EP1781125A2 - Katalysatoren mit ultrafeinen partikeln für kohlenstoffhaltige brennstoffelemente - Google Patents
Katalysatoren mit ultrafeinen partikeln für kohlenstoffhaltige brennstoffelementeInfo
- Publication number
- EP1781125A2 EP1781125A2 EP05759387A EP05759387A EP1781125A2 EP 1781125 A2 EP1781125 A2 EP 1781125A2 EP 05759387 A EP05759387 A EP 05759387A EP 05759387 A EP05759387 A EP 05759387A EP 1781125 A2 EP1781125 A2 EP 1781125A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- fuel element
- carbon monoxide
- catalyst composition
- carbon
- ultrafine particles
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 139
- 239000011882 ultra-fine particle Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 71
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 47
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 144
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 96
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 96
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 78
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 72
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 63
- 239000008246 gaseous mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 47
- 230000000391 smoking effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- 239000000443 aerosol Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 70
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 44
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 35
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron oxide Inorganic materials [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 25
- NDLPOXTZKUMGOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoferriooxy)iron hydrate Chemical compound O.O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O NDLPOXTZKUMGOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000000779 smoke Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000007598 dipping method Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000010422 painting Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000011002 quantification Methods 0.000 abstract description 15
- 241000208125 Nicotiana Species 0.000 description 78
- 235000002637 Nicotiana tabacum Nutrition 0.000 description 78
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 53
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 41
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 28
- 235000019504 cigarettes Nutrition 0.000 description 27
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 19
- 239000000123 paper Substances 0.000 description 19
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 15
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 14
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 13
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 12
- 239000000796 flavoring agent Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 12
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 230000009977 dual effect Effects 0.000 description 11
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 11
- 235000019634 flavors Nutrition 0.000 description 11
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 11
- BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium carbonate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]C([O-])=O BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 10
- 229920002907 Guar gum Polymers 0.000 description 8
- 239000003570 air Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000000665 guar gum Substances 0.000 description 8
- 235000010417 guar gum Nutrition 0.000 description 8
- 229960002154 guar gum Drugs 0.000 description 8
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 7
- 235000011187 glycerol Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 7
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000013626 chemical specie Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 description 5
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910000027 potassium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000002775 capsule Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000001819 mass spectrum Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000000197 pyrolysis Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 4
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene glycol Chemical compound CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000000728 ammonium alginate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000010407 ammonium alginate Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- KPGABFJTMYCRHJ-YZOKENDUSA-N ammonium alginate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].O1[C@@H](C([O-])=O)[C@@H](OC)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@@H](C([O-])=O)O[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O KPGABFJTMYCRHJ-YZOKENDUSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium sulfate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- 238000004141 dimensional analysis Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000284 extract Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000002290 gas chromatography-mass spectrometry Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000013980 iron oxide Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- -1 FeO Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012159 carrier gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003292 diminished effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- SZVJSHCCFOBDDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N ferrosoferric oxide Chemical compound O=[Fe]O[Fe]O[Fe]=O SZVJSHCCFOBDDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005304 joining Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005012 migration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000013508 migration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011858 nanopowder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011101 paper laminate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001007 puffing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NOOLISFMXDJSKH-UTLUCORTSA-N (+)-Neomenthol Chemical compound CC(C)[C@@H]1CC[C@@H](C)C[C@@H]1O NOOLISFMXDJSKH-UTLUCORTSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FHVDTGUDJYJELY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6-{[2-carboxy-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(phosphanyloxy)oxan-3-yl]oxy}-4,5-dihydroxy-3-phosphanyloxane-2-carboxylic acid Chemical compound O1C(C(O)=O)C(P)C(O)C(O)C1OC1C(C(O)=O)OC(OP)C(O)C1O FHVDTGUDJYJELY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QLRRUWXMMVXORS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Augustine Natural products C12=CC=3OCOC=3C=C2CN2C3CC(OC)C4OC4C31CC2 QLRRUWXMMVXORS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000742 Cotton Polymers 0.000 description 1
- NOOLISFMXDJSKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N DL-menthol Natural products CC(C)C1CCC(C)CC1O NOOLISFMXDJSKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000001453 Glycyrrhiza echinata Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000303040 Glycyrrhiza glabra Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000006200 Glycyrrhiza glabra Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000017382 Glycyrrhiza lepidota Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 241000574138 Ozothamnus diosmifolius Species 0.000 description 1
- 229920000297 Rayon Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 241001455273 Tetrapoda Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000009470 Theobroma cacao Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000299461 Theobroma cacao Species 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HIJLKWFRGYZKKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O-2].[Ti+4].[Au+3] Chemical compound [O-2].[Ti+4].[Au+3] HIJLKWFRGYZKKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940072056 alginate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000010443 alginic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920000615 alginic acid Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012080 ambient air Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052925 anhydrite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000006399 behavior Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011818 carbonaceous material particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003763 carbonization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920002301 cellulose acetate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000005234 chemical deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000567 combustion gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004070 electrodeposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009969 flowable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000013355 food flavoring agent Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000004817 gas chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000713 high-energy ball milling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005764 inhibitory process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011256 inorganic filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910003475 inorganic filler Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005040 ion trap Methods 0.000 description 1
- VBMVTYDPPZVILR-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(2+);oxygen(2-) Chemical class [O-2].[Fe+2] VBMVTYDPPZVILR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940010454 licorice Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004949 mass spectrometry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005551 mechanical alloying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940041616 menthol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000013528 metallic particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003607 modifier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011236 particulate material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002574 poison Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000614 poison Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 231100000572 poisoning Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000000607 poisoning effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002964 rayon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003352 sequestering agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium carbonate Substances [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000000346 sugar Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004416 thermosoftening plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000314 transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000007306 turnover Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011800 void material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
- A24B—MANUFACTURE OR PREPARATION OF TOBACCO FOR SMOKING OR CHEWING; TOBACCO; SNUFF
- A24B15/00—Chemical features or treatment of tobacco; Tobacco substitutes, e.g. in liquid form
- A24B15/10—Chemical features of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes
- A24B15/16—Chemical features of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes of tobacco substitutes
- A24B15/165—Chemical features of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes of tobacco substitutes comprising as heat source a carbon fuel or an oxidized or thermally degraded carbonaceous fuel, e.g. carbohydrates, cellulosic material
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
- A24B—MANUFACTURE OR PREPARATION OF TOBACCO FOR SMOKING OR CHEWING; TOBACCO; SNUFF
- A24B15/00—Chemical features or treatment of tobacco; Tobacco substitutes, e.g. in liquid form
- A24B15/18—Treatment of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes
- A24B15/28—Treatment of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes by chemical substances
- A24B15/285—Treatment of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes by chemical substances characterised by structural features, e.g. particle shape or size
- A24B15/286—Nanoparticles
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
- A24B—MANUFACTURE OR PREPARATION OF TOBACCO FOR SMOKING OR CHEWING; TOBACCO; SNUFF
- A24B15/00—Chemical features or treatment of tobacco; Tobacco substitutes, e.g. in liquid form
- A24B15/18—Treatment of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes
- A24B15/28—Treatment of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes by chemical substances
- A24B15/287—Treatment of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes by chemical substances by inorganic substances only
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
- A24B—MANUFACTURE OR PREPARATION OF TOBACCO FOR SMOKING OR CHEWING; TOBACCO; SNUFF
- A24B15/00—Chemical features or treatment of tobacco; Tobacco substitutes, e.g. in liquid form
- A24B15/18—Treatment of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes
- A24B15/28—Treatment of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes by chemical substances
- A24B15/287—Treatment of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes by chemical substances by inorganic substances only
- A24B15/288—Catalysts or catalytic material, e.g. included in the wrapping material
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
- A24D—CIGARS; CIGARETTES; TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS; MOUTHPIECES FOR CIGARS OR CIGARETTES; MANUFACTURE OF TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS OR MOUTHPIECES
- A24D1/00—Cigars; Cigarettes
- A24D1/22—Cigarettes with integrated combustible heat sources, e.g. with carbonaceous heat sources
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
- B01J21/06—Silicon, titanium, zirconium or hafnium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
- B01J21/063—Titanium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/10—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of rare earths
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
- B01J23/48—Silver or gold
- B01J23/52—Gold
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/74—Iron group metals
- B01J23/745—Iron
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/20—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their non-solid state
- B01J35/23—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their non-solid state in a colloidal state
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N30/00—Investigating or analysing materials by separation into components using adsorption, absorption or similar phenomena or using ion-exchange, e.g. chromatography or field flow fractionation
- G01N30/02—Column chromatography
- G01N30/26—Conditioning of the fluid carrier; Flow patterns
- G01N30/38—Flow patterns
- G01N30/46—Flow patterns using more than one column
- G01N30/466—Flow patterns using more than one column with separation columns in parallel
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N30/00—Investigating or analysing materials by separation into components using adsorption, absorption or similar phenomena or using ion-exchange, e.g. chromatography or field flow fractionation
- G01N30/02—Column chromatography
- G01N30/62—Detectors specially adapted therefor
- G01N30/72—Mass spectrometers
- G01N30/7206—Mass spectrometers interfaced to gas chromatograph
Definitions
- the metal oxide and metal ultrafme particles can demonstrate activity for catalyzing chemical reactions, such as the oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide.
- Ultrafme particles suitable for use in catalytic compositions of the present invention comprise, but are not limited to, iron oxides (e.g. FeO, Fe 2 O 3 and Fe 3 O 4 ), gold, copper, silver, platinum, palladium, rhodium, nickel, zinc, zirconium, other transition metals, metal oxides, and mixtures thereof.
- the ultrafine particles of the catalyst compositions can be combined with a carbonaceous material in a number of ways to produce the fuel element composition.
- One method of combination comprises intimately mixing the carbonaceous material with the ultrafine particles.
- Ultrafine particles in dry powder form e.g. nanopowder
- the ultrafine particles may be mixed directly in a carbon mix along with other dry ingredients for extrusion.
- the ultrafine particles may be suspended in a liquid and the suspension mixed with extrudate.
- Another method of combining the ultrafine catalyst compositions with a carbonaceous material comprises forming the carbonaceous material so as to concentrate the catalytic compositions in one or more longitudinal passageways extending partially through the fuel element.
- a mouthend piece 22 comprising a cylindrical segment of a flavored carbon filled sheet material 24 and a segment of non- woven thermoplastic fibers 26 through which the aerosol passes to the user.
- the smoking article, or portions thereof, is overwrapped with one or more layers of cigarette papers 30-36
- catalyst compositions comprising metal oxide and/or metal ultrafme particles are incorporated into the filter element of the smoking article as described in United States Patent Application Serial No. 10/730,962 which is hereby incorporated by reference.
- This smoke-like aerosol can contain reduced amounts of carbon monoxide resulting from the reduced carbon monoxide production of a fuel element of the present invention upon combustion.
- the catalyst compositions can be deposited on a porous support such as graphite or alumina wherein the porous support is placed behind the fuel in an end to end relationship.
- the present invention provides a method for facilitating the reduction in the amount of carbon monoxide produced by a smoking article, comprising incorporating at least one catalyst composition comprising ultrafme particles of a metal oxide and/or metal into the fuel element of a smoking article.
- the temperature of the split single injector 302 can be varied in accordance with desired analytical conditions.
- the temperature variance of the single split injector 302 can be controlled manually by a user or can be controlled electronically with any processor- equipped device such as a computer and/or dedicated controller.
- one of the two columns 303 is suitable for resolving the carbon monoxide content of a gaseous mixture while the other column 304 is suitable for resolving the gaseous mixture's carbon dioxide content.
- Chromatographic columns for use in the gas chromatograph of the present apparatus are available commercially. The two chromatographic columns feed into a mass spectrometer 305.
- Mass spectrometers suitable for use in further resolving and quantifying the carbon monoxide content and carbon dioxide content eluting from the two columns of the gas chromato graph can comprise mass analyzers comprising magnetic sector analyzers, double-focusing spectrometers, quadrupole mass filters, ion trap analyzers, and time-of- flight (TOF) analyzers.
- TOF time-of- flight
- the embodiments described above in addition to other embodiments can be further understood with reference to the following examples.
- Several of the fuel elements provided in the examples below comprise percentages of BKO carbon, Guar gum, graphite, and tobacco. Combustion of all the fuel elements in the examples below provides energy used to generate aerosol from tobacco and other aerosol formers like glycerin. Combustion of the fuel elements, however, also produces carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. Moreover, complete combustion of the fuel elements produces a maximum amount of energy and a carbon dioxide by-product. Complete combustion is demonstrated by the chemical reaction:
- the ion chrornatogram of Figure 6 displays a complete resolution of carbon dioxide and an incomplete resolution of carbon monoxide.
- the carbon monoxide co-eluted with nitrogen and oxygen.
- the results of the remaining sample materials comprising tobaccos from 1R4F cigarettes and 1R4F cigarette smoke resolved on dual chromatographic columns in accordance with the present invention are illustrated in Figures 7 and 8 respectively.
- the ion chromato grams of Figures 7 and 8 demonstrate completely and sharply resolved carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide peaks.
- the gaseous mixture resulting from the combustion of each sample was analyzed in accordance with the method delineated in Figure 2.
- the pyroprobe and gas chromatogram injector were set at ambient temperature.
- a Molsieve chromatographic column was used for carbon monoxide resolution and a GS-CarbonPLOT chromatographic column was used for carbon dioxide resolution.
- a mass spectrometer was used as a second dimension of analysis in the quantification of the carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide contents generated by the samples. It should be noted that the carbon monoxide and the carbon dioxide contents quantified were only a fraction of the carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide contents produced by the samples and that the resolved peak areas were used for quantification. Table 1 summarizes the results produced by the samples in this example.
- the titanium oxide-gold (TiO 2 -Au) ultrafine particles of sample (4) demonstrated a carbon monoxide reduction of 52% while the eerie oxide (CeO 2 ) ultrafine particles of sample (6) resulted in approximately a 7% reduction.
- Example 3 Eight fuel element samples were generated for analysis of (CO/CO 2 ) ratios.
- a pyroprobe was used to heat a small quantity of each sample to 700 0 C in the presence of air for 20 seconds.
- 700 0 C is the average temperature of a fuel element during combustion.
- the gaseous mixture resulting from the combustion of each sample was analyzed in accordance with the method delineated in Figure 2.
- the pyroprobe and gas chromatogram injector were set at ambient temperature.
- a Molsieve chromatographic column was used for carbon monoxide resolution and a GS-CarbonPLOT chromatographic column was used for carbon dioxide resolution.
- a mass spectrometer was used as a second dimension of analysis in the quantification of the carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide contents generated by the samples. It should be noted that the carbon monoxide and the carbon dioxide contents quantified were only a fraction of the carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide contents produced by the samples and that the resolved peak areas were used for quantification. Table 2 summarizes the results produced by the samples in this example.
- the Fe 2 O 3 ultrafine particles of sample (3) reduced the carbon monoxide content of the gaseous mixture analyzed by 89.5%, which is an 11% increase over the ⁇ -Fe 2 ⁇ 3 -large particles.
- the results of the sample testing further demonstrate the catalytic activity of ferric oxide ultrafme particles in fuel elements that comprise the additional components of Guar gum and graphite.
- Sample (7) is an example of a fuel element containing these additional components.
- Sample (8) comprises the components of sample (7) with the addition of 5% by weight of ferric oxide (Fe 2 O 3 ) ultrafine particles.
- sample (5) is a fuel element containing a 5.05% tobacco content in addition to BKO Carbon 950, Guar gum, and graphite.
- Sample (6) comprises the components of sample (5) with the addition of 5% by weight of ferric oxide (Fe 2 O 3 ) nanoparticle.
- the ferric oxide (Fe 2 O 3 ) ultrafine particles reduced the carbon monoxide production of the fuel element of sample (6) by 15.4% in comparison with sample (5) which did not contain ferric oxide (Fe 2 O 3 ) ultrafine particles.
- the catalytic activity of the ferric oxide (Fe 2 O 3 ) ultrafine particles in sample (6) was diminished due to the tobacco content in the fuel element composition.
- the combustion of tobacco produces several chemical species that inhibit the catalytic behavior of the ultrafine particles. This catalytic inhibition is displayed in the 15.4% reduction of carbon monoxide production.
- the sample were: (1) Control Carbon (BKO 950), (2) Carbon with 5% Fe 2 O 3 ultrafine particles obtained from MACH-I, Inc., (3) Carbon with 5% Al 2 O 3 ultrafine particles obtained from NEI, Inc., (4) Carbon with 5% CeO 2 ultrafine particles obtained from NEI, Inc., (5) Carbon with 5% TiO 2 ultrafine particles obtained from NEI, hie, (6) Carbon with 5% tobacco and 5% Fe 2 O 3 ultrafine particles obtained from MACH-I, Inc., and (7) Carbon with 5% tobacco (heat treated) and 5% Fe 2 O 3 ultrafine particles obtained from MACH-I, Inc.
- a pyroprobe was used to heat a small quantity of each sample to 700 0 C in the presence of air for 20 seconds.
- 700 0 C is the average temperature of a fuel element during combustion.
- the gaseous mixture resulting from the combustion of each sample was analyzed in accordance with the method delineated in Figure 2.
- the pyroprobe and gas chromatogram injector were set at ambient temperature.
- a Molsieve chromato graphic column was used for carbon monoxide resolution and a GC-CarbonPLOT chromatographic column was used for carbon dioxide resolution.
- a mass spectrometer was used as a second dimension of analysis in the quantification of the carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide contents generated by the samples. It should be noted that the carbon monoxide and the carbon dioxide contents quantified were only a fraction of the carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide contents produced by the samples and that the resolved peak areas were used for quantification. Table 3 summarizes the results produced by the samples in this example.
- ferric oxide (Fe 2 O 3 ) ultrafine particles demonstrate a greater reduction in the carbon monoxide production of heated fuel elements.
- samples (3) and (5) containing aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ) and titanium oxide (TiO 2 ) ultrafine particles respectively exhibited a slight increase in carbon monoxide content.
- a GS-CarbonPLOT column (J&W Scientific, 60 M x 0.32 mm I.D., 1.5 ⁇ m film) was used for CO 2 analysis.
- the temperature of the CG columns was held at 35 0 C for 10 minutes, programmed to 15O 0 C at 25°C/min and held for 10 min.
- a mass spectrometer (MS) was used to identify and quantify the resolved CO and CO 2 peaks eluting from the gas chromatograph.
- the MS used was a Hewlett-Packard 5972 mass selective detector.
- the mass spectrometer was operated at 70 eV in the El mode.
- the temperature of the ion source was maintained at 18O 0 C and the mass range scanned was 20-200 atomic mass units. It should be noted that the CO and CO 2 quantities determined were only a fraction of the total CO and CO 2 content generates from the samples. Only the resolved CO and CO 2 peak areas were used for quantification. Table 4 summarizes the results produced by the samples in this example.
- a small component of tobacco within the fuel element does not destroy the catalytic activity of the metal oxide and metal ultrafme particles an appreciable amount and is, therefore, tolerable.
- the inclusion of a tobacco component in the fuel element of a smoking article can provide more flavor to the aerosol comprising the mainstream smoke of a smoking article.
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Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US10/868,126 US20050274390A1 (en) | 2004-06-15 | 2004-06-15 | Ultra-fine particle catalysts for carbonaceous fuel elements |
PCT/US2005/020406 WO2006002001A2 (en) | 2004-06-15 | 2005-06-09 | Ultra-fine particle catalysts for carbonaceous fuel elements |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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EP1781125A2 true EP1781125A2 (de) | 2007-05-09 |
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Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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EP05759387A Withdrawn EP1781125A2 (de) | 2004-06-15 | 2005-06-09 | Katalysatoren mit ultrafeinen partikeln für kohlenstoffhaltige brennstoffelemente |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US20050274390A1 (de) |
EP (1) | EP1781125A2 (de) |
JP (1) | JP2008505990A (de) |
WO (1) | WO2006002001A2 (de) |
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- 2005-06-09 WO PCT/US2005/020406 patent/WO2006002001A2/en active Application Filing
- 2005-06-09 JP JP2007516566A patent/JP2008505990A/ja active Pending
- 2005-06-09 EP EP05759387A patent/EP1781125A2/de not_active Withdrawn
Non-Patent Citations (1)
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Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2017193495A1 (en) * | 2016-05-10 | 2017-11-16 | Lik Hon | A kind of microburst-microcapsule used for cigarettes and smoking articles with such microburst-microcapsules |
US10694776B2 (en) | 2016-05-10 | 2020-06-30 | Lik Hon | Kind of microburst-microcapsule used for cigarettes and smoking articles with such microburst-microcapsules |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO2006002001A2 (en) | 2006-01-05 |
JP2008505990A (ja) | 2008-02-28 |
US20050274390A1 (en) | 2005-12-15 |
WO2006002001A3 (en) | 2006-08-10 |
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