EP1701131A2 - Armour perforating projectile - Google Patents

Armour perforating projectile Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1701131A2
EP1701131A2 EP06076213A EP06076213A EP1701131A2 EP 1701131 A2 EP1701131 A2 EP 1701131A2 EP 06076213 A EP06076213 A EP 06076213A EP 06076213 A EP06076213 A EP 06076213A EP 1701131 A2 EP1701131 A2 EP 1701131A2
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
insert
penetration
penetration body
charge
perforating
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP06076213A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP1701131A3 (en
EP1701131B1 (en
Inventor
Nicolas Eches
Dominique Bouchaud
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Nexter Munitions SA
Original Assignee
Giat Industries SA
Nexter Munitions SA
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Publication date
Application filed by Giat Industries SA, Nexter Munitions SA filed Critical Giat Industries SA
Publication of EP1701131A2 publication Critical patent/EP1701131A2/en
Publication of EP1701131A3 publication Critical patent/EP1701131A3/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1701131B1 publication Critical patent/EP1701131B1/en
Active legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B12/00—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material
    • F42B12/02—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect
    • F42B12/04—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect of armour-piercing type
    • F42B12/06—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the warhead or the intended effect of armour-piercing type with hard or heavy core; Kinetic energy penetrators

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Portable Nailing Machines And Staplers (AREA)
  • Aiming, Guidance, Guns With A Light Source, Armor, Camouflage, And Targets (AREA)
  • Supply Devices, Intensifiers, Converters, And Telemotors (AREA)
  • Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Transition And Organic Metals Composition Catalysts For Addition Polymerization (AREA)
  • Medicines Containing Material From Animals Or Micro-Organisms (AREA)
  • Preliminary Treatment Of Fibers (AREA)

Abstract

The projectile (1), comprising a penetration body (2) with an inner cavity (3) closed by a base (4), has the body made from a material with a limit of elasticity of 1200 Megapascals or more, and its nose (2a) containing at least one insert (7) in the form of a bar with a pointed tip (16), fixed in a bore (15). The insert is made from a material with higher mechanical performance than the body, such as a fritted tungsten alloy, depleted uranium or tantalum. A variant incorporates a powder charge for ejecting the insert.

Description

Le domaine technique de l'invention est celui des munitions permettant la destruction de cibles fortement protégées par une paroi par exemple de béton.The technical field of the invention is that of ammunition allowing the destruction of highly protected targets by a wall for example of concrete.

Il est connu, notamment par le brevet US6186072 , de définir une munition comportant un corps perforant dont l'inertie assure la traversée de parois de protection épaisses. Cette munition renferme un chargement explosif ou incendiaire qui se trouve initié lors de la perforation ou après la traversée de la paroi.It is known, in particular by the patent US6186072 , to define an ammunition comprising a perforating body whose inertia ensures the crossing of thick protective walls. This ammunition contains an explosive or incendiary charge that is initiated during the perforation or after crossing the wall.

Le corps perforant ce cette munition comporte un insert massif qui se trouve noyé à l'intérieur du matériau du corps.The body piercing this ammunition has a massive insert that is embedded in the body material.

Cet insert est réalisé en un alliage dense et résistant mécaniquement, choisi par exemple parmi les matériaux réfractaires et leurs alliages (tungstène, tantale, uranium).This insert is made of a dense and mechanically resistant alloy chosen, for example, from refractory materials and their alloys (tungsten, tantalum, uranium).

Le matériau du corps est formé par de l'acier qui est coulé autour de l'insert.The body material is formed of steel that is cast around the insert.

Cette munition présente l'inconvénient d'être complexe à fabriquer. Il est tout d'abord délicat et coûteux de réaliser un noyau dense de diamètre important (supérieur à 90mm) et présentant de hautes caractéristiques mécaniques d'une façon reproductible (densité supérieure à 13, limite élastique supérieur à 1000 Méga Pascals). En effet ces matériaux sont mis en oeuvre sous forme de poudres par les techniques de compression.This ammunition has the disadvantage of being complex to manufacture. It is first of all delicate and expensive to produce a dense core of large diameter (greater than 90 mm) and having high mechanical characteristics in a reproducible manner (density greater than 13, yield strength greater than 1000 mega pascals). Indeed, these materials are used in the form of powders by compression techniques.

Il est ensuite coûteux de couler un corps en acier autour d'un tel noyau dont les caractéristiques mécaniques risquent par ailleurs d'être dégradées par l'opération de coulée.It is then expensive to cast a steel body around such a core whose mechanical characteristics may also be degraded by the casting operation.

En fait le matériau de l'insert décrit par US6186072 ne remplit qu'une fonction de lest et il n'a pas de capacité perforante propre.In fact the material of the insert described by US6186072 performs only a ballast function and has no own perforating capacity.

Le brevet WO-87/07708 décrit un projectile perforant de moyen calibre comprenant une enveloppe et un noyau en matériau lourd. Ce projectile est terminé par une coiffe en matériau léger (plastique ou aluminium) vide ou remplie d'un matériau incendiaire. Aucun insert ou matériau particulier n'est prévu dans la coiffe. Le noyau se trouve en arrière du projectile et un rebord annulaire avant est destiné à impacter la cible en premier lieu.The patent WO-87/07708 discloses a medium-sized perforating projectile comprising an envelope and a core of heavy material. This projectile is completed by a cap of light material (plastic or aluminum) empty or filled with incendiary material. No insert or particular material is provided in the cap. The nucleus is located behind the projectile and a front annular rim is intended to impact the target in the first place.

Le brevet FR-2771496 décrit un projectile classique comprenant un corps lourd en tungstène muni d'un élément avant désintégrateur en aluminium transmettant au projectile une sollicitation d'impact. Aucun insert n'est prévu dans cet élément avant et aucune précision n'est apportée relativement à sa densité par rapport au corps.The patent FR-2771496 discloses a conventional projectile comprising a heavy tungsten body provided with a front aluminum disintegrator element transmitting impact impact to the projectile. No insert is provided in this element before and no precision is made relative to its density relative to the body.

Les projectiles décrits dans ces deux derniers documents ne permettent pas d'assurer la perforation d'une cible bétonnée quel que soit l'angle d'impact sur la cible.The projectiles described in these two documents do not allow to ensure the perforation of a concrete target regardless of the angle of impact on the target.

C'est le but de l'invention que de proposer une munition perforante ne présentant pas de tels inconvénients.It is the object of the invention to provide a perforating munition that does not have such disadvantages.

La munition selon l'invention est par ailleurs de fabrication simplifiée.The munition according to the invention is moreover of simplified manufacture.

Ainsi l'invention a pour objet une munition perforante comprenant un corps de pénétration délimitant une cavité interne fermée par un culot, caractérisée en ce que le corps de pénétration est réalisé en un matériau ayant une limite élastique supérieure ou égale à 1200 Méga Pascals et comporte une pointe avant comprenant au moins un insert solidaire de la pointe, insert réalisé en un matériau à hautes caractéristiques mécaniques, plus dense que celui du corps et disposé dans un logement débouchant à l'extérieur du corps, chaque insert étant constitué par un barreau sensiblement cylindrique logé dans un alésage du corps de pénétration.Thus, the invention relates to a perforating munition comprising a penetration body delimiting an internal cavity closed by a base, characterized in that the penetration body is made of a material having an elastic limit greater than or equal to 1200 Mega Pascals and comprises a front tip comprising at least one integral insert of the tip, insert made of a material with high mechanical characteristics, denser than that of the body and disposed in a housing opening outside the body, each insert being constituted by a bar substantially cylindrical housed in a bore body penetration.

Selon une caractéristique de l'invention, la munition comporte un insert axial unique comportant une pointe avant prolongeant le corps de pénétration.According to one characteristic of the invention, the munition comprises a single axial insert having a front tip extending the penetration body.

Selon une autre caractéristique de l'invention, la munition comporte une charge de poudre propulsive permettant d'éjecter l'insert hors du corps de pénétration.According to another characteristic of the invention, the munition comprises a charge of propellant powder for ejecting the insert out of the penetration body.

Selon encore une autre caractéristique de l'invention, la cavité interne renferme au moins un chargement explosif.According to yet another characteristic of the invention, the internal cavity contains at least one explosive charge.

L'invention sera mieux comprise à la lecture de la description qui va suivre de différents modes de réalisation, description faite en référence aux dessins annexés et dans lesquels :

  • la figure 1 montre un mode de réalisation d'une munition selon l'invention, et
  • la figure 2 montre un autre mode de réalisation d'une munition selon l'invention,
The invention will be better understood on reading the following description of various embodiments, a description given with reference to the appended drawings and in which:
  • FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of a munition according to the invention, and
  • FIG. 2 shows another embodiment of a munition according to the invention,

En se reportant aux figures 1 et 2 une munition perforante 1 selon un mode de réalisation de l'invention comprend un corps de pénétration 2 qui délimite une cavité interne 3 fermée par un culot 4.Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, a perforating munition 1 according to one embodiment of the invention comprises a penetration body 2 which delimits an internal cavity 3 closed by a base 4.

Cette munition pourra être une bombe air / sol ou bien un missile ou une tête militaire de missile. Elle aura un diamètre supérieur à 100 mm et une longueur de l'ordre de 1,5m.This ammunition could be an air / ground bomb or a missile or a military missile head. It will have a diameter greater than 100 mm and a length of the order of 1.5 m.

En fonction des besoins opérationnels, elle pourra comporter une partie arrière (non représentée) incorporant un propulseur qui lui confèrera une portée ou une vitesse donnée.Depending on the operational requirements, it may include a rear portion (not shown) incorporating a thruster which will confer a range or a given speed.

Elle pourra également le cas échéant comporter un module de guidage / pilotage.It may also optionally include a guide / control module.

La cavité interne 3 renferme un chargement explosif 5 qui peut être initié par une fusée 6 disposée au voisinage du culot 4. La fusée sera conçue de façon à assurer la détection de la traversée d'une paroi puis à initier le chargement explosif une fois cette paroi traversée. De telles fusées sont bien connues de l'Homme du Métier. On pourra par exemple se reporter au brevet US5255608 qui décrit une telle fusée.The internal cavity 3 contains an explosive charge 5 which can be initiated by a rocket 6 arranged in the vicinity of the base 4. The rocket will be designed to ensure the detection of the crossing of a wall and then to initiate the explosive charge once this wall crossed. Such rockets are well known to those skilled in the art. For example, one can refer to the patent US5255608 which describes such a rocket.

Le corps de pénétration 2 comporte une pointe avant 2a qui est prolongée par une partie cylindrique arrière 2b délimitant la cavité interne 3.The penetration body 2 comprises a front tip 2a which is extended by a rear cylindrical portion 2b delimiting the internal cavity 3.

Ce corps est réalisé en un matériau à hautes caractéristiques mécaniques, c'est à dire un matériau dont la limite élastique est supérieure ou égale à 1200 Méga Pascals. On pourra par exemple utiliser de l'acier 35NCD16.This body is made of a material with high mechanical characteristics, that is to say a material whose elastic limit is greater than or equal to 1200 Mega Pascals. For example, 35NCD16 steel may be used.

Conformément à l'invention la pointe avant 2a comprend un insert 7 réalisé en un matériau plus dense que celui du corps 2. Cet insert est réalisé en un matériau dense à hautes caractéristiques mécaniques. On choisira un matériau de densité supérieure ou égale à 17 et ayant une limite élastique supérieure ou égale à 1000 Méga Pascals. On pourra par exemple utiliser un alliage de tungstène à haute limite élastique et obtenu par frittage. On pourrait également réaliser les barreaux en uranium appauvri ou en tantale.According to the invention the front tip 2a comprises an insert 7 made of a denser material than that of the body 2. This insert is made of a dense material with high mechanical characteristics. A material with a density greater than or equal to 17 and having a yield strength greater than or equal to 1000 mega pascals will be chosen. For example, it will be possible to use a high-limit tungsten alloy. elastic and obtained by sintering. One could also make the bars depleted uranium or tantalum.

Ainsi, la munition selon l'invention associe une ogive de diamètre important (supérieur à 90 mm) et à capacité perforante importante avec un corps en acier qui a pour seule fonction d'assurer l'emport du chargement explosif et le maintien de l'insert perforant.Thus, the munition according to the invention combines an ogive of large diameter (greater than 90 mm) and with a large perforating capacity with a steel body whose sole function is to ensure the carriage of the explosive charge and the maintenance of the perforating insert.

Sur la figure 1, la pointe avant 2a comprend un alésage axial 15 à l'intérieur duquel est positionné l'insert 7 ayant la forme d'un barreau sensiblement cylindrique et réalisé en un matériau plus dense que celui du corps 2.In FIG. 1, the front tip 2a comprises an axial bore 15 inside which is positioned the insert 7 having the form of a substantially cylindrical bar and made of a material denser than that of the body 2.

La pointe avant 16 de cet insert a une forme ogivée qui prolonge le corps de pénétration 2.The front tip 16 of this insert has an ogive shape that extends the penetration body 2.

Cet insert 7 aura ainsi un diamètre de l'ordre de 30 à 40 mm pour un corps de pénétration 2 de diamètre 90 mm. Sa fabrication est ainsi facilitée. La mise en oeuvre d'un alliage de tungstène à hautes caractéristiques mécaniques (limite élastique supérieure ou égale à 1000 Méga Pascals) permet de conférer à cette pointe un caractère perforant et non de simple lest. On améliore ainsi les capacités de perforation de la munition pour une masse donnée.This insert 7 will thus have a diameter of the order of 30 to 40 mm for a penetration body 2 of diameter 90 mm. Its manufacture is thus facilitated. The implementation of a tungsten alloy with high mechanical characteristics (yield strength greater than or equal to 1000 mega pascals) makes it possible to confer on this point a perforating character and not mere ballast. This improves the perforation capabilities of the ammunition for a given mass.

La munition représentée à la figure 2 comprend également un insert unique 7 en matériau dense disposé dans un alésage axial 15.The ammunition shown in FIG. 2 also comprises a single insert 7 made of dense material disposed in an axial bore 15.

Cet insert 7 comporte une cavité interne 17 à l'intérieur de laquelle est disposée une charge de poudre propulsive 18.This insert 7 has an internal cavity 17 inside which is disposed a charge of propellant powder 18.

Un dispositif 19 permettant l'allumage de cette charge est logé dans le corps 2. Il est relié par une liaison filaire 20 à la fusée 6.A device 19 for igniting this charge is housed in the body 2. It is connected by a wire connection 20 to the rocket 6.

Cette dernière comportera alors un module chronométrique ou bien un module de détection de proximité (relié à une antenne non représentée solidaire de l'ogive du corps 2) qui permettra de déclencher l'allumage de la charge propulsive 18 avant l'impact sur une cible et à une distance de celle ci de l'ordre de 3 à 4 calibres.The latter will then include a chronometric module or a proximity detection module (connected to an antenna not shown integral with the body's warhead 2) which will trigger the ignition of the propellant charge 18 before the impact on a target and at a distance from it of the order of 3 to 4 calibers.

La charge propulsive 18 assurera l'éjection de l'insert 7 hors du corps de pénétration 2. Il se trouvera donc propulsé vers la cible. Le différentiel de vitesse entre l'insert 7 et le corps 2 sera de l'ordre de 200 m/s. Une telle disposition permet d'accroître les capacités de perforation de la munition sans pour autant augmenter sa vitesse.The propellant charge 18 will ensure the ejection of the insert 7 out of the penetration body 2. It will therefore be propelled towards the target. The speed differential between insert 7 and the body 2 will be of the order of 200 m / s. Such an arrangement increases the perforation capabilities of the munition without increasing its speed.

L'insert assurera le percement d'un avant trou dans la cible, le corps de pénétration impactera ensuite la cible au niveau de cet avant trou.The insert will ensure the drilling of a pre-hole in the target, the penetration body will then impact the target at this pre-hole.

Diverses variantes sont possibles sans sortir du cadre de l'invention.Various variants are possible without departing from the scope of the invention.

On pourra remplacer le chargement explosif 5 par un chargement de nature différente, par exemple une charge incendiaire ou bien une ou plusieurs sous munitions explosives et/ou incendiaires éjectées après perforation de la cible.The explosive charge 5 may be replaced by a load of a different nature, for example an incendiary charge or one or more explosive and / or incendiary sub-munitions ejected after perforation of the target.

Claims (4)

Munition perforante (1) comprenant un corps de pénétration (2) délimitant une cavité interne (3) fermée par un culot (4), caractérisée en ce que le corps de pénétration (2) est réalisé en un matériau ayant une limite élastique supérieure ou égale à 1200 Méga Pascals et comporte une pointe avant (2a) comprenant au moins un insert (7) solidaire de la pointe (2a), insert réalisé en un matériau à hautes caractéristiques mécaniques, plus dense que celui du corps et disposé dans un logement débouchant à l'extérieur du corps, chaque insert (7) étant constitué par un barreau sensiblement cylindrique logé dans un alésage du corps de pénétration (2).A piercing ammunition (1) comprising a penetration body (2) delimiting an internal cavity (3) closed by a base (4), characterized in that the penetration body (2) is made of a material having an upper elastic limit or equal to 1200 Mega Pascals and comprises a front tip (2a) comprising at least one insert (7) integral with the tip (2a), an insert made of a material with high mechanical characteristics, denser than that of the body and arranged in a housing opening out of the body, each insert (7) being constituted by a substantially cylindrical bar housed in a bore of the penetration body (2). Munition perforante selon la revendication 1,
caractérisée en ce qu'elle comporte un insert axial (7) unique comportant une pointe avant (16) prolongeant le corps de pénétration (2).Piercing ammunition according to claim 1,
characterized in that it comprises a single axial insert (7) having a front tip (16) extending the penetration body (2). Munition perforante selon la revendication 2,
caractérisée en ce qu'elle comporte une charge de poudre propulsive (18) permettant d'éjecter l'insert (7) hors du corps de pénétration (2).Piercing ammunition according to claim 2,
characterized in that it comprises a charge of propellant powder (18) for ejecting the insert (7) out of the penetration body (2). Munition perforante selon l'une des revendications 1 à 3, caractérisée en ce que la cavité interne (3) renferme au moins un chargement explosif (5).Piercing ammunition according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the internal cavity (3) contains at least one explosive charge (5).
EP06076213A 2003-10-03 2004-09-16 Armour perforating projectile Active EP1701131B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR0311645A FR2860579B1 (en) 2003-10-03 2003-10-03 PERFORATING MUNITION
EP04292218A EP1521052B1 (en) 2003-10-03 2004-09-16 Armour perforating projectile

Related Parent Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP04292218.7 Division 2004-09-16
EP04292218A Division EP1521052B1 (en) 2003-10-03 2004-09-16 Armour perforating projectile

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1701131A2 true EP1701131A2 (en) 2006-09-13
EP1701131A3 EP1701131A3 (en) 2006-10-04
EP1701131B1 EP1701131B1 (en) 2010-04-14

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EP06076213A Active EP1701131B1 (en) 2003-10-03 2004-09-16 Armour perforating projectile
EP04292218A Active EP1521052B1 (en) 2003-10-03 2004-09-16 Armour perforating projectile

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EP04292218A Active EP1521052B1 (en) 2003-10-03 2004-09-16 Armour perforating projectile

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US (1) US7063020B2 (en)
EP (2) EP1701131B1 (en)
AT (1) ATE365307T1 (en)
DE (2) DE602004026633D1 (en)
ES (2) ES2344597T3 (en)
FR (1) FR2860579B1 (en)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2372296A1 (en) 2010-03-30 2011-10-05 Nexter Munitions Kinetic energy penetrator

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US7748031B2 (en) * 2005-07-08 2010-06-29 Sandisk Corporation Mass storage device with automated credentials loading
US8985026B2 (en) 2011-11-22 2015-03-24 Alliant Techsystems Inc. Penetrator round assembly
FR2987891B1 (en) 2012-03-06 2014-09-26 Nexter Munitions PROJECTILE UNDER CALIBER HAVING A DRAINED HEAD STRUCTURE
IL219010A (en) * 2012-04-03 2016-11-30 Amon Jacob Missile warhead
US9212876B1 (en) * 2013-08-30 2015-12-15 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Large caliber frangible projectile
US11027859B2 (en) 2017-10-16 2021-06-08 The Boeing Company Variable stiffness flyer plate for penetration device

Citations (3)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1987007708A1 (en) 1986-06-09 1987-12-17 Royal Ordnance Pld Armour piercing projectile
US5255608A (en) 1992-12-16 1993-10-26 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force Real-time identification of a medium for a high-speed penetrator
FR2771496A1 (en) 1983-10-27 1999-05-28 Rheinmetall Gmbh Sub calibre kinetic projectile for gun

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US3203349A (en) * 1962-09-18 1965-08-31 Kohlswa Jernverks Ab Projectile or the like, preferably for armor-piercing weapons, and a method of manufacturing such a projectile
DE1428679C1 (en) * 1964-12-29 1977-09-15 Deutsch Franz Forsch Inst Hard core bullet for fighting tank targets
US3464356A (en) * 1967-12-28 1969-09-02 Us Army Self-stabilizing rod penetrators
CH511415A (en) * 1969-08-05 1971-08-15 Oerlikon Buehrle Ag Projectile, especially an anti-tank shell
US4597333A (en) * 1983-07-08 1986-07-01 Rheinmetall G.M.B.H. Two-part armor-piercing projectile
US4573412A (en) * 1984-04-27 1986-03-04 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Plug nozzle kinetic energy penetrator rocket
DE9018051U1 (en) * 1990-07-24 1994-04-07 Rheinmetall Gmbh Sub-caliber balancing projectile
US6186072B1 (en) 1999-02-22 2001-02-13 Sandia Corporation Monolithic ballasted penetrator
DE10332257A1 (en) * 2003-07-16 2005-02-03 Rheinmetall W & M Gmbh warhead

Patent Citations (3)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2771496A1 (en) 1983-10-27 1999-05-28 Rheinmetall Gmbh Sub calibre kinetic projectile for gun
WO1987007708A1 (en) 1986-06-09 1987-12-17 Royal Ordnance Pld Armour piercing projectile
US5255608A (en) 1992-12-16 1993-10-26 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force Real-time identification of a medium for a high-speed penetrator

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2372296A1 (en) 2010-03-30 2011-10-05 Nexter Munitions Kinetic energy penetrator

Also Published As

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ES2344597T3 (en) 2010-09-01
DE602004026633D1 (en) 2010-05-27
EP1701131A3 (en) 2006-10-04
ATE365307T1 (en) 2007-07-15
FR2860579A1 (en) 2005-04-08
US20050109233A1 (en) 2005-05-26
DE602004007080D1 (en) 2007-08-02
EP1521052A1 (en) 2005-04-06
US7063020B2 (en) 2006-06-20
EP1521052B1 (en) 2007-06-20
FR2860579B1 (en) 2007-10-05
EP1701131B1 (en) 2010-04-14
DE602004007080T2 (en) 2008-02-21
ES2288669T3 (en) 2008-01-16

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