EP1737590B1 - Method for local forming of a hollow workpiece - Google Patents
Method for local forming of a hollow workpiece Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1737590B1 EP1737590B1 EP05710944A EP05710944A EP1737590B1 EP 1737590 B1 EP1737590 B1 EP 1737590B1 EP 05710944 A EP05710944 A EP 05710944A EP 05710944 A EP05710944 A EP 05710944A EP 1737590 B1 EP1737590 B1 EP 1737590B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- forming
- profile
- tool
- area
- induction coil
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Not-in-force
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Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21J—FORGING; HAMMERING; PRESSING METAL; RIVETING; FORGE FURNACES
- B21J9/00—Forging presses
- B21J9/02—Special design or construction
- B21J9/06—Swaging presses; Upsetting presses
- B21J9/08—Swaging presses; Upsetting presses equipped with devices for heating the work-piece
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D17/00—Forming single grooves in sheet metal or tubular or hollow articles
- B21D17/02—Forming single grooves in sheet metal or tubular or hollow articles by pressing
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D37/00—Tools as parts of machines covered by this subclass
- B21D37/16—Heating or cooling
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21K—MAKING FORGED OR PRESSED METAL PRODUCTS, e.g. HORSE-SHOES, RIVETS, BOLTS OR WHEELS
- B21K29/00—Arrangements for heating or cooling during processing
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for local forming of a hollow profile where a forming tool interacts with an induction coil.
- the tool concept consisting of a stamp and a backing tool, often demands a time consuming and expensive fabrication of necessary tools.
- the relatively complex tools may also lead to poor reliability in production or high maintenance costs.
- Such deviation may e.g. represent a problem in assembly or joining processes such as welding, brazing, bonding, riveting or other mechanical joining methods, which usually require a good fit up of the parts to be joined.
- the calibration operation generates waste material.
- Calibration using cold forming is associated with a relatively high degree of elastic spring back of the work piece. Due to the elastic spring back, small geometrical corrections will be difficult to perform. Variations in the spring back e.g. due to inconsistent mechanical properties or geometrical dimensions, will cause deviations in the final geometry of the work piece.
- the US 4,532,793 discloses a method for local forming of a sheet metal where a force is applied to a forming tool for forming a part of said sheet and where a predefined local area of the sheet is heated to a temperature where the yield stress of the material in the said area is substantially lower than the yield stress of the surrounding colder material by an induction coil and that this heated area is formed by pressing the forming tool into the heated area while the surrounding colder material of the sheet is maintained substantially unaffected of the forming operation.
- the present invention as defined by claim 1 or 2 represents a flexible method for fabrication of e.g. local protrusions or imprints.
- the principles also enable a higher degree of forming of the work piece and can be performed preferably without any backing tool, thereby enabling processing in regions of the work piece where the access of a backing tool is limited.
- the method furthermore improves the flexibility of the geometry due to the ability of obtaining small bending radii or sharp edges on the protrusions or imprints.
- the relative simple, low cost apparatus also decrease the possibility of failure during production, thereby reducing maintenance costs, increasing the up time of the production and reducing the scrap rate.
- the method furthermore enables the calibration of end sections without any cutting operations.
- the present invention utilises the temperature dependency of the mechanical properties of the material. This spatial variation of mechanical properties across the work piece is utilised to allow forming within a locally heated region without distorting the surrounding material, which has a higher resistance to forming.
- the present invention may for some applications, utilise the thermal field as a virtual die for defining the regions of plastic flow and hence the final shape.
- the localised heating can be manipulated to form a sufficiently sharp boundary between the soft and hot material that easily forms plastically and the adjacent material at lower temperature, which has a higher resistance to forming.
- the rapid local heating is done. by an induction coil, which is situated in the neighbourhood or on the surface of the work piece. Material in close proximity of the coil will be heated until a temperature is reached where the yield stress of the material is substantially lower than the surrounding material.
- the forming operation takes place in material with an essentially non-uniform temperature distribution.
- the surrounding material have higher strength, the difference in material strength will enable the surrounding material to maintain its original shape.
- this technique does not take advantage of the possibility of forming parts of the sheet in a heated mode.
- the heating procedure is used as a material property treatment aiming to change the room temperature properties within a localised area of the profile. Even though this method changes the room temperature formability of the material, the benefit of the process is substantially lower than for forming in a partially hot state.
- the present invention is based on forming of a localised hot area of the work piece, thereby taking advantage of the extended softening of the heated material and the increased difference in material strength between the hot region and the surrounding cooler material. Furthermore the invention requires simpler and cheaper tooling compared to conventional forming. It also requires very low loads for forming, which reduce the investment cost as well as the complexity of the production equipment. In addition, the geometric accuracy of the components and parts fabricated by the method is high due to limited elastic strain as a consequence of the low yield stress at elevated temperature. Normally, the forming is done without use of any lubricants. Another benefit is obtained during the forming since most metallic materials exhibits reduced anisotropy at elevated temperatures, but this depends on the initial texture as obtained from the preceding thermo mechanical process route.
- a further benefit of the invention is the possibility to control the mechanical properties in the protrusion or imprint.
- the work hardening is reduced, thereby ensuring an even better ductility in the formed regions. This is especially advantageous in regions with sharp forming radii which often experience large strains in e.g. impact absorbing members.
- the method can be used to any local reshaping of a hollow profile and is especially suitable for local forming in thin walled open or closed profiles such as extruded or rolled hollow profiles.
- Typical applications include automotive structures such as bumpers, crash boxes, engine cradles and other frame structures.
- the method can be used on any material being affected by a heat treatment, such as aluminium alloys, other metals such as steel, magnesium and alloys of these, polymers and the like.
- the method can also be used to make imprints or protrusions on already formed imprints or protrusions.
Abstract
Description
- The invention relates to a method for local forming of a hollow profile where a forming tool interacts with an induction coil.
- It is well known to make local imprints in a work piece with uniform temperature. In conventional forming techniques the final shape of the work piece is defined by the geometry of a stamp and a die or backing tool.
- Many conventional forming operations are often performed at ambient temperatures, where the formability is relatively low. Exceeding the critical plastic strain will lead to e.g. cracks, localised necking or formation of Luderbands or even failure of the work piece.
- Cold forming will furthermore lead to work hardening in the material being formed. This leads to a lower ductility during the forming operation as well as in the final work piece.
- The tool concept, consisting of a stamp and a backing tool, often demands a time consuming and expensive fabrication of necessary tools. The relatively complex tools may also lead to poor reliability in production or high maintenance costs.
- Furthermore it is often difficult or even impossible to insert a backing tool inside a hollow work piece due to the limited accessibility. This is particularly the case for long closed profiles such as bumper beams or profiles having a complex geometry. This will add a limitation on the design of such profiles.
- Work pieces such as extruded and formed aluminium profiles often exhibit unwanted deviations from the nominal geometry. Such geometric deviations may often disqualify the parts in applications where accurate and consistent geometry is required.
- Such deviation may e.g. represent a problem in assembly or joining processes such as welding, brazing, bonding, riveting or other mechanical joining methods, which usually require a good fit up of the parts to be joined.
- Such problems may require the use of calibration operations such as reshaping, milling, grinding, cutting or etching. This often represents time-consuming operations and thereby increased production costs.
- Furthermore they also have limited applicability. In the case of milling, grinding, cutting or etching, the calibration operation generates waste material.
- Calibration using cold forming is associated with a relatively high degree of elastic spring back of the work piece. Due to the elastic spring back, small geometrical corrections will be difficult to perform. Variations in the spring back e.g. due to inconsistent mechanical properties or geometrical dimensions, will cause deviations in the final geometry of the work piece.
- The
US 4,532,793 discloses a method for local forming of a sheet metal where a force is applied to a forming tool for forming a part of said sheet and where a predefined local area of the sheet is heated to a temperature where the yield stress of the material in the said area is substantially lower than the yield stress of the surrounding colder material by an induction coil and that this heated area is formed by pressing the forming tool into the heated area while the surrounding colder material of the sheet is maintained substantially unaffected of the forming operation. - The present invention as defined by
claim 1 or 2 represents a flexible method for fabrication of e.g. local protrusions or imprints. The principles also enable a higher degree of forming of the work piece and can be performed preferably without any backing tool, thereby enabling processing in regions of the work piece where the access of a backing tool is limited. The method furthermore improves the flexibility of the geometry due to the ability of obtaining small bending radii or sharp edges on the protrusions or imprints. - The relative simple, low cost apparatus also decrease the possibility of failure during production, thereby reducing maintenance costs, increasing the up time of the production and reducing the scrap rate. The method furthermore enables the calibration of end sections without any cutting operations.
- The present invention utilises the temperature dependency of the mechanical properties of the material. This spatial variation of mechanical properties across the work piece is utilised to allow forming within a locally heated region without distorting the surrounding material, which has a higher resistance to forming. The present invention may for some applications, utilise the thermal field as a virtual die for defining the regions of plastic flow and hence the final shape.
- This is done by rapid local heating of selected regions of the profile, which renders the heated material into a soft and ductile state with improved formability. The localised heating can be manipulated to form a sufficiently sharp boundary between the soft and hot material that easily forms plastically and the adjacent material at lower temperature, which has a higher resistance to forming.
- The rapid local heating is done. by an induction coil, which is situated in the neighbourhood or on the surface of the work piece. Material in close proximity of the coil will be heated until a temperature is reached where the yield stress of the material is substantially lower than the surrounding material. Thus, the forming operation takes place in material with an essentially non-uniform temperature distribution. As the surrounding material have higher strength, the difference in material strength will enable the surrounding material to maintain its original shape.
- It is known from the publication "Adapted Mechanical Properties for Improved Formability of Aluminium Blanks by Local Induction Heating" by Michael Kerausch, Marion Merklein and Manfred Geiger (JSAE 20037024), presented at the International Body Engineering Conference October 2003 in Tokyo, to use induction coils to locally heat an aluminium alloy to modify the material properties of a limited area of the aluminium sheet. The sheet is heated up to a predefined maximum temperature and thereafter cooled down to room temperature. The heating and cooling phase form part of a heat treatment aiming to modify the material properties of the treated sheet. After cooling down the sheet, a cylindrical cup was deep drawn into the material, thereby proving a better formability of the heat treated material.
- However, this technique does not take advantage of the possibility of forming parts of the sheet in a heated mode. The heating procedure is used as a material property treatment aiming to change the room temperature properties within a localised area of the profile. Even though this method changes the room temperature formability of the material, the benefit of the process is substantially lower than for forming in a partially hot state.
- In contrast to the above described method, the present invention is based on forming of a localised hot area of the work piece, thereby taking advantage of the extended softening of the heated material and the increased difference in material strength between the hot region and the surrounding cooler material. Furthermore the invention requires simpler and cheaper tooling compared to conventional forming. It also requires very low loads for forming, which reduce the investment cost as well as the complexity of the production equipment. In addition, the geometric accuracy of the components and parts fabricated by the method is high due to limited elastic strain as a consequence of the low yield stress at elevated temperature. Normally, the forming is done without use of any lubricants. Another benefit is obtained during the forming since most metallic materials exhibits reduced anisotropy at elevated temperatures, but this depends on the initial texture as obtained from the preceding thermo mechanical process route.
- A further benefit of the invention is the possibility to control the mechanical properties in the protrusion or imprint. By the localised heating before and during forming, the work hardening is reduced, thereby ensuring an even better ductility in the formed regions. This is especially advantageous in regions with sharp forming radii which often experience large strains in e.g. impact absorbing members.
- The invention will now be further explained by means of figures, where
- Fig. 1
- shows a first example of a tool set up, for making a local imprint,
- Fig. 2
- shows the cross section of a hollow profile and forming tool prior to a forming operation,
- Fig. 3
- shows the cross section of a hollow profile and tool during the forming operation,
- Figs. 4a-b
- show a first example of a sequence diagram showing the heating power and the tool displacement, and a typical resulting thermal cycle for an arbitrary position in the forming area,
- Figs. 5a-b
- show an example of a local imprint in an extruded profile,
- Figs. 6a-b
- show an example of a local imprint in an extruded profile,
- Figs. 7a-b
- show an example of a local imprint in a crash absorbing member,
- Figs. 8a-b
- show an example of a tool set up with a rolling wheel tool,
- Figs. 9a-b
- show an example of a tool set up with a sliding tool,
- Fig. 10
- shows an example of a tool set up.
-
Figure 1 shows a section of a work piece such as a hollow profile 1 prior to forming. Aninduction coil 2 is in the proximity of or directly at theprofile surface 3. Theinduction coil 2 generates localised heat in theprofile side wall 4. The affected region of the hollow profile 1 is heated until a favourable transient temperature distribution is reached. Astamp 5 is thereafter pressed onto thearea 6. -
Figure 2 shows the cross section of the hollow profile 1, aninduction coil 2 and astamp 5 prior to a forming operation. The induction coil is situated on theprofile surface 3. As the induction coil is turned on, a localisedhot area 6 will occur in theprofile side wall 4. Thestamp 5 will normally be placed above thehot area 6 inside theinduction coil 2 prior to forming. -
Figure 3 shows the cross section of the profile 1, theinduction coil 2 and thestamp 5 during or after the forming operation. The area of theprofile side wall 4 surrounding theinduction coil 2 will remain mostly unaffected of the heating from the heat source. The profile 1 will be insignificantly heated by the electro magnetic field and as the induction heating process is highly localised, the surrounding structure of the profile 1 remains unaffected during forming. When thestamp 5 is pressed onto the profile 1, the softenedhot area 6 will therefore deform while the adjacent unaffected area will resist deformation. - Figure 4a shows an example of the time history of the temperature in the heated area during a local forming operation. Figure 4b shows an example of a time-displacement curve for the stamp related to the temperature cycles in Figure 4a.
-
Figures 5a-b show an example of a section of aprofile 12 provided with alocal imprint 13.Figure 5a shows a perspective view of the profile andfigure 5b shows a cross sectional view of theprofile 12 with animprint 13. In long closed hollow profiles such as bumpers, there is often a need for local protrusions or imprints 13 where for example lights, sensors or other equipment can be mounted.Such imprints 13 can easily be made by the present method.
There can be as many protrusions or imprints as desired on a work piece, thereby enabling the design of a complicated shape. Even if there is only oneimprint 13 in one of the side walls of theprofile 12 described onFigure 7 , it should be understood that it is possible to make protrusions or imprints on any of the side walls of a profile or other work piece. -
Figures 6a-b show a section of aprofile 12 provided with alocal imprint 13.Figure 6a shows a perspective view of the section andFigure 6b shows a cross sectional view of the section with theprotrusion 13. With an induction coil enabling the local heating of an edge of a hollow profile, it is possible to make imprints on edges, corners or the like. -
Figures 7a-b show a hollow profile provided with local imprints.Figure 7a shows a perspective view of animpact absorbing member 14. Inimpact absorbing members 14, such as crash boxes, it is often desired to introduce protrusions or imprints 13 which work as triggers to ensure a controlled deformation of theimpact absorbing member 14 in an impact situation. Theimpact absorbing member 14 of the present example is provided with a set ofimprints 13 in at least one of themember side walls 15. -
Figure 7b shows a cross sectional view of theimpact absorbing member 14. OnFigure 7 theimprints 13 are made in two opposingmember side walls 15. It is also possible to make a set of imprints in two member walls facing directly onto each other. Furthermore, it is possible to make protrusions or imprints in more than two side walls of the member if this is found suitable.
It should also be noted that imprints or protrusions can be made in themember end plate 10 of theimpact absorbing member 14. It is also possible to make one or more protrusions or imprints in themember flanges 17 of theimpact absorbing member 14. -
Figures 8a-b show a tool set up. A rotatingtool 22 in combination with aninduction coil 2 which moves relative to a work piece, can be used to make an imprint. The direction of the imprint on the work piece can be arbitrary and also curved. The shape of the imprint can change as a function of the shape of therotating tool 22. -
Figure 8a shows the rotatingtool 22 in a perspective view. A forming wheel is situated in the area affected by aninduction coil 2. As theinduction coil 2 is moved along the profile side wall 4 (seeFig. 8b ), at the same time as a force is acting on the axle an imprint will be made.Figure 8b shows the rotatingtool 22 in a cross sectional view. Theaxis 25 situated in thecenter 23 of the forming wheel 24 (seeFig. 8a ) can be mounted separately from or directly onto theinduction coil 2. -
Figures 9a-b show a tool set up. A slidingtool 26 in combination with aninduction coil 2 which moves relative to a work piece can be used to make an imprint. The direction of the imprint in the work piece can be freely chosen. Elevating or lowering the slidingtool 26 relative to the surface of theprofile side wall 4 can continuously change the depth of the imprint (seeFig. 9b ). -
Figure 9a shows a perspective view of such slidingtool 26 andFigure 9b shows a cross sectional view of the sliding tool. The slidingtool 26 is situated in aninduction coil 2 and slides over the surface of aprofile side wall 4 while it is pressed down onto theprofile side wall 4. The slidingtool 26 will function as described above for the rotating tool. -
Figure 10 shows another example of a tool set up. Depending on the shape of therotating tool 22, it is possible to vary the geometry of the imprint during forming. - The method can be used to any local reshaping of a hollow profile and is especially suitable for local forming in thin walled open or closed profiles such as extruded or rolled hollow profiles. Typical applications include automotive structures such as bumpers, crash boxes, engine cradles and other frame structures.
- It should also be noted that the method can be used on any material being affected by a heat treatment, such as aluminium alloys, other metals such as steel, magnesium and alloys of these, polymers and the like.
- The method can also be used to make imprints or protrusions on already formed imprints or protrusions.
Claims (3)
- Method for local forming of a hollow profile (1,12) preferably an impact absorbing member (14), where a force is applied to a forming tool for forming a part of said profile (1,12) and where a predefined local area (6) of the profile (1,12) is heated rapidly to a temperature where the yield stress of the material in the said area (6) is substantially lower than the yield stress of the surrounding colder material by an induction coil (2) and that this heated area (6) is formed by pressing the forming tool into the heated area (6) while the surrounding colder material of the profile (1,12) is maintained substantially unaffected of the forming operation,
whereby the induction coil (2) is placed in the immediate neighbourhood of or on the surface (3) of the profile side wall (4,15) for heating the area (6) and whereby the forming tool is a stamp (5), which is placed inside the induction coil (2) for performing the forming operation. - Method for local forming of a hollow profile (1,12) preferably an impact absorbing member (14), where a force is applied to a forming tool for forming a part of said profile (1,12) and where a predefined local area (6) of the profile (1,12) is heated rapidly to a temperature where the yield stress of the material in the said area (6) is substantially lower than the yield stress of the surrounding colder material by an induction coil (2) and that this heated area (6) is formed by pressing the forming tool into the heated area (6) while the surrounding colder material of the profile (1,12) is maintained substantially unaffected of the forming operation,
whereby the induction coil (2) is placed in the immediate neighbourhood of or on the surface (3) of the profile side wall (4,15) for heating the area (6) and whereby the forming tool is a rotating tool (22) or a sliding tool (26), which is placed inside the induction coil (2) and the forming tool in combination with the induction coil (2) is moved relative to the hollow profile (1,12) for performing the forming operation. - Method according to claim 1 or 2, whereby the forming operation is performed without a backing device.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
NO20040660A NO20040660D0 (en) | 2004-02-13 | 2004-02-13 | Local molding, locally shaped workpiece and tools for local molding |
PCT/NO2005/000048 WO2005077560A1 (en) | 2004-02-13 | 2005-02-11 | Local forming, locally formed work piece and tool for such forming |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1737590A1 EP1737590A1 (en) | 2007-01-03 |
EP1737590B1 true EP1737590B1 (en) | 2012-03-21 |
Family
ID=34793424
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP05710944A Not-in-force EP1737590B1 (en) | 2004-02-13 | 2005-02-11 | Method for local forming of a hollow workpiece |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP1737590B1 (en) |
AT (1) | ATE550117T1 (en) |
NO (1) | NO20040660D0 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2005077560A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US9174259B2 (en) | 2011-01-19 | 2015-11-03 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Method and apparatus for sharp flanging and trimming sheet metal panels |
US20150047463A1 (en) | 2012-06-26 | 2015-02-19 | California Institute Of Technology | Systems and methods for implementing bulk metallic glass-based macroscale gears |
US20140342179A1 (en) * | 2013-04-12 | 2014-11-20 | California Institute Of Technology | Systems and methods for shaping sheet materials that include metallic glass-based materials |
US10151377B2 (en) | 2015-03-05 | 2018-12-11 | California Institute Of Technology | Systems and methods for implementing tailored metallic glass-based strain wave gears and strain wave gear components |
US10968527B2 (en) | 2015-11-12 | 2021-04-06 | California Institute Of Technology | Method for embedding inserts, fasteners and features into metal core truss panels |
US11198181B2 (en) | 2017-03-10 | 2021-12-14 | California Institute Of Technology | Methods for fabricating strain wave gear flexsplines using metal additive manufacturing |
EP3630395A4 (en) | 2017-05-24 | 2020-11-25 | California Institute of Technology | Hypoeutectic amorphous metal-based materials for additive manufacturing |
US11123797B2 (en) | 2017-06-02 | 2021-09-21 | California Institute Of Technology | High toughness metallic glass-based composites for additive manufacturing |
US11680629B2 (en) | 2019-02-28 | 2023-06-20 | California Institute Of Technology | Low cost wave generators for metal strain wave gears and methods of manufacture thereof |
Family Cites Families (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE3325820A1 (en) | 1982-09-27 | 1984-03-29 | Kraftwerk Union AG, 4330 Mülheim | METHOD FOR DRAWING SHEET AND DEVICE FOR CARRYING OUT THIS METHOD |
SU1409379A1 (en) * | 1986-01-30 | 1988-07-15 | Предприятие П/Я В-2190 | Arrangement for drawing hollow articles from flat blank |
FR2692504A1 (en) | 1992-06-17 | 1993-12-24 | Lorraine Laminage | Warm drawing of steel sheet into complex shapes - using appts. that rapidly heats localised areas of blank, so reducing operating cycle |
JPH06297049A (en) * | 1993-04-13 | 1994-10-25 | Toshiba Corp | Warm press forming device |
US6550302B1 (en) | 1999-07-27 | 2003-04-22 | The Regents Of The University Of Michigan | Sheet metal stamping die design for warm forming |
DE10128199B4 (en) * | 2001-06-11 | 2007-07-12 | Benteler Automobiltechnik Gmbh | Device for forming metal sheets |
-
2004
- 2004-02-13 NO NO20040660A patent/NO20040660D0/en unknown
-
2005
- 2005-02-11 EP EP05710944A patent/EP1737590B1/en not_active Not-in-force
- 2005-02-11 AT AT05710944T patent/ATE550117T1/en active
- 2005-02-11 WO PCT/NO2005/000048 patent/WO2005077560A1/en active Search and Examination
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
ATE550117T1 (en) | 2012-04-15 |
EP1737590A1 (en) | 2007-01-03 |
WO2005077560A1 (en) | 2005-08-25 |
NO20040660D0 (en) | 2004-02-13 |
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