EP1699973B1 - Three-layer metal cord for tyre carcass reinforcement - Google Patents
Three-layer metal cord for tyre carcass reinforcement Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1699973B1 EP1699973B1 EP04804256A EP04804256A EP1699973B1 EP 1699973 B1 EP1699973 B1 EP 1699973B1 EP 04804256 A EP04804256 A EP 04804256A EP 04804256 A EP04804256 A EP 04804256A EP 1699973 B1 EP1699973 B1 EP 1699973B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- cable according
- rubber
- layer
- cables
- cable
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
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- D07B2205/00—Rope or cable materials
- D07B2205/30—Inorganic materials
- D07B2205/3021—Metals
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
- D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
- D07B2401/00—Aspects related to the problem to be solved or advantage
- D07B2401/20—Aspects related to the problem to be solved or advantage related to ropes or cables
- D07B2401/208—Enabling filler penetration
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
- D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
- D07B2501/00—Application field
- D07B2501/20—Application field related to ropes or cables
- D07B2501/2046—Tire cords
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
- D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
- D07B2501/00—Application field
- D07B2501/20—Application field related to ropes or cables
- D07B2501/2076—Power transmissions
Definitions
- the present invention relates to three-layered metal cables for use as reinforcement elements for rubber and / or plastic articles.
- It relates in particular to the reinforcement of the tires, more particularly to the reinforcement of carcass reinforcement of industrial vehicle tires such as HGV.
- Steel tires are generally made of carbon perlitic (or ferrito-pearlitic) steel, hereinafter referred to as "carbon steel", whose carbon content (% steel weight) is generally between 0.1% and 1.2%, the diameter of these son is most often between 0.10 and 0.40 mm (mm).
- carbon steel carbon perlitic (or ferrito-pearlitic) steel
- These yarns are required to have a very high tensile strength, generally greater than 2000 MPa, preferably greater than 2500 MPa, obtained by virtue of the structural hardening occurring during the phase of strain hardening of the yarns.
- These wires are then assembled in the form of cables or strands, which requires steels used that they also have sufficient torsional ductility to support the various wiring operations.
- layered cords or “multilayer” steel cables consisting of a central layer and one or more layers of substantially concentric threads disposed around this central layer.
- These layered cables which favor longer contact lengths between the wires, are preferred over the older "strand-cords” , due in part to greater compactness, from a lower sensitivity to fretting wear.
- the layered cables one distinguishes, in known manner, compact structure cables and cables with tubular or cylindrical layers.
- L + M or L + M + N formula cables are generally for larger tires.
- These cables are formed in known manner of an inner layer of L wire (s) surrounded by a layer of M son itself surrounded by an outer layer of N son, with in general L varying from 1 to 4, M varying from 3 to 12, N ranging from 8 to 20, the assembly being optionally hooped by an outer hoop wire wound helically around the last layer.
- the layered cables must first have good flexibility and a high endurance in flexion, which implies in particular that their son have a relatively small diameter, preferably less than 0, 28 mm, more preferably less than 0.25 mm, generally smaller than that of the son used in conventional cables for tire crown reinforcement.
- 3 + 9 + construction layer cables consisting of an inner layer of 3 wires surrounded by an intermediate layer of 9 wires and an outer layer of 15 wires have been proposed, the diameter of the wires of the central or internal layer being or not greater than that of the son of the other layers.
- These cables are not penetrable to the core because of the presence of a channel or capillary in the center of the three wires of the inner layer, which remains empty after impregnation with the rubber, and therefore conducive to the propagation of corrosive media such as that water.
- Publication RD (Research Disclosure) No. 34370 describes 1 + 6 + 12 structure cables, of compact or concentric tubular layer type, consisting of an inner layer formed of a single wire, surrounded by an intermediate layer of 6 wires itself surrounded by an outer layer of 12 wires. Penetrability by rubber can be improved by using different wire diameters from one layer to another, or even within the same layer.
- 1 + 6 + 12 construction cables the penetrability of which is improved by the appropriate choice of wire diameters, in particular the use of a larger diameter core wire, have also been described, for example in the documents EP-A-648 891 or WO-A-98/41682 .
- the cables When used for the reinforcement of tire carcasses, the cables must not only resist corrosion but also satisfy a large number of criteria, sometimes contradictory, in particular of tenacity, fretting resistance, high adhesion to rubber, uniformity, flexibility, endurance in bending or repeated traction, stability under strong bending, etc.
- This cable of the invention has, thanks to a specific architecture, not only an excellent penetrability by the rubber, limiting the problems of corrosion, but also fatigue-fretting endurance properties that are significantly improved over prior art cables. The longevity of heavy-duty tires and that of their carcass reinforcement are thus very significantly improved.
- a first object of the invention is a cable with three layers of L + M + N construction usable as reinforcement element of a tire carcass reinforcement, having an inner layer (C1) of diameter d 1 with L ranging from 1 to 4, surrounded by at least one intermediate layer (C2) to M son of diameter d 2 wound together in a helix in a pitch p 2 with M ranging from 3 to 12, said intermediate layer C2 being surrounded by a external layer C3 of N wires of diameter d 3 wound together in a helix in a pitch p 3 with N ranging from 8 to 20, this cable being characterized in that a sheath consisting of a crosslinkable or crosslinked rubber composition based on at least one diene elastomer covers at least said layer C2.
- the invention also relates to the use of a cable according to the invention for reinforcing articles or semi-finished products made of plastic and / or rubber, for example webs, pipes, belts, conveyor belts, tires, more particularly tires for industrial vehicles usually using a metal carcass reinforcement.
- the cable of the invention is particularly intended to be used as a reinforcing element of a tire carcass reinforcement intended for industrial vehicles chosen from light trucks, "heavy vehicles” - ie, subway, bus, road transport units (trucks, tractors, trailers), off-the-road vehicles -, agricultural or engineering machinery, aircraft, other transport or handling vehicles.
- industrial vehicles chosen from light trucks, "heavy vehicles” - ie, subway, bus, road transport units (trucks, tractors, trailers), off-the-road vehicles -, agricultural or engineering machinery, aircraft, other transport or handling vehicles.
- this cable of the invention could also be used, according to other particular embodiments of the invention, to reinforce other parts of the tires, in particular belts or crown reinforcement of such tires, in particular tires. such as heavy goods vehicles or civil engineering.
- the invention also relates to these articles or semi-finished products of plastic and / or rubber themselves when reinforced by a cable according to the invention, in particular the tires intended for the industrial vehicles mentioned above. , more particularly heavy-duty tires, as well as composite fabrics comprising a matrix of reinforced rubber composition of a cable according to the invention, usable as a carcass reinforcement ply or crown of such tires.
- the air permeability test is a simple means of indirect measurement of the penetration rate of the cable by a rubber composition. It is made on cables extracted directly, by shelling, vulcanized rubber sheets that they reinforce, thus penetrated by the cooked rubber.
- the test is performed over a given length of cable (for example 2 cm) in the following manner: air is sent to the cable inlet, at a given pressure (for example 1 bar), and the volume is measured. of air at the outlet, using a flowmeter; during the measurement, the cable sample is locked in a seal in such a way that only the amount of air passing through the cable from one end to the other along its longitudinal axis is taken into account by the measurement.
- the measured flow rate is even lower as the penetration rate of the cable by the rubber is higher.
- heavy-duty tires are manufactured whose carcass reinforcement consists of a single rubberized web reinforced by the cables to be tested. These tires are mounted on suitable known rims and inflated to the same pressure (with an overpressure relative to the nominal pressure) with air saturated with moisture. These tires are then rolled on an automatic rolling machine, under a load very high (overload with respect to the nominal load) and at the same speed, for a determined number of kilometers. At the end of rolling, the cables are extracted from the carcass of the tire, by shelling, and the residual breaking force is measured both on the yarns and on the cables thus fatigued.
- the force-failure decay after fatigue (denoted ⁇ Fm and expressed in%) is calculated by comparing the residual breaking force with the initial breaking force.
- This decay ⁇ Fm is due to the fatigue and the wear (reduction of section) of the wires caused by the joint action of the various mechanical stresses, in particular of the intense work of the contact forces between the wires, and of the water from the ambient air, in other words the fatigue-fretting-corrosion experienced by the cable inside the tire, when driving.
- the three-layer cable according to the invention of construction L + M + N, comprises an inner layer C1 of diameter d 1 consisting of L wires, surrounded by an intermediate layer C2 of diameter d 2 consisting of M son, which is surrounded by an outer layer C3 of diameter d 3 consisting of N son.
- a sheath made of a crosslinkable or crosslinked rubber composition based on at least one diene elastomer covers at least said layer C2. It should be understood that the layer C1 could itself be covered with this rubber sheath.
- composition based on at least one diene elastomer is understood to mean in a known manner that the composition comprises in majority (i.e. in a mass fraction greater than 50%) this or these diene elastomers.
- the sheath according to the invention extends in a continuous manner around said layer C2 which it covers (that is to say that this sheath is continuous in the "orthoradial" direction of the cable which is perpendicular to its radius), so as to form a continuous sleeve of cross section which is preferably substantially circular.
- the rubber composition of this sheath is crosslinkable or crosslinked, that is to say that it comprises by definition a crosslinking system adapted to allow the crosslinking of the composition during its cooking (ie, its hardening and not its fusion); thus, this rubber composition can be described as infusible, since it can not be melted by heating at any temperature.
- elastomer or "diene” rubber is meant in known manner an elastomer derived at least in part (i.e. a homopolymer or a copolymer) of monomers dienes (monomers bearing two carbon-carbon double bonds, conjugated or not).
- diene elastomers can be classified in known manner into two categories: those known as “essentially unsaturated” and those known as “essentially saturated”.
- the term "diene elastomer” is used herein to mean a diene elastomer derived at least in part from conjugated diene monomers having a level of units or units of diene origin (conjugated dienes) which is greater than 15% (%). in moles).
- conjugated diene monomers having a level of units or units of diene origin (conjugated dienes) which is greater than 15% (%). in moles).
- diene elastomers such as butyl rubbers or copolymers of dienes and alpha-olefins of the EPDM type do not fall within the above definition and may in particular be described as "essentially saturated” diene elastomers.
- the term “highly unsaturated” diene elastomer is particularly understood to mean a diene elastomer having a content of units of diene origin (conjugated dienes) which is greater than 50%.
- the present invention is first of all carried out with essentially unsaturated diene elastomers, in particular of the type (a) or (b) above.
- the diene elastomer is preferably chosen from the group consisting of polybutadienes (BR), natural rubber (NR), synthetic polyisoprenes (IR), the various butadiene copolymers, the various isoprene copolymers, and mixtures of these elastomers.
- Such copolymers are more preferably selected from the group consisting of butadiene-styrene copolymers (SBR), isoprene-butadiene copolymers (BIR), isoprene-styrene copolymers (SIR) and isoprene-copolymers.
- SBIR butadiene-styrene
- the diene elastomer chosen is predominantly (i.e. say for more than 50 phr) consisting of an isoprene elastomer.
- isoprene elastomer is meant in known manner a homopolymer or copolymer of isoprene, in other words a diene elastomer chosen from the group consisting of natural rubber (NR), synthetic polyisoprenes (IR), different isoprene copolymers and mixtures of these elastomers.
- the diene elastomer chosen is exclusively (that is to say, 100 phr) consisting of natural rubber, synthetic polyisoprene or a mixture of these elastomers, synthetic polyisoprene having a content (mol%) of cis-1,4 bonds preferably greater than 90%, more preferably still greater than 98%.
- blends mixtures of this natural rubber and / or these synthetic polyisoprenes with other highly unsaturated diene elastomers, in particular with SBR or BR elastomers such as supra.
- the rubber sheath of the cable of the invention may contain one or more diene elastomer (s), this last one (s) can be used in combination with any type of synthetic elastomer other than diene, or even with polymers other than elastomers, for example thermoplastic polymers, these polymers other than elastomers then being present as a minority polymer.
- the rubber composition of said sheath is preferably free of any plastomer and comprises only one elastomer (or mixture of elastomers) diene (s) as polymer base, said composition could also comprise at least one plastomer according to a mass fraction x p less than the mass fraction x e of the elastomer (s).
- the following relationship is preferably: 0 ⁇ x p ⁇ 0.5. x e .
- the system for crosslinking the rubber sheath is a so-called vulcanization system, that is to say based on sulfur (or a sulfur-donor agent) and a primary vulcanization accelerator.
- a vulcanization system may be added various known secondary accelerators or vulcanization activators.
- the sulfur is used at a preferential rate of between 0.5 and 10 phr, more preferably between 1 and 8 phr
- the primary vulcanization accelerator for example a sulfenamide, is used at a preferential rate of between 0.5 and 10 phr, more preferably between 0.5 and 5.0 phr.
- the rubber composition of the sheath according to the invention comprises, in addition to said crosslinking system, all the usual ingredients which can be used in tire rubber compositions, such as reinforcing fillers based on carbon black and / or a filler.
- inorganic reinforcing agent such as silica, anti-aging agents, for example antioxidants, extender oils, plasticizers or agents facilitating the use of the compositions in the green state, methylene acceptors and donors, resins , bismaleimides, known adhesion promoter systems of the "RFS" type (resorcinol-formaldehyde-silica) or metal salts, especially cobalt salts.
- the composition of the rubber sheath has, in the crosslinked state, a secant modulus in extension M10, measured according to the ASTM D 412 standard of 1998, less than 20 MPa and more preferably less than 12 MPa, in particular between 4 and 11 MPa.
- the composition of this sheath is chosen to be identical to the composition used for the rubber matrix that the cables according to the invention are intended to to reinforce.
- the composition of this sheath is chosen to be identical to the composition used for the rubber matrix that the cables according to the invention are intended to to reinforce.
- said composition is based on natural rubber and comprises carbon black as a reinforcing filler, for example a grade (ASTM) carbon black 300, 600 or 700 (for example N326, N330, N347, N375 , N683, N772).
- ASTM grade carbon black 300, 600 or 700
- the pitch represents the length, measured parallel to the axis O of the cable, at the end of which a wire having this pitch performs a complete revolution around the axis O of the cable; thus, if the axis O is divided by two planes perpendicular to the axis O and separated by a length equal to the pitch of a wire of one of the two layers C2 or C3, the axis of this wire has in these two planes the same position on the two circles corresponding to the layer C2 or C3 of the considered wire.
- all the wires of the layers C2 and C3 are wound in the same direction of torsion, that is to say either in the direction S (disposition "S / S"), or in the direction Z ("Z / Z" arrangement).
- the winding in the same direction of the layers C2 and C3 advantageously makes it possible, in the cable according to the invention, to minimize the friction between these two layers C2 and C3 and therefore the wear of the wires constituting them (since there is more cross-contact between the wires).
- the layer C3 has a substantially circular cross section through the incorporation of said sheath, as illustrated in FIG. 2. It can indeed easily be verified in this FIG. 2 that the coefficient of variation CV, defined by the ratio (standard deviation / arithmetic mean) of the respective radii of the N son of the layer C3 measured from the longitudinal axis of symmetry of the cable, is very small.
- the compactness is such that the cross section of such cables has a contour that is substantially polygonal, as illustrated for example in FIG. 1 where the coefficient of variation CV above is substantially higher.
- the cable of the invention is a layered construction cable denoted 1 + M + N, that is to say that its inner layer C1 consists of a single wire, as shown in FIG. 2.
- a too low value of the ratio can be detrimental to the wear between the inner layer and the wires of the layer C2.
- a value that is too high can in turn affect the compactness of the cable, for a level of resistance that is ultimately little modified, as well as its flexibility; the increased rigidity of the inner layer C1 due to a diameter d 1 too high could also be detrimental to the feasibility itself of the cable, during wiring operations.
- the maximum number N max of roll-up yarns in a saturated single layer C3 around the layer C2 is of course a function of numerous parameters (diameter d 1 of the inner layer, number M and diameter d 2 of the strands of the layer C2, diameter d 3 of the strands of the layer C3).
- the invention is preferably implemented with a cable chosen from the cables of structure 1 + 6 + 10, 1 + 6 + 11, 1 + 6 + 12, 1 + 7 + 11, 1 + 7 + 12 or 1+ 7 + 13.
- the invention is more preferably implemented, in particular in the carcasses of heavy-duty tires, with cables of structure 1 + 6 + 12.
- the diameters of the son of the layers C2 and C3, identical or not, are included between 0.14 mm and 0.22 mm.
- the diameters d 2 and d 3 are preferably chosen between 0.16 and 0.19 mm: a diameter of less than 0.19 mm makes it possible to reduce the level of the stresses undergone by the son during significant variations in curvature of the cables, while one chooses preferably diameters greater than 0.16 mm for reasons including wire strength and industrial cost.
- An advantageous embodiment consists, for example, in choosing p 2 and p 3 of between 8 and 12 mm, advantageously with cables of structure 1 + 6 + 12.
- the rubber sheath has an average thickness of 0.010 mm to 0.040 mm.
- the invention can be implemented with any type of metal son, especially steel, for example carbon steel son and / or stainless steel son.
- steel for example carbon steel son and / or stainless steel son.
- Carbon steel is preferably used, but it is of course possible to use other steels or other alloys.
- carbon steel When a carbon steel is used, its carbon content (% by weight of steel) is preferably between 0.1% and 1.2%, more preferably from 0.4% to 1.0%; these grades represent a good compromise between the mechanical properties required for the tire and the feasibility of the wire. It should be noted that a carbon content of between 0.5% and 0.6% makes such steels ultimately less expensive because easier to draw.
- Another advantageous embodiment of the invention may also consist, depending on the applications concerned, of using steels with a low carbon content, for example between 0.2% and 0.5%, in particular because of a cost lower and easier to draw.
- the cables of the invention When the cables of the invention are used to reinforce tire carcasses for industrial vehicles, their yarns preferably have a tensile strength greater than 2000 MPa, more preferably greater than 3000 MPa. In the case of tires of very large dimensions, it will be especially son son whose tensile strength is between 3000 MPa and 4000 MPa. Those skilled in the art know how to manufacture carbon steel son having such a resistance, in particular by adjusting the carbon content of the steel and the final hardening rates ( ⁇ ) of these son.
- the cable of the invention could be provided with an outer hoop, constituted for example by a single wire, metallic or not, helically wound around the cable in a shorter pitch than that of the outer layer, and a sense of winding opposite or identical to that of this outer layer.
- the cable of the invention already self-shrunk, generally does not require the use of an external hoop, which advantageously solves the wear problems between the hoop and son the outermost layer of the cable.
- a hoop wire in the general case where the son of the layer C3 are carbon steel, then it will be advantageous to choose a stainless steel hoop wire to reduce the fretting wear of these wires.
- carbon steel in contact with the stainless steel hoop as taught by the patent document WO-A-98/41682 , the stainless steel wire possibly being replaced, in an equivalent manner, by a composite wire of which only the skin is made of stainless steel and the carbon steel core, as described for example in the patent document EP-A-976 541 .
- a hoop consisting of a polyester or a thermotropic aromatic polyester amide, as described in the patent document. WO-A-03/048447 .
- the cable according to the invention may be obtained according to various techniques known to those skilled in the art, for example in two steps, firstly by sheathing via an extrusion head of the core or intermediate structure L + M (layers C1 + C2), followed in a second step by a final wiring operation or twisting of the remaining N wires (layer C3) around the layer C2 thus sheathed.
- the problem of stickiness in the green state posed by the rubber sheath, during any intermediate operations of winding and uncoiling can be solved in a manner known to those skilled in the art, for example by the use of a spacer film. plastic material.
- FIG. 3 schematically represents a radial section of a heavy-weight tire 1 with a radial carcass reinforcement which may or may not be in conformity with the invention, in this general representation.
- This tire 1 comprises a crown 2, two sides 3 and two beads 4 in which is anchored a carcass reinforcement 7.
- the crown 2 surmounted by a tread (for simplicity, not shown in FIG. joined to said beads 4 by the two sides 3, is in a manner known per se reinforced by a crown reinforcement 6 consisting for example of at least two superimposed crossed plies, reinforced by known metal ropes.
- the carcass reinforcement 7 is here anchored in each bead 4 by winding around two rods 5, the upturn 8 of this armature 7 being for example disposed towards the outside of the tire 1 which is shown here mounted on its rim 9.
- L carcass reinforcement 7 consists of at least one ply reinforced by so-called "radial" ropes, that is to say that these ropes are arranged substantially parallel to each other and extend from a bead to the rim. other so as to form an angle of between 80 ° and 90 ° to the median circumferential plane (plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the tire which is situated halfway between the two beads 4 and passes through the middle of the crown frame 6).
- this tire 1 also comprises, in a known manner, an inner rubber or elastomer layer (commonly called “inner rubber”) which defines the radially inner face of the tire and which is intended to protect the carcass ply from the diffusion of the tire. air from the interior space to the tire.
- an inner rubber or elastomer layer commonly called “inner rubber”
- it further comprises an intermediate elastomeric reinforcing layer which is situated between the carcass ply and the inner layer, intended to reinforce the inner layer and, consequently, the carcass ply, and also intended to partially relocate the stresses undergone. by the carcass reinforcement.
- the tire according to the invention is characterized in that its carcass reinforcement 7 comprises at least one carcass ply whose radial cables are three-layer steel cables according to the invention.
- the density of the cables in accordance with the invention is preferably between 40 and 100 cables per dm (decimetre) of radial ply, more preferably between 50 and 80 cables per dm, the distance between two adjacent radial cables, axis to axis, thus preferably being between 1.0 and 2.5 mm, more preferably between 1.25 and 2.0 mm.
- the cables according to the invention are preferably arranged in such a way that the width (denoted "Lc") of the rubber bridge between two adjacent cables is between 0.35 and 1 mm. This width "Lc" represents in a known manner the difference between the calendering pitch (no laying of the cable in the rubber fabric) and the diameter of the cable.
- the rubber bridge which is too narrow, risks being degraded mechanically during the working of the sheet, in particular during the deformations undergone in its own plane by extension or shearing. Beyond the maximum indicated, one is exposed to the risk of appearance of appearance defects on the sidewalls of the tires or penetration of objects, by perforation, between the cables. More preferably, for these same reasons, the width "Lc" is chosen between 0.5 and 0.8 mm.
- the rubber composition used for the fabric of the carcass ply has, in the vulcanized state (ie, after curing), an M10 extension secant modulus which is less than 20 MPa, more preferably less than 12 MPa, in particular between 5 and 11 MPa. It is in such a field of modules that the best compromise of endurance has been recorded between the cables of the invention on the one hand, and the reinforced fabrics of these cables on the other hand.
- carbon steel fine wires prepared using known methods are used, starting from commercial wires whose initial diameter is about 1 mm.
- the steel used is for example a known carbon steel (US AISI 1069 standard) whose carbon content is 0.70%.
- the starting commercial yarns first undergo a known degreasing and / or pickling treatment before their subsequent use. At this stage, their breaking strength is about 1150 MPa, their elongation at break is about 10%.
- a copper deposit is then deposited on each wire, followed by a zinc deposit, electrolytically at room temperature, and then thermally heated by a Joule effect at 540 ° C. to obtain brass by diffusion of copper and zinc.
- weight ratio ( ⁇ phase) / (phase ⁇ + ⁇ phase) being equal to about 0.85. No heat treatment is performed on the wire after obtaining the brass coating.
- a so-called “final” work-hardening (i.e. after the last heat treatment) is then carried out on each wire, by cold drawing in a humid medium with a drawing lubricant which is in the form of an emulsion in water.
- This wet drawing is carried out in a known manner in order to obtain the final work hardening rate (denoted ⁇ ) calculated from the initial diameter indicated above for the starting commercial threads.
- the brass coating that surrounds the son has a very small thickness, significantly less than one micrometer, for example of the order of 0.15 to 0.30 microns, which is negligible compared to the diameter of the steel son.
- the composition of the wire steel in its various elements is the same as that of the steel of the starting wire.
- the brass coating facilitates the drawing of the wire, as well as the bonding of the wire with the rubber.
- the son could be covered with a thin metal layer other than brass, for example having the function of improving the corrosion resistance of these son and / or their adhesion to rubber, for example a thin layer of Co , Ni, Zn, Al, an alloy of two or more compounds Cu, Zn, Al, Ni, Co, Sn.
- the preceding wires are then assembled in the form of layered cables of structure 1 + 6 + 12 for the control cable of the prior art (FIG 1) and for the cable according to the invention (FIG 2); the son F 1 are used to form the layer C1, the son F 2 and F 3 to form the layers C2 and C3 of these different cables.
- the wires F2 and F3 of the layers C2 and C3 are wound in the same direction of twist (direction Z).
- the two types of cable control cable denoted CI and cable of the invention denoted C-II
- C-II cable of the invention
- the cable C-II according to the invention was obtained in several steps, firstly by making an intermediate cable 1 + 6, then by sheathing via an extrusion head of this intermediate cable, followed finally by an operation Final wiring of the remaining 12 wires around the layer C2 sheathed.
- a plastic interlayer film PET was used during intermediate operations of winding and unwinding.
- the layer C3 is removed from the layer C2 by the sheathing of the latter; the inner layer C1 is also sheathed (since it is visibly far from the layer C2), simply because of the penetration of the rubber between the wires of the layer C2.
- the elastomer composition constituting the rubber sheath has the same formulation, based on natural rubber and carbon black, as that of the carcass reinforcement ply that the cables are intended to reinforce.
- the preceding three-layer cables are then incorporated by calendering into composite fabrics formed of a known composition based on natural rubber and black carbon as reinforcing filler, conventionally used for the manufacture of carcass plies of radial heavy-duty tires.
- This composition essentially comprises, in addition to the elastomer and the reinforcing filler, an antioxidant, stearic acid, an extension oil, cobalt naphthenate as adhesion promoter, and finally a vulcanization system ( sulfur, accelerator, ZnO).
- the composite fabrics reinforced by these cables comprise a rubber matrix formed of two thin layers of rubber which are superimposed on either side of the cables and which each have a thickness of 0.75 mm.
- the calender pitch (no laying of the cables in the rubber fabric) is 1.5 mm for both types of cables.
- the carcass reinforcement of these tires consists of a single radial ply formed of the rubberized fabrics described above.
- the P-I tires are reinforced by the C-I cables and constitute the control tires of the prior art, while the P-II tires are the tires according to the invention reinforced with the C-II cables. These tires are therefore identical except for the layered cables which reinforce their carcass reinforcement 7.
- Their crown reinforcement 6 in particular, is in known manner constituted by two triangulation half-plies reinforced with metal cables inclined by 65 degrees, surmounted by two crossed superimposed working plies, reinforced with inextensible metal cables inclined by 26 degrees. (Radiant inner ply) and 18 degrees (radially outer ply), these two working plies being covered by a reinforced crown ply reinforced with elastic metal cables (high elongation) inclined by 18 degrees.
- the metal cords used are known conventional cables, arranged substantially parallel to one another, and all the inclination angles indicated are measured relative to the median circumferential plane.
- PI tires are tires marketed by the Applicant for heavy vehicles and constitute, because of their recognized performance, a witness of choice for this test.
- the P-II tires according to the invention show a significantly higher endurance, with an average distance traveled close to 400 000 km, an endurance gain of about 70%.
- the average decay ⁇ Fm is given in% in Table 1 below; it is calculated both for the wires of the inner layer C1 and for the wires of the layers C2 and C3. Global ⁇ Fm decays are also measured on the cables themselves. ⁇ b> Table 1 ⁇ / b> tires cables ⁇ Fm (%) on individual layers and cable C1 C2 C3 Cable PI THIS 38 30 12 19 P-II C-II 9 6 2 3.5
- the cable according to the invention C-II which has nevertheless endured a much higher rolling distance, reveals a global wear ( ⁇ Fm) which is five to six times lower than that of the control cable (3.5% instead of 19%).
- the use of the C-II cable according to the invention makes it possible to increase the longevity of the carcass, which is already excellent elsewhere on the control tire.
- the non-fatigued CI and C-II cables (after extraction out of the new tires) were subjected to the air permeability test described in paragraph I-1, measuring the air volume (in cm 3 ) passing through the cables. in 1 minute (average of 10 measurements).
- Table 2 shows the results obtained, in terms of average air flow (average over 10 measurements - in relative units based on 100 control cables) and number of measurements corresponding to a zero air flow.
- Table 2 shows the results obtained, in terms of average air flow (average over 10 measurements - in relative units based on 100 control cables) and number of measurements corresponding to a zero air flow.
- Table 2 shows the results obtained, in terms of average air flow (average over 10 measurements - in relative units based on 100 control cables) and number of measurements corresponding to a zero air flow.
- Table 2 shows the results obtained, in terms of average air flow (average over 10 measurements - in relative units based on 100 control cables) and number of measurements corresponding to a zero air flow.
- the C-II cables of the invention are those which, from a distance, have the lowest air permeability (zero or virtually zero average air flow) and, consequently, the penetration rate. by the highest rubber.
- the cables according to the invention rendered impervious by the rubber sheath which covers their intermediate layer C2 (and the inner layer C1), are thus protected from the oxygen and moisture flows which pass for example from the flanks or the tread of the tires towards the regions of the carcass reinforcement, where the cables in known manner are subjected to the most intense mechanical work.
- control tires (noted P-III), under these extreme driving conditions, traveled an average distance of 250 000 km, with finally a deformation of their bead zone due to a beginning of breakage of the control cables (denoted C-III ) in said area.
- the tires according to the invention revealed a significantly improved endurance, with an average distance traveled of 430 000 km, an endurance gain of about 70%.
- the destruction of the tires of the invention did not occur at the reinforcement reinforcement of the carcass (which continued to resist), but in the reinforcing reinforcement of the crown, which illustrates and confirms the excellent performance of the cables according to the invention.
- the cables of the invention make it possible to significantly reduce the phenomena of fatigue-fretting-corrosion of cables in the carcass reinforcement of the tires, in particular heavy-duty tires, and thus to improve the longevity of these tires.
- these cables according to the invention offer the carcass reinforcements of tires a considerably improved endurance. by a factor of two to three, in rolling under reduced pressure.
- the inner layer C1 of the cables of the invention could consist of a non-circular section wire, for example plastically deformed, in particular a wire of substantially oval or polygonal section, for example triangular, square or still rectangular; the layer C1 could also consist of a preformed wire, of circular section or not, for example a corrugated wire, twisted, twisted helical or zig-zag.
- the diameter d 1 of the layer C1 represents the diameter of the cylinder of imaginary revolution which surrounds the central wire (encumbrance diameter), and no longer the diameter (or any other transverse size) , if its section is not circular) of the central wire itself.
- the layer C1 was formed not of a single wire as in the previous examples, but of several son assembled together, for example two son arranged parallel to each other or twisted together , in a direction of torsion identical or not to that of the intermediate layer C2.
- the central wire is less stressed during the wiring operation than the other son, given its position in the cable, it is not necessary for this wire to use for example compositions of steel with high torsional ductility; advantageously any type of steel may be used, for example a stainless steel.
- a (at least one) linear wire of one of the two layers C2 and / or C3 could also be replaced by a preformed or deformed wire, or more generally by a wire of different section from that of other diameter wires.
- d 2 and / or d 3 for example to further improve the penetrability of the cable by rubber or any other material, the overall size of this replacement wire may be smaller, equal to or greater than the diameter (d 2 and or d 3 ) other constituent son of the layer (C2 and / or C3) concerned.
- son constituting the cable according to the invention could consist of son other than son steel, metal or not, including son of mineral or organic material to high mechanical strength, for example monofilaments organic polymers liquid crystal.
- the invention also relates to any multi-strand steel cable ( "multi-strand rope") whose structure incorporates at least, as the elementary strand, a cable with three layers according to the invention.
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- Ropes Or Cables (AREA)
- Tires In General (AREA)
- Yarns And Mechanical Finishing Of Yarns Or Ropes (AREA)
- Electric Propulsion And Braking For Vehicles (AREA)
Abstract
Description
La présente invention concerne les câbles métalliques à trois couches utilisables comme éléments de renforcement d'articles en caoutchouc et/ou en matière plastique.The present invention relates to three-layered metal cables for use as reinforcement elements for rubber and / or plastic articles.
Elle se rapporte notamment au renforcement des pneumatiques, plus particulièrement au renforcement de l'armature de carcasse de pneumatiques de véhicules industriels tels que Poids-lourd.It relates in particular to the reinforcement of the tires, more particularly to the reinforcement of carcass reinforcement of industrial vehicle tires such as HGV.
Les câbles d'acier ("steel cords") pour pneumatiques sont en règle générale constitués de fils en acier perlitique (ou ferrito-perlitique) au carbone, désigné ci-après "acier au carbone", dont la teneur en carbone (% en poids d'acier) est généralement comprise entre 0,1% et 1,2%, le diamètre de ces fils étant le plus souvent compris entre 0,10 et 0,40 mm (millimètre). On exige de ces fils une très haute résistance à la traction, en général supérieure à 2000 MPa, de préférence supérieure à 2500 MPa, obtenue grâce au durcissement structural intervenant lors de la phase d'écrouissage des fils. Ces fils sont ensuite assemblés sous forme de câbles ou torons, ce qui nécessite des aciers utilisés qu'ils aient aussi une ductilité en torsion suffisante pour supporter les diverses opérations de câblage.Steel tires (" steel cords ") are generally made of carbon perlitic (or ferrito-pearlitic) steel, hereinafter referred to as "carbon steel", whose carbon content (% steel weight) is generally between 0.1% and 1.2%, the diameter of these son is most often between 0.10 and 0.40 mm (mm). These yarns are required to have a very high tensile strength, generally greater than 2000 MPa, preferably greater than 2500 MPa, obtained by virtue of the structural hardening occurring during the phase of strain hardening of the yarns. These wires are then assembled in the form of cables or strands, which requires steels used that they also have sufficient torsional ductility to support the various wiring operations.
Pour le renforcement notamment des armatures de carcasse de pneumatiques Poids-lourd, on utilise le plus souvent aujourd'hui des câbles d'acier dits "à couches" ("layered cords") ou "multicouches" constitués d'une couche centrale et d'une ou plusieurs couches de fils pratiquement concentriques disposées autour de cette couche centrale. Ces câbles à couches, qui privilégient des longueurs de contact plus importantes entre les fils, sont préférés aux câbles plus anciens dits "à torons" ("strand cords") en raison d'une part d'une plus grande compacité, d'autre part d'une sensibilité moindre à l'usure par fretting. Parmi les câbles à couches, on distingue notamment, de manière connue, les câbles à structure compacte et les câbles à couches tubulaires ou cylindriques.For reinforcing in particular carcass reinforcement of heavy-duty tires, it is most often used today to use so-called "layered cords" or "multilayer" steel cables consisting of a central layer and one or more layers of substantially concentric threads disposed around this central layer. These layered cables, which favor longer contact lengths between the wires, are preferred over the older "strand-cords" , due in part to greater compactness, from a lower sensitivity to fretting wear. Among the layered cables, one distinguishes, in known manner, compact structure cables and cables with tubular or cylindrical layers.
Les câbles à couches les plus répandus dans les carcasses de pneumatiques Poids-lourd sont des câbles de formule L+M ou L+M+N, les derniers étant généralement destinés aux plus gros pneumatiques. Ces câbles sont formés de manière connue d'une couche interne de L fil(s) entourée d'une couche de M fils elle-même entourée d'une couche externe de N fils, avec en général L variant de 1 à 4, M variant de 3 à 12, N variant de 8 à 20, l'ensemble pouvant être éventuellement fretté par un fil de frette externe enroulé en hélice autour de la dernière couche.The most common layered cables in the truck tire carcasses are L + M or L + M + N formula cables, the latter being generally for larger tires. These cables are formed in known manner of an inner layer of L wire (s) surrounded by a layer of M son itself surrounded by an outer layer of N son, with in general L varying from 1 to 4, M varying from 3 to 12, N ranging from 8 to 20, the assembly being optionally hooped by an outer hoop wire wound helically around the last layer.
Pour remplir leur fonction de renforcement des carcasses de pneumatiques, les câbles à couches doivent tout d'abord présenter une bonne flexibilité et une endurance élevée en flexion, ce qui implique notamment que leurs fils présentent un diamètre relativement faible, de préférence inférieur à 0,28 mm, plus préférentiellement inférieur à 0,25 mm, plus petit généralement que celui des fils utilisés dans les câbles conventionnels pour les armatures de sommet des pneumatiques.To fulfill their function of reinforcement of tire carcasses, the layered cables must first have good flexibility and a high endurance in flexion, which implies in particular that their son have a relatively small diameter, preferably less than 0, 28 mm, more preferably less than 0.25 mm, generally smaller than that of the son used in conventional cables for tire crown reinforcement.
Ces câbles à couches sont d'autre part soumis à des contraintes importantes lors du roulage des pneumatiques, notamment à des flexions ou variations de courbure répétées induisant au niveau des fils des frottements, notamment par suite des contacts entre couches adjacentes, et donc de l'usure, ainsi que de la fatigue ; ils doivent donc présenter une haute résistance aux phénomènes dits de "fatigue-fretting".These layered cables are, on the other hand, subjected to considerable stresses during the rolling of the tires, in particular to repeated flexures or variations of curvature inducing at the level of the strands of friction, in particular as a result of the contacts between adjacent layers, and therefore of the wear, as well as fatigue; they must therefore have a high resistance to phenomena known as "fatigue-fretting".
Il est important enfin qu'ils soient imprégnés autant que possible par le caoutchouc, que cette matière pénètre dans tous les espaces entre les fils constituant les câbles. En effet, si cette pénétration est insuffisante, il se forme alors des canaux vides, le long des câbles, et les agents corrosifs, par exemple l'eau, susceptibles de pénétrer dans les pneumatiques par exemple à la suite de coupures, cheminent le long de ces canaux jusque dans la carcasse du pneumatique. La présence de cette humidité joue un rôle important en provoquant de la corrosion et en accélérant les processus de dégradation ci-dessus (phénomènes dits de "fatigue-corrosion"), par rapport à une utilisation en atmosphère sèche.Finally, it is important that they be impregnated as much as possible by the rubber, that this material penetrates into all the spaces between the wires constituting the cables. Indeed, if this penetration is insufficient, then empty channels are formed along the cables, and the corrosive agents, for example water, likely to penetrate the tires for example as a result of cuts, walk along of these channels into the carcass of the tire. The presence of this moisture plays an important role in causing corrosion and accelerating the degradation processes above (phenomena known as "fatigue-corrosion"), compared to use in a dry atmosphere.
Tous ces phénomènes de fatigue que l'on regroupe généralement sous le terme générique de "fatigue-fretting-corrosion" sont à l'origine d'une dégénérescence progressive des propriétés mécaniques des câbles et peuvent affecter, pour les conditions de roulage les plus sévères, la durée de vie de ces derniers.All these phenomena of fatigue that are generally grouped under the generic term "fatigue-fretting-corrosion" are at the origin of a gradual degeneration of the mechanical properties of the cables and can affect, for the most severe driving conditions , the life of these.
Afin d'améliorer l'endurance des câbles à couches dans les carcasses de pneumatiques Poids-lourd, où de manière connue les sollicitations en flexion répétées peuvent être particulièrement sévères, on a proposé depuis longtemps de modifier leur construction afin d'augmenter notamment leur pénétrabilité par le caoutchouc, et ainsi limiter les risques dus à la corrosion et la fatigue-corrosion.In order to improve the endurance of the layered cables in the carcasses of heavy-duty tires, where in known manner the repeated bending stresses can be particularly severe, it has been proposed for a long time to modify their construction in order to increase their penetrability in particular. by rubber, and thus limit the risks due to corrosion and fatigue-corrosion.
Ont été par exemple proposés des câbles à couches de construction 3+9+15 constitués d'une couche interne de 3 fils entourée d'une couche intermédiaire de 9 fils et d'une couche externe de 15 fils, le diamètre des fils de la couche centrale ou interne étant ou non supérieur à celui des fils des autres couches. Ces câbles ne sont pas pénétrables jusqu'à coeur à cause de la présence d'un canal ou capillaire au centre des trois fils de la couche interne, qui reste vide après imprégnation par le caoutchouc, et donc propice à la propagation de milieux corrosifs tels que l'eau.For example, 3 + 9 + construction layer cables consisting of an inner layer of 3 wires surrounded by an intermediate layer of 9 wires and an outer layer of 15 wires have been proposed, the diameter of the wires of the central or internal layer being or not greater than that of the son of the other layers. These cables are not penetrable to the core because of the presence of a channel or capillary in the center of the three wires of the inner layer, which remains empty after impregnation with the rubber, and therefore conducive to the propagation of corrosive media such as that water.
La publication RD (Research Disclosure) N°34370 décrit des câbles de structure 1+6+12, du type compacts ou à couches tubulaires concentriques, constitués d'une couche interne formée d'un seul fil, entourée d'une couche intermédiaire de 6 fils elle-même entourée d'une couche externe de 12 fils. La pénétrabilité par le caoutchouc peut être améliorée en utilisant des diamètres de fils différents d'une couche à l'autre, voire à l'intérieur d'une même couche. Des câbles de construction 1+6+12 dont la pénétrabilité est améliorée grâce à un choix approprié des diamètres des fils, notamment à l'utilisation d'un fil central de plus gros diamètre, ont été également décrits, par exemple dans les documents
Pour améliorer encore, par rapport à ces câbles conventionnels, la pénétration du caoutchouc à l'intérieur du câble, on a proposé des câbles multicouches avec une couche centrale entourée d'au moins deux couches concentriques, par exemple des câbles de formule 1+6+N, notamment 1+6+11, dont la couche externe est insaturée (incomplète) assurant ainsi une meilleure pénétrabilité par le caoutchouc (voir par exemple les documents de brevet
En outre, il doit être noté qu'une amélioration de la pénétrabilité par le caoutchouc n'est pas suffisante pour garantir un niveau de performance suffisant. Lorsqu'ils sont utilisés pour le renforcement de carcasses de pneumatiques, les câbles doivent non seulement résister à la corrosion mais aussi satisfaire un grand nombre de critères, parfois contradictoires, en particulier de ténacité, résistance au fretting, adhésion élevée au caoutchouc, uniformité, flexibilité, endurance en flexion ou traction répétée, stabilité sous forte flexion, etc.In addition, it should be noted that an improvement in penetrability by rubber is not sufficient to ensure a sufficient level of performance. When used for the reinforcement of tire carcasses, the cables must not only resist corrosion but also satisfy a large number of criteria, sometimes contradictory, in particular of tenacity, fretting resistance, high adhesion to rubber, uniformity, flexibility, endurance in bending or repeated traction, stability under strong bending, etc.
Ainsi, pour toutes les raisons exposées précédemment, et malgré les différentes améliorations récentes qui ont pu être apportées ici ou là sur tel ou tel critère déterminé, les meilleurs câbles utilisés aujourd'hui dans les armatures de carcasse de pneumatiques Poids-lourd restent limités à un petit nombre de câbles à couches de structure fort conventionnelle, du type compacts ou à couches cylindriques, avec une couche externe saturée (complète) ; il s'agit essentiellement des câbles de constructions 3+9+15 ou 1+6+12 tels que décrits précédemment.Thus, for all the reasons explained above, and despite the various recent improvements that have been made here or there on this or that criterion, the best cables used today in heavy truck tire carcass reinforcement remain limited to a small number of conventionally-structured, compact or cylindrical-layer layered cables with a saturated (complete) outer layer; it is essentially
Or, les Demanderesses ont trouvé lors de leurs recherches un câble à couches nouveau qui, de manière inattendue, améliore encore la performance globale des meilleurs câbles à couches connus pour le renforcement des carcasses de pneumatiques Poids-lourd. Ce câble de l'invention présente, grâce à une architecture spécifique, non seulement une excellente pénétrabilité par le caoutchouc, limitant les problèmes de corrosion, mais encore des propriétés d'endurance en fatigue-fretting qui sont notablement améliorées par rapport aux câbles de l'art antérieur. La longévité des pneumatiques Poids-lourd et celle de leurs armatures de carcasse en sont ainsi très sensiblement améliorées.However, the Applicants have found during their research a new layer cable which, unexpectedly, further improves the overall performance of the best layered cables known for the reinforcement of truck tire carcasses. This cable of the invention has, thanks to a specific architecture, not only an excellent penetrability by the rubber, limiting the problems of corrosion, but also fatigue-fretting endurance properties that are significantly improved over prior art cables. The longevity of heavy-duty tires and that of their carcass reinforcement are thus very significantly improved.
En conséquence, un premier objet de l'invention est un câble à trois couches de construction L+M+N utilisable comme élément de renforcement d'une armature de carcasse de pneumatique, comportant une couche interne (C1) de diamètre d1 avec L allant de 1 à 4, entourée d'au moins une couche intermédiaire (C2) à M fils de diamètre d2 enroulés ensemble en hélice selon un pas p2 avec M allant de 3 à 12, ladite couche intermédiaire C2 étant entourée d'une couche externe C3 de N fils de diamètre d3 enroulés ensemble en hélice selon un pas p3 avec N allant de 8 à 20, ce câble étant caractérisé en ce qu'une gaine constituée d'une composition de caoutchouc réticulable ou réticulée à base d'au moins un élastomère diénique recouvre au moins ladite couche C2.Accordingly, a first object of the invention is a cable with three layers of L + M + N construction usable as reinforcement element of a tire carcass reinforcement, having an inner layer (C1) of diameter d 1 with L ranging from 1 to 4, surrounded by at least one intermediate layer (C2) to M son of diameter d 2 wound together in a helix in a pitch p 2 with M ranging from 3 to 12, said intermediate layer C2 being surrounded by a external layer C3 of N wires of diameter d 3 wound together in a helix in a pitch p 3 with N ranging from 8 to 20, this cable being characterized in that a sheath consisting of a crosslinkable or crosslinked rubber composition based on at least one diene elastomer covers at least said layer C2.
L'invention concerne également l'utilisation d'un câble conforme à l'invention pour le renforcement d'articles ou de produits semi-finis en matière plastique et/ou en caoutchouc, par exemple des nappes, des tuyaux, des courroies, des bandes transporteuses, des pneumatiques, plus particulièrement des pneumatiques destinés à des véhicules industriels utilisant habituellement une armature de carcasse métallique.The invention also relates to the use of a cable according to the invention for reinforcing articles or semi-finished products made of plastic and / or rubber, for example webs, pipes, belts, conveyor belts, tires, more particularly tires for industrial vehicles usually using a metal carcass reinforcement.
Le câble de l'invention est tout particulièrement destiné à être utilisé comme élément de renforcement d'une armature de carcasse de pneumatique destiné à des véhicules industriels choisis parmi camionnettes, "Poids-lourd" - i.e., métro, bus, engins de transport routier (camions, tracteurs, remorques), véhicules hors-la-route - , engins agricoles ou de génie civil, avions, autres véhicules de transport ou de manutention.The cable of the invention is particularly intended to be used as a reinforcing element of a tire carcass reinforcement intended for industrial vehicles chosen from light trucks, "heavy vehicles" - ie, subway, bus, road transport units (trucks, tractors, trailers), off-the-road vehicles -, agricultural or engineering machinery, aircraft, other transport or handling vehicles.
Toutefois, ce câble de l'invention pourrait également être utilisé, selon d'autres modes de réalisation particuliers de l'invention, pour renforcer d'autres parties des pneumatiques, notamment des ceintures ou armatures de sommet de tels pneumatiques, en particulier de pneumatiques industriels tels que Poids-lourd ou génie civil.However, this cable of the invention could also be used, according to other particular embodiments of the invention, to reinforce other parts of the tires, in particular belts or crown reinforcement of such tires, in particular tires. such as heavy goods vehicles or civil engineering.
L'invention concerne en outre ces articles ou produits semi-finis en matière plastique et/ou en caoutchouc eux-mêmes lorsqu'ils sont renforcés par un câble conforme à l'invention, en particulier les pneumatiques destinés aux véhicules industriels cités ci-dessus, plus particulièrement les pneumatiques Poids-lourd, ainsi que les tissus composites comportant une matrice de composition de caoutchouc renforcée d'un câble selon l'invention, utilisables comme nappe d'armature de carcasse ou de sommet de tels pneumatiques.The invention also relates to these articles or semi-finished products of plastic and / or rubber themselves when reinforced by a cable according to the invention, in particular the tires intended for the industrial vehicles mentioned above. , more particularly heavy-duty tires, as well as composite fabrics comprising a matrix of reinforced rubber composition of a cable according to the invention, usable as a carcass reinforcement ply or crown of such tires.
L'invention ainsi que ses avantages seront aisément compris à la lumière de la description et des exemples de réalisation qui suivent, ainsi que des figures 1 à 3 relatives à ces exemples qui reproduisent ou schématisent, respectivement :
- un cliché pris au microscope (grossissement 40) d'une coupe transversale d'un câble témoin de construction 1+6+12 (Fig. 1) ;
- un cliché pris au microscope (grossissement 40) d'une coupe transversale d'un câble selon l'invention de construction 1+6+12 (Fig. 2);
- une coupe radiale d'une enveloppe de pneumatique Poids-lourd à armature de carcasse radiale, conforme ou non à l'invention dans cette représentation générale (Fig. 3).
- a microscope (magnification 40) of a cross-section of a 1 + 6 + 12 control cable (Fig. 1);
- a microscope (magnification 40) of a cross-section of a cable according to the invention of construction 1 + 6 + 12 (FIG 2);
- a radial section of a radial carcass reinforcement heavy-duty pneumatic tire, conforming or not to the invention in this general representation (FIG 3).
Le test de perméabilité à l'air constitue un moyen simple de mesure indirecte du taux de pénétration du câble par une composition de caoutchouc. Il est réalisé sur des câbles extraits directement, par décorticage, des nappes de caoutchouc vulcanisées qu'ils renforcent, donc pénétrés par le caoutchouc cuit.The air permeability test is a simple means of indirect measurement of the penetration rate of the cable by a rubber composition. It is made on cables extracted directly, by shelling, vulcanized rubber sheets that they reinforce, thus penetrated by the cooked rubber.
Le test est réalisé sur une longueur de câble déterminée (par exemple 2 cm) de la manière suivante: on envoie de l'air à l'entrée du câble, sous une pression donnée (par exemple 1 bar), et on mesure le volume d'air à la sortie, à l'aide d'un débitmètre ; pendant la mesure l'échantillon de câble est bloqué dans un joint étanche de telle manière que seule la quantité d'air traversant le câble d'une extrémité à l'autre, selon son axe longitudinal, est prise en compte par la mesure. Le débit mesuré est d'autant plus faible que le taux de pénétration du câble par le caoutchouc est plus élevé.The test is performed over a given length of cable (for example 2 cm) in the following manner: air is sent to the cable inlet, at a given pressure (for example 1 bar), and the volume is measured. of air at the outlet, using a flowmeter; during the measurement, the cable sample is locked in a seal in such a way that only the amount of air passing through the cable from one end to the other along its longitudinal axis is taken into account by the measurement. The measured flow rate is even lower as the penetration rate of the cable by the rubber is higher.
L'endurance des câbles en fatigue-fretting-corrosion est évaluée dans des nappes de carcasse de pneumatiques Poids-lourd par un test de roulage de très longue durée.The endurance of fatigue-fretting-corrosion cables is evaluated in carcass plies of heavy-duty tires by a very long running test.
On fabrique pour cela des pneumatiques Poids-lourd dont l'armature de carcasse est constituée d'une seule nappe caoutchoutée renforcée par les câbles à tester. On monte ces pneumatiques sur des jantes connues adaptées et on les gonfle à la même pression (avec une surpression par rapport à la pression nominale) avec de l'air saturé en humidité. On fait ensuite rouler ces pneumatiques sur une machine de roulage automatique, sous une charge très élevée (surcharge par rapport à la charge nominale) et à la même vitesse, pendant un nombre déterminé de kilomètres. A la fin du roulage, on extrait les câbles de la carcasse du pneumatique, par décorticage, et on mesure la force rupture résiduelle à la fois sur les fils et sur les câbles ainsi fatigués.For this purpose, heavy-duty tires are manufactured whose carcass reinforcement consists of a single rubberized web reinforced by the cables to be tested. These tires are mounted on suitable known rims and inflated to the same pressure (with an overpressure relative to the nominal pressure) with air saturated with moisture. These tires are then rolled on an automatic rolling machine, under a load very high (overload with respect to the nominal load) and at the same speed, for a determined number of kilometers. At the end of rolling, the cables are extracted from the carcass of the tire, by shelling, and the residual breaking force is measured both on the yarns and on the cables thus fatigued.
On réalise d'autre part des pneumatiques identiques aux précédents et on les décortique de la même façon que précédemment, mais cette fois sans les soumettre au roulage. On mesure ainsi, après décorticage, la force rupture initiale des fils et des câbles non fatigués.On the other hand, identical tires are made to the previous ones and they are peeled in the same way as before, but this time without subjecting them to rolling. Thus, after dehulling, the initial breaking force of the non-fatigued wires and cables is measured.
On calcule finalement la déchéance de force-rupture après fatigue (notée ΔFm et exprimée en %), en comparant la force-rupture résiduelle à la force-rupture initiale. Cette déchéance ΔFm est due à la fatigue et à l'usure (diminution de section) des fils causées par l'action conjointe des diverses sollicitations mécaniques, en particulier de l'intense travail des forces de contact entre les fils, et de l'eau provenant de l'air ambiant, en d'autres termes à la fatigue-fretting-corrosion subie par le câble à l'intérieur du pneumatique, lors du roulage.Finally, the force-failure decay after fatigue (denoted ΔFm and expressed in%) is calculated by comparing the residual breaking force with the initial breaking force. This decay ΔFm is due to the fatigue and the wear (reduction of section) of the wires caused by the joint action of the various mechanical stresses, in particular of the intense work of the contact forces between the wires, and of the water from the ambient air, in other words the fatigue-fretting-corrosion experienced by the cable inside the tire, when driving.
On peut aussi choisir de conduire le test de roulage jusqu'à la destruction forcée du pneumatique, en raison d'une rupture de la nappe de carcasse ou d'un autre type d'avarie survenant plus tôt (par exemple une destruction du sommet ou un déchapage).It is also possible to conduct the rolling test until the forced destruction of the tire, due to a rupture of the carcass ply or some other type of damage occurring earlier (for example a destruction of the crown or a decapitation).
Les termes "formule" ou "structure", lorsqu'ils sont utilisés dans la présente description pour décrire les câbles, se réfèrent simplement à la construction de ces câbles.The terms "formula" or "structure", when used in this specification to describe the cables, simply refer to the construction of these cables.
Comme indiqué précédemment, le câble à trois couches selon l'invention, de construction L+M+N, comporte une couche interne C1 de diamètre d1 constituée de L fils, entourée d'une couche intermédiaire C2 de diamètre d2 constituée de M fils, laquelle est entourée d'une couche externe C3 de diamètre d3 constituée de N fils.As indicated above, the three-layer cable according to the invention, of construction L + M + N, comprises an inner layer C1 of diameter d 1 consisting of L wires, surrounded by an intermediate layer C2 of diameter d 2 consisting of M son, which is surrounded by an outer layer C3 of diameter d 3 consisting of N son.
Selon l'invention, une gaine constituée d'une composition de caoutchouc réticulable ou réticulée à base d'au moins un élastomère diénique recouvre au moins ladite couche C2. Il faut comprendre que la couche C1 pourrait être elle-même recouverte de cette gaine de caoutchouc.According to the invention, a sheath made of a crosslinkable or crosslinked rubber composition based on at least one diene elastomer covers at least said layer C2. It should be understood that the layer C1 could itself be covered with this rubber sheath.
Par l'expression "composition à base d'au moins un élastomère diénique", on entend de manière connue que la composition comprend à titre majoritaire (i.e. selon une fraction massique supérieure à 50%) ce ou ces élastomères diéniques.The term "composition based on at least one diene elastomer" is understood to mean in a known manner that the composition comprises in majority (i.e. in a mass fraction greater than 50%) this or these diene elastomers.
On notera que la gaine selon l'invention s'étend d'une manière continue autour de ladite couche C2 qu'elle recouvre (c'est-à-dire que cette gaine est continue dans la direction "orthoradiale" du câble qui est perpendiculaire à son rayon), de manière à former un manchon continu de section transversale qui est avantageusement pratiquement circulaire.It will be noted that the sheath according to the invention extends in a continuous manner around said layer C2 which it covers (that is to say that this sheath is continuous in the "orthoradial" direction of the cable which is perpendicular to its radius), so as to form a continuous sleeve of cross section which is preferably substantially circular.
On notera également que la composition de caoutchouc de cette gaine est réticulable ou réticulée, c'est-à-dire qu'elle comprend par définition un système de réticulation adapté pour permettre la réticulation de la composition lors de sa cuisson (i.e., son durcissement et non sa fusion) ; ainsi, cette composition de caoutchouc peut être qualifiée d'infusible, du fait qu'elle ne peut pas être fondue par chauffage à quelque température que ce soit.It will also be noted that the rubber composition of this sheath is crosslinkable or crosslinked, that is to say that it comprises by definition a crosslinking system adapted to allow the crosslinking of the composition during its cooking (ie, its hardening and not its fusion); thus, this rubber composition can be described as infusible, since it can not be melted by heating at any temperature.
Par élastomère ou caoutchouc "diénique", on entend de manière connue un élastomère issu au moins en partie (i.e. un homopolymère ou un copolymère) de monomères diènes (monomères porteurs de deux doubles liaisons carbone-carbone, conjuguées ou non).By elastomer or "diene" rubber is meant in known manner an elastomer derived at least in part (i.e. a homopolymer or a copolymer) of monomers dienes (monomers bearing two carbon-carbon double bonds, conjugated or not).
Les élastomères diéniques peuvent être classés de manière connue en deux catégories : ceux dits "essentiellement insaturés" et ceux dits "essentiellement saturés". De manière générale, on entend ici par élastomère diénique "essentiellement insaturé" un élastomère diénique issu au moins en partie de monomères diènes conjugués, ayant un taux de motifs ou unités d'origine diénique (diènes conjugués) qui est supérieur à 15% (% en moles). C'est ainsi, par exemple, que des élastomères diéniques tels que les caoutchoucs butyle ou les copolymères de diènes et d'alpha-oléfines type EPDM n'entrent pas dans la définition précédente et peuvent être notamment qualifiés d'élastomères diéniques "essentiellement saturés" (taux de motifs d'origine diénique faible ou très faible, toujours inférieur à 15%). Dans la catégorie des élastomères diéniques "essentiellement insaturés", on entend en particulier par élastomère diénique "fortement insaturé" un élastomère diénique ayant un taux de motifs d'origine diénique (diènes conjugués) qui est supérieur à 50%.The diene elastomers can be classified in known manner into two categories: those known as "essentially unsaturated" and those known as "essentially saturated". In general, the term "diene elastomer" is used herein to mean a diene elastomer derived at least in part from conjugated diene monomers having a level of units or units of diene origin (conjugated dienes) which is greater than 15% (%). in moles). Thus, for example, diene elastomers such as butyl rubbers or copolymers of dienes and alpha-olefins of the EPDM type do not fall within the above definition and may in particular be described as "essentially saturated" diene elastomers. "(low or very low diene origin, always less than 15%). In the category of "essentially unsaturated" diene elastomers, the term "highly unsaturated" diene elastomer is particularly understood to mean a diene elastomer having a content of units of diene origin (conjugated dienes) which is greater than 50%.
Ces définitions étant données, on entend plus particulièrement par élastomère diénique susceptible d'être utilisé dans le câble de l'invention :
- (a) tout homopolymère obtenu par polymérisation d'un monomère diène conjugué ayant de 4 à 12 atomes de carbone;
- (b) tout copolymère obtenu par copolymérisation d'un ou plusieurs diènes conjugués entre eux ou avec un ou plusieurs composés vinyle aromatique ayant de 8 à 20 atomes de carbone;
- (c) un copolymère ternaire obtenu par copolymérisation d'éthylène, d'une α-
oléfine ayant 3 à 6 atomes de carbone avec un monomère diène non conjugué ayant de 6 à 12 atomes de carbone, comme par exemple les élastomères obtenus à partir d'éthylène, de propylène avec un monomère diène non conjugué du type précité tel que notamment l'hexadiène-1,4, l'éthylidène norbornène, le dicyclopentadiène; - (d) un copolymère d'isobutène et d'isoprène (caoutchouc butyle), ainsi que les versions halogénées, en particulier chlorées ou bromées, de ce type de copolymère.
- (a) any homopolymer obtained by polymerization of a conjugated diene monomer having from 4 to 12 carbon atoms;
- (b) any copolymer obtained by copolymerization of one or more conjugated dienes with each other or with one or more vinyl aromatic compounds having from 8 to 20 carbon atoms;
- (c) a ternary copolymer obtained by copolymerization of ethylene, an α-olefin having 3 to 6 carbon atoms with a non-conjugated diene monomer having from 6 to 12 carbon atoms, for example elastomers obtained from ethylene, propylene with a nonconjugated diene monomer of the aforementioned type such as in particular 1,4-hexadiene, ethylidene norbornene, dicyclopentadiene;
- (d) a copolymer of isobutene and isoprene (butyl rubber), as well as the halogenated versions, in particular chlorinated or brominated, of this type of copolymer.
Bien qu'elle s'applique à tout type d'élastomère diénique, la présente invention est en premier lieu mise en oeuvre avec des élastomères diéniques essentiellement insaturés, en particulier du type (a) ou (b) ci-dessus.Although it is applicable to any type of diene elastomer, the present invention is first of all carried out with essentially unsaturated diene elastomers, in particular of the type (a) or (b) above.
Ainsi, l'élastomère diénique est préférentiellement choisi dans le groupe constitué par les polybutadiènes (BR), le caoutchouc naturel (NR), les polyisoprènes de synthèse (IR), les différents copolymères de butadiène, les différents copolymères d'isoprène, et les mélanges de ces élastomères. De tels copolymères sont plus préférentiellement choisis dans le groupe constitué par les copolymères de butadiène-styrène (SBR), les copolymères d'isoprène-butadiène (BIR), les copolymères d'isoprène-styrène (SIR) et les copolymères d'isoprène-butadiène-styrène (SBIR).Thus, the diene elastomer is preferably chosen from the group consisting of polybutadienes (BR), natural rubber (NR), synthetic polyisoprenes (IR), the various butadiene copolymers, the various isoprene copolymers, and mixtures of these elastomers. Such copolymers are more preferably selected from the group consisting of butadiene-styrene copolymers (SBR), isoprene-butadiene copolymers (BIR), isoprene-styrene copolymers (SIR) and isoprene-copolymers. butadiene-styrene (SBIR).
Plus préférentiellement, en particulier lorsque les câbles de l'invention sont destinés à renforcer des pneumatiques, en particulier des armatures de carcasse des pneumatiques pour véhicules industriels tels que Poids-lourd, l'élastomère diénique choisi est majoritairement (c'est-à-dire pour plus de 50 pce) constitué d'un élastomère isoprénique. Par "élastomère isoprénique", on entend de manière connue un homopolymère ou un copolymère d'isoprène, en d'autres termes un élastomère diénique choisi dans le groupe constitué par le caoutchouc naturel (NR), les polyisoprènes de synthèse (IR), les différents copolymères d'isoprène et les mélanges de ces élastomères.More preferably, in particular when the cables of the invention are intended to reinforce tires, in particular carcass reinforcements of tires for industrial vehicles such as heavy goods vehicles, the diene elastomer chosen is predominantly (i.e. say for more than 50 phr) consisting of an isoprene elastomer. By "isoprene elastomer" is meant in known manner a homopolymer or copolymer of isoprene, in other words a diene elastomer chosen from the group consisting of natural rubber (NR), synthetic polyisoprenes (IR), different isoprene copolymers and mixtures of these elastomers.
Selon un mode avantageux de l'invention, l'élastomère diénique choisi est exclusivement (c'est-à-dire pour 100 pce) constitué de caoutchouc naturel, de polyisoprène de synthèse ou d'un mélange de ces élastomères, le polyisoprène de synthèse ayant un taux (% molaire) de liaisons cis-1,4 de préférence supérieur à 90%, plus préférentiellement encore supérieur à 98%.According to an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the diene elastomer chosen is exclusively (that is to say, 100 phr) consisting of natural rubber, synthetic polyisoprene or a mixture of these elastomers, synthetic polyisoprene having a content (mol%) of cis-1,4 bonds preferably greater than 90%, more preferably still greater than 98%.
On pourrait aussi utiliser, selon un mode de réalisation particulier de l'invention, des coupages (mélanges) de ce caoutchouc naturel et/ou ces polyisoprènes de synthèse avec d'autres élastomères diéniques fortement insaturés, notamment avec des élastomères SBR ou BR tels que précités.It would also be possible, according to a particular embodiment of the invention, to use blends (mixtures) of this natural rubber and / or these synthetic polyisoprenes with other highly unsaturated diene elastomers, in particular with SBR or BR elastomers such as supra.
La gaine de caoutchouc du câble de l'invention peut contenir un seul ou plusieurs élastomère(s) diénique(s), ce(s) dernier(s) pouvant être utilisé(s) en association avec tout type d'élastomère synthétique autre que diénique, voire avec des polymères autres que des élastomères, par exemple des polymères thermoplastiques, ces polymères autres qu'élastomères étant alors présents à titre de polymère minoritaire.The rubber sheath of the cable of the invention may contain one or more diene elastomer (s), this last one (s) can be used in combination with any type of synthetic elastomer other than diene, or even with polymers other than elastomers, for example thermoplastic polymers, these polymers other than elastomers then being present as a minority polymer.
Bien que la composition de caoutchouc de ladite gaine soit préférentiellement dépourvue de tout plastomère et qu'elle ne comporte qu'un élastomère (ou mélange d'élastomères) diénique(s) comme base polymérique, ladite composition pourrait aussi comprendre au moins un plastomère selon une fraction massique xp inférieure à la fraction massique xe du(des) élastomère(s).Although the rubber composition of said sheath is preferably free of any plastomer and comprises only one elastomer (or mixture of elastomers) diene (s) as polymer base, said composition could also comprise at least one plastomer according to a mass fraction x p less than the mass fraction x e of the elastomer (s).
Dans un tel cas, on a de préférence la relation suivante : 0 < xp < 0,5. xe .In such a case, the following relationship is preferably: 0 <x p <0.5. x e .
Plus préférentiellement, on a dans un tel cas la relation : 0 < xp < 0,1. xe .More preferentially, in such a case, there is the relation: 0 <x p <0.1. x e .
De préférence, le système de réticulation de la gaine de caoutchouc est un système dit de vulcanisation, c'est-à-dire à base de soufre (ou d'un agent donneur de soufre) et d'un accélérateur primaire de vulcanisation. A ce système de vulcanisation de base peuvent s'ajouter divers accélérateurs secondaires ou activateurs de vulcanisation connus. Le soufre est utilisé à un taux préférentiel compris entre 0,5 et 10 pce, plus préférentiellement compris entre 1 et 8 pce, l'accélérateur primaire de vulcanisation, par exemple un sulfénamide, est utilisé à un taux préférentiel compris entre 0,5 et 10 pce, plus préférentiellement compris entre 0,5 et 5,0 pce.Preferably, the system for crosslinking the rubber sheath is a so-called vulcanization system, that is to say based on sulfur (or a sulfur-donor agent) and a primary vulcanization accelerator. To this basic vulcanization system may be added various known secondary accelerators or vulcanization activators. The sulfur is used at a preferential rate of between 0.5 and 10 phr, more preferably between 1 and 8 phr, the primary vulcanization accelerator, for example a sulfenamide, is used at a preferential rate of between 0.5 and 10 phr, more preferably between 0.5 and 5.0 phr.
La composition de caoutchouc de la gaine selon l'invention comprend, outre ledit système de réticulation, tous les ingrédients habituels utilisables dans les compositions de caoutchouc pour pneumatiques, tels que des charges renforçantes à base de noir de carbone et/ou d'une charge inorganique renforçante telle que silice, des agents anti-vieillissement, par exemple des antioxydants, des huiles d'extension, des plastifiants ou des agents facilitant la mise en oeuvre des compositions à l'état cru, des accepteurs et donneurs de méthylène, des résines, des bismaléimides, des systèmes promoteurs d'adhésion connus du type "RFS" (résorcinol-formaldéhyde-silice) ou sels métalliques, notamment des sels de cobalt.The rubber composition of the sheath according to the invention comprises, in addition to said crosslinking system, all the usual ingredients which can be used in tire rubber compositions, such as reinforcing fillers based on carbon black and / or a filler. inorganic reinforcing agent such as silica, anti-aging agents, for example antioxidants, extender oils, plasticizers or agents facilitating the use of the compositions in the green state, methylene acceptors and donors, resins , bismaleimides, known adhesion promoter systems of the "RFS" type (resorcinol-formaldehyde-silica) or metal salts, especially cobalt salts.
De préférence, la composition de la gaine de caoutchouc présente, à l'état réticulé, un module sécant en extension M10, mesuré selon la norme ASTM D 412 de 1998, inférieur à 20 MPa et plus préférentiellement inférieur à 12 MPa, en particulier entre 4 et 11 MPa.Preferably, the composition of the rubber sheath has, in the crosslinked state, a secant modulus in extension M10, measured according to the ASTM D 412 standard of 1998, less than 20 MPa and more preferably less than 12 MPa, in particular between 4 and 11 MPa.
A titre préférentiel, la composition de cette gaine est choisie identique à la composition utilisée pour la matrice de caoutchouc que les câbles selon l'invention sont destinés à renforcer. Ainsi, il n'y a aucun problème d'incompatibilité éventuelle entre les matériaux respectifs de la gaine et de la matrice de caoutchouc.As a preference, the composition of this sheath is chosen to be identical to the composition used for the rubber matrix that the cables according to the invention are intended to to reinforce. Thus, there is no problem of possible incompatibility between the respective materials of the sheath and the rubber matrix.
De préférence, ladite composition est à base de caoutchouc naturel et elle comprend du noir de carbone à titre de charge renforçante, par exemple un noir de carbone de grade (ASTM) 300, 600 ou 700 (par exemple N326, N330, N347, N375, N683, N772).Preferably, said composition is based on natural rubber and comprises carbon black as a reinforcing filler, for example a grade (ASTM) carbon black 300, 600 or 700 (for example N326, N330, N347, N375 , N683, N772).
Dans le câble selon l'invention, on a de préférence au moins l'une, plus préférentiellement encore l'ensemble des caractéristiques suivantes qui est vérifié(e) :
- la couche C3 est une couche saturée, c'est-à-dire qu'il n'existe pas suffisamment de place dans cette couche pour y ajouter au moins un (N+1)ème fil de diamètre d3, N représentant alors le nombre maximal de fils enroulables en une couche autour de la couche C2 ;
- la gaine de caoutchouc recouvre en outre la couche interne C1 et/ou sépare les fils deux à deux adjacents de la couche intermédiaire C2 ;
- la gaine de caoutchouc recouvre pratiquement la demi-circonférence radialement intérieure de chaque fil de la couche C3, de telle sorte qu'elle sépare les fils deux à deux adjacents de cette couche C3.
- the layer C3 is a saturated layer, that is to say that there is not enough space in this layer to add at least one (N + 1) th wire diameter d 3 , N then representing the maximum number of wires rollable in one layer around the layer C2;
- the rubber sheath further covers the inner layer C1 and / or separates the adjacent two-to-two wires from the intermediate layer C2;
- the rubber sheath substantially covers the radially inner half-circumference of each wire of the layer C3, so that it separates the adjacent two-to-two wires of this layer C3.
Dans la construction L+M+N selon l'invention, la couche intermédiaire C2 comporte de préférence six ou sept fils, et le câble conforme à l'invention présente alors les caractéristiques préférentielles suivantes (d1, d2, d3, p2 et p3 en mm) :
- (i) 0,10 < d1 < 0,28 ;
- (ii) 0,10 < d2 < 0,25 ;
- (iii) 0,10 < d3 < 0,25 ;
- (iv) M = 6 ou M = 7 ;
- (v) 5 π (d1 + d2) < p2 ≤ p3 < 5 π (d1 + 2d2 + d3) ;
- (vi) les fils desdites couches C2, C3 sont enroulés dans le même sens de torsion (S/S ou Z/Z).
- (i) 0.10 <d 1 <0.28;
- (ii) 0.10 <d 2 <0.25;
- (iii) 0.10 <d 3 <0.25;
- (iv) M = 6 or M = 7;
- (v) 5 π (d 1 + d 2 ) <p 2 ≤ p 3 <5 π (d 1 + 2d 2 + d 3 );
- (vi) the wires of said layers C2, C3 are wound in the same direction of twist (S / S or Z / Z).
De préférence, la caractéristique (v) est telle que p2 = p3, de telle sorte que le câble est dit compact compte tenu par ailleurs de la caractéristique (vi) (fils des couches C2 et C3 enroulés dans lé même sens).Preferably, the characteristic (v) is such that p 2 = p 3 , so that the cable is said to be compact taking into account also the characteristic (vi) (son of the layers C2 and C3 wound in the same direction).
On rappelle ici que, selon une définition connue, le pas représente la longueur, mesurée parallèlement à l'axe O du câble, au bout de laquelle un fil ayant ce pas effectue un tour complet autour de l'axe O du câble ; ainsi, si l'on sectionne l'axe O par deux plans perpendiculaires à l'axe O et séparés par une longueur égale au pas d'un fil d'une des deux couches C2 ou C3, l'axe de ce fil a dans ces deux plans la même position sur les deux cercles correspondant à la couche C2 ou C3 du fil considéré.It is recalled here that, according to a known definition, the pitch represents the length, measured parallel to the axis O of the cable, at the end of which a wire having this pitch performs a complete revolution around the axis O of the cable; thus, if the axis O is divided by two planes perpendicular to the axis O and separated by a length equal to the pitch of a wire of one of the two layers C2 or C3, the axis of this wire has in these two planes the same position on the two circles corresponding to the layer C2 or C3 of the considered wire.
Selon la caractéristique (vi), tous les fils des couches C2 et C3 sont enroulés dans le même sens de torsion, c'est-à-dire soit dans la direction S (disposition "S/S"), soit dans la direction Z (disposition "Z/Z"). L'enroulement dans le même sens des couches C2 et C3 permet avantageusement, dans le câble conforme à l'invention, de minimiser les frottements entre ces deux couches C2 et C3 et donc l'usure des fils qui les constituent (puisqu'il n'y a plus de contact croisé entre les fils).According to the characteristic (vi), all the wires of the layers C2 and C3 are wound in the same direction of torsion, that is to say either in the direction S (disposition "S / S"), or in the direction Z ("Z / Z" arrangement). The winding in the same direction of the layers C2 and C3 advantageously makes it possible, in the cable according to the invention, to minimize the friction between these two layers C2 and C3 and therefore the wear of the wires constituting them (since there is more cross-contact between the wires).
On notera qu'en dépit du caractère compact (pas et sens de torsion identiques pour les couches C2 et C3) du câble préférentiel de l'invention, la couche C3 présente une section transversale pratiquement circulaire grâce à l'incorporation de ladite gaine, comme illustré par la Fig. 2. On peut en effet aisément vérifier sur cette Fig. 2 que le coefficient de variation CV, défini par le rapport (écart type/ moyenne arithmétique) des rayons respectifs des N fils de la couche C3 mesurés à partir de l'axe longitudinal de symétrie du câble, est très réduit.It will be noted that despite the compact nature (pitch and identical torsion direction for the layers C2 and C3) of the preferred cable of the invention, the layer C3 has a substantially circular cross section through the incorporation of said sheath, as illustrated in FIG. 2. It can indeed easily be verified in this FIG. 2 that the coefficient of variation CV, defined by the ratio (standard deviation / arithmetic mean) of the respective radii of the N son of the layer C3 measured from the longitudinal axis of symmetry of the cable, is very small.
Or, dans les câbles à couches compacts, par exemple de construction 1+6+12, la compacité est telle que la section transversale de tels câbles a un contour qui est pratiquement polygonal, comme illustré par exemple par la Fig. 1 où le coefficient de variation CV précité est sensiblement plus élevé.However, in compact-layer cables, for example of construction 1 + 6 + 12, the compactness is such that the cross section of such cables has a contour that is substantially polygonal, as illustrated for example in FIG. 1 where the coefficient of variation CV above is substantially higher.
De préférence, le câble de l'invention est un câble à couches de construction notée 1+M+N, c'est-à-dire que sa couche interne C1 est constituée d'un seul fil, tel que représenté à la Fig. 2.Preferably, the cable of the invention is a layered construction cable denoted 1 + M + N, that is to say that its inner layer C1 consists of a single wire, as shown in FIG. 2.
Dans le câble de l'invention, les rapports (d1/d2) sont de préférence fixés dans des limites données, selon le nombre M (6 ou 7) de fils de la couche C2, comme suit :
- pour M = 6 : 1,10 < (d1 / d2) < 1,40 ;
- pour M = 7 : 1,40 < (d1 / d2) < 1,70 .
- for M = 6: 1.10 <(d 1 / d 2 ) <1.40;
- for M = 7: 1.40 <(d 1 / d 2 ) <1.70.
Une valeur trop faible du rapport peut être préjudiciable à l'usure entre la couche interne et les fils de la couche C2. Une valeur trop élevée peut quant à elle nuire à la compacité du câble, pour un niveau de résistance en définitive peu modifié, ainsi qu'à sa flexibilité ; la rigidité accrue de la couche interne C1 due à un diamètre d1 trop élevé pourrait être par ailleurs préjudiciable à la faisabilité elle-même du câble, lors des opérations de câblage.A too low value of the ratio can be detrimental to the wear between the inner layer and the wires of the layer C2. A value that is too high can in turn affect the compactness of the cable, for a level of resistance that is ultimately little modified, as well as its flexibility; the increased rigidity of the inner layer C1 due to a diameter d 1 too high could also be detrimental to the feasibility itself of the cable, during wiring operations.
Les fils des couches C2 et C3 peuvent avoir un diamètre identique ou différent d'une couche à l'autre. On utilise de préférence des fils de même diamètre (d2=d3), notamment pour simplifier le procédé de câblage et abaisser les coûts.The wires of the layers C2 and C3 may have an identical diameter or different from one layer to another. Wire of the same diameter (d 2 = d 3 ) is preferably used, in particular to simplify the wiring process and to lower costs.
Le nombre maximal Nmax de fils enroulables en une couche unique saturée C3 autour de la couche C2 est bien entendu fonction de nombreux paramètres (diamètre d1 de la couche interne, nombre M et diamètre d2 des fils de la couche C2, diamètre d3 des fils de la couche C3).The maximum number N max of roll-up yarns in a saturated single layer C3 around the layer C2 is of course a function of numerous parameters (diameter d 1 of the inner layer, number M and diameter d 2 of the strands of the layer C2, diameter d 3 of the strands of the layer C3).
L'invention est de préférence mise en oeuvre avec un câble choisi parmi les câbles de structure 1+6+10, 1+6+11, 1+6+12, 1+7+11, 1+7+12 ou 1+7+13.The invention is preferably implemented with a cable chosen from the cables of structure 1 + 6 + 10, 1 + 6 + 11, 1 + 6 + 12, 1 + 7 + 11, 1 + 7 + 12 or 1+ 7 + 13.
L'invention est plus préférentiellement mise en oeuvre, en particulier dans les carcasses des pneumatiques Poids-lourd, avec des câbles de structure 1+6+12.The invention is more preferably implemented, in particular in the carcasses of heavy-duty tires, with cables of structure 1 + 6 + 12.
Pour un meilleur compromis entre résistance, faisabilité et tenue en flexion du câble, d'une part, et pénétrabilité par le caoutchouc, d'autre part, on préfère que les diamètres des fils des couches C2 et C3, identiques ou non, soient compris entre 0,14 mm et 0,22 mm.For a better compromise between resistance, feasibility and bending strength of the cable, on the one hand, and penetrability by the rubber, on the other hand, it is preferred that the diameters of the son of the layers C2 and C3, identical or not, are included between 0.14 mm and 0.22 mm.
Dans un tel cas, on a plus préférentiellement les relations suivantes qui sont vérifiées :
- 0,18 < d1 < 0,24 ;
- 0,16 < d2 ≤ d3 < 0,19;
- 5 < p2 ≤ p3 < 12 (pas en mm réduits) ou bien 20 < p2 ≤ p3 < 30 (pas en mm élevés).
- 0.18 <d 1 <0.24;
- 0.16 <d 2 ≤ d 3 <0.19;
- 5 <p 2 ≤ p 3 <12 (not in reduced mm) or else <p 2 ≤ p 3 <30 (not in high mm).
En effet, pour les armatures de carcasse de pneumatiques Poids-lourd, les diamètres d2 et d3 sont préférentiellement choisis entre 0,16 et 0,19 mm : un diamètre inférieur à 0,19 mm permet de réduire le niveau des contraintes subies par les fils lors des variations importantes de courbure des câbles, alors qu'on choisit de préférence des diamètres supérieurs à 0,16 mm pour des raisons notamment de résistance des fils et de coût industriel.Indeed, for carcass reinforcement of heavy-duty tires, the diameters d 2 and d 3 are preferably chosen between 0.16 and 0.19 mm: a diameter of less than 0.19 mm makes it possible to reduce the level of the stresses undergone by the son during significant variations in curvature of the cables, while one chooses preferably diameters greater than 0.16 mm for reasons including wire strength and industrial cost.
Un mode de réalisation avantageux consiste par exemple à choisir p2 et p3 compris entre 8 et 12 mm, avantageusement avec des câbles de structure 1+6+12.An advantageous embodiment consists, for example, in choosing p 2 and p 3 of between 8 and 12 mm, advantageously with cables of structure 1 + 6 + 12.
De préférence, la gaine de caoutchouc présente une épaisseur moyenne allant de 0,010 mm à 0,040 mm.Preferably, the rubber sheath has an average thickness of 0.010 mm to 0.040 mm.
D'une manière générale, l'invention peut être mise en oeuvre avec tout type de fils métalliques, notamment en acier, par exemple des fils en acier au carbone et/ou des fils en acier inoxydable. On utilise de préférence un acier au carbone, mais il est bien entendu possible d'utiliser d'autres aciers ou d'autres alliages.In general, the invention can be implemented with any type of metal son, especially steel, for example carbon steel son and / or stainless steel son. Carbon steel is preferably used, but it is of course possible to use other steels or other alloys.
Lorsqu'un acier au carbone est utilisé, sa teneur en carbone (% en poids d'acier) est de préférence comprise entre 0,1% et 1,2%, plus préférentiellement de 0,4% à 1,0% ; ces teneurs représentent un bon compromis entre les propriétés mécaniques requises pour le pneumatique et la faisabilité du fil. Il est à noter qu'une teneur en carbone comprise entre 0,5% et 0,6% rend de tels aciers finalement moins coûteux car plus faciles à tréfiler. Un autre mode avantageux de réalisation de l'invention peut consister aussi, selon les applications visées, à utiliser des aciers à faible teneur en carbone, comprise par exemple entre 0,2% et 0,5%, en raison notamment d'un coût plus bas et d'une plus grande facilité de tréfilage.When a carbon steel is used, its carbon content (% by weight of steel) is preferably between 0.1% and 1.2%, more preferably from 0.4% to 1.0%; these grades represent a good compromise between the mechanical properties required for the tire and the feasibility of the wire. It should be noted that a carbon content of between 0.5% and 0.6% makes such steels ultimately less expensive because easier to draw. Another advantageous embodiment of the invention may also consist, depending on the applications concerned, of using steels with a low carbon content, for example between 0.2% and 0.5%, in particular because of a cost lower and easier to draw.
Lorsque les câbles de l'invention sont utilisés pour renforcer les carcasses de pneumatiques pour véhicules industriels, leurs fils ont de préférence une résistance en traction supérieure à 2000 MPa, plus préférentiellement supérieure à 3000 MPa. Dans le cas de pneumatiques de très grosses dimensions, on choisira notamment des fils dont la résistance en traction est comprise entre 3000 MPa et 4000 MPa. L'homme du métier sait comment fabriquer des fils d'acier au carbone présentant une telle résistance, en ajustant notamment la teneur en carbone de l'acier et les taux d'écrouissage final (ε) de ces fils.When the cables of the invention are used to reinforce tire carcasses for industrial vehicles, their yarns preferably have a tensile strength greater than 2000 MPa, more preferably greater than 3000 MPa. In the case of tires of very large dimensions, it will be especially son son whose tensile strength is between 3000 MPa and 4000 MPa. Those skilled in the art know how to manufacture carbon steel son having such a resistance, in particular by adjusting the carbon content of the steel and the final hardening rates (ε) of these son.
Le câble de l'invention pourrait être pourvu d'une frette externe, constituée par exemple d'un fil unique, métallique ou non, enroulé en hélice autour du câble selon un pas plus court que celui de la couche externe, et un sens d'enroulement opposé ou identique à celui de cette couche externe.The cable of the invention could be provided with an outer hoop, constituted for example by a single wire, metallic or not, helically wound around the cable in a shorter pitch than that of the outer layer, and a sense of winding opposite or identical to that of this outer layer.
Cependant, grâce à sa structure spécifique, le câble de l'invention, déjà auto-fretté, ne nécessite généralement pas l'emploi d'un fil de frette externe, ce qui résout avantageusement les problèmes d'usure entre la frette et les fils de la couche la plus externe du câble.However, thanks to its specific structure, the cable of the invention, already self-shrunk, generally does not require the use of an external hoop, which advantageously solves the wear problems between the hoop and son the outermost layer of the cable.
Toutefois, si un fil de frette est utilisé, dans le cas général où les fils de la couche C3 sont en acier au carbone, on pourra alors avantageusement choisir un fil de frette en acier inoxydable afin de réduire l'usure par fretting de ces fils en acier au carbone au contact de la frette en acier inoxydable, comme enseigné par le document de brevet
Le câble selon l'invention pourra être obtenu selon différentes techniques connues de l'homme du métier, par exemple en deux étapes, tout d'abord par gainage via une tête d'extrusion de l'âme ou structure intermédiaire L+M (couches C1+C2), étape suivie dans un deuxième temps d'une opération finale de câblage ou retordage des N fils restants (couche C3) autour de la couche C2 ainsi gainée. Le problème de collant à l'état cru posé par la gaine de caoutchouc, lors des opérations intermédiaires éventuelles de bobinage et débobinage pourra être résolu de manière connue par l'homme du métier, par exemple par l'emploi d'un film intercalaire en matière plastique.The cable according to the invention may be obtained according to various techniques known to those skilled in the art, for example in two steps, firstly by sheathing via an extrusion head of the core or intermediate structure L + M (layers C1 + C2), followed in a second step by a final wiring operation or twisting of the remaining N wires (layer C3) around the layer C2 thus sheathed. The problem of stickiness in the green state posed by the rubber sheath, during any intermediate operations of winding and uncoiling can be solved in a manner known to those skilled in the art, for example by the use of a spacer film. plastic material.
A titre d'exemple, la figure 3 représente de manière schématique une coupe radiale d'un pneumatique Poids-lourd 1 à armature de carcasse radiale pouvant être conforme ou non à l'invention, dans cette représentation générale.By way of example, FIG. 3 schematically represents a radial section of a heavy-weight tire 1 with a radial carcass reinforcement which may or may not be in conformity with the invention, in this general representation.
Ce pneumatique 1 comporte un sommet 2, deux flancs 3 et deux bourrelets 4 dans lesquels est ancrée une armature de carcasse 7. Le sommet 2, surmonté d'une bande de roulement (pour simplifier, non représentée sur la Fig. 3) qui est réunie auxdits bourrelets 4 par les deux flancs 3, est de manière connue en soi renforcé par une armature de sommet 6 constituée par exemple d'au moins deux nappes croisées superposées, renforcées par des câbles métalliques connus. L'armature de carcasse 7 est ici ancrée dans chaque bourrelet 4 par enroulement autour de deux tringles 5, le retournement 8 de cette armature 7 étant par exemple disposé vers l'extérieur du pneumatique 1 qui est ici représenté monté sur sa jante 9. L'armature de carcasse 7 est constituée d'au moins une nappe renforcée par des câbles dits "radiaux", c'est-à-dire que ces câbles sont disposés pratiquement parallèles les uns aux autres et s'étendent d'un bourrelet à l'autre de manière à former un angle compris entre 80° et 90° avec le plan circonférentiel médian (plan perpendiculaire à l'axe de rotation du pneumatique qui est situé à mi-distance des deux bourrelets 4 et passe par le milieu de l'armature de sommet 6).This tire 1 comprises a crown 2, two
Bien entendu, ce pneumatique 1 comporte en outre de manière connue une couche de gomme ou élastomère intérieure (communément appelée " gomme intérieure ") qui définit la face radialement interne du pneumatique et qui est destinée à protéger la nappe de carcasse de la diffusion d'air provenant de l'espace intérieur au pneumatique. Avantageusement, il comporte en outre une couche élastomère intermédiaire de renfort qui est située entre la nappe de carcasse et la couche intérieure, destinée à renforcer la couche intérieure et, par conséquent, la nappe de carcasse, et également destinée à délocaliser partiellement les efforts subis par l'armature de carcasse.Of course, this tire 1 also comprises, in a known manner, an inner rubber or elastomer layer (commonly called "inner rubber") which defines the radially inner face of the tire and which is intended to protect the carcass ply from the diffusion of the tire. air from the interior space to the tire. Advantageously, it further comprises an intermediate elastomeric reinforcing layer which is situated between the carcass ply and the inner layer, intended to reinforce the inner layer and, consequently, the carcass ply, and also intended to partially relocate the stresses undergone. by the carcass reinforcement.
Le pneumatique conforme à l'invention est caractérisé en ce que son armature de carcasse 7 comporte au moins une nappe de carcasse dont les câbles radiaux sont des câbles d'acier à trois couches conformes à l'invention.The tire according to the invention is characterized in that its
Dans cette nappe de carcasse, la densité des câbles conformes à l'invention est de préférence comprise entre 40 et 100 câbles par dm (décimètre) de nappe radiale, plus préférentiellement entre 50 et 80 câbles par dm, la distance entre deux câbles radiaux adjacents, d'axe en axe, étant ainsi de préférence comprise entre 1,0 et 2,5 mm, plus préférentiellement entre 1,25 et 2,0 mm. Les câbles conformes à l'invention sont de préférence disposés de telle manière que la largeur (notée "Lc") du pont de caoutchouc, entre deux câbles adjacents, est comprise entre 0,35 et 1 mm. Cette largeur "Lc" représente de manière connue la différence entre le pas de calandrage (pas de pose du câble dans le tissu de caoutchouc) et le diamètre du câble. En dessous de la valeur minimale indiquée, le pont de caoutchouc, trop étroit, risque de se dégrader mécaniquement lors du travail de la nappe, notamment au cours des déformations subies dans son propre plan par extension ou cisaillement. Au-delà du maximum indiqué, on s'expose à des risques d'apparition de défauts d'aspect sur les flancs des pneumatiques ou de pénétration d'objets, par perforation, entre les câbles. Plus préférentiellement, pour ces mêmes raisons, la largeur "Lc" est choisie comprise entre 0,5 et 0,8 mm.In this carcass ply, the density of the cables in accordance with the invention is preferably between 40 and 100 cables per dm (decimetre) of radial ply, more preferably between 50 and 80 cables per dm, the distance between two adjacent radial cables, axis to axis, thus preferably being between 1.0 and 2.5 mm, more preferably between 1.25 and 2.0 mm. The cables according to the invention are preferably arranged in such a way that the width (denoted "Lc") of the rubber bridge between two adjacent cables is between 0.35 and 1 mm. This width "Lc" represents in a known manner the difference between the calendering pitch (no laying of the cable in the rubber fabric) and the diameter of the cable. Below the indicated minimum value, the rubber bridge, which is too narrow, risks being degraded mechanically during the working of the sheet, in particular during the deformations undergone in its own plane by extension or shearing. Beyond the maximum indicated, one is exposed to the risk of appearance of appearance defects on the sidewalls of the tires or penetration of objects, by perforation, between the cables. More preferably, for these same reasons, the width "Lc" is chosen between 0.5 and 0.8 mm.
De préférence, la composition de caoutchouc utilisée pour le tissu de la nappe de carcasse présente, à l'état vulcanisé (i.e., après cuisson), un module sécant en extension M10 qui est inférieur à 20 MPa, plus préférentiellement inférieur à 12 MPa, en particulier compris entre 5 et 11 MPa. C'est dans un tel domaine de modules que l'on a enregistré le meilleur compromis d'endurance entre les câbles de l'invention d'une part, les tissus renforcés de ces câbles d'autre part.Preferably, the rubber composition used for the fabric of the carcass ply has, in the vulcanized state (ie, after curing), an M10 extension secant modulus which is less than 20 MPa, more preferably less than 12 MPa, in particular between 5 and 11 MPa. It is in such a field of modules that the best compromise of endurance has been recorded between the cables of the invention on the one hand, and the reinforced fabrics of these cables on the other hand.
Pour la réalisation des exemples de câbles conformes ou non conformes à l'invention, on utilise des fils fins en acier au carbone préparés selon des méthodes connues, en partant de fils commerciaux dont le diamètre initial est d'environ 1 mm. L'acier utilisé est par exemple un acier au carbone connu (norme USA AISI 1069) dont la teneur en carbone est de 0,70%.For the realization of the examples of cables conforming or not in accordance with the invention, carbon steel fine wires prepared using known methods are used, starting from commercial wires whose initial diameter is about 1 mm. The steel used is for example a known carbon steel (US AISI 1069 standard) whose carbon content is 0.70%.
Les fils commerciaux de départ subissent d'abord un traitement connu de dégraissage et/ou décapage avant leur mise en oeuvre ultérieure. A ce stade, leur résistance à la rupture est égale à environ 1150 MPa, leur allongement à la rupture est d'environ 10%. On effectue ensuite sur chaque fil un dépôt de cuivre, puis un dépôt de zinc, par voie électrolytique à la température ambiante, et on chauffe ensuite thermiquement par effet Joule à 540°C pour obtenir du laiton par diffusion du cuivre et du zinc, le rapport pondéral (phase α) / (phase α + phase β) étant égal à environ 0,85. Aucun traitement thermique n'est effectué sur le fil après l'obtention du revêtement de laiton.The starting commercial yarns first undergo a known degreasing and / or pickling treatment before their subsequent use. At this stage, their breaking strength is about 1150 MPa, their elongation at break is about 10%. A copper deposit is then deposited on each wire, followed by a zinc deposit, electrolytically at room temperature, and then thermally heated by a Joule effect at 540 ° C. to obtain brass by diffusion of copper and zinc. weight ratio (α phase) / (phase α + β phase) being equal to about 0.85. No heat treatment is performed on the wire after obtaining the brass coating.
On effectue alors sur chaque fil un écrouissage dit "final" (i.e. après le dernier traitement thermique), par tréfilage à froid en milieu humide avec un lubrifiant de tréfilage qui se présente sous forme d'une émulsion dans de l'eau. Ce tréfilage humide est effectué de manière connue afin d'obtenir le taux d'écrouissage final (noté ε) calculé à partir du diamètre initial indiqué précédemment pour les fils commerciaux de départ.A so-called "final" work-hardening (i.e. after the last heat treatment) is then carried out on each wire, by cold drawing in a humid medium with a drawing lubricant which is in the form of an emulsion in water. This wet drawing is carried out in a known manner in order to obtain the final work hardening rate (denoted ε) calculated from the initial diameter indicated above for the starting commercial threads.
Par définition, le taux d'un écrouissage noté ε est donné par la formule ε = Ln (Si / Sf), dans laquelle Ln est le logarithme népérien, Si représente la section initiale du fil avant cet écrouissage et Sf la section finale du fil après cet écrouissage.By definition, the rate of a hardening noted ε is given by the formula ε = Ln (S i / S f ), in which Ln is the natural logarithm, S i represents the initial section of the wire before this hardening and S f the final section of the wire after this hardening.
En jouant sur le taux d'écrouissage final, on prépare ainsi deux groupes de fils de diamètres différents, un premier groupe de fils de diamètre moyen φ égal à environ 0,200 mm (ε = 3,2) pour les fils d'indice 1 (fils notés F1) et un second groupe de fils de diamètre moyen φ égal à environ 0,175 mm (ε = 3,5) pour les fils d'indice 2 ou 3 (fils notés F2 ou F3).By adjusting the final work-hardening rate, two groups of yarns of different diameters are thus prepared, a first group of yarns of mean diameter φ equal to about 0.200 mm (ε = 3.2) for the yarns of index 1 ( son noted F 1 ) and a second group of son of average diameter φ equal to about 0.175 mm (ε = 3.5) for the son of index 2 or 3 (son noted F 2 or F 3 ).
Le revêtement de laiton qui entoure les fils a une épaisseur très faible, nettement inférieure au micromètre, par exemple de l'ordre de 0,15 à 0,30 µm, ce qui est négligeable par rapport au diamètre des fils en acier. Bien entendu, la composition de l'acier du fil en ses différents éléments (par exemple C, Mn, Si) est la même que celle de l'acier du fil de départ.The brass coating that surrounds the son has a very small thickness, significantly less than one micrometer, for example of the order of 0.15 to 0.30 microns, which is negligible compared to the diameter of the steel son. Of course, the composition of the wire steel in its various elements (for example C, Mn, Si) is the same as that of the steel of the starting wire.
On rappelle que lors du procédé de fabrication des fils, le revêtement de laiton facilite le tréfilage du fil, ainsi que le collage du fil avec le caoutchouc. Bien entendu, les fils pourraient être recouverts d'une fine couche métallique autre que du laiton, ayant par exemple pour fonction d'améliorer la résistance à la corrosion de ces fils et/ou leur adhésion au caoutchouc, par exemple une fine couche de Co, Ni, Zn, Al, d'un alliage de deux ou plus des composés Cu, Zn, Al, Ni, Co, Sn.It is recalled that during the wire manufacturing process, the brass coating facilitates the drawing of the wire, as well as the bonding of the wire with the rubber. Of course, the son could be covered with a thin metal layer other than brass, for example having the function of improving the corrosion resistance of these son and / or their adhesion to rubber, for example a thin layer of Co , Ni, Zn, Al, an alloy of two or more compounds Cu, Zn, Al, Ni, Co, Sn.
Les fils précédents sont ensuite assemblés sous forme de câbles à couches de structure 1+6+12 pour le câble témoin de l'art antérieur (Fig. 1) et pour le câble selon l'invention (Fig. 2) ; les fils F1 sont utilisés pour former la couche C1, les fils F2 et F3 pour former les couches C2 et C3 de ces différents câbles.The preceding wires are then assembled in the form of layered cables of structure 1 + 6 + 12 for the control cable of the prior art (FIG 1) and for the cable according to the invention (FIG 2); the son F 1 are used to form the layer C1, the son F 2 and F 3 to form the layers C2 and C3 of these different cables.
Chaque câble est dans cet exemple de réalisation dépourvu de frette ; il présente les caractéristiques suivantes (d et p en mm) :
- structure 1+6+12 ;
- d1 = 0,200 (mm);
- (d1 / d2) = 1,14;
- d2 = d3 = 0,175 (mm);
- p2 = p3 = 10 (mm).
- structure 1 + 6 + 12;
- d 1 = 0.200 (mm);
- (d 1 / d 2 ) = 1.14;
- d 2 = d 3 = 0.175 (mm);
- p 2 = p 3 = 10 (mm).
Les fils F2 et F3 des couches C2 et C3 sont enroulés dans le même sens de torsion (direction Z). Les deux types de câble (câble témoin noté C-I et câble de l'invention noté C-II) se distinguent donc par le seul fait que dans le câble C-II de l'invention, l'âme centrale constituée par les couches C1 et C2 (structure 1+6) a été gainée par une composition de caoutchouc à base d'élastomère diénique non vulcanisé (à l'état cru).The wires F2 and F3 of the layers C2 and C3 are wound in the same direction of twist (direction Z). The two types of cable (control cable denoted CI and cable of the invention denoted C-II) are therefore distinguished by the sole fact that in the cable C-II of the invention, the central core constituted by the layers C1 and C2 (structure 1 + 6) was sheathed with a rubber composition based on unvulcanized diene elastomer (in the green state).
Le câble C-II selon l'invention a été obtenu en plusieurs étapes, d'abord par réalisation d'un câble intermédiaire 1+6, puis par gainage via une tête d'extrusion de ce câble intermédiaire, suivi enfin d'une opération finale de câblage des 12 fils restants autour de la couche C2 ainsi gainée. Pour éviter le problème de "collant à cru" de la gaine de caoutchouc, on a utilisé un film intercalaire en matière plastique (PET) lors des opérations intermédiaires de bobinage et débobinage.The cable C-II according to the invention was obtained in several steps, firstly by making an intermediate cable 1 + 6, then by sheathing via an extrusion head of this intermediate cable, followed finally by an operation Final wiring of the remaining 12 wires around the layer C2 sheathed. To avoid the problem of "raw stickiness" of the rubber sheath, a plastic interlayer film (PET) was used during intermediate operations of winding and unwinding.
Comme on peut le voir clairement à la Fig. 2, en comparaison avec la Fig. 1, la couche C3 est éloignée de la couche C2 grâce au gainage de cette dernière ; la couche interne C1 se trouve également gainée (puisque visiblement eloignée de la couche C2), du seul fait de la pénétration du caoutchouc entre les fils de la couche C2.As can be seen clearly in FIG. 2, in comparison with FIG. 1, the layer C3 is removed from the layer C2 by the sheathing of the latter; the inner layer C1 is also sheathed (since it is visibly far from the layer C2), simply because of the penetration of the rubber between the wires of the layer C2.
La composition élastomérique constituant la gaine de caoutchouc a la même formulation, à base de caoutchouc naturel et de noir de carbone, que celle de la nappe d'armature de carcasse que les câbles sont destinés à renforcer.The elastomer composition constituting the rubber sheath has the same formulation, based on natural rubber and carbon black, as that of the carcass reinforcement ply that the cables are intended to reinforce.
D'autres câbles ont été fabriqués pour des essais comparatifs supplémentaires, en modifiant le taux de carbone (0,58% au lieu de 0,70%). Les câbles ainsi obtenus, témoin et conforme à l'invention, sont notés respectivement C-III et C-IV. Dans une variante de réalisation du câble C-IV (notée C-IVbis), on a par ailleurs gommé la couche C1 (fil central) elle-même avant de gommer l'âme constituée des couches C1 et C2, et observé que les deux types de câble (C-IV et CIV-bis) conduisaient à des résultats équivalents.Other cables were made for further comparative testing, modifying the carbon content (0.58% instead of 0.70%). The cables thus obtained, control and in accordance with the invention, are noted respectively C-III and C-IV. In an alternative embodiment of the C-IV cable (denoted C-IVbis), the layer C1 (central wire) itself has also been erased before erasing the core consisting of the layers C1 and C2, and observed that the two cable types (C-IV and CIV-bis) led to equivalent results.
Les câbles à trois couches précédents sont ensuite incorporés par calandrage à des tissus composites formés d'une composition connue à base de caoutchouc naturel et de noir de carbone à titre de charge renforçante, utilisée conventionnellement pour la fabrication des nappes de carcasse des pneumatiques Poids-lourd radiaux. Cette composition comporte essentiellement, en plus de l'élastomère et de la charge renforçante, un antioxydant, de l'acide stéarique, une huile d'extension, du naphténate de cobalt en tant que promoteur d'adhésion, enfin un système de vulcanisation (soufre, accélérateur, ZnO).The preceding three-layer cables are then incorporated by calendering into composite fabrics formed of a known composition based on natural rubber and black carbon as reinforcing filler, conventionally used for the manufacture of carcass plies of radial heavy-duty tires. This composition essentially comprises, in addition to the elastomer and the reinforcing filler, an antioxidant, stearic acid, an extension oil, cobalt naphthenate as adhesion promoter, and finally a vulcanization system ( sulfur, accelerator, ZnO).
Les tissus composites renforcés par ces câbles comportent une matrice de caoutchouc formée de deux couches fines de gomme qui sont superposées de part et d'autre des câbles et qui présentent chacune une épaisseur de 0,75 mm. Le pas de calandrage (pas de pose des câbles dans le tissu de caoutchouc) est de 1,5 mm pour les deux types de câbles.The composite fabrics reinforced by these cables comprise a rubber matrix formed of two thin layers of rubber which are superimposed on either side of the cables and which each have a thickness of 0.75 mm. The calender pitch (no laying of the cables in the rubber fabric) is 1.5 mm for both types of cables.
On réalise deux séries d'essais de roulage de pneumatiques Poids-lourd (notées P-I et P-II) de dimension 315/70 R 22.5 XZA, avec dans chaque série des pneumatiques destinés au roulage, d'autres au décorticage sur pneu neuf.Two series of tests of driving heavy-duty tires (rated P-I and P-II) of size 315/70 R 22.5 XZA are carried out, with in each series tires for running, others for shearing on a new tire.
L'armature de carcasse de ces pneumatiques est constituée d'une seule nappe radiale formée des tissus caoutchoutés décrits ci-dessus.The carcass reinforcement of these tires consists of a single radial ply formed of the rubberized fabrics described above.
Les pneumatiques P-I sont renforcés par les câbles C-I et constituent les pneus témoins de l'art antérieur, tandis que les pneumatiques P-II sont les pneumatiques conformes à l'invention renforcés des câbles C-II. Ces pneumatiques sont donc identiques à l'exception des câbles à couches qui renforcent leur armature de carcasse 7.The P-I tires are reinforced by the C-I cables and constitute the control tires of the prior art, while the P-II tires are the tires according to the invention reinforced with the C-II cables. These tires are therefore identical except for the layered cables which reinforce their
Leur armature de sommet 6, en particulier, est de manière connue en soi constituée de deux demi-nappes de triangulation renforcées de câbles métalliques inclinés de 65 degrés, surmontées de deux nappes de travail superposées croisées, renforcées de câbles métalliques inextensible inclinés de 26 degrés (nappe radialement interne) et 18 degrés (nappe radialement externe), ces deux nappes de travail étant recouvertes par une nappe sommet de protection renforcée de câbles métalliques élastiques (haute élongation) inclinés de 18 degrés. Dans chacune de ces nappes d'armature de sommet, les câbles métalliques utilisés sont des câbles conventionnels connus, disposés sensiblement parallèlement les uns par rapport aux autres, et tous les angles d'inclinaison indiqués sont mesurés par rapport au plan circonférentiel médian.Their crown reinforcement 6, in particular, is in known manner constituted by two triangulation half-plies reinforced with metal cables inclined by 65 degrees, surmounted by two crossed superimposed working plies, reinforced with inextensible metal cables inclined by 26 degrees. (Radiant inner ply) and 18 degrees (radially outer ply), these two working plies being covered by a reinforced crown ply reinforced with elastic metal cables (high elongation) inclined by 18 degrees. In each of these crown reinforcement plies, the metal cords used are known conventional cables, arranged substantially parallel to one another, and all the inclination angles indicated are measured relative to the median circumferential plane.
Les pneumatiques P-I sont des pneumatiques commercialisés par la Demanderesse pour des véhicules Poids-lourd et constituent, en raison de leurs performances reconnues, un témoin de choix pour cet essai.PI tires are tires marketed by the Applicant for heavy vehicles and constitute, because of their recognized performance, a witness of choice for this test.
On fait subir à ces pneumatiques un test de roulage sévère tel que décrit au paragraphe I-2, en conduisant le test jusqu'à la destruction forcée des pneumatiques testés.These tires are subjected to a severe rolling test as described in paragraph I-2, conducting the test until the forced destruction of the tires tested.
On constate alors que les pneus témoins P-I, dans les conditions très sévères de roulage qui leur sont imposées, sont détruits au bout d'une distance moyenne de 232 000 km, suite à une rupture de la nappe de carcasse (nombreux câbles C-I rompus en zone basse du pneumatique). Ceci illustre pour l'homme du métier la performance déjà très élevée des pneumatiques témoins ; un tel kilométrage parcouru équivaut à un roulage en continu proche de 8 mois environ et à près de 80 millions de cycles de fatigue.It can be seen that the PI test tires, under the very severe driving conditions imposed on them, are destroyed after an average distance of 232 000 km, following a rupture of the carcass ply (many broken CI cables in low area of the tire). This illustrates for those skilled in the art the already very high performance of the control tires; such mileage is equivalent to a continuous run of nearly 8 months and nearly 80 million fatigue cycles.
Mais, de manière inattendue, les pneus P-II conformes à l'invention montrent une endurance nettement supérieure, avec une distance parcourue moyenne proche de 400 000 km, soit un gain d'endurance d'environ 70%.But, unexpectedly, the P-II tires according to the invention show a significantly higher endurance, with an average distance traveled close to 400 000 km, an endurance gain of about 70%.
En outre, on observe que la destruction des pneumatiques de l'invention se produit non pas au niveau de l'armature de carcasse qui continue à résister, mais dans l'armature sommet, ce qui illustre l'excellente performance des câbles selon l'invention.In addition, it is observed that the destruction of the tires of the invention occurs not at the level of the carcass reinforcement which continues to resist, but in the crown reinforcement, which illustrates the excellent performance of the cables according to the invention. invention.
Après roulage, on réalise un décorticage c'est-à-dire une extraction des câbles hors des pneumatiques. Les câbles sont alors soumis à des essais de traction, en mesurant à chaque fois la force-rupture initiale (câble extrait du pneumatique neuf) et la force-rupture résiduelle (câble extrait du pneumatique ayant roulé) de chaque type de fil, selon la position du fil dans le câble, et pour chacun des câbles testés. Seuls les câbles témoins C-I non rompus pendant le roulage sont pris en compte pour ce test.After rolling, it is carried out a shelling that is to say a removal of the cables out of the tires. The cables are then subjected to tensile tests, each time measuring the initial breaking force (cable extracted from the new tire) and the residual breaking force (cable extracted from the rolling tire) of each type of wire, according to the position of the wire in the cable, and for each of the cables tested. Only C-I control cables that are not broken during travel are taken into account for this test.
La déchéance moyenne ΔFm est donnée en % dans le tableau 1 ci-dessous ; elle est calculée à la fois pour les fils de la couche interne C1 et pour les fils des couches C2 et C3. Les déchéances ΔFm globales sont également mesurées sur les câbles eux-mêmes.
A la lecture du tableau 1, on constate que, quelle que soit la zone du câble analysée (couche C1, C2 ou C3), les meilleurs résultats, de très loin, sont registrés sur les câbles C-II conformes à l'invention : on observe notamment que plus on pénètre à l'intérieur du câble (couches C3, C2 puis C1), plus la déchéance ΔFm est élevée, celle du câble selon l'invention étant de 4 à 6 fois moindre que celle du câble témoin, selon la couche C1, C2 ou C3 considérée.On reading Table 1, it can be seen that, whatever the zone of the cable analyzed (layer C1, C2 or C3), the best results, from a very long distance, are recorded on cables C-II according to the invention: we observe in particular that the more we penetrate inside the cable (C3, C2 and C1 layers), plus the decay ΔFm is high, that of the cable according to the invention being 4 to 6 times less than that of the control cable, according to the layer C1, C2 or C3 considered.
Enfin et surtout, le câble selon l'invention C-II qui a pourtant enduré une distance de roulage très nettement supérieure, révèle une usure globale (ΔFm) qui est cinq à six fois plus faible que celle du câble témoin (3,5% au lieu de 19%).Last but not least, the cable according to the invention C-II which has nevertheless endured a much higher rolling distance, reveals a global wear (ΔFm) which is five to six times lower than that of the control cable (3.5% instead of 19%).
Corrélativement à ces résultats, un examen visuel des différents fils montre que les phénomènes d'usure ou fretting (érosion de matériel aux points de contact), qui résultent du frottement répété des fils entre eux, sont nettement réduits dans les câbles C-II par rapport aux câbles C-I.Correlatively to these results, a visual examination of the different wires shows that the phenomena of wear or fretting (erosion of material at the contact points), which result from the repeated friction of the wires between them, are clearly reduced in the cables C-II by compared to CI cables.
En résumé, l'utilisation du câble C-II conforme à l'invention permet d'augmenter de manière tout à fait sensible la longévité de la carcasse, déjà excellente par ailleurs sur le pneumatique témoin.In summary, the use of the C-II cable according to the invention makes it possible to increase the longevity of the carcass, which is already excellent elsewhere on the control tire.
Les résultats d'endurance décrits ci-dessus apparaissent par ailleurs très bien corrélés au taux de pénétration des câbles par le caoutchouc, comme expliqué ci-après.The endurance results described above also appear to be very well correlated with the rate of penetration of the cables by the rubber, as explained below.
Les câbles C-I et C-II non fatigués (après extraction hors des pneumatiques neufs) ont été soumis au test de perméabilité à l'air décrit au paragraphe I-1, en mesurant le volume d'air (en cm3) traversant les câbles en 1 minute (moyenne de 10 mesures).The non-fatigued CI and C-II cables (after extraction out of the new tires) were subjected to the air permeability test described in paragraph I-1, measuring the air volume (in cm 3 ) passing through the cables. in 1 minute (average of 10 measurements).
Le tableau 2 ci-dessous présente les résultats obtenus, en terme de débit moyen d'air (moyenne sur 10 mesures - en unités relatives base 100 sur les câbles témoins) et de nombre de mesures correspondant à un débit d'air nul.
On note que les câbles C-II de l'invention sont ceux qui, de très loin, présentent la perméabilité à l'air la plus réduite (débit moyen d'air nul ou pratiquement nul) et, par conséquent, le taux de pénétration par le caoutchouc le plus élevé.It is noted that the C-II cables of the invention are those which, from a distance, have the lowest air permeability (zero or virtually zero average air flow) and, consequently, the penetration rate. by the highest rubber.
Les câbles selon l'invention, rendus imperméables par la gaine de caoutchouc qui recouvre leur couche intermédiaire C2 (et la couche interne C1), se trouvent ainsi protégés des flux d'oxygène et d'humidité qui transitent par exemple depuis les flancs ou la bande de roulement des pneumatiques vers les zones de l'armature de carcasse, où les câbles de manière connue sont soumis au travail mécanique le plus intense.The cables according to the invention, rendered impervious by the rubber sheath which covers their intermediate layer C2 (and the inner layer C1), are thus protected from the oxygen and moisture flows which pass for example from the flanks or the tread of the tires towards the regions of the carcass reinforcement, where the cables in known manner are subjected to the most intense mechanical work.
Dans un second essai, on a fabriqué de nouveaux pneumatiques Poids-lourd de même dimension (315/70 R 22.5 XZA) que précédemment, en utilisant cette fois des câbles C-III et C-IV, puis on a soumis ces pneumatiques (respectivement P-III et P-IV) au même test d'endurance que précédemment.In a second test, new heavy-duty tires of the same size (315/70 R 22.5 XZA) were manufactured as previously, this time using cables C-III and C-IV, and then these tires were subjected to P-III and P-IV) to the same endurance test as previously.
Les pneumatiques témoins (notés P-III), sous ces conditions de roulage extrêmes, ont parcouru une distance moyenne de 250 000 km, avec au final une déformation de leur zone bourrelet due à un début de rupture des câbles témoins (notés C-III) dans ladite zone.The control tires (noted P-III), under these extreme driving conditions, traveled an average distance of 250 000 km, with finally a deformation of their bead zone due to a beginning of breakage of the control cables (denoted C-III ) in said area.
Dans les mêmes conditions, les pneus conformes à l'invention (notés P-IV) ont révélé une endurance nettement améliorée, avec une distance parcourue moyenne de 430 000 km, soit un gain d'endurance d'environ 70%. En outre, il doit être souligné que la destruction des pneumatiques de l'invention ne s'est pas produite au niveau de l'armature de renforcement de la carcasse (qui continuait à résister), mais dans l'armature de renforcement du sommet, ce qui illustre et confirme l'excellente performance des câbles selon l'invention.Under the same conditions, the tires according to the invention (rated P-IV) revealed a significantly improved endurance, with an average distance traveled of 430 000 km, an endurance gain of about 70%. In addition, it should be emphasized that the destruction of the tires of the invention did not occur at the reinforcement reinforcement of the carcass (which continued to resist), but in the reinforcing reinforcement of the crown, which illustrates and confirms the excellent performance of the cables according to the invention.
Après décorticage, les résultats suivants ont été obtenus :
Ces résultats confirment largement ceux du tableau 2 précédent, en allant même au-delà, puisqu'on ne constate quasiment pas de déchéance sur les câbles C-IV de l'invention, comparativement aux câbles témoins C-III, ceci quelle que soit la couche (C1, C2 ou C3) considérée.These results largely confirm those of Table 2 above, going even beyond, since there is virtually no lapse on the cables C-IV of the invention, compared to the C-III control cables, this regardless of the layer (C1, C2 or C3) considered.
En conclusion, comme le démontrent les essais qui précèdent, les câbles de l'invention permettent de réduire de manière notable les phénomènes de fatigue-fretting-corrosion des câbles dans les armatures de carcasse des pneumatiques, en particulier des pneumatiques Poids-lourd, et d'améliorer ainsi la longévité de ces pneumatiques.In conclusion, as demonstrated by the preceding tests, the cables of the invention make it possible to significantly reduce the phenomena of fatigue-fretting-corrosion of cables in the carcass reinforcement of the tires, in particular heavy-duty tires, and thus to improve the longevity of these tires.
Enfin, ce qui n'est pas le moindre, on a en outre constaté que ces câbles selon l'invention, grâce à leur construction particulière et probablement une résistance au flambage largement améliorée, offraient aux armatures de carcasse des pneumatiques une endurance notablement améliorée, d'un facteur deux à trois, en roulage sous pression réduite.Last but not least, it has furthermore been found that these cables according to the invention, thanks to their particular construction and probably a greatly improved buckling resistance, offer the carcass reinforcements of tires a considerably improved endurance. by a factor of two to three, in rolling under reduced pressure.
Bien entendu, l'invention n'est pas limitée aux exemples de réalisation précédemment décrits.Of course, the invention is not limited to the previously described embodiments.
C'est ainsi par exemple que la couche interne C1 des câbles de l'invention pourrait être constituée d'un fil à section non circulaire, par exemple déformé plastiquement, notamment un fil de section sensiblement ovale ou polygonale, par exemple triangulaire, carrée ou encore rectangulaire ; la couche C1 pourrait aussi être constituée d'un fil préformé, de section circulaire ou non, par exemple un fil ondulé, vrillé, tordu en forme d'hélice ou en zig-zag. Dans de tels cas, il faut bien sûr comprendre que le diamètre d1 de la couche C1 représente le diamètre du cylindre de révolution imaginaire qui entoure le fil central (diamètre d'encombrement), et non plus le diamètre (ou toute autre taille transversale, si sa section n'est pas circulaire) du fil central lui-même. Il en serait de même si la couche C1 était formée non pas d'un seul fil comme dans les exemples précédents, mais de plusieurs fils assemblés entre eux, par exemple de deux fils disposés parallèlement l'un à l'autre ou bien tordus ensemble, dans une direction de torsion identique ou non à celle de la couche intermédiaire C2.For example, the inner layer C1 of the cables of the invention could consist of a non-circular section wire, for example plastically deformed, in particular a wire of substantially oval or polygonal section, for example triangular, square or still rectangular; the layer C1 could also consist of a preformed wire, of circular section or not, for example a corrugated wire, twisted, twisted helical or zig-zag. In such cases, it must of course be understood that the diameter d 1 of the layer C1 represents the diameter of the cylinder of imaginary revolution which surrounds the central wire (encumbrance diameter), and no longer the diameter (or any other transverse size) , if its section is not circular) of the central wire itself. It would be the same if the layer C1 was formed not of a single wire as in the previous examples, but of several son assembled together, for example two son arranged parallel to each other or twisted together , in a direction of torsion identical or not to that of the intermediate layer C2.
Pour des raisons de faisabilité industrielle, de coût et de performance globale, on préfère toutefois mettre en oeuvre l'invention avec un seul fil central (couche C1) linéaire conventionnel, de section circulaire.For reasons of industrial feasibility, cost and overall performance, however, it is preferred to implement the invention with a single conventional linear (C1) linear core wire of circular section.
D'autre part, le fil central étant moins sollicité lors de l'opération de câblage que les autres fils, compte tenu de sa position dans le câble, il n'est pas nécessaire pour ce fil d'employer par exemple des compositions d'acier offrant une ductilité en torsion élevée ; on pourra avantageusement utiliser tout type d'acier, par exemple un acier inoxydable.On the other hand, the central wire is less stressed during the wiring operation than the other son, given its position in the cable, it is not necessary for this wire to use for example compositions of steel with high torsional ductility; advantageously any type of steel may be used, for example a stainless steel.
En outre, un (au moins un) fil linéaire d'une des deux couches C2 et/ou C3 pourrait lui aussi être remplacé par un fil préformé ou déformé, ou plus généralement par un fil de section différente de celle des autres fils de diamètre d2 et/ou d3, de manière par exemple à améliorer encore la pénétrabilité du câble par le caoutchouc ou toute autre matière, le diamètre d'encombrement de ce fil de remplacement pouvant être inférieur, égal ou supérieur au diamètre (d2 et/ou d3) des autres fils constitutifs de la couche (C2 et/ou C3) concernée.In addition, a (at least one) linear wire of one of the two layers C2 and / or C3 could also be replaced by a preformed or deformed wire, or more generally by a wire of different section from that of other diameter wires. d 2 and / or d 3 , for example to further improve the penetrability of the cable by rubber or any other material, the overall size of this replacement wire may be smaller, equal to or greater than the diameter (d 2 and or d 3 ) other constituent son of the layer (C2 and / or C3) concerned.
Sans que l'esprit de l'invention soit modifié, tout ou partie des fils constituant le câble conforme à l'invention pourrait être constitué de fils autres que des fils en acier, métalliques ou non, notamment des fils en matière minérale ou organique à haute résistance mécanique, par exemple des monofilaments en polymères organiques cristaux liquides.Without the spirit of the invention being modified, all or part of the son constituting the cable according to the invention could consist of son other than son steel, metal or not, including son of mineral or organic material to high mechanical strength, for example monofilaments organic polymers liquid crystal.
L'invention concerne également tout câble d'acier multi-torons ("multi-strand rope") dont la structure incorpore au moins, en tant que toron élémentaire, un câble à trois couches conforme à l'invention.The invention also relates to any multi-strand steel cable ( "multi-strand rope") whose structure incorporates at least, as the elementary strand, a cable with three layers according to the invention.
Claims (34)
- A three-layered metal cable of construction L+M+N, comprising an inner layer C1 of L wires of diameter d1 with L being from 1 to 4, surrounded by an intermediate layer C2 of M wires of diameter d2 wound together in a helix at a pitch p2 with M being from 3 to 12, said layer C2 being surrounded by an outer layer C3 of N wires of diameter d3 wound together in a helix at a pitch p3 with N being from 8 to 20, characterised in that a sheath formed of a crosslinkable or cross-linked rubber composition based on at least one diene elastomer covers at least said layer C2.
- A cable according to Claim 1, the diene elastomer of the rubber sheath being selected from among the group consisting of polybutadienes, natural rubber, synthetic polyisoprenes, butadiene copolymers, isoprene copolymers, and mixtures of these elastomers.
- A cable according to Claim 2, the diene elastomer being selected from among the group consisting of natural rubber, synthetic polyisoprenes and mixtures of these elastomers.
- A cable according to Claim 3, the diene elastomer being natural rubber.
- A cable according to any one of Claims 1 to 4, said rubber composition comprising carbon black as reinforcing filler.
- A cable according to any one of Claims 1 to 5, the rubber composition having, in the cross-linked state, a secant tensile modulus which is less than 20 MPa.
- A cable according to Claim 6, the secant tensile modulus of the rubber composition being less than 12 MPa.
- A cable according to any one of Claims 1 to 7, said rubber composition being usable to constitute the rubber matrix of a carcass reinforcement ply of a tyre.
- A cable according to any one of Claims 1 to 8, its outer layer C3 being a saturated layer.
- A cable according to any one of Claims 1 to 9, said rubber sheath furthermore covering the layer C1.
- A cable according to any one of Claims 1 to 10, the rubber sheath furthermore separating the adjacent pairs of wires of the intermediate layer C2.
- A cable according to any one of Claims 1 to 11, the rubber sheath covering the radially inner half-circumference of each wire of said layer C3, such that it separates the adjacent pairs of wires of said layer C3.
- A cable according to any one of Claims 1 to 12, the intermediate layer C2 comprising six or seven wires (M = 6 or 7).
- A cable according to Claim 13, characterised in that it has the following characteristics (d1, d2, d3, p2 and p3 in mm):- (i) 0.10 < d1 < 0.28;- (ii) 0.10 < d2 < 0.25;- (iii) 0.10 < d3 < 0.25;- (iv) M = 6 or M = 7;- (v) 5 π (d1 + d2) < p2 ≤ p3 < 5 π (d1 + 2d2 + d3);- (vi) the wires of said layers C2, C3 are wound in the same direction of twist.
- A cable according to Claim 14, characterised in that it satisfies the following relationships:for M = 6: 1.10 < (d1 / d2) < 1.40;for M = 7: 1.40 < (d1 / d2) < 1.70.
- A cable according to Claims 14 or 15, characterised in that p2 = p3.
- A cable according to Claim 16, characterised in that its outer layer C3 has a practically circular cross-section.
- A cable according to any one of Claims 1 to 17, characterised in that it is of construction 1+M+N, said inner layer C1 being formed by a single wire.
- A cable according to Claim 18, characterised in that it is selected from the group consisting of cables of construction 1+6+10, 1+6+11, 1+6+12, 1+7+11, 1+7+12 and 1+7+13.
- A cable according to Claim 19, characterised in that it is of construction 1+6+12.
- A cable according to any one of Claims 1 to 22, the rubber sheath having an average thickness of from 0.010 mm to 0.040 mm.
- A cable according to any one of Claims 1 to 23, the wires of each of the layers C1, C2 and C3 being of carbon steel.
- A cable according to Claim 24, the carbon content of the steel being within a range from 0.4% to 1.0%.
- The use of a cable according to any one of Claims 1 to 25 as a reinforcing element for articles of plastics material and/or of rubber.
- The use of a cable according to any one of Claims 1 to 25 as a reinforcing element for semi-finished products of plastics material and/or of rubber.
- The use of a cable according to any one of Claims 1 to 25 as a reinforcing element for a carcass reinforcement for a tyre intended for an industrial vehicle.
- A semi-finished product of plastics material and/or rubber, characterised in that it comprises as reinforcing element a cable according to any one of Claims 1 to 25.
- A composite fabric usable as carcass reinforcement ply for a heavy-vehicle tyre, characterised in that it comprises a rubber matrix which is reinforced by a cable according to any one of Claims 1 to 25.
- A composite fabric according to Claim 30, characterised in that said rubber matrix has, in the cross-linked state, a secant tensile modulus which is less than 20 MPa, preferably less than 12 MPa.
- A tyre reinforced by a cable according to any one of Claims 1 to 25 or comprising a composite fabric according to Claims 30 or 31.
- A tyre according to Claim 32, intended for an industrial vehicle selected from among the group consisting of vans, heavy vehicles, agricultural or construction machinery, aircraft, transport or handling vehicles, said tyre comprising a carcass reinforcement which is anchored in two beads and which is radially surmounted by a crown reinforcement which in turn is surmounted by a tread which is joined to said beads by two sidewalls, characterised in that said carcass reinforcement comprises cables according to any one of Claims 1 to 25.
- A tyre according to Claim 33, characterised in that it is intended for a heavy vehicle.
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FR0315371A FR2864556B1 (en) | 2003-12-24 | 2003-12-24 | LAYERED CABLE FOR PNEUMATIC CARCASS REINFORCEMENT |
PCT/EP2004/014662 WO2005071157A1 (en) | 2003-12-24 | 2004-12-23 | Three-layer metal cord for tyre carcass reinforcement |
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EP1699973A1 EP1699973A1 (en) | 2006-09-13 |
EP1699973B1 true EP1699973B1 (en) | 2007-09-19 |
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EP04804256A Active EP1699973B1 (en) | 2003-12-24 | 2004-12-23 | Three-layer metal cord for tyre carcass reinforcement |
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US (4) | US20060237110A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1699973B1 (en) |
JP (2) | JP4707675B2 (en) |
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CN (1) | CN1898435B (en) |
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WO2017037225A1 (en) | 2015-09-04 | 2017-03-09 | Compagnie Generale Des Etablissements Michelin | Pneumatic tire comprising low-carbon carcass reinforcing cords and having reduced thicknesses of rubber mixtures |
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JP4940753B2 (en) * | 2006-05-15 | 2012-05-30 | 横浜ゴム株式会社 | Steel cord for rubber reinforcement and method for producing pneumatic radial tire using the same |
JP4806587B2 (en) * | 2006-05-25 | 2011-11-02 | 東京製綱株式会社 | Steel cord manufacturing method and steel cord |
JPWO2009011397A1 (en) * | 2007-07-17 | 2010-09-24 | 株式会社ブリヂストン | Cord, manufacturing method thereof, and composite of cord and rubber |
FR2925922B1 (en) * | 2007-12-28 | 2009-12-18 | Soc Tech Michelin | LAYERED CABLE FOR PNEUMATIC BELT |
FR2925923B1 (en) * | 2007-12-28 | 2009-12-18 | Michelin Soc Tech | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR MANUFACTURING A TWO-LAYER CABLE OF THE TYPE IN SITU GUM |
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FR2938558B1 (en) * | 2008-11-17 | 2010-12-31 | Michelin Soc Tech | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR MANUFACTURING A THREE LAYER CABLE OF THE TYPE IN SITU GUM. |
FR2940186A1 (en) | 2008-12-22 | 2010-06-25 | Michelin Soc Tech | BOURRELET OF TIRE |
FR2942746B1 (en) * | 2009-03-04 | 2011-02-25 | Michelin Soc Tech | PNEUMATIC FOR BICYCLE. |
FR2943690B1 (en) | 2009-03-31 | 2011-08-19 | Michelin Soc Tech | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR MANUFACTURING A THREE LAYER CABLE OF THE TYPE GUM A SITU |
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WO2017037225A1 (en) | 2015-09-04 | 2017-03-09 | Compagnie Generale Des Etablissements Michelin | Pneumatic tire comprising low-carbon carcass reinforcing cords and having reduced thicknesses of rubber mixtures |
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KR101152692B1 (en) | 2012-06-15 |
JP2007517142A (en) | 2007-06-28 |
BRPI0418080A (en) | 2007-04-17 |
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JP4707675B2 (en) | 2011-06-22 |
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US20120279629A1 (en) | 2012-11-08 |
US20060237110A1 (en) | 2006-10-26 |
US20120298281A1 (en) | 2012-11-29 |
FR2864556A1 (en) | 2005-07-01 |
CA2548969C (en) | 2013-06-04 |
RU2006126712A (en) | 2008-01-27 |
DE602004009102T2 (en) | 2008-06-19 |
US8650850B2 (en) | 2014-02-18 |
EP1699973A1 (en) | 2006-09-13 |
CN1898435A (en) | 2007-01-17 |
WO2005071157A1 (en) | 2005-08-04 |
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