EP1730766A2 - Systeme d'electrodes pour lampe a decharge gazeuse haute pression - Google Patents

Systeme d'electrodes pour lampe a decharge gazeuse haute pression

Info

Publication number
EP1730766A2
EP1730766A2 EP04802774A EP04802774A EP1730766A2 EP 1730766 A2 EP1730766 A2 EP 1730766A2 EP 04802774 A EP04802774 A EP 04802774A EP 04802774 A EP04802774 A EP 04802774A EP 1730766 A2 EP1730766 A2 EP 1730766A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
electrode system
winding
coil
connecting part
shaft
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP04802774A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP1730766B1 (fr
Inventor
Anton Dambacher
Helmut Davideit
Klaus Meyer
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Osram GmbH
Original Assignee
Patent Treuhand Gesellschaft fuer Elektrische Gluehlampen mbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from DE102004012242A external-priority patent/DE102004012242A1/de
Application filed by Patent Treuhand Gesellschaft fuer Elektrische Gluehlampen mbH filed Critical Patent Treuhand Gesellschaft fuer Elektrische Gluehlampen mbH
Publication of EP1730766A2 publication Critical patent/EP1730766A2/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1730766B1 publication Critical patent/EP1730766B1/fr
Not-in-force legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J61/00—Gas-discharge or vapour-discharge lamps
    • H01J61/02—Details
    • H01J61/04—Electrodes; Screens; Shields
    • H01J61/06—Main electrodes
    • H01J61/073—Main electrodes for high-pressure discharge lamps
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J61/00—Gas-discharge or vapour-discharge lamps
    • H01J61/82—Lamps with high-pressure unconstricted discharge having a cold pressure > 400 Torr
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J61/00—Gas-discharge or vapour-discharge lamps
    • H01J61/02—Details
    • H01J61/04—Electrodes; Screens; Shields
    • H01J61/06—Main electrodes
    • H01J61/073—Main electrodes for high-pressure discharge lamps
    • H01J61/0732—Main electrodes for high-pressure discharge lamps characterised by the construction of the electrode
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J61/00—Gas-discharge or vapour-discharge lamps
    • H01J61/02—Details
    • H01J61/36—Seals between parts of vessels; Seals for leading-in conductors; Leading-in conductors
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J61/00—Gas-discharge or vapour-discharge lamps
    • H01J61/02—Details
    • H01J61/36—Seals between parts of vessels; Seals for leading-in conductors; Leading-in conductors
    • H01J61/366—Seals for leading-in conductors

Definitions

  • the invention is based on an electrode system for a high-pressure discharge lamp according to the preamble of claim 1. It is in particular electrodes for high-pressure discharge lamps which contain mercury and / or sodium.
  • electrodes for high-pressure discharge lamps which contain mercury and / or sodium.
  • One area of application is, for example, metal halide lamps, another one in particular high pressure sodium lamps.
  • An electrode system for a high-pressure discharge lamp is already known from EP 587 238 and WO 95/28732, in which an electrode and a bushing are used, a filament being attached to the electrode shaft.
  • an enveloping winding is attached to the bushing. It serves in part to improve the seal and protect against corrosion, but in particular in the case of ceramic discharge vessels, the filament fills the dead volume in the capillary; in addition, the thermal expansion coefficient of the commonly used molybdenum fits better with Al 2 O 3 .
  • the filament is made of Wolfrar ⁇ , f "in order to withstand the high temperatures near the discharge. In the winding, compatibility with the glass solder is more important, so that mostly a molybdenum wire is used.
  • the implementation is more solid than the shaft and corresponding
  • the winding is made of significantly thicker wire than the filament.
  • Usual electrode systems for low wattages up to about 100 W are often in three parts, with the bushing being designed in two parts with a connecting part to the electrode shaft made of molybdenum pin and a niobium pin as the end piece - or four parts, they usually use a pin-shaped cermet part as a connecting part.
  • Another object is to provide a lamp with such an electrode system.
  • a rigid connection between the filament and the winding is produced, which improves the quality and leads to more reproducible results in the behavior of the lamp.
  • there is a fixed spacing relationship between the coil and the winding so that the exact adjustment of the winding that is required anyway automatically results in an exact adjustment of the coil.
  • Such a link has so far not been considered due to the completely different requirement profiles for the coil and winding.
  • the electrode system does not matter how the electrode system is constructed exactly.
  • it consists of at least one electrode shaft with a head, which is designed as a helix, and a connecting part.
  • An enveloping winding is applied to at least part of the connecting part.
  • the connecting part can be integrally connected to the electrode shaft.
  • the integral part usually consists of a pin made of tungsten.
  • the connecting part can also be a separate part. In this case, it is often structurally combined with a part of the bushing which is attached to the connecting part. Connection parts made of molybdenum, tungsten or cermet are common. In this case, the diameter of the connector is often noticeable (up to 150%) or even considerably (up to 400%) larger than the diameter of the electrode shaft.
  • the concept according to the invention can take this into account in that, with a very large difference in the diameter of the helix and the winding, these two parts are made from separate workpieces which are connected to one another.
  • a typical rigid connection can be achieved, for example, by welding, soldering or entangling.
  • the invention has particular advantages if the diameter of the electrode shaft and the connecting part are not chosen too differently and do not differ from one another by more than 50%, in particular even up to 20%.
  • the coil and winding can be made in one piece from a wire.
  • the coil and winding are connected to one another via a so-called winding interruption.
  • This technology has the advantage that the coil and winding are applied directly to the electrode system in one work process, and not, as was previously the case, manufactured separately and then still laboriously applied separately.
  • This new technology represents a quantum leap in cost reduction and quality improvement for electrode systems and the high-pressure discharge lamps produced with them.
  • the invention enables the professional world, in particular, to simplify and reduce the cost of manufacturing ceramic discharge vessels equipped with electrodes. In particular, the focus is on the development of lamps with low power. Because the simple and reliable manufacturing process enables for the first time small tolerances in manufacturing, especially of small wattages in the range of 20 to 75 W.
  • Conventional electrode systems consist of three parts and consist of an electrode shaft made of tungsten and a two-part bushing with a connecting part made of molybdenum, to which the winding is applied, and an end piece made of niobium.
  • the connecting part often also consists of an electrically conductive cermet, consisting of molybdenum and Al 2 O 3 with approximately the same proportions, as is known per se. This embodiment is more common for smaller wattages up to 150 W.
  • the winding on the connecting part can be modified by a further winding. This further winding can have roughly the same properties as the first winding and an additional second layer made of the same material on the first winding form, or also consist of another material, or for better stabilization as a braiding wire on the actual winding.
  • Another embodiment for higher wattages uses a four-part electrode system, an intermediate piece, usually a cermet, being introduced between the connecting part, often made of molybdenum, and the end piece, often made of niobium.
  • the various components of the electrode system which is usually in two to four parts, are welded or soldered or mechanically connected, for example by crimping or plugging.
  • the electrode system according to the invention can be used both in ceramic and in glass-made discharge vessels for high-pressure discharge lamps. It does not matter whether the discharge vessel is closed on one side or on both sides. In the event of a one-sided crush, the electrode is bent. The electrode is held in the discharge vessel over its shaft, for example by a bushing that is part of or is attached to the shaft, this bushing being sealed in a ceramic capillary, as is known per se, or in a pinch or melt.
  • the coil on the electrode shaft can be flush with the shaft, or can also protrude or be reset.
  • the starting material is, for example, an endless winding, which contains winding sections and interruptions in the winding.
  • a first winding section can form the coil (W)
  • an adjacent, second winding section spaced by a so-called interruption (U) can form the winding (W).
  • WUW winding can be produced and used with any length, in particular with any length of the wound segments and the interruptions.
  • a typical lamp with at least one electrode system has at least one
  • Sodium the discharge vessel being made of glass or ceramic. They are preferably relatively low-wattage lamps with an output of 20 to 400 W. However, higher wattage lamps, for example up to 2000 W, are not excluded.
  • the preferred manufacturing method for manufacturing an electrode system can also be modified in such a way that instead of a continuous core pin which solves the task of the shaft and the connecting part in one, a core pin is used which is composed of two parts with different diameters.
  • the endless winding is cut into sections preferably by means of wire EDM or by using laser pulses. Such a winding has good dimensional stability. The spiral can no longer slip. The helix remains flush with the core pin. Falling of the helix under heavy load is now impossible.
  • the new manufacturing process enables extremely simple electrode systems, consisting of only two parts, to be manufactured that are dimensionally stable even for very low wattages. For a 20 W lamp with a filament, there has so far been no large-scale manufacturing process.
  • Special components that function as front pieces of the electrode system can also be created in this way and in particular have a high degree of symmetry.
  • the advantage of symmetrical electrode systems or of components that form front pieces is that this means that the first or only weld that connects components of the electrode system to each other is farther away from the discharge arc. is arranged, which minimizes the problem of overheated welding spots and kinking electrode heads.
  • the new manufacturing process for an electrode system with helix and winding makes manufacturing considerably easier and cheaper and simplifies automation.
  • the new electrode is very well suited for laser production.
  • An Nd-YAG laser is typically used for this work.
  • the laser can be used as a cutting tool or for material processing, especially removal.
  • a particularly straight, burr-free cut is achieved; in the second case, a protruding core pin on the tip of the electrode can be achieved in a simple, non-contact manner.
  • Another area of application for the laser is that the cross-sectional area of the spacer can thus be elegantly reduced locally.
  • This partial removal serves to reduce the heat flow between the coil and the winding.
  • Both the height and the width of the wire can be reduced. The height is preferably reduced because the outer diameter can be reduced at this point.
  • the distance to the capillary of a ceramic discharge vessel is increased, which reduces the risk of cracks.
  • Another possible application is to reduce the thickness of the winding by subsequently reducing the height of the last turns. In the end, the weldability is improved and the embedding in the melting ceramic, which surrounds the connector pin, succeeds better.
  • a height reduction of 30 to 65% is typical. This is particularly important for small wattages up to 100 W.
  • an additional wrap around the connecting part can be provided. This can be made separately and possibly postponed. But it can also be integrally made directly from the wire of thepersis. It can be single-layer or two-layer and can be realized as a single or double winding. Another option is a single-layer wound winding.
  • Figure 1 shows a high-pressure discharge lamp, in section
  • Figure 2 shows a further high-pressure discharge lamp, in section
  • Figure 3 shows an electrode system for the lamp of Figure 2, in section
  • FIG. 4 to 13 further embodiments of electrode systems.
  • FIG. 1 schematically shows a detail of a metal halide lamp 1 with a ceramic discharge vessel 2 which is closed on both sides and has an output of 150 W.
  • the electrodes 3 consist of pins 4 which, as an electrode shaft, have a constant constant diameter. It is approximately 500 ⁇ m. At a distance of 0.3 mm from the discharge-side tip of the pin, a helix 5 of 180 ⁇ m diameter is attached to the shaft 4.
  • a metal halide filling is filled in the discharge vessel 2.
  • the ends 6 of the discharge vessel are closed by means of capillaries 7, which closely enclose a two-part bushing 8, 9, consisting of an inner connecting part 8 and an outer end piece 9.
  • the end piece 9 is a niobium pin. 2 shows in detail one end of the discharge vessel 2.
  • the end piece 9 is sealed in the capillary 7 by means of glass solder 10.
  • the connecting part 8 consists of molybdenum. It is a pin (covered) which is covered by a winding 11 made of molybdenum.
  • the diameter of the connecting part 8 is considerably larger than that of the core pin 4 of the electrode, which acts as a shaft.
  • the coil 5 on the shaft, which serves as an electrode head, is connected to the winding 11 via an interruption 12, which comprises one or more turns. The number of turns is preferably one to three.
  • FIG. 3 schematically shows another exemplary embodiment of an electrode system 13 for the lamp of FIG. 2 in detail. It consists of a continuous pin 4, which simultaneously performs the task of the shaft and the connecting part.
  • a coil 5 is applied to the discharge-side end, which comprises approximately 6 turns of a wire and is cut off flush.
  • a winding 11 of the same wire which consists of tungsten, is applied. It comprises about 30 turns. Helix 5 and winding 11 are made integrally and connected via an interruption 15, which comprises one turn. The distance between the coil and the winding corresponds to approximately three times the length of the coil 5.
  • the distance between the coil and the winding preferably increases with the wattage.
  • the electrode system 13 is constructed similarly to that in FIG. 3.
  • coil 5 and winding 11 are not integral, but separate.
  • the winding 11 is made of molybdenum, since this is best suited to adapting to the thermal expansion coefficient of the ceramic of the capillary 7.
  • Electrode systems of this type must not be subjected to excessive loads because of the relatively low melting point of molybdenum. In other words, these systems are well suited for powers up to 100 W, but only to a limited extent.
  • Other suitable materials for the electrode system are tungsten, tantalum and rhenium, alone or in combination. Possibly. one material serves as a coating on the other.
  • the wire diameter of the winding 11 is significantly smaller than that of the helix 5 in order to keep the dead volume as small as possible.
  • the coil and winding are connected to one another via a welding point S at the end of the interruption.
  • the electrode system 13 is completed in that the end piece 9 of the niobium bushing with a significantly larger diameter is welded onto the connecting part 8.
  • the outside diameter of the winding and the diameter of the niobium stick are approximately the same size.
  • the solution to the problem of thermal adaptation is to manufacture the winding from a suitable combination of materials. This applies in particular to lamps subject to high loads. FIG.
  • FIG. 5 shows a cutout of an electrode system 13 in which the problem of adapting the coefficient of thermal expansion to the material of the capillary is solved by acting on the actual winding 11, which consists of tungsten and which, as in FIG. 3, is integral with the coil , A second winding 14 is applied, which consists of molybdenum.
  • the winding 14 is usually made of thinner wire, usually 20 to 50% thinner, because of the minimization of the dead volume.
  • FIG. 6 shows part of an electrode system that uses a standard component as a front piece 20 at the end of the electrode system that is exposed to discharge. It consists of a core wire 21 which forms the shaft and the adjoining first section of the connecting part.
  • the coil 22 is mounted on the first end of the shaft, in particular in such a way that the coil 22 is flush with the shaft.
  • the winding 23, which has the same length as the helix 22, is also mounted flush at the second end of the shaft, with an interruption 24 being arranged in between. Due to the same length of helix 22 and winding 23, the component is symmetrical, which enormously simplifies the use in production, because due to the symmetry, the orientation of the component during installation does not have to be taken into account. In other words, the helix and winding are designed here as identical parts that can be interchanged.
  • FIG. 7 shows how the front piece 20 is attached to other components of the bushing.
  • the front piece 20 is welded to a middle part or intermediate piece 25 made of cermet, which is covered with a separate winding 26. Attached to this is the end piece 27 made of niobium, also by welding.
  • the classic boundaries between the electrode and the feedthrough are therefore removed in favor of constructive advantages.
  • the particular advantage of this arrangement is that here the outside diameter of the winding 23 and the separate thread 26 of the middle part 25 need not be the same size, since the front piece 20 can be optimized in terms of geometry and material to the needs of the helix 22, while the middle part 25 can be optimized for an enveloping and sealing effect in the capillary.
  • FIGS. 8a and 8b show an electrode system 30 in which the advantages of a fixed distance between coil 35 and winding 39 are demonstrated.
  • the front piece 31 has a new design according to FIG. 8a.
  • the connecting part 32 and the end piece 33 can be of conventional design, for example, in that a molybdenum coil 39 is applied to a molybdenum pin 34a (dashed) and is welded to an end piece 33, a niobium pin.
  • a front piece 31 is used here, which according to FIG. 8a consists of a shaft 34 made of tungsten, on which a helix 35 made of tungsten is applied.
  • an interruption 36 is wound on the shaft 34, which extends to the rear end 37 of the shaft.
  • this front piece 31 can be welded to the conventional connecting part 32.
  • the weld connection point 38 shown in a highly schematic manner, not only connects the core pins 34 and 34a, but also the interruption 36 to the winding 39.
  • geometry and materials can be optimized to the respective specific requirements due to the decoupling between the front piece and the middle part ,
  • FIG. 9 shows an electrode system 13 in which the structural unit has a core pin 4 as a shaft and an integral connecting part. While the helix 5 sits, as usual, at the discharge-side end of the shaft 4, the winding 11 is longer than the connector 4 'hidden therein, so that the end piece can be inserted into the cavity 15 at the rear end of the connector and then crimped. This means that there is no need for a welding process.
  • FIG. 10 shows an alternative to FIG. 9, in which the only difference is an additional interruption 16 at the rear end of the connecting part 4 ', without a core pin.
  • the end piece is inserted into the cavity 15 and crimped by interruption 16.
  • FIG. 11 shows an electrode system 13 with a three-part design: an asymmetrical front piece 17 with a continuous core pin 4, which connects the shaft and forms the first part of the connecting part.
  • a short helix 18 and a long winding 19 are seated on it.
  • a cermet pin 28 with a surrounding molybdenum coil is welded to it, and an end piece 29 is welded to it.
  • the welding point is designated 38 in each case.
  • a front piece 35 is shown in FIG. 12, in which the interruption 40 is two turns long.
  • the ratio between the outer diameter of the helix 14 and the outer diameter of the winding 29 is 1: 3 here.
  • a suitably dimensioned center piece can be fitted into the winding.
  • a concrete example of dimensioning is a 70 W lamp, in which the shaft 21 has a diameter of 250 ⁇ m and the wire wound thereon for the coil and winding has a diameter of 150 ⁇ m.
  • a symmetrical front piece made therefrom (see FIGS. 6 and 7) has a length of the helix 22 of 1.1 mm, a length of the interruption 24 (1 turn) of 1.8 mm and a length of the winding 23 of again 1.1 mm ,
  • An attached middle part 25, which is wrapped with molybdenum wire 26, has a length of 8.5 mm with a core pin of 400 ⁇ m in diameter and a winding wire of 140 ⁇ m in diameter.
  • An attached end piece 27 made of niobium has a length of 16.8 mm and consists of a niobium pin with a diameter of 730 ⁇ m.
  • the dimensioning of a 35 W lamp provides: the niobium pin 27 has a diameter of 610 ⁇ m; the molybdenum core pin 25 of the middle part has a diameter of 300 ⁇ m and is wrapped by a molybdenum wire 26 with a diameter of 130 ⁇ m; the core pin 21, which acts as a continuous part for the electrode shaft and the connecting part, has a diameter of 154 ⁇ m; on it a coil 22, interruption 24 and winding 23 is wound from a wire of 122 ⁇ m in diameter.
  • the dimensioning of a 150 W lamp provides: the niobium pin 27 has a diameter of 880 ⁇ m; the molybdenum core pin 25 of the middle part has a diameter of 540 ⁇ m and is wrapped by a molybdenum wire 26 with a diameter of 150 ⁇ m; the core pin 21, which acts as a continuous part for the electrode shaft and the connecting part, has a diameter of 500 ⁇ m; a coil 22, interruption 24 and winding 23 are wound on it from a wire of 180 ⁇ m diameter.
  • the diameter DA of the connecting part can be between 50 and 400% of the diameter DS of the shaft.
  • separate helix and winding can be rigidly connected to one another by either welding the end of the interruption to the start of the winding or the helix.
  • the interruption is either integral to the winding or helix.
  • the interruption can also be separate from the coil and winding and then requires two welding spots.
  • a purely mechanically rigid connection is also possible, for example by threading the interruption into the end of the filament or winding which may be bent open, similar to the techniques known for halogen incandescent lamps.
  • the interruption can also be designed as a straight spacer 41, which is inserted, for example, via welding points 42 between coil 5 and winding 11, see FIG. 13.
  • FIG. 14 shows an exemplary embodiment in which the core wire 21 is surrounded by an interruption 24, which is partly an undamaged wire section 24u and partly a wire section 24r in which the diameter is reduced to approximately 60%, which is most easily achieved by means of laser processing can be. In this way, the heat flow from the head of the electrode to the rear is suppressed.
  • FIG. 15 shows the illustration in FIG. 9, but with the difference that here the interruption is evenly constricted on the side (41) or constricted on one side (42). Both can again be produced by laser, but also mechanically.
  • FIG. 16 it is shown that a terminal part 45 of the winding 11, that is to say at the end remote from the discharge, can have a reduced diameter in order to optimize the region of the winding that comes into contact with melting ceramic or glass solder 10; see Figure 2 for better understanding.
  • the pin 4 and the interruption 12 and the helix 5 correspond to the arrangement shown in Figure 2.
  • the best way to remove the height in part 45 is to use a laser.

Abstract

L'invention concerne un système d'électrodes (13) pour lampe à décharge gazeuse haute pression, qui comprend au moins un arbre (4) conçu sous forme de tige, comportant un filament spiralé (5) monté à proximité de l'extrémité libre, côté décharge et servant de tête, ainsi qu'une partie de raccordement (8) reliée audit filament spiralé. Un enroulement (11) enveloppant est appliqué sur la partie de raccordement (8). Le filament spiralé et l'enroulement sont interconnectés par l'intermédiaire d'un écarteur (24).
EP04802774A 2004-02-23 2004-11-19 Systeme d'electrodes pour lampe a decharge gazeuse haute pression Not-in-force EP1730766B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102004008746 2004-02-23
DE102004012242A DE102004012242A1 (de) 2004-02-23 2004-03-12 Elektrodensystem für eine Hochdruckentladungslampe
PCT/DE2004/002561 WO2005083744A2 (fr) 2004-02-23 2004-11-19 Systeme d'electrodes pour lampe a decharge gazeuse haute pression

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1730766A2 true EP1730766A2 (fr) 2006-12-13
EP1730766B1 EP1730766B1 (fr) 2013-03-27

Family

ID=34888808

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP04802774A Not-in-force EP1730766B1 (fr) 2004-02-23 2004-11-19 Systeme d'electrodes pour lampe a decharge gazeuse haute pression

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (1) US20050264213A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP1730766B1 (fr)
JP (1) JP4587078B2 (fr)
KR (1) KR20060131868A (fr)
CA (1) CA2497511A1 (fr)
RU (1) RU2006133920A (fr)
WO (1) WO2005083744A2 (fr)

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DE102007046899B3 (de) * 2007-09-28 2009-02-12 W.C. Heraeus Gmbh Stromdurchführung durch Keramikbrenner in Halogen-Metalldampflampen
US20110037385A1 (en) * 2008-04-30 2011-02-17 Iwasaki Electric Co., Ltd. Electrode for ultra-high pressure mercury lamp and ultra-high pressure mercury lamp
US8089212B2 (en) * 2008-08-08 2012-01-03 General Electric Company Lower turn per inch (TPI) electrodes in ceramic metal halide (CMH) lamps
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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JP4587078B2 (ja) 2010-11-24
KR20060131868A (ko) 2006-12-20
US20050264213A1 (en) 2005-12-01
WO2005083744A2 (fr) 2005-09-09
WO2005083744A3 (fr) 2006-02-16
EP1730766B1 (fr) 2013-03-27
RU2006133920A (ru) 2008-03-27
JP2007522640A (ja) 2007-08-09
CA2497511A1 (fr) 2005-08-23

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