EP1732695B1 - Method for controlling a device for electrostatic particle separation in gas flows, and control unit therefor - Google Patents

Method for controlling a device for electrostatic particle separation in gas flows, and control unit therefor Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1732695B1
EP1732695B1 EP05714729A EP05714729A EP1732695B1 EP 1732695 B1 EP1732695 B1 EP 1732695B1 EP 05714729 A EP05714729 A EP 05714729A EP 05714729 A EP05714729 A EP 05714729A EP 1732695 B1 EP1732695 B1 EP 1732695B1
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EP
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Prior art keywords
flue gas
control unit
particles
diameter
measuring
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP1732695A1 (en
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Volker Schmatloch
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Eidgenoessische Materialprufungs und Forschungsanstalt EMPA
EMPA
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Eidgenoessische Materialprufungs und Forschungsanstalt EMPA
EMPA
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03CMAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C3/00Separating dispersed particles from gases or vapour, e.g. air, by electrostatic effect
    • B03C3/34Constructional details or accessories or operation thereof
    • B03C3/66Applications of electricity supply techniques
    • B03C3/68Control systems therefor
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03CMAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C3/00Separating dispersed particles from gases or vapour, e.g. air, by electrostatic effect
    • B03C3/34Constructional details or accessories or operation thereof
    • B03C3/40Electrode constructions
    • B03C3/45Collecting-electrodes
    • B03C3/49Collecting-electrodes tubular

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method of how a particular device for electrostatic particle separation in gas streams can be controlled, as well as the relevant control unit.
  • the method and associated control unit for its use is suitable for controlling a device which serves to clean or filter the flue gas of small furnaces.
  • These small furnaces with capacities up to about 70kW are different heat generators for the space heating needs as well as for cooking. In particular, these include fireplace stoves, tiled stoves, wood-burning stoves, cookers and boilers fired with wood.
  • Aerodynamically relevant to human health are particles with an aerodynamic diameter of significantly less than 10 microns, because particles can accumulate from such a smallness in the lung. These particles also bind dioxins, which are taken up by humans after the particle deposition on soils and plants via the food chain. Since it has been shown by measurements that the emitted particles of wood firing in the critical range of less than 10 microns in diameter, it is therefore necessary to install even in the field of simple wood combustion systems suitable flue gas devices to retain these micro particles.
  • the EMPA is a device for flue gas cleaning presented to small combustion, which can be installed in the existing flue of such a firing: either this flue gas duct is electrically conductive by the stovepipe approximately from sheet steel, chrome steel or aluminum, or the fireplace is entirely made of stone and Masonry or built of plastic.
  • the device forms a lid which can be placed gas-tight on an associated opening on the flue gas channel.
  • a spray electrode is held on insulators.
  • the device includes a high-voltage generator for establishing a DC voltage between this spray electrode and the inner wall of the electrically conductive flue gas channel section.
  • a portion of an electrically conductive tube is mounted to the lid to form a collector surface.
  • the typical connection value of the high voltage generator is between 10 and 50VA and it can be operated with 220V / 50Hz or 110V / 60Hz alternating current.
  • the charge of Spray electrode can be negative or positive to earth. The cleaning of the collector part can easily be done by hand after removal of the electrode wire with the bracket.
  • this device has a self-supporting rod electrode in the form of a Bleshstsammlungs that is strong enough that he can carry himself. Instead of such a metal strip but also a wire of sufficient strength can be used.
  • the decisive feature of the spray electrode is the presence of the smallest possible radii, where high local field strengths occur. It has now been shown that the best results are achieved with a wire as thin as possible, which extends with its free end in the middle along a flue gas tube. However, thin rod-like wires begin to vibrate as a result of the resulting charge conditions, because the high electrical charge of the wire generates image charges of opposite polarity on the proximal inner surface of the exhaust pipe. The tube wall opposite a negatively charged wire is therefore positively charged.
  • the object of the present invention is therefore to automatically design the switching on and off of a device for the electrostatic particle separation in the flue gas stream of wood furnaces and thus to provide a method for this and the associated control unit for operating the method.
  • This object is achieved by a method for controlling a device for the electrostatic particle separation in gas streams, which is characterized in that the changes in the dielectric properties are detected within the flue gas duct as a result of combustion, by the electrical capacity between the flue and one located in the flue gas stream Spray or measuring electrode is measured.
  • control unit for a device for the electrostatic particle separation in gas streams consisting of a spray or measuring electrode and an electrically conductive flue gas channel section as a collector surface, further comprising a measuring device for measuring the capacitance between the flue gas channel and the spray or measuring electrode and an electronic control unit for the circuit of the device using the measured capacitance as a reference variable.
  • Electrostatic precipitators basically work on the principle that electrically charged, solid or liquid particles are deflected in an electric field. The soot particles must therefore first be charged electrically. The unipolar charged particles subsequently deposit on separation plates as a result of the action of the electrostatic field. With such electrostatic precipitators dust and aerosols with particle sizes from 0.01 to 60 ⁇ m can be deposited. The efficiency of the deposition also depends on the flow velocity of the particles and the dust concentration in the gas flow, as well as on the temperature and humidity in the inflowing gas.
  • FIG. 1 is a possible device for electrostatic particle separation in gas streams shown, which is also suitable for flue gas cleaning of small furnaces. It is designed for installation in a straight section of an existing, electrically conductive stovepipe 1.
  • the device comprises an electrode holder 6 made of metal, preferably made of stainless steel, which is provided for receiving the electrode 4 with a bore.
  • the socket 6 has an electrode thickness of 0.3 mm in the socket area a diameter of several millimeters and is held by a clamp or bayonet connection in a metallic holder 7, as shown in enlarged section.
  • the holder 7 is attached to a support rod 2, which is also preferably made of stainless steel.
  • the holding bar 2 is guided by an insulator 3 in the flue gas pipe 1.
  • the insulator 3 is advantageously made of a plastic, for which polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is suitable, because this material allows a certain charge migration, so that no charge nests can form, but discharges continuously. In contrast, in a porcelain or ceramic insulator under DC voltage charge nests, which then migrate to the outside and lead to spontaneous breakthroughs (TE).
  • PEEK polyetheretherketone
  • the insulator 3 is firmly connected to the lid 5.
  • the version 6 can be cylindrical or as shown here spherically shaped, with a diameter of about 10mm and a central bore in which the electrode 4 is seated and held.
  • the opening on the furnace tube 1 is designed so large that the holder 7 is inserted under elastic bending of the wire 4 in the furnace tube 1, and thereafter, the opening 1 is closed gas-tight with the lid 5, including offering about suitable clamps, clamping lever or clamping screws ,
  • a high voltage generator with rectifier function is both electrically and thermally isolated from the furnace tube 1 and is powered by a power cable.
  • the high voltage output is passed through the insulator 3 via the socket 6 to the spray electrode 4, which advantageously consists of a tungsten wire.
  • the other pole is at ground potential and is electrically connected to the furnace tube 1, which acts opposite the electrode 4 as Abscheide imagery.
  • an electrostatic filter is formed, wherein the wire 4 forms the spray electrode, and the inside of the furnace tube 1 over the length of the electrode wire 4 also forms the collecting electrode or collector surface, so that the entire chimney, so far as it consists of conductive material, can act as a collector surface ,
  • the high voltage is first turned off. Then, the holder 7 is removed with the electrode 4 from the furnace tube 1. Thereafter, the inside of the stovepipe 1 can be rubbed off with a damp cloth, whereby the electrically retained particles are wiped off and stuck on the cloth. Alternatively, the collected particles can also be wiped off and vacuumed with the vacuum cleaner brush.
  • the electrode 4 is then reintroduced into the furnace tube 1 and the lid 5 placed gas-tight on the opening and clamped.
  • the cleaned collector surfaces are now free again to be fogged with new particles, because now also the electrical attraction is fully effective again. With such an electrode, namely a tapered tungsten wire, it is possible to deposit up to 90% of the particles in the flue gas.
  • FIG. 2 For example, there is shown a biasing measurement apparatus prior to a particle separation apparatus that has been practically tested. Every 30 minutes, the flue gas flow was interrupted, resulting in a very significant drop in measured capacity. The measurement took place here over 10 hours and shows a reliable reproducible capacity change, which correlates with the presence of the flue gas stream. Without flue gas, a consistently lower capacity is measured than with flue gas. Therefore, the measured value of the capacitance can be used as a reference for a control unit.
  • the actual capacitance measurement can be done by measuring the charging or discharging time of the capacitor, which is formed from the electrodes - ie either of spray and flue gas duct or flue gas pipe section and flue gas duct. It is also advantageous to integrate the capacitance of this capacitor into a resonant circuit or an unstable flip-flop so that the capacitance changes are reflected in the oscillation frequency. A change in the oscillation frequency then gives the signal for switching on or off the operating voltage.
  • FIG. 3 shows a device for electrostatic particle deposition in a schematic representation, and the associated control unit 9 for switching on and off of the device, which is connected to the mains.
  • This control unit 9 is grounded and includes a measuring device 10 for the capacity and a control logic 11 for the associated high voltage source 12 of the device.
  • the measuring device for the capacitance measurement as in FIG. 2 shown this device is connected upstream, so that therefore a flue gas first flows through the electrically conductive flue gas tube 7 inside the electrically conductive flue gas channel 1 and thereby affects the capacity between these two parts 1.7.
  • the quantities measured by the measuring device 10 are then processed by the control logic 11 in the control unit and, correspondingly, the high-voltage source 12 is switched on or off, which ensures the ionization voltage at the electrode 4 with respect to the flue gas channel 1. This ensures that the Device for the electrostatic particle separation is always reliably put into operation as soon as and as long as flue gas flows through the flue gas pipe section 1 upstream in the flue gas duct 1, while after the fading of the flue gas flow due to the then reduced measured capacity, the device is turned off.

Abstract

The invention is based on the measured capacitance between a measuring electrode which is formed either by the corona electrode itself or a separate flue gas pipe section (7) which is arranged inside the flue gas channel (1) and through which section the flue gas flows, and the flue gas channel (1) itself. The capacitance is measured and used as a reference variable for control of the device. It consists of an electric conductive flue gas pipe section (7) which is electrically insulated inside the electrically conductive flue gas channel (1) and through which the flue gas is intended to flow. A measuring device (10) is also provided in order to measure capacitance between the flue gas pipe section (7) and the flue gas channel (1). An electronic control unit (9) is also provided in order to switch the device which uses the measured capacitance as a reference variable.

Description

Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren, wie eine bestimmte Vorrichtung zur elektrostatischen Partikelabscheidung in Gasströmen steuerbar ist, sowie auch die diesbezügliche Steuerungseinheit. Das Verfahren und die zugehörige Steuerungseinheit zu seiner Anwendung eignet sich zur Steuerung einer Vorrichtung, die zum Reinigen oder Filtern des Rauchgases von Kleinfeuerungen dient. Bei diesen Kleinfeuerungen mit Leistungen bis zu etwa 70kW handelt es sich um verschiedene Wärmerzeuger für den Raumwärmebedarf sowie auch zum Kochen. Namentlich zählen dazu Cheminéeöfen, Kachelöfen, Zimmeröfen, Kochherde und Heizkessel, die mit Holz befeuert werden.The present invention relates to a method of how a particular device for electrostatic particle separation in gas streams can be controlled, as well as the relevant control unit. The method and associated control unit for its use is suitable for controlling a device which serves to clean or filter the flue gas of small furnaces. These small furnaces with capacities up to about 70kW are different heat generators for the space heating needs as well as for cooking. In particular, these include fireplace stoves, tiled stoves, wood-burning stoves, cookers and boilers fired with wood.

Bei Kleinfeuerungen liegt die Verantwortung für die Brennstoffqualität und die Feuerungseinstellung in erster Linie beim Betreiber. Den Optimierungsmöglichkeiten der anlagenseitigen Feuerungstechnik sind relativ enge Grenzen gesetzt. Deshalb entlassen diese Kleinfeuerungen gemessen am gesamten Rauchemissionsaufkommen unverhältnismässig viele Schadstoffe in die Atmosphäre. Es kommt dazu, dass diese Staubteile aus Kleinfeuerungen vor allem in städtischen Bezirken und Agglomerationen emittiert werden, wo derartige Kleinfeuerungen eben in grosser Anzahl vorhanden sind, das heisst, dieser grosse Anteil am Gesamtpartikelausstoss konzentriert sich auf stark besiedelte Gebiete. Neben dieser örtlichen Konzentration treten die Emissionen von Holzfeuerungen zudem in erster Linie im Winter auf, so dass diese Luftbelastungen sich auch noch auf einen begrenzten Zeitraum konzentrieren.For small combustion, the responsibility for the fuel quality and the firing attitude lies primarily with the operator. The optimization possibilities of the plant-side combustion technology are set relatively narrow limits. For this reason, these small fires emit a disproportionate amount of pollutants into the atmosphere in terms of total smoke emission. It happens that these dust particles from small firing before especially in urban districts and agglomerations, where such small fires are present in large numbers, that is, this large proportion of total particle emissions concentrated on heavily populated areas. In addition to this local concentration, the emissions of wood combustion also occur primarily in winter, so that this air pollution is still concentrated on a limited period.

Lufthygienisch relevant für die Gesundheit des Menschen sind Teilchen mit einem aerodynamischen Durchmesser von deutlich weniger als 10µm, weil sich Teilchen ab einer solchen Kleinheit in der Lunge festsetzen können. Diese Partikel binden auch Dioxine, welche nach der Partikeldeposition auf Böden und Pflanzen über die Nahrungskette von den Menschen aufgenommen werden. Weil sich anhand von Messungen gezeigt hat, dass die emittierten Partikel von Holzfeuerungen im kritischen Bereich von unter 10 µm Durchmesser liegen, ist es deshalb notwendig, auch im Bereich von einfachen Holzfeuerungsanlagen geeignete Rauchgaseinrichtungen einzubauen, um diese Kleinstpartikel zurückzuhalten.Aerodynamically relevant to human health are particles with an aerodynamic diameter of significantly less than 10 microns, because particles can accumulate from such a smallness in the lung. These particles also bind dioxins, which are taken up by humans after the particle deposition on soils and plants via the food chain. Since it has been shown by measurements that the emitted particles of wood firing in the critical range of less than 10 microns in diameter, it is therefore necessary to install even in the field of simple wood combustion systems suitable flue gas devices to retain these micro particles.

In der EP 1 193 445 A2 der EMPA wird eine Vorrichtung zur Rauchgasreinigung an Kleinfeuerungen vorgestellt, die in den bestehenden Rauchgaskanal einer solchen Feuerung einbaubar ist: Entweder ist dieser Rauchgaskanal elektrisch leitfähig, indem das Ofenrohr etwa aus Stahlblech, Chromstahl oder Aluminium besteht, oder aber der Kamin ist gänzlich aus Stein und Mauerwerk oder aus Kunststoff gebaut. Im ersten Fall bildet die Vorrichtung einen Deckel, der gasdicht auf eine zugehörige Öffnung am Rauchgaskanal aufsetzbar ist. An der Innenseite dieses Deckels ist über Isolatoren eine Sprühelektrode gehalten. Weiter gehört zur Vorrichtung ein Hochspannungs-Erzeuger zum Aufbau einer Gleichspannung zwischen dieser Sprühelektrode und der Innenwand des elektrisch leitfähigen Rauchgaskanalabschnittes. Im zweiten Fall wird ein Abschnitt eines elektrisch leitfähigen Rohres an den Deckel montiert, um eine Kollektorfläche zu bilden. Der typische Anschlusswert des Hochspannungserzeugers liegt zwischen 10 und 50VA und er kann mit 220V/50Hz bzw. 110V/60Hz Wechselstrom betrieben werden. Die Aufladung der Sprühelektrode kann negativ oder positiv zur Erde erfolgen. Die Abreinigung des Kollektorteils kann nach Ausbau des Elektrodendrahtes mit der Halterung problemlos von Hand erfolgen.In the EP 1 193 445 A2 The EMPA is a device for flue gas cleaning presented to small combustion, which can be installed in the existing flue of such a firing: either this flue gas duct is electrically conductive by the stovepipe approximately from sheet steel, chrome steel or aluminum, or the fireplace is entirely made of stone and Masonry or built of plastic. In the first case, the device forms a lid which can be placed gas-tight on an associated opening on the flue gas channel. On the inside of this cover a spray electrode is held on insulators. Furthermore, the device includes a high-voltage generator for establishing a DC voltage between this spray electrode and the inner wall of the electrically conductive flue gas channel section. In the second case, a portion of an electrically conductive tube is mounted to the lid to form a collector surface. The typical connection value of the high voltage generator is between 10 and 50VA and it can be operated with 220V / 50Hz or 110V / 60Hz alternating current. The charge of Spray electrode can be negative or positive to earth. The cleaning of the collector part can easily be done by hand after removal of the electrode wire with the bracket.

In einer Ausführung dieser Vorrichtung weist diese eine selbsttragende Stabelektrode in Form eines Bleshstreifens auf, der stark genug ist, dass er sich selbst tragen kann. Anstelle eines solchen Blechstreifens kann aber auch ein Draht von genügender Stärke eingesetzt werden. Das entscheidende Merkmal der Sprühelektrode ist das Vorhandensein möglichst kleiner Radien, bei denen hohe lokale Feldstärken auftreten. Es hat sich nun gezeigt, dass mit einem möglichst dünnen Draht, der sich mit seinem freien Ende in der Mitte längs eines Rauchgasrohres erstreckt, die besten Ergebnisse erzielt werden. Dünne rutenartige Drähte beginnen jedoch infolge der entstehenden Ladungsverhältnisse zu schwingen, denn die hohe elektrische Ladung des Drahtes erzeugt an der naheliegenden Innenfläche des Abgasrohres Bildladungen von entgegengesetzter Polarität. Die einem negativ geladenen Draht gegenüberliegende Rohrwand ist daher positiv geladen. Die freihängende Spitze des Elektrodendrahtes wird deshalb von der Rohrwand angezogen und aufgrund ihrer mechanischen elastischen Biegung schwingt sie nach Erreichen der grössten Auslenkung zurück und wird dann in die Gegenrichtung ausgelenkt und umgekehrt. Diese Schwingung kann aber gedämpft werden, indem die Elektrode gegen jedes frei hängende Ende hin verjüngt ausgebildet wird und zudem die Elektrode aktiv elektrisch stabilisiert wird oder passiv stabilisiert ist. Es wird damit ein Elektrofilter realisiert, das keine gesonderten Abscheideplatten aufweist, das keinen Rauchgasventilator benötigt, keine wesentliche Rauchgaskanal-Verengung mit sich bringt, und dessen Abscheidezone je nach Bedarf dimensioniert werden kann.In one embodiment of this device, this has a self-supporting rod electrode in the form of a Bleshstreifens that is strong enough that he can carry himself. Instead of such a metal strip but also a wire of sufficient strength can be used. The decisive feature of the spray electrode is the presence of the smallest possible radii, where high local field strengths occur. It has now been shown that the best results are achieved with a wire as thin as possible, which extends with its free end in the middle along a flue gas tube. However, thin rod-like wires begin to vibrate as a result of the resulting charge conditions, because the high electrical charge of the wire generates image charges of opposite polarity on the proximal inner surface of the exhaust pipe. The tube wall opposite a negatively charged wire is therefore positively charged. The free-hanging tip of the electrode wire is therefore attracted to the pipe wall and due to its mechanical elastic bending it swings back after reaching the maximum deflection and is then deflected in the opposite direction and vice versa. However, this vibration can be damped by the electrode is tapered towards each free-hanging end and also the electrode is actively electrically stabilized or is passively stabilized. It is thus realized an electrostatic precipitator, which has no separate separation plates, which does not require a flue gas fan, does not entail a substantial flue gas channel constriction, and whose separation zone can be dimensioned as needed.

Nun ist es aber so, dass die mit so einem Elektrofilter ausgerüsteten Holzfeuerungen meistens nur sehr sporadisch in Betrieb benommen werden. Zu Heizzwecken laufen sie nur im Winterhalbjahr und sie werden je nach Bedarf stunden- oder tageweise betrieben und eher selten durchgehend über mehrere Wochen und Monate. Andrerseits wird Holz auch in vielen Cheminées fast mehr zu dekorativen Zwecken verbrannt denn zum gezielten Heizen. Man will mit solchen Cheminées in erster Linie Wohnatmosphäre schaffen, wenngleich der Heizeffekt gleichzeitig genutzt wird.But now it is the case that the wooden furnaces equipped with such an electrostatic precipitator are mostly only very sporadically put into operation. For heating purposes, they run only in the winter months and they are operated on an hourly or daily basis as required, and rarely for several weeks and months. On the other hand, wood is almost more in many cheminées burnt for decorative purposes for targeted heating. One wants to create with such cheminées primarily residential atmosphere, although the heating effect is used simultaneously.

Weil also diese Holzfeuerungen in sehr unregelmässigen Abständen und über unregelmässige Zeitperioden betrieben werden, ist es unzumutbar, die eingebaute Filter-Vorrichtung für die elektrostatische Partikelabscheidung dauerhaft eingeschaltet zu lassen und unter Netzspannung zu halten. Wird aber ein spezieller Schalter eingebaut, um sie bloss bedarfsweise einzuschalten, so kann davon ausgegangen werden, dass sie wohl von den meisten Betreibern oftmals vergessen wird einzuschalten. Während das Einschalten noch eher erfolgt, so gilt noch vielmehr, dass das Ausschalten vergessen wird, denn man lässt ja das Holz ausbrennen und den Ofen auskühlen, es sei denn, man lege Holz nach. Aus der GB 769 457 ist eine Regelung der Betriebsspannung von elektrostatischen Abscheidern während deren Betrieb offenbart, die aber nicht dem Ein- und Ausschalten des Abscheiders dient und auch nicht dafür geeignet ist. Sie hat nicht die Erkennung des Vorhandenseins von Rauchgas zwecks Ein- und Ausschalten der Filtereinrichtung zum Ziel, sondern vielmehr die blosse Regelung der Betriebsspannung. Hierzu wird als Führungsgrösse die Häufigkeit von Funkenüberschlägen zwischen den Elektroden verwendet. Es werden aber keinerlei Kapazitätsmessungen durchgeführt und auch keine anderen Eigenschaften des Dielektrikums werden ermittelt, welche dazu dienen könnten, den Abscheider ein- oder auszuschalten.
Aus der EP 1 277 928 A1 , die als nachstliegenden Stand der Technik eingesehen wird, ist es bekannt, zur Reinigung von Abgasen aus einem Verbrennungsmotor, zum Beispiel einem Dieselmotor, die darin enthaltenen Partikel elektrisch aufzuladen und hernach mittels elektrostatischer Kräfte an einem Katalysator abzuscheiden. Der Katalysator weist eine oxidative Aktivität auf. Weil die eingefangenen Teile auf dem Katalysator oxidieren und verbrennen, wird der Effekt unterdrückt, dass sie ihn rasch zusetzen, wie in Abschnitt [0019] dieser Anmeldung EP 1 277 928 A1 erläutert wird. Dennoch werden auf dem Katalysator mit der Zeit immer mehr Partikel angesammelt. Mit einem Entlader werden die Teile verbrannt und mittels plasma-elektrischer Entladungsenergie auf 10 bis 50 kV vom Katalysator entfernt, wie in Abschnitt [0046] beschrieben wird. Dieser Entlader (Discharger) wird nur wenn nötig aktiviert. Um die Beschlagung mit Partikeln zu messen, wird ein Partikelsensor eingesetzt. Er basiert auf einer Messung der Kapazitätsdifferenz zwischen der Aufladungselektrode und des Katalysators.
Because these wood fires are operated at very irregular intervals and over irregular periods of time, it is unreasonable to leave the built-in filter device for electrostatic particle separation switched on permanently and to keep it under mains voltage. But if a special switch is installed, just to turn it on as needed, it can be assumed that it is probably forgotten by most operators often turn. While the switch-on is even more likely, it is even more true that the switch-off is forgotten, because you let burn out the wood and cool the stove, unless you put wood after. From the GB 769 457 is a regulation of the operating voltage of electrostatic precipitators during their operation disclosed, but which does not serve the switching on and off of the separator and is not suitable. It has not the detection of the presence of flue gas for the purpose of switching on and off of the filter device to the target, but rather the mere control of the operating voltage. For this purpose, the frequency of flashovers between the electrodes is used as a reference variable. However, no capacity measurements are made and no other properties of the dielectric are determined which could serve to turn the separator on or off.
From the EP 1 277 928 A1 As is well known in the art, it is known to electrically charge the particles contained therein for purifying exhaust gases from an internal combustion engine, for example a diesel engine, and then deposit them on a catalyst by means of electrostatic forces. The catalyst has an oxidative activity. Because the trapped parts on the catalyst oxidize and burn, the effect of suppressing it is rapidly suppressed, as in Section [0019] of this application EP 1 277 928 A1 is explained. Nevertheless, more and more particles are accumulated on the catalyst over time. With a discharger, the parts are burned and removed from the catalyst by plasma discharge electrical energy at 10 to 50 kV, as described in Section [0046]. This unloader (Discharger) is only activated if necessary. To measure the fogging with particles, a particle sensor is used. It is based on a measurement of the capacitance difference between the charging electrode and the catalyst.

Die Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung ist es deshalb, das Ein- und Ausschalten einer Vorrichtung für die elektrostatische Partikelabscheidung im Rauchgasstrom von Holzfeuerungen automatisch zu gestalten und also ein Verfahren hierfür sowie die zugehörige Steuerungseinheit zum Betrieb des Verfahrens zu schaffen. Sobald die Holzfeuerung in Betrieb genommen wird, soll die Partikelabscheidung zuverlässig aktiviert werden, und sobald der Rauchgasstrom abklingt, soll sie mit ebensolcher Zuverlässigkeit ausgeschaltet werden.The object of the present invention is therefore to automatically design the switching on and off of a device for the electrostatic particle separation in the flue gas stream of wood furnaces and thus to provide a method for this and the associated control unit for operating the method. Once the wood firing is put into operation, the particle separation is to be reliably activated, and as soon as the flue gas stream subsides, it should be switched off with the same reliability.

Diese Aufgabe wird gelöst von einem Verfahren zur Steuerung einer Vorrichtung für die elektrostatische Partikelabscheidung in Gasströmen, das sich dadurch auszeichnet, dass die Veränderungen der dielektrischen Eigenschaften innerhalb des Rauchgaskanals infolge der Verbrennung detektiert werden, indem die elektrische Kapazität zwischen dem Rauchgaskanal und einer im Rauchgasstrom befindlichen Sprüh- oder Messelektrode gemessen wird.This object is achieved by a method for controlling a device for the electrostatic particle separation in gas streams, which is characterized in that the changes in the dielectric properties are detected within the flue gas duct as a result of combustion, by the electrical capacity between the flue and one located in the flue gas stream Spray or measuring electrode is measured.

Die Aufgabe wird weiter gelöst von einer Steuerungseinheit für eine Vorrichtung für die elektrostatische Partikelabscheidung in Gasströmen, bestehend aus einer Sprüh- oder Messelektrode und einem elektrisch leitfähigen Rauchgaskanalabschnitt als Kollektorfläche, ferner einem Messgerät für die Messung der Kapazität zwischen dem Rauchgaskanal und der Sprüh- oder Messelektrode sowie einer elektronischen Steuerungseinheit für die Schaltung der Vorrichtung unter Verwendung der gemessenen Kapazität als Führungsgrösse.The object is further achieved by a control unit for a device for the electrostatic particle separation in gas streams, consisting of a spray or measuring electrode and an electrically conductive flue gas channel section as a collector surface, further comprising a measuring device for measuring the capacitance between the flue gas channel and the spray or measuring electrode and an electronic control unit for the circuit of the device using the measured capacitance as a reference variable.

In den Zeichnungen ist die Funktionsweise des Verfahrens illustriert und es wird nachfolgend beschrieben und erklärt. Ebenfalls beschrieben wird auch eine schematisch dargestellte Steuerungseinheit für die Vorrichtung zur elektrostatischen Partikelabscheidung in Gasströmen und besonders für die Rauchgasreinigung an Kleinfeuerungen.
Es zeigt:

Figur 1 :
Eine Ausführung einer Vorrichtung zur elektrostatischen Partikelabscheidung in Gasströmen;
Figur 2 :
Eine Messanordnung zur Vorschaltung vor eine Vorrichtung zur Partikelabscheidung, zur Messung der Kapazität zwischen einerseits einem Rauchgasrohrabschnitt, der im Innern eines Rauchgaskanals angeordnet ist, und andrerseits dem Rauchgaskanal, mit zugehörigem beispielsweisen Messdiagramm;
Figur 3 :
Eine Steuerungseinheit für die Schaltung der Vorrichtung zur elektrostatischen Partikelabscheidung, die der Messanordnung nachgeschaltet ist.
The operation of the method is illustrated in the drawings and will be described and explained below. Also described is a schematically illustrated control unit for the apparatus for electrostatic particle separation in gas streams and especially for the flue gas cleaning of small furnaces.
It shows:
FIG. 1:
An embodiment of a device for electrostatic particle separation in gas streams;
FIG. 2:
A measuring arrangement for upstream of a device for particle separation, for measuring the capacity between on the one hand a flue gas pipe section, which is arranged inside a flue gas duct, and on the other hand, the flue gas duct, with associated exemplary measuring diagram;
FIG. 3:
A control unit for the circuit of the apparatus for electrostatic particle separation, which is connected downstream of the measuring arrangement.

Elektrofilter funktionieren grundsätzlich nach dem Prinzip, dass elektrisch geladene, feste oder flüssige Teilchen in einem elektrischen Feld abgelenkt werden. Die Russpartikel müssen daher zunächst elektrisch geladen werden. Die unipolar aufgeladenen Teilchen lagern sich hernach infolge der Wirkung des elektrostatischen Feldes an Abscheideplatten ab. Mit solchen Elektrofiltern lassen sich Stäube und Aerosole mit Korngrössen von 0.01 bis 60µm abscheiden. Die Effizienz der Abscheidung hängt auch von der Anströmgeschwindigkeit der Partikel und von der Staubkonzentration im angeströmten Gas ab, sowie von der Temperatur und der Luftfeuchtigkeit im anströmenden Gas.Electrostatic precipitators basically work on the principle that electrically charged, solid or liquid particles are deflected in an electric field. The soot particles must therefore first be charged electrically. The unipolar charged particles subsequently deposit on separation plates as a result of the action of the electrostatic field. With such electrostatic precipitators dust and aerosols with particle sizes from 0.01 to 60μm can be deposited. The efficiency of the deposition also depends on the flow velocity of the particles and the dust concentration in the gas flow, as well as on the temperature and humidity in the inflowing gas.

In Figur 1 ist eine mögliche Vorrichtung zur elektrostatischen Partikelabscheidung in Gasströmen gezeigt, die sich auch zur Rauchgasreinigung an Kleinfeuerungen eignet. Sie ist für den Einbau in einem geraden Abschnitt eines bestehenden, elektrisch leitfähigen Ofenrohrs 1 ausgelegt. Die Vorrichtung weist eine Elektrodenfassung 6 aus Metall, vorzugsweise aus rostfreiem Stahl auf, die zur Aufnahme der Elektrode 4 mit einer Bohrung versehen ist. Die Fassung 6 weist bei einer Elektrodendicke von 0.3mm im Fassungsbereich einen Durchmesser von mehreren Millimetern auf und wird durch eine Klemm- oder Bajonettverbindung in einer metallischen Halterung 7 gehalten, wie das im vergrössert dargestellten Ausschnitt gezeigt ist. Die Halterung 7 ist an einem Haltestab 2 befestigt, der ebenfalls vorzugsweise aus nicht rostendem Stahl gefertigt ist. Der Haltestab 2 wird durch einen Isolator 3 in das Rauchgasrohr 1 geführt. Der Isolator 3 ist vorteilhaft aus einem Kunststoff gefertigt, wofür sich Polyetheretherketon (PEEK) eignet, weil dieses Material eine gewisse Ladungswanderung zulässt, sodass sich keine Ladungsnester bilden können, sondern Ladungen kontinuierlich abfliessen. Im Gegensatz dazu entstehen bei einem Porzellan- oder Keramikisolator unter Gleichspannung Ladungsnester, die dann nach aussen wandern und zu spontanen Durchbrüchen (TE) führen. Der Isolator 3 ist fest mit dem Deckel 5 verbunden. Die Fassung 6 kann zylindrisch oder wie hier abgebildet kugelförmig gestaltet sein, mit einem Durchmesser von etwa 10mm und einer zentralen Bohrung, in welcher die Elektrode 4 sitzt und gehalten ist. Die Öffnung am Ofenrohr 1 ist so gross gestaltet, dass die Halterung 7 unter elastischer Biegung des Drahtes 4 in das Ofenrohr 1 einführbar ist, und hernach wird die Öffnung 1 mit dem Deckel 5 gasdicht verschlossen, wozu sich etwa geeignete Spannklammern, Spannhebel oder Spannschrauben anbieten. Ein Hochspannungs-Erzeuger mit Gleichrichterfunktion ist sowohl elektrisch als auch thermisch vom Ofenrohr 1 isoliert und wird über ein Netzkabel mit Strom versorgt. Der Hochspannungsausgang wird durch den Isolator 3 über die Fassung 6 an die Sprühelektrode 4 geführt, welche vorteilhaft aus einem Wolframdraht besteht. Der andere Pol liegt auf Erdpotential und ist mit dem Ofenrohr 1 elektrisch leitend verbunden, welches gegenüber der Elektrode 4 als Abscheidefläche wirkt. Somit ist ein Elektrofilter gebildet, wobei der Draht 4 die Sprühelektrode bildet, und die Innenseite des Ofenrohrs 1 über die Länge des Elektrodendrahtes 4 hinaus die Niederschlagselektrode oder Kollektorfläche bildet, sodass also der gesamte Kamin, soweit er aus leitfähigem Material besteht, als Kollektorfläche wirken kann.In FIG. 1 is a possible device for electrostatic particle separation in gas streams shown, which is also suitable for flue gas cleaning of small furnaces. It is designed for installation in a straight section of an existing, electrically conductive stovepipe 1. The device comprises an electrode holder 6 made of metal, preferably made of stainless steel, which is provided for receiving the electrode 4 with a bore. The socket 6 has an electrode thickness of 0.3 mm in the socket area a diameter of several millimeters and is held by a clamp or bayonet connection in a metallic holder 7, as shown in enlarged section. The holder 7 is attached to a support rod 2, which is also preferably made of stainless steel. The holding bar 2 is guided by an insulator 3 in the flue gas pipe 1. The insulator 3 is advantageously made of a plastic, for which polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is suitable, because this material allows a certain charge migration, so that no charge nests can form, but discharges continuously. In contrast, in a porcelain or ceramic insulator under DC voltage charge nests, which then migrate to the outside and lead to spontaneous breakthroughs (TE). The insulator 3 is firmly connected to the lid 5. The version 6 can be cylindrical or as shown here spherically shaped, with a diameter of about 10mm and a central bore in which the electrode 4 is seated and held. The opening on the furnace tube 1 is designed so large that the holder 7 is inserted under elastic bending of the wire 4 in the furnace tube 1, and thereafter, the opening 1 is closed gas-tight with the lid 5, including offering about suitable clamps, clamping lever or clamping screws , A high voltage generator with rectifier function is both electrically and thermally isolated from the furnace tube 1 and is powered by a power cable. The high voltage output is passed through the insulator 3 via the socket 6 to the spray electrode 4, which advantageously consists of a tungsten wire. The other pole is at ground potential and is electrically connected to the furnace tube 1, which acts opposite the electrode 4 as Abscheidefläche. Thus, an electrostatic filter is formed, wherein the wire 4 forms the spray electrode, and the inside of the furnace tube 1 over the length of the electrode wire 4 also forms the collecting electrode or collector surface, so that the entire chimney, so far as it consists of conductive material, can act as a collector surface ,

Zur regelmässigen Reinigung der Niederschlagselektrode, das heisst der Innenwand des Ofenrohrs 1, wird zunächst die Hochspannung ausgeschaltet. Dann wird die Halterung 7 mit der Elektrode 4 aus dem Ofenrohr 1 entfernt. Hernach kann die Innenseite des Ofenrohrs 1 mit einem feuchten Lappen abgerieben werden, wodurch die elektrisch zurückgehaltenen Teilchen weggewischt werden und am Lappen hängenbleiben. Als Alternative können die eingesammelten Partikel auch mit der Staubsaugerbürste weggewischt und abgesaugt werden. Die Elektrode 4 wird dann wieder ins Ofenrohr 1 eingeführt und der Deckel 5 gasdicht auf die Öffnung aufgesetzt und verspannt. Die gereinigten Kollektorflächen sind nun wieder frei, um mit neuen Partikeln beschlagen zu werden, weil jetzt auch die elektrische Anziehungskraft wieder voll wirksam ist. Mit einer solchen Elektrode, nämlich einem verjüngten Wolframdraht, gelingt es, bis zu 90% der Partikel im Rauchgas abzuscheiden.For regular cleaning of the collecting electrode, that is, the inner wall of the furnace tube 1, the high voltage is first turned off. Then, the holder 7 is removed with the electrode 4 from the furnace tube 1. Thereafter, the inside of the stovepipe 1 can be rubbed off with a damp cloth, whereby the electrically retained particles are wiped off and stuck on the cloth. Alternatively, the collected particles can also be wiped off and vacuumed with the vacuum cleaner brush. The electrode 4 is then reintroduced into the furnace tube 1 and the lid 5 placed gas-tight on the opening and clamped. The cleaned collector surfaces are now free again to be fogged with new particles, because now also the electrical attraction is fully effective again. With such an electrode, namely a tapered tungsten wire, it is possible to deposit up to 90% of the particles in the flue gas.

Eine solche oder ähnliche Vorrichtung gilt es nun, automatisch bei Bedarf in Betrieb zu setzen. Es erweist sich, dass eine Kapazitätsmessung zum Ziel führt. In Figur 2 ist eine Messanordnung zur Vorschaltung vor eine Vorrichtung zur Partikelabscheidung gezeigt, die praktisch erprobt wurde. Alle 30 Minuten wurde der Rauchgasstrom unterbrochen, was zu einem sehr deutlichen Abfall der gemessenen Kapazität führte. Die Messung erfolgte hier über 10 Stunden und zeigt eine zuverlässige reproduzierbare Kapazitätsänderung, welche mit der Anwesenheit des Rauchgasstromes korreliert. Ohne Rauchgas wird eine durchwegs tiefere Kapazität gemessen als mit Rauchgas. Deswegen kann der gemessene Wert für die Kapazität als Führungsgrösse für eine Steuerungseinheit verwendet werden. Die eigentliche Kapazitätsmessung kann durch Messung der Auf- oder Entladezeit des Kondensators geschehen, der aus den Elektroden gebildet wird - also entweder von Sprühelektrode und Rauchgaskanal oder von Rauchgasrohrabschnitt und Rauchgaskanal. Vorteilhaft ist es auch, die Kapazität dieses Kondensators so in einen Schwingkreis oder eine instabile Kippschaltung zu integrieren, dass sich die Kapazitätsänderungen in der Schwingungsfrequenz widerspiegeln. Eine Änderung der Schwingungsfrequenz ergibt dann das Signal zum Ein- bzw. Ausschalten der Betriebsspannung.Such a device or similar, it is now necessary to put into operation automatically when needed. It turns out that a capacity measurement leads to the goal. In FIG. 2 For example, there is shown a biasing measurement apparatus prior to a particle separation apparatus that has been practically tested. Every 30 minutes, the flue gas flow was interrupted, resulting in a very significant drop in measured capacity. The measurement took place here over 10 hours and shows a reliable reproducible capacity change, which correlates with the presence of the flue gas stream. Without flue gas, a consistently lower capacity is measured than with flue gas. Therefore, the measured value of the capacitance can be used as a reference for a control unit. The actual capacitance measurement can be done by measuring the charging or discharging time of the capacitor, which is formed from the electrodes - ie either of spray and flue gas duct or flue gas pipe section and flue gas duct. It is also advantageous to integrate the capacitance of this capacitor into a resonant circuit or an unstable flip-flop so that the capacitance changes are reflected in the oscillation frequency. A change in the oscillation frequency then gives the signal for switching on or off the operating voltage.

Die Figur 3 zeigt eine Vorrichtung zur elektrostatischen Partikelabscheidung in schematischer Darstellung, und die zugehörige Steuerungseinheit 9 zum Ein- und Ausschalten der Vorrichtung, welche an das Stromnetz angeschlossen wird. Diese Steuerungseinheit 9 ist geerdet und schliesst ein Messgerät 10 für die Kapazität ein sowie eine Steuerlogik 11 für die zugehörige Hochspannungsquelle 12 der Vorrichtung. Die Messanordnung für die Kapazitätsmessung wie in Figur 2 gezeigt ist dieser Vorrichtung vorgeschaltet, sodass also ein Rauchgas zunächst das elektrisch leitfähige Rauchgasrohr 7 im Innern des elektrisch leitfähigen Rauchgaskanals 1 durchströmt und dabei die Kapazität zwischen diesen beiden Teilen 1,7 beeinflusst. Die vom Messgerät 10 gemessenen Grössen werden dann von der Steuerlogik 11 in der Steuerungseinheit verarbeitet und entsprechend wird die Hochspannungsquelle 12 ein- oder ausgeschaltet, welche für die lonisationsspannung an der Elektrode 4 gegenüber dem Rauchgaskanal 1 sorgt. Somit wird sichergestellt, dass die Vorrichtung für die elektrostatische Partikelabscheidung stets zuverlässig in Betrieb gesetzt wird, sobald und solange Rauchgas den im Rauchgaskanal 1 vorgeschalteten Rauchgasrohrabschnitt 7 durchströmt, während nach dem Abklingen des Rauchgasstroms infolge der dann reduzierten gemessenen Kapazität die Vorrichtung ausgeschaltet wird.The FIG. 3 shows a device for electrostatic particle deposition in a schematic representation, and the associated control unit 9 for switching on and off of the device, which is connected to the mains. This control unit 9 is grounded and includes a measuring device 10 for the capacity and a control logic 11 for the associated high voltage source 12 of the device. The measuring device for the capacitance measurement as in FIG. 2 shown this device is connected upstream, so that therefore a flue gas first flows through the electrically conductive flue gas tube 7 inside the electrically conductive flue gas channel 1 and thereby affects the capacity between these two parts 1.7. The quantities measured by the measuring device 10 are then processed by the control logic 11 in the control unit and, correspondingly, the high-voltage source 12 is switched on or off, which ensures the ionization voltage at the electrode 4 with respect to the flue gas channel 1. This ensures that the Device for the electrostatic particle separation is always reliably put into operation as soon as and as long as flue gas flows through the flue gas pipe section 1 upstream in the flue gas duct 1, while after the fading of the flue gas flow due to the then reduced measured capacity, the device is turned off.

Claims (9)

  1. Method for controlling a device for the electrostatic separation of particles having an diameter of less than 10 µm in the flue gas of small - scale wood furnaces, whereby the modifications of the dielectric properties in the flue gas channel (1) are detected due to the combustion, in measuring the electric capacity between an electric conductive section of the flue gas channel (1) and an emission or measuring electrode (4) situated in this section of the flue gas flow, characterized in that the capacity is determined in measuring the charging time and the discharging time of the capacitor, the capacitor being formed by the electrodes, i.e. either by the emission electrode (4) and the electric conductive section of the flue gas channel (1) or by an electric conductive flue gas pipe section (7) and an electric conductive section of the flue gas channel (1).
  2. Method for controlling a device for the electrostatic separation of particles having an diameter of less than 10 µm in the flue gas of small - scale wood furnaces according to claim 1, characterized in that the capacity of the capacitor is integrated into an oscillating circuit or into an unstable flip - flop circuit, so that the modifications of the capacity effect the frequency of oscillation, and that, due to the modification of the frequency of oscillation, a signal is generated to connect respectively to disconnect the operating voltage.
  3. Control unit for a device for the electrostatic separation of particles having an diameter of less than 10 µm in the flue gas of small - scale wood furnaces having an emission electrode or a measuring electrode (4) and with an electric conductive flue gas pipe section (7) as a collector surface , characterized in that the control unit consists of a measuring device (10) for measuring the capacity between the electric conductive section of the flue gas channel (1) and the emission electrode or the measuring electrode (4), and an electronic control logics (11) for switching the device in using the measured capacity as reference value.
  4. Control unit for a device for the electrostatic separation of particles having an diameter of less than 10 µm in the flue gas of small - scale wood furnaces according to claim 3, characterized in that the measuring electrode (4) is intended to be used simultaneously as an emission electrode.
  5. Control unit for a device for the electrostatic separation of particles having an diameter of less than 10 µm in the flue gas of small - scale wood furnaces according to claim 3, characterized in that the measuring electrode (4) realizes an electric conductive flue gas pipe section (7), which section is arranged in an electrically isolating manner inside the also electric conductive section of the flue gas channel (1) and through which section the flue gas is intended to flow, and that an measuring device (10) is also provided in order to measure capacitance between the flue gas pipe section (7) and the flue gas channel (1) and an electronic control logics (11) is provided for switching the device which uses the measured capacitance as a reference variable.
  6. Control unit for a device for the electrostatic separation of particles having an diameter of less than 10 µm in the flue gas of small - scale wood furnaces according to claim 5, characterized in that the electric conductive flue gas pipe section (7) is arranged in an electrically isolated manner concentrically inside the electric conductive section of the flue gas channel (1).
  7. Control unit for a device for the electrostatic separation of particles having an diameter of less than 10 µm in the flue gas of small - scale wood furnaces according to one of the claims 5 to 6, characterized in that the electric conductive flue gas pipe section (7) has for a flue gas channel (1) of an interior diameter of 130 mm a length of about 1 m and an exterior diameter of 100 mm.
  8. Control unit for a device for the electrostatic separation of particles having an diameter of less than 10 µm in the flue gas of small - scale wood furnaces according to one of the claims 5 to 7, characterized in that the capacity is allowed to be determined in providing means for measuring the charging time and the discharging time of the capacitor, whereby the capacitor is realized buy means of the electrodes , i.e. either by means of the emission electrode (4) and the flue gas channel (1) or by means of the flue gas pipe section (7) and the flue gas channel (1).
  9. Control unit for a device for the electrostatic separation of particles having an diameter of less than 10 µm in the flue gas of small - scale wood furnaces according to one of the claims 5 to 8, characterized in that the capacity of the capacitor is integrated into an oscillating circuit or into an unstable flip - flop circuit, so that the modifications of the capacity effect the frequency of oscillation, and that, due to the modification of the frequency of oscillation, a signal is generated to connect respectively to disconnect the operating voltage.
EP05714729A 2004-04-08 2005-03-31 Method for controlling a device for electrostatic particle separation in gas flows, and control unit therefor Not-in-force EP1732695B1 (en)

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PCT/CH2005/000187 WO2005097332A1 (en) 2004-04-08 2005-03-31 Method for controlling a device for electrostatic particle deposition in gas flows, and control unit therefor

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DE102008011561A1 (en) 2008-02-28 2009-09-10 Raziol Zibulla & Sohn Gmbh Device for cleaning oil emulsive exhaust air coming from machine for processing e.g. grinding of metallic workpiece, has pre-separation device for oil emulsive exhaust air components connected upstream to flow filter in flow direction
DE102010042914B4 (en) * 2010-10-26 2012-05-24 Wachtel GmbH & Co. Bäckereimaschinen-Backöfen Measuring device and method for detecting combustion air constituents
CN102962135B (en) * 2012-09-26 2015-08-05 山东国舜建设集团有限公司 Wet type sintering desulfuration flue gas device for deep cleaning
ES1147908Y (en) * 2015-06-30 2016-03-10 Univ Vigo Self-regenerating electrostatic precipitator
DE102018009727A1 (en) * 2018-12-11 2019-11-28 Diehl Aviation Gilching Gmbh Separator for cleaning gases
CN109940000B (en) * 2019-04-24 2023-11-28 伟通工业设备(江苏)有限公司 Electrostatic dust collector that can separate pressure accumulation scour for UV solidification antifog coating line

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US4177045A (en) * 1978-07-10 1979-12-04 Orel Jeannette V Self-acting smoke sorbing device
US5688308A (en) * 1995-05-30 1997-11-18 Trion, Inc. Electrostatic air cleaning system with air flow sensor
JP4265120B2 (en) * 2001-07-19 2009-05-20 株式会社豊田中央研究所 Exhaust gas purification device for internal combustion engine
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