be located at one or more of the corners of the package 599. This allows the user quick and easy access to the contents of the first compartment 592.
  • Other opening mechanisms including, but not limited to, easy-to-peel-open package structures, tear-open notches, thumb notches and tear tapes, may be employed for the package 599 and/or for alternate embodiments of the package 599.
  • All the various seals included in the packages 99, 599 may be formed by various methods, including, but not limited to, heat seal, weld seal, ultrasonic seal or adhesive seal.
  • heat seals may be formed via a hot bar sealer. In using a hot bar sealer, adjacent polymeric layers of the packages 99, 599 are held together by opposing sealer bars of which at least one is heated to cause the adjacent polymeric layers to fusion bond by application of heat and pressure across the area to be sealed.
  • seal time from about one second to about ten seconds using an upper bar seal temperature of from about 110°C to about 250°C and a lower bar seal temperature of from about 20°C to about 100°C and with a seal pressure of from about 30 psi to about 150 psi.
  • a seal time of about five seconds with an upper jaw seal temperature of about 150°C and a lower jaw seal temperature of about 60°C and with a seal pressure of about 40 psi may be employed.
  • Seals may also be formed via an impulse seal.
  • An impulse seal is formed via application of heat and pressure using opposing bars similar to that of the hot bar sealer except that at least one of the bars has a covered wire or ribbon through which electric current is passed for a brief time period to cause the adjacent layers to fusion bond.
  • the first layers 12, 512, the second layers 14, 514 and/or the third layers 30, 330 of the packages 99, 599 may be printed with indicia or affixed with indicia-printed labels to identify the package contents and/or provide the user additional Information regarding the contents.
  • the packages 99, 599 may be particularly designed to allow for convenient storage of the packages 99, 599 and their contents.
  • the top edges 12c, 512c, 14c, 514c of the first layers 12, 512 and the second layers 14, 514 may be extended past the top portions 26, 526 of the outer seal 18, 518 to allow for a supplemental area in which a hanging hole may be placed.

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Surgery (AREA)
  • Epidemiology (AREA)
  • Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
  • Medical Informatics (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Packages (AREA)

Claims (28)

  1. Emballage (99, 599) comprenant :
    une première couche (12, 512) constituée en un matériau polymère non poreux ;
    une deuxième couche (14, 514) constituée en un matériau polymère non poreux ;
    une troisième couche (30, 330) comprenant une première section (36, 336) constituée en un matériau polymère poreux et une deuxième section (34, 334) constituée en un matériau polymère non poreux ;
    dans lequel la première couche (12, 512) présente une périphérie comportant un premier bord périphérique latéral (12a, 512a), un second bord périphérique latéral opposé (12b, 512b), un bord périphérique supérieur (12c, 512c) et un bord périphérique inférieur opposé (12d, 512d) ;
    dans lequel la deuxième couche (14, 514) présente une périphérie comportant un premier bord périphérique latéral (14a, 514a), un second bord périphérique latéral opposé (14b, 514b), un bord périphérique supérieur (14c, 514c) et un bord périphérique inférieur opposé (14d, 514d) ;
    dans lequel les première (12, 512) et deuxième (14, 514) couches sont fixées ensemble par une soudure périphérique externe continue (18, 518) présentant une première partie continue (24, 524) s'étendant à partir d'une première extrémité (24a, 524a) de la première partie (24, 254) vers une seconde extrémité (24b, 524b) de cette dernière, une seconde partie continue opposée (28, 528) s'étendant à partir d'une première extrémité (28a, 528a) de la seconde partie (28, 528) vers une seconde extrémité (28b, 528b) de cette dernière et une partie supérieure continue (26, 526) s'étendant à partir de la seconde extrémité (24b, 524b) de la première partie (24, 524) vers la seconde extrémité (28b, 528b) de la seconde partie (28, 528) définissant ainsi une poche non poreuse (16, 516) comportant une ouverture (90) constituée par les bords inférieurs de première (12d, 512d) et deuxième (14d, 514d) couches et les premières extrémités (24a, 524a, 28a, 528a) des première (24, 524) et seconde (28, 528) parties de la soudure externe (18, 518) ;
    dans lequel la troisième couche (30, 330) est positionnée entre la première (12, 512) et la deuxième (14, 514) couches ;
    dans lequel la troisième couche (30, 330) est fixée sur la première couche (12, 512) par une soudure périphérique interne continue (50, 550) présentant une première partie continue (52, 552) s'étendant à partir d'une première extrémité (52a, 552a) de la première partie (52, 552) vers une seconde extrémité (52b, 552b) de cette dernière, une seconde partie continue opposée (56, 556) s'étendant d'une première extrémité (56a, 556a) de la seconde partie (56, 556) vers une seconde extrémité (56b, 556b) de cette dernière, et une partie supérieure continue (54, 554) s'étendant à partir de la seconde extrémité (52b, 552b) de la première partie (52, 552) vers la seconde extrémité (56b, 556b) de la seconde partie (56, 556) ; dans lequel la troisième couche (30, 330) est fixée sur la deuxième couche (14, 514) par la première (52, 552) et la seconde (56, 556) parties de la soudure interne (50, 550) ;
    dans lequel la soudure interne (50, 550) présente une première extrémité de soudure (52a, 552a) et une seconde extrémité de soudure opposée (56a, 556a) dans lequel la première extrémité de soudure (52a, 552a) est à proximité de la première extrémité (24a, 524a) de la première partie (24, 524) de la soudure externe (18, 518) et la seconde extrémité de soudure (56a, 556a) est à proximité de la première extrémité (28a, 528a) de la seconde partie (28, 528) de la soudure externe (18, 518) ;
    dans lequel la soudure externe (18, 518) fixe la première couche (12, 512) sur la deuxième couche (14, 514) sans aucune interposition de la première section (36, 336) de la troisième couche (30, 330) ;
    dans lequel l'ouverture (90) formée par la première (12, 512) et la deuxième (14, 514) couches est divisée par la troisième couche (30, 330) afin de former un premier orifice (60, 560) entre la deuxième (14, 514) et la troisième (30, 330) couches et un second orifice (20, 520) entre la première (12, 512) et la troisième (30, 330) couches, de telle sorte
    qu'un premier compartiment (92, 592) de la poche (16, 516) est défini par (i) 1a deuxième couche (14, 514), (ii) la troisième couche (30, 330), (iii) un bord soudé en continu entre les deuxième (14, 514) et troisième (30, 330) couches formé par la première partie (52, 552) de la soudure interne (50, 550), la seconde partie (56, 556) de la soudure interne (50, 550) et un segment de la soudure externe (18, 518) présentant une première extrémité à proximité de la seconde extrémité (52b, 552b) de la première partie (52, 552) de la soudure interne (50, 550) et une seconde extrémité à proximité de la seconde extrémité (56b, 556b) de la seconde partie (56, 556) de la soudure interne (50, 550) et (iv) le premier orifice (60, 560) ; et
    un second compartiment (94, 594) de la poche (16, 516) est défini par (i) la première couche (12, 512), (ii) la troisième couche (30, 330), (iii) la soudure interne (50, 550) entre la première (12, 512) et troisième (30, 330) couches et (iv) le second orifice (20, 520).
  2. Emballage (99, 599) selon la revendication 1, dans lequel la première couche (12, 512) et la deuxième couche (14, 514) sont formées par une feuille comprenant un matériau polymère non poreux, dans lequel la feuille présente un bord plié (13) ; dans lequel la partie supérieure continue (26, 526) de la soudure périphérique externe continue (18, 518) est formée par le bord plié (13), et dans lequel le segment de la soudure externe (18, 518) présentant une première extrémité à proximité de la seconde extrémité (52b, 552b) de la première partie (52, 552) de la soudure interne (50, 550) et une seconde extrémité à proximité de la seconde extrémité (56b, 556b) de la seconde partie (56, 556) de la soudure interne (50, 550) définissant le premier compartiment (92, 592) de la poche (16, 516) comprend le bord plié (13).
  3. Emballage (99, 599) selon la revendication 1 ou la revendication 2, dans lequel l'emballage (99, 599) est souple.
  4. Emballage (99, 599) selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel la troisième couche (30, 330) présente une largeur de première section (36, 336) inférieure à celle des première (12, 512) et deuxième (14, 514) couches.
  5. Emballage (99, 599) selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel les deuxième (14, 514) et troisième (30, 330) couches sont adaptées afin de se fixer ensemble et de former une première soudure de fermeture continue (80, 580) à travers le premier orifice (60, 560).
  6. Emballage (99, 599) selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel les première (12, 512) et troisième (30, 330) couches sont adaptées afin de se fixer ensemble et de former une seconde soudure de fermeture continue (70, 570) à travers le second orifice (20, 520).
  7. Emballage (99, 599) selon la revendication 6, dans lequel la seconde soudure de fermeture (70, 570) comprend une section de la deuxième section (34, 334) de la troisième couche (30, 330).
  8. Emballage (99, 599) selon la revendication 7, dans lequel la seconde soudure de fermeture (70, 570) forme un emballage scellé présentant un taux de transmission d'oxygène variant de 0 à 0,50 cm3/emballage/jour, de préférence 0 à 0,10 cm3/emballage/jour, tel que mesuré selon ASTM F1307-02 à 23°C et 50 % d'humidité relative et en utilisant une concentration en oxygène gazeux de 21 % en poids.
  9. Emballage (99, 599) selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel la première (12, 512) et la deuxième (14, 514) couches et la deuxième section (34, 334) de la troisième couche (30, 330) présentent une valeur de porosité de Gurley Hill supérieure à 100 secondes pour 100 cm3 d'air telle que mesurée selon ISO 5636-5.
  10. Emballage (99, 599) selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel le matériau non poreux des première (12, 512) et deuxième (14, 514) couches et de la deuxième section (34, 334) de la troisième couche (30, 330) comprend indépendamment pour chacune un polymère pouvant être scellé à chaud, une feuille métallique ou une association de ceux-ci.
  11. Emballage (99, 599) selon la revendication 10, dans lequel le matériau non poreux des première (12, 512) et deuxième (14, 514) couches et de la deuxième section (34, 334) de la troisième couche (30, 330) comprend indépendamment pour chacune une polyoléfine ; du polyéthylène téréphtalate ; du Nylon ; un homopolymère ou copolymère d'éthylène, de préférence du polyéthylène ; un laminé de feuille métallique comprenant du polyéthylène téréphtalate, une feuille métallique et du polyéthylène ; et un laminé de feuille métallique comprenant une feuille métallique et du Nylon.
  12. Emballage (599) selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes,
    dans lequel la troisième couche (330) comprend, en outre, une troisième section (332) comprenant un matériau polymère poreux dans lequel la deuxième section (334) est positionnée entre et la première (336) et la troisième (332) sections et relie ces dernières.
  13. Emballage (99, 599) selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel le matériau polymère poreux de la troisième couche (30, 330) présente une valeur de porosité de Gurley Hill variant de 0 à 100 secondes pour 100 cm3 d'air telle que mesurée selon ISO 5636-5.
  14. Emballage (99, 599) selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel le matériau polymère poreux de la troisième couche (30, 330) comprend indépendamment une oléfine non tissée ou du papier.
  15. Emballage (99, 599) selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel la première couche (12, 512) présente une longueur supérieure à la deuxième couche (14, 514).
  16. Emballage (99, 599) selon les revendications 1 à 14, dans lequel la deuxième couche (14, 514) présente une longueur supérieure à la première couche (12, 512).
  17. Emballage (99, 599) selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel la troisième couche (30, 330) présente une longueur inférieure à celles de première (12, 512) et deuxième (14, 514) couches.
  18. Emballage (599) selon l'une quelconque des revendications 12 à 14, dans lequel la deuxième couche (514) présente une longueur supérieure à celle de la première couche (512) avec une partie (522) en saillie au delà du bord inférieur de première couche (512d) ;
    dans lequel la troisième couche (330) présente une longueur inférieure à celles des première (512) et deuxième (514) couches, et
    dans lequel la première section (336) de la troisième couche (330) est située dans la poche (516) définie par les première (512) et deuxième (514) couches, la deuxième section (334) de la troisième couche (330) présente une seconde partie (334b) s'étendant au delà du bord inférieur de première couche (512d) et une première partie (334a) située dans la poche (516) et la troisième section (332) de la troisième couche (330) s'étend au delà du bord inférieur de première couche (512d) et est à proximité de la partie (522) de la deuxième couche (514) s'étendant au delà du bord inférieur de première couche (512d).
  19. Procédé de conditionnement d'un article comprenant :
    la formation d'un emballage (99, 599) selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes,
    la mise en place d'un premier article dans le premier compartiment (92, 592) ;
    la fermeture du premier compartiment (92, 592) en formant une première soudure de fermeture continue (80, 580) à travers le premier orifice (60, 560) ;
    l'introduction d'un gaz de stérilisation dans le premier compartiment (92, 592) à travers la première section (36, 336) de la troisième couche (30, 330) ;
    l'extraction du gaz de stérilisation de l'emballage (99, 599) ;
    la mise en place d'un second article dans le second compartiment (94, 594) ;
    la fermeture du second compartiment (94, 594) en formant une seconde soudure de fermeture continue (70, 570) à travers le second orifice (20, 520).
  20. Procédé selon la revendication 19, dans lequel le premier article comprend un dispositif médical.
  21. Procédé selon la revendication 19 ou la revendication 20, dans lequel le gaz de stérilisation comprend de l'oxyde d'éthylène.
  22. Procédé selon les revendications 19 à 21, dans lequel le second élément comprend un agent de balayage, un agent de dessiccation ou une association de ces derniers.
  23. Procédé selon la revendication 22, dans lequel l'agent de balayage comprend un agent de balayage d'oxygène.
  24. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 19 à 23, dans lequel l'extraction du gaz de stérilisation comprend le balayage de l'emballage (99, 599) avec un gaz inerte et l'application d'un vide sur l'emballage (99, 599).
  25. Procédé selon la revendication 24, dans lequel le gaz inerte utilisé pour balayer l'emballage (99, 599) est de l'azote qui est diffusé pendant au moins cinq secondes à une pression de 206,84 kPa (30 psi).
  26. Procédé selon la revendication 24, dans lequel le vide est appliqué pendant au moins cinq secondes.
  27. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 19 à 26, dans lequel la formation des première (80, 580) et seconde (70, 570) soudures de fermeture comprend le scellement à chaud, le scellement par soudage, le scellement par ultrason, le scellement par adhésif ou une association de ceux-ci.
  28. Procédé selon la revendication 27, dans lequel le scellement à chaud comprend le maintien des premier (60, 560) et second (20, 520) orifices entre des mâchoires supérieure et inférieure d'un dispositif de scellement, avec un temps de scellement d'au moins cinq secondes, la température de scellement de mâchoire supérieure étant supérieure ou égale à 150°C et la température de scellement de mâchoire inférieure étant supérieure ou égale à 60°C et la pression de scellement étant supérieure ou égale à 275,79 kPa (40 psi).
EP05848595A 2004-12-08 2005-12-07 Emballage sterilisable avec un fort barrage a l'oxygene Active EP1827283B1 (fr)

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PCT/US2005/044261 WO2006063050A1 (fr) 2004-12-08 2005-12-07 Emballage sterilisable avec un fort barrage a l'oxygene

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US11116721B2 (en) 2009-02-26 2021-09-14 Glaxo Group Limited Pharmaceutical formulations comprising 4-{(1R)-2-[(6-{2-[(2,6-dichlorobenzyl)oxy]ethoxy}hexyl)amino]-1-hydroxyethyl}-2-(hydroxymethyl) phenol
WO2014088585A1 (fr) * 2012-12-07 2014-06-12 Perfecseal, Inc. Film multicouche
US9072781B2 (en) 2013-03-14 2015-07-07 Becton, Dickinson France S.A.S. Morphine formulations
US9192608B2 (en) 2013-03-14 2015-11-24 Becton Dickinson France S.A.S. Morphine formulations
US9248229B2 (en) 2013-03-14 2016-02-02 Becton, Dickinson France S.A.S. Packaging system for oxygen-sensitive drugs
US9545473B2 (en) 2013-03-14 2017-01-17 Fresenius Kabi Deutschland Gmbh Packaging system for oxygen-sensitive drugs
US10214338B2 (en) 2013-03-14 2019-02-26 Fresenius Kabi Deutschland Gmbh Packaging system for oxygen-sensitive drugs
US10213424B2 (en) 2013-03-14 2019-02-26 Fresenius Kabi Deutschland Gmbh Morphine formulations
US10781027B2 (en) 2013-03-14 2020-09-22 Fresenius Kabi Deutschland Gmbh Packaging system for oxygen-sensitive drugs
US11214426B2 (en) 2013-03-14 2022-01-04 Fresenius Kabi Deutschland Gmbh Packaging system for oxygen-sensitive drugs
US9468584B2 (en) 2014-04-02 2016-10-18 Bemis Company, Inc. Child-resistant packaging

Also Published As

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ATE422852T1 (de) 2009-03-15
US7938580B2 (en) 2011-05-10
WO2006063050A1 (fr) 2006-06-15
DE602005012863D1 (de) 2009-04-02
US20090166237A1 (en) 2009-07-02
EP1827283A1 (fr) 2007-09-05

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