EP1662050A1 - Reinforced soil works and facing elements for construction thereof - Google Patents
Reinforced soil works and facing elements for construction thereof Download PDFInfo
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- EP1662050A1 EP1662050A1 EP05291681A EP05291681A EP1662050A1 EP 1662050 A1 EP1662050 A1 EP 1662050A1 EP 05291681 A EP05291681 A EP 05291681A EP 05291681 A EP05291681 A EP 05291681A EP 1662050 A1 EP1662050 A1 EP 1662050A1
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- strip
- path
- facing
- emergence
- plane
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D29/00—Independent underground or underwater structures; Retaining walls
- E02D29/02—Retaining or protecting walls
- E02D29/0225—Retaining or protecting walls comprising retention means in the backfill
- E02D29/0241—Retaining or protecting walls comprising retention means in the backfill the retention means being reinforced earth elements
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the construction of structures in reinforced soil or reinforced earth. This construction technique is commonly used to make structures such as retaining walls, bridge abutments, etc.
- a reinforced soil structure combines compacted backfill, siding and reinforcement usually connected to the facing. Reinforcements are placed in the soil with a density depending on the constraints that can be exerted on the structure, the thrust forces of the ground being taken up by the friction soil-reinforcements.
- the invention is more particularly concerned with the case where the reinforcements are in the form of strips of synthetic material, for example based on polyester fibers.
- the facing is most often made from prefabricated concrete elements in the form of slabs or blocks, juxtaposed to cover the front face of the structure. There can be horizontal recesses on this front face between different levels of the facing, when the structure has one or more terraces.
- Reinforcements placed in the embankment are usually joined to the facing by means of mechanical connection members that can take various forms. Once the work is completed, reinforcements distributed in the embankment transmit high loads, up to several tons. Their connection to the facing must be robust to maintain the cohesion of the whole.
- connection members present risks of degradation. They are often susceptible to corrosion due to moisture or chemicals present or infiltrated into the backfill.
- the connecting members are sometimes made of resins or composite materials to be less easily corrodable. But their cost is then increased, and it is difficult to give them good mechanical properties. It is thus desirable to be able to dispense with connection members between the facing element and the reinforcements of the structure.
- the facing elements are shaped to have at least one passageway for receiving a reinforcing strip.
- the C-path of the reinforcing strips is not optimal in terms of robustness of the anchoring to the tensioning.
- the curvature of the path near the point of emergence of the band weakens its anchoring to the element because it makes work in traction a reduced thickness of concrete, which is not a good mode of solicitation of this material.
- a similar problem occurs with a facing element of the kind described in FR-A-2 812 893.
- This element also has a preformed C-path.
- the arrangement of this path C is such that each section of the reinforcing strip emerges from the element being oriented in a vertical plane. This is unsatisfactory since the strip placed on the ground is naturally placed in a horizontal plane, so that a quarter of a turn of each section of the strip occurs in the embankment. Such a twist is unfavorable for the mechanical behavior of the reinforcement.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a new method of anchoring reinforcing strips to a facing of a structure in reinforced soil, which allows to reduce the incidence of the above problems.
- the invention thus proposes a structure in reinforced soil, comprising a backfill, reinforcement strips extending in a reinforced area of the embankment located at the rear of a front face of the structure, and a facing placed along said front face, the reinforcing strips being anchored to the facing in respective anchoring regions.
- the cladding incorporates a path formed for a reinforcement strip between two emergence points located on a rear face of the facing adjacent to the embankment. This path comprises two rectilinear portions respectively adjacent to the two emergence points and each arranged to position the strip in the same emergence plane perpendicular to said rear face, two curved portions respectively extending the two rectilinear portions and arranged to deflect the strip off. the emergence plane, and a connecting portion interconnecting the two curved portions and having at least one loop located outside the emergence plane.
- the rectilinear portions of said path each extend in the emergence plane over at least half the thickness of the facing.
- the reinforcing strip typically has a width at most equal to half the thickness of the siding.
- the facing has, in the anchoring region, a protective sheath receiving the reinforcing strip along said path.
- This sleeve insulates the strip from the molded material to protect the reinforcement against premature damage.
- the reinforcement is provided by polyester fibers, it is known that these poorly admit basic environments such as those found in concrete.
- the aforementioned sleeve then completes the protection provided by the plastic sheath which coats the polyester fibers of the strip.
- a second aspect of the invention relates to a facing element for a reinforced soil structure, comprising a body of molded material within which a path is formed for a reinforcing strip between two emergence points located on a back side of the body.
- the path comprises two rectilinear portions respectively adjacent to the two emergence points and each arranged to position the strip in the same emergence plane perpendicular to said rear face, two curved portions respectively extending the two rectilinear portions and arranged to deflect the strip off. the emergence plane, and a connecting portion interconnecting the two curved portions and having at least one loop located outside the emergence plane.
- the band may be set up along the path as soon as the body material is molded, with or without the aforementioned protective sheath.
- the two curved portions of the path direct the band towards the same side of the emergence plane.
- a first possibility is that the path is formed so that the band is received in the two rectilinear portions with the same face of the band oriented towards this side of the emergence plane. The path is then formed so that said face of the strip is placed either on the outer side or on the inner side of the loop located outside the emergence plane.
- a second possibility is that the journey is formed so that the strip is received in one of the two rectilinear portions with one face of the strip facing said side of the emergence plane and in the other of the two rectilinear portions with said face of the strip facing away from said side of the emergence plan.
- the two curved portions of the path respectively direct the strip towards two opposite sides of the emergence plane
- the connecting portion of the path has two loops respectively extending the two curved portions of the path and a portion crossing the plane of the plane. emergence and linking together the two loops.
- Figure 1 illustrates the application of the invention to the construction of a retaining wall reinforced soil.
- a compacted embankment 1, in which reinforcements 2 are distributed, is delimited on the front side of the structure by a facing 3 constituted by juxtaposing prefabricated elements 4 in the form of panels, and on the rear side by the ground 5 against which is erected the retaining wall.
- Reinforcements 2 consist of synthetic reinforcements in the form of flexible strips extending in horizontal planes behind the facing 3. It may in particular be reinforcing strips based on polyethylene fibers wrapped in polyethylene.
- the reinforcing strips 2 are attached to the prefabricated elements 4 assembled to form the facing 3.
- These elements 4 are typically made of reinforced concrete. In the example shown, they are in the form of panels. They could also have other forms, including block.
- one or more reinforcement strips 2 are installed in the mold along a path described below in order to perform the strip-element anchoring. After taking the concrete, each band has two sections that leave the element to be installed in the embankment.
- the two sections of a strip 2 are in the same emergence plane P (perpendicular to the plane of Figure 2).
- the elements 4 are oriented so that the emergence plane is horizontal.
- Figure 2 shows a facing element used in some embodiments of the invention.
- this element 4 is made of molded concrete.
- a reinforcing strip 2 is placed in the mold when casting the concrete and maintained until the setting of the concrete. Its guidance can be achieved using the reinforcing bars of the concrete (not shown), possibly supplemented by rods or deflection members attached to these bars, so that the band follows the desired path in the anchoring zone. This path is defined inside the element 4 between the two points 6 of emergence of the two sections of the strip on the rear face 7 of the element (face adjacent to the backfill).
- FIG. 3 The path corresponding to the element of FIG. 2 is illustrated in FIG. 3. It has two rectilinear portions 8 extending perpendicular to the rear face 7 of the element from the emergence points 6. In each rectilinear portion 8, the band remains in its emergence plane P.
- the rectilinear portions 8 extend over at least half the thickness of the body of the element 4, measured perpendicularly to its rear face 7. This avoids a bad solicitation concrete in the vicinity of the rear face 7.
- Each rectilinear portion 8 of the path of the strip is extended by a respective curved portion 9 where the strip is deflected out of the emergence plane P. Beyond this curved portion 9, the strip 2 extends along the face before the element, a little behind this front so as not to be visible on the surface of the book.
- the two curved portions 9 are interconnected by a connecting portion which has a loop 10 located outside the emergence plane P.
- the strip is directed towards the same side P1 of the emergence plane P in the two curved portions 9 of its path within the facing element 4.
- This path is shaped so (i) in the two rectilinear portions 8, the strip has the same face oriented towards the side P1 of the emergence plane, and (ii) that this face of the strip is placed on the outer side of the loop 10.
- the band is placed substantially perpendicular to the rear face 7 of the element.
- the loop 10 ' is oriented in the opposite direction, that is to say that the face of the band facing the side P1 of the emergence plane is placed on the inner side of the 10 'loop.
- the strip follows one of the two rectilinear portions 8 of its path with one of its two faces oriented towards the side P1 of the emergence plane P and the other of the two rectilinear portions 8 with said side facing the P2 side of the emergence plane opposite the side P1.
- FIG. 6 shows an example in which the connection portion interconnecting the two curved portions 19 comprises two loops 20 on either side of the plane P.
- the two curved portions 19 of the path respectively direct the strip to the two opposite sides P1, P2 of emergence plane P.
- the connecting portion has a part 21 which passes through the plane P and interconnects the two loops 20.
- the width of the strip 2 be smaller or at most equal at half the thickness of the facing element 4. This thickness is typically between 14 and 16 cm. It will then be possible to use strips approximately 45 mm wide.
- the reinforcing strip has components (eg polyester fibers) sensitive to basic environments, it may be advantageous to place between this strip and the concrete facing a plastic protective sheath.
- This sleeve prevents the alkalinity of concrete from spreading to the sensitive component.
- the flexible sheath receives the band before being put in place with it in the mold. It is surrounded by cast concrete and receives reinforcing tape along its path to isolate it from concrete.
- FIGS. 3 to 6 show the reinforcing strip in its sheath 15 at the time of manufacture of the element. It is then convenient to use a rigid sleeve previously shaped according to the desired path.
- Figure 7 shows the rear face of a facing element 4 thus produced, capable of receiving two reinforcing strips at vertically spaced levels.
- the sleeves 15 define the paths inside the element 4 between the emergence points 6. They may be preformed rigid sleeves, for example according to one of the forms illustrated in FIGS. 3 to 6.
- FIG. 7 requires an operation of threading the strips along their paths. But it provides the advantage of providing the ability to choose the strip length regardless of the manufacture of the facing element.
- the proposed method of connection between the facing of a reinforced soil structure and at least some of its reinforcement strips is compatible with a large number of structural configurations, strip lengths, setting up bands, etc.
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Abstract
Description
La présente invention concerne la construction d'ouvrages en sol renforcé ou terre armée. Cette technique de construction est couramment utilisée pour réaliser des ouvrages tels que des murs de soutènement, des culées de ponts, etc.The present invention relates to the construction of structures in reinforced soil or reinforced earth. This construction technique is commonly used to make structures such as retaining walls, bridge abutments, etc.
Un ouvrage en sol renforcé associe un remblai compacté, un parement et des renforcements habituellement connectés au parement. Les renforcements sont mis en place dans le sol avec une densité dépendant des contraintes pouvant s'exercer sur l'ouvrage, les efforts de poussée du terrain étant repris par le frottement sol-renforcements.A reinforced soil structure combines compacted backfill, siding and reinforcement usually connected to the facing. Reinforcements are placed in the soil with a density depending on the constraints that can be exerted on the structure, the thrust forces of the ground being taken up by the friction soil-reinforcements.
L'invention s'intéresse plus particulièrement au cas où les renforcements sont en forme de bande en matériau synthétique, par exemple à base de fibres de polyester.The invention is more particularly concerned with the case where the reinforcements are in the form of strips of synthetic material, for example based on polyester fibers.
Le parement est le plus souvent réalisé à partir d'éléments préfabriqués en béton, en forme de dalles ou de blocs, juxtaposés pour recouvrir la face frontale de l'ouvrage. Il peut y avoir des décrochements horizontaux sur cette face frontale entre différents niveaux du parement, lorsque l'ouvrage comporte une ou plusieurs terrasses.The facing is most often made from prefabricated concrete elements in the form of slabs or blocks, juxtaposed to cover the front face of the structure. There can be horizontal recesses on this front face between different levels of the facing, when the structure has one or more terraces.
Les renforcements placés dans le remblai sont habituellement solidarisés au parement à l'aide d'organes de connexion mécanique pouvant prendre diverses formes. Une fois l'ouvrage terminé, les renforcements répartis dans le remblai transmettent des charges élevées, pouvant aller jusqu'à plusieurs tonnes. Leur connexion au parement doit être robuste pour conserver la cohésion de l'ensemble.Reinforcements placed in the embankment are usually joined to the facing by means of mechanical connection members that can take various forms. Once the work is completed, reinforcements distributed in the embankment transmit high loads, up to several tons. Their connection to the facing must be robust to maintain the cohesion of the whole.
Les organes de connexion présentent des risques de dégradation. Ils sont souvent sensibles à la corrosion due à l'humidité ou à des agents chimiques présents ou infiltrés dans le remblai. Les organes de connexion sont parfois réalisés à base de résines ou de matériaux composites pour être moins facilement corrodables. Mais leur coût est alors augmenté, et il est difficile de leur conférer de bonnes propriétés mécaniques. Il est ainsi souhaitable de pouvoir se dispenser d'organes de connexion entre l'élément de parement et les renforcements de l'ouvrage.The connecting members present risks of degradation. They are often susceptible to corrosion due to moisture or chemicals present or infiltrated into the backfill. The connecting members are sometimes made of resins or composite materials to be less easily corrodable. But their cost is then increased, and it is difficult to give them good mechanical properties. It is thus desirable to be able to dispense with connection members between the facing element and the reinforcements of the structure.
Dans certains systèmes, les éléments de parement sont conformés de façon à présenter au moins un passage destiné à recevoir une bande de renforcement.In some systems, the facing elements are shaped to have at least one passageway for receiving a reinforcing strip.
Dans US-A-5 839 855, le passage est en forme de C dans l'épaisseur de l'élément de parement en forme de panneau. Lorsque la bande est mise en place, ses deux tronçons qui émergent de l'élément de parement se trouvent dans deux plans horizontaux parallèles décalés selon la direction verticale. Cette condition d'émergence des bandes hors du panneau n'est pas idéale parce qu'elle oblige à augmenter le nombre de passes de remblaiement et tassement, ce qui complique la mise en oeuvre et augmente la durée des travaux. Cela ne permet pas d'assurer facilement une mise en tension homogène des bandes puisque la bande n'est pas retenue par le panneau lorsque son tronçon inférieur est recouvert de remblai.In US-A-5,839,855, the passageway is C-shaped in the thickness of the panel-like facing element. When the strip is put in place, its two sections emerging from the facing element are in two parallel horizontal planes offset in the vertical direction. This condition of emergence of the strips outside the panel is not ideal because it requires to increase the number of backfill and settlement passes, which complicates the implementation and increases the duration of the work. This does not make it easy to ensure even tensioning of the bands since the band is not retained by the panel when its lower section is covered with backfill.
Pour ces raisons, il est généralement souhaitable que les bandes émergent de l'élément de parement dans un même plan horizontal.For these reasons, it is generally desirable that the strips emerge from the facing element in the same horizontal plane.
En outre, le trajet en C des bandes de renforcement n'est pas optimal en termes de robustesse de l'ancrage à la mise en tension. La courbure du trajet près du point d'émergence de la bande fragilise son ancrage à l'élément car elle fait travailler en traction une épaisseur réduite de béton, ce qui n'est pas un bon mode de sollicitation de ce matériau.In addition, the C-path of the reinforcing strips is not optimal in terms of robustness of the anchoring to the tensioning. The curvature of the path near the point of emergence of the band weakens its anchoring to the element because it makes work in traction a reduced thickness of concrete, which is not a good mode of solicitation of this material.
Un problème similaire se produit avec un élément de parement du genre décrit dans FR-A-2 812 893. Cet élément présente également un trajet en C préformé. En outre, la disposition de ce trajet en C est telle que chaque tronçon de la bande de renforcement émerge de l'élément en étant orienté selon un plan vertical. Ceci n'est pas satisfaisant puisque la bande posée sur le sol se place naturellement suivant un plan horizontal, de sorte qu'il se produit une torsion d'un quart de tour de chaque tronçon de la bande dans le remblai. Une telle torsion est défavorable pour le comportement mécanique du renforcement.A similar problem occurs with a facing element of the kind described in FR-A-2 812 893. This element also has a preformed C-path. In addition, the arrangement of this path C is such that each section of the reinforcing strip emerges from the element being oriented in a vertical plane. This is unsatisfactory since the strip placed on the ground is naturally placed in a horizontal plane, so that a quarter of a turn of each section of the strip occurs in the embankment. Such a twist is unfavorable for the mechanical behavior of the reinforcement.
Un but de la présente invention est de proposer un nouveau mode d'ancrage de bandes de renforcement à un parement d'un ouvrage en sol renforcé, qui permette de réduire l'incidence des problèmes ci-dessus.An object of the present invention is to provide a new method of anchoring reinforcing strips to a facing of a structure in reinforced soil, which allows to reduce the incidence of the above problems.
L'invention propose ainsi un ouvrage en sol renforcé, comprenant un remblai, des bandes de renforcement s'étendant dans une zone renforcée du remblai située à l'arrière d'une face frontale de l'ouvrage, et un parement placé le long de ladite face frontale, les bandes de renforcement étant ancrées au parement dans des régions d'ancrage respectives. Dans au moins une région d'ancrage, le parement incorpore un trajet formé pour une bande de renforcement entre deux points d'émergence situés sur une face arrière du parement adjacente au remblai. Ce trajet comporte deux portions rectilignes respectivement adjacentes aux deux points d'émergence et chacune disposée pour positionner la bande dans un même plan d'émergence perpendiculaire à ladite face arrière, deux portions courbes prolongeant respectivement les deux portions rectilignes et disposées pour dévier la bande hors du plan d'émergence, et une portion de raccordement reliant entre elles les deux portions courbes et présentant au moins une boucle située en dehors du plan d'émergence.The invention thus proposes a structure in reinforced soil, comprising a backfill, reinforcement strips extending in a reinforced area of the embankment located at the rear of a front face of the structure, and a facing placed along said front face, the reinforcing strips being anchored to the facing in respective anchoring regions. In at least one anchoring region, the cladding incorporates a path formed for a reinforcement strip between two emergence points located on a rear face of the facing adjacent to the embankment. This path comprises two rectilinear portions respectively adjacent to the two emergence points and each arranged to position the strip in the same emergence plane perpendicular to said rear face, two curved portions respectively extending the two rectilinear portions and arranged to deflect the strip off. the emergence plane, and a connecting portion interconnecting the two curved portions and having at least one loop located outside the emergence plane.
Le fait de déporter hors du plan d'émergence la boucle que présente la bande au sein du parement permet à cette bande de pénétrer dans l'épaisseur du parement en restant orientée selon ce plan sur une certaine profondeur. Ceci assure un bon guidage des bandes à leur sortie du parement et évite de solliciter la matière moulée (généralement du béton) de manière inappropriée. On obtient ainsi un bon positionnement et un ancrage efficace de la bande de renforcement tout en évitant de lui faire suivre des courbures trop fortes ou de lui appliquer de grands efforts d'étreinte (serrement).The fact of deporting out of the emergence plane the loop that presents the band within the facing allows this band to penetrate into the thickness of the facing while remaining oriented in this plane to a certain depth. This ensures good guidance of the strips at their exit from the facing and avoids soliciting the molded material (usually concrete) inappropriately. This provides a good positioning and an effective anchoring of the reinforcing strip while avoiding to follow too strong curvatures or to apply great efforts to embrace (tightening).
De préférence, les portions rectilignes dudit trajet s'étendent chacune dans le plan d'émergence sur au moins la moitié de l'épaisseur du parement. La bande de renforcement a typiquement une largeur au plus égale à la moitié de l'épaisseur du parement.Preferably, the rectilinear portions of said path each extend in the emergence plane over at least half the thickness of the facing. The reinforcing strip typically has a width at most equal to half the thickness of the siding.
Dans une réalisation de l'ouvrage, le parement présente, dans la région d'ancrage, un fourreau de protection recevant la bande de renforcement le long dudit trajet. Ce fourreau isole la bande de la matière moulée pour protéger le renforcement contre un endommagement prématuré. En particulier, si le renforcement est procuré par des fibres de polyester, on sait que celles-ci admettent mal les environnements basiques tels que ceux qu'on rencontre dans le béton. Le fourreau précité complète alors la protection conférée par la gaine plastique qui enrobe les fibres de polyester de la bande.In one embodiment of the structure, the facing has, in the anchoring region, a protective sheath receiving the reinforcing strip along said path. This sleeve insulates the strip from the molded material to protect the reinforcement against premature damage. In particular, if the reinforcement is provided by polyester fibers, it is known that these poorly admit basic environments such as those found in concrete. The aforementioned sleeve then completes the protection provided by the plastic sheath which coats the polyester fibers of the strip.
Un second aspect de l'invention se rapporte à un élément de parement pour un ouvrage en sol renforcé, comprenant un corps en matière moulée à l'intérieur duquel un trajet est formé pour une bande de renforcement entre deux points d'émergence situés sur une face arrière du corps. Le trajet comporte deux portions rectilignes respectivement adjacentes aux deux points d'émergence et chacune disposée pour positionner la bande dans un même plan d'émergence perpendiculaire à ladite face arrière, deux portions courbes prolongeant respectivement les deux portions rectilignes et disposées pour dévier la bande hors du plan d'émergence, et une portion de raccordement reliant entre elles les deux portions courbes et présentant au moins une boucle située en dehors du plan d'émergence.A second aspect of the invention relates to a facing element for a reinforced soil structure, comprising a body of molded material within which a path is formed for a reinforcing strip between two emergence points located on a back side of the body. The path comprises two rectilinear portions respectively adjacent to the two emergence points and each arranged to position the strip in the same emergence plane perpendicular to said rear face, two curved portions respectively extending the two rectilinear portions and arranged to deflect the strip off. the emergence plane, and a connecting portion interconnecting the two curved portions and having at least one loop located outside the emergence plane.
La bande peut-être mise en place selon le trajet dès le moulage de la matière du corps, avec ou sans le fourreau protecteur précité.The band may be set up along the path as soon as the body material is molded, with or without the aforementioned protective sheath.
Plusieurs dispositions sont possibles pour le trajet défini pour la bande au sein de l'élément de parement. Dans certaines réalisations, les deux portions courbes du trajet dirigent la bande vers un même côté du plan d'émergence. Dans ce cas, une première possibilité est que le trajet soit formé de façon que la bande soit reçue dans les deux portions rectilignes avec une même face de la bande orientée vers ce côté du plan d'émergence. Le trajet est alors formé de façon que ladite face de la bande soit placée soit sur le côté extérieur soit sur le côté intérieur de la boucle située en dehors du plan d'émergence. Une deuxième possibilité est que le trajet soit formé de façon que la bande soit reçue dans l'une des deux portions rectilignes avec une face de la bande orientée vers ledit côté du plan d'émergence et dans l'autre des deux portions rectilignes avec ladite face de la bande orientée à l'opposé dudit côté du plan d'émergence.Several arrangements are possible for the path defined for the band within the facing element. In some embodiments, the two curved portions of the path direct the band towards the same side of the emergence plane. In this case, a first possibility is that the path is formed so that the band is received in the two rectilinear portions with the same face of the band oriented towards this side of the emergence plane. The path is then formed so that said face of the strip is placed either on the outer side or on the inner side of the loop located outside the emergence plane. A second possibility is that the journey is formed so that the strip is received in one of the two rectilinear portions with one face of the strip facing said side of the emergence plane and in the other of the two rectilinear portions with said face of the strip facing away from said side of the emergence plan.
Dans une autre réalisation, les deux portions courbes du trajet dirigent respectivement la bande vers deux côtés opposés du plan d'émergence, et la portion de raccordement du trajet présente deux boucles prolongeant respectivement les deux portions courbes du trajet et une partie traversant le plan d'émergence et reliant entre elles les deux boucles.In another embodiment, the two curved portions of the path respectively direct the strip towards two opposite sides of the emergence plane, and the connecting portion of the path has two loops respectively extending the two curved portions of the path and a portion crossing the plane of the plane. emergence and linking together the two loops.
D'autres particularités et avantages de la présente invention apparaîtront dans la description ci-après d'exemples de réalisation non limitatifs, en référence aux dessins annexés, dans lesquels :
- la figure 1 est une vue schématique en coupe latérale d'un ouvrage en sol renforcé selon l'invention en cours de construction;
- la figure 2 est une vue en coupe d'un élément de parement selon l'invention;
- les figures 3 à 6 sont des vues en perspective de trajets que peuvent suivre des bandes de renforcement au sein d'éléments de parement selon l'invention; et
- la figure 7 est une vue de derrière d'un autre élément de parement selon l'invention.
- Figure 1 is a schematic side sectional view of a reinforced soil structure according to the invention being constructed;
- Figure 2 is a sectional view of a facing element according to the invention;
- Figures 3 to 6 are perspective views of paths that can follow reinforcement strips within facing elements according to the invention; and
- Figure 7 is a rear view of another facing element according to the invention.
La figure 1 illustre l'application de l'invention à la construction d'un mur de soutènement en sol renforcé. Un remblai compacté 1, dans lequel sont distribués des renforcements 2, est délimité sur le côté frontal de l'ouvrage par un parement 3 constitué en juxtaposant des éléments préfabriqués 4 en forme de panneaux, et sur le côté arrière par le terrain 5 contre lequel est érigé le mur de soutènement.Figure 1 illustrates the application of the invention to the construction of a retaining wall reinforced soil. A compacted embankment 1, in which
Les renforcements 2 consistent en des armatures synthétiques en forme de bandes souples s'étendant dans des plans horizontaux à l'arrière du parement 3. Il peut notamment s'agir de bandes de renforcement à base de fibres de polyester gainées de polyéthylène.
Les bandes de renforcement 2 sont attachées aux éléments préfabriqués 4 assemblés pour former le parement 3. Ces éléments 4 sont typiquement en béton armé. Dans l'exemple représenté, ils sont en forme de panneaux. lls pourraient aussi avoir d'autres formes, notamment de bloc. Lorsque le béton d'un tel élément 4 est coulé, une ou plusieurs bandes de renforcement 2 sont installées dans le moule selon un trajet décrit plus loin afin de réaliser l'ancrage bande-élément. Après la prise du béton, chaque bande a deux tronçons qui sortent de l'élément pour être installés dans le massif remblayé.The reinforcing strips 2 are attached to the
Pour édifier l'ouvrage, on peut procéder comme suit:
- a) mettre en place une partie des éléments de parement 4 afin d'être en mesure d'apporter ensuite du matériau de remblai sur une certaine hauteur. De façon connue, le montage et le positionnement des éléments de parement peuvent être facilités par des organes d'assemblage placés entre eux. Les bandes 2 sont positionnées sur les éléments de parement 4 de façon que certaines d'entre elles se placent à un même niveau horizontal lors du montage du parement;
- b) apporter du matériau de remblai et le compacter progressivement jusqu'à atteindre le prochain niveau prévu pour la mise en place des bandes de renforcement 2;
- c) étaler les bandes de renforcement 2 sur le remblai à ce niveau;
- d) apporter du matériau de remblai par-dessus les bandes de renforcement 2 qui viennent d'être installées. Ce matériau de remblai est compacté au fur et à mesure de son apport;
- e) répéter les étapes b) à d) si plusieurs niveaux de bandes sont prévus par rangée d'éléments de parement 4;
- f) répéter les étapes a) à e) jusqu'à atteindre le niveau supérieur du remblai.
- a) set up part of the
cladding elements 4 in order to be able to then bring backfill material to a certain height. In known manner, the mounting and positioning of the facing elements can be facilitated by connecting members placed between them. Thestrips 2 are positioned on the facingelements 4 so that some of them are placed at the same horizontal level during the assembly of the facing; - b) providing backfill material and progressively compacting it to the next planned level for placing
reinforcement strips 2; - c) spread the reinforcement strips 2 on the embankment at this level;
- d) provide backfill material over the reinforcement strips 2 that have just been installed. This backfill material is compacted as and when it is added;
- e) repeat steps b) to d) if multiple levels of bands are provided per row of facing
elements 4; - f) Repeat steps a) to e) until reaching the upper level of the embankment.
Lors de l'apport et du compactage du matériau de remblai, les bandes de renforcement 2 déjà mises en place dans les niveaux inférieurs se tendent. Cette mise en tension résulte du frottement entre les bandes et le matériau remblayé et assure le renforcement de l'ouvrage. Pour que la tension s'établisse dans de bonnes conditions, ils convient que les bandes d'un niveau sortent de leurs éléments de parement en étant toutes bien alignées sur ce niveau. Il convient en outre qu'elles soient orientées horizontalement dès la sortie du parement, pour éviter qu'elles se vrillent dans le massif remblayé.During the supply and compaction of the backfill material, reinforcement strips 2 already installed in the lower levels are stretched. This tensioning results from the friction between the strips and the material backfilled and reinforces the structure. So that the tension is established in good conditions, it is appropriate that the bands of a level leave their elements of facing while being all aligned on this level. It should also be oriented horizontally at the exit of the facing, to prevent them from twisting in the embankment.
Au niveau de leurs points 6 d'émergence hors d'un élément de parement, les deux tronçons d'une bande 2 sont dans un même plan d'émergence P (perpendiculaire au plan de la figure 2). Lors du montage du parement 3, les éléments 4 sont orientés de façon que ce plan d'émergence soit horizontal.At their
La figure 2 montre un élément de parement utilisable dans certaines réalisations de l'invention. Comme il est usuel, cet élément 4 est réalisé en béton moulé. Une bande de renforcement 2 est placée dans le moule au moment d'y couler le béton et maintenue jusqu'à la prise du béton. Son guidage peut être réalisé à l'aide des barres d'armature du béton (non représentées), éventuellement complétées par des tiges ou organes de déviation fixés à ces barres, afin que la bande suive le trajet souhaité dans la zone d'ancrage. Ce trajet est défini à l'intérieur de l'élément 4 entre les deux points 6 d'émergence des deux tronçons de la bande sur la face arrière 7 de l'élément (face adjacente au remblai).Figure 2 shows a facing element used in some embodiments of the invention. As is usual, this
Le trajet correspondant à l'élément de la figure 2 est illustré par la figure 3. Il a deux portions rectilignes 8 s'étendant perpendiculairement à la face arrière 7 de l'élément à partir des points d'émergence 6. Dans chaque portion rectiligne 8, la bande reste dans son plan d'émergence P. Les portions rectilignes 8 s'étendent sur au moins la moitié de l'épaisseur du corps de l'élément 4, mesurée perpendiculairement à sa face arrière 7. Ceci évite une mauvaise sollicitation du béton au voisinage de la face arrière 7.The path corresponding to the element of FIG. 2 is illustrated in FIG. 3. It has two
Chaque portion rectiligne 8 du trajet de la bande se prolonge par une portion courbe respective 9 où la bande est déviée hors du plan d'émergence P. Au-delà de cette portion courbe 9, la bande 2 s'étend le long de la face avant de l'élément, un peu en retrait par rapport à cette face avant afin de ne pas être apparente à la surface de l'ouvrage.Each
Les deux portions courbes 9 sont reliées entre elles par une portion de raccordement qui présente une boucle 10 située en dehors du plan d'émergence P.The two curved portions 9 are interconnected by a connecting portion which has a
Dans l'exemple des figures 2 et 3, la bande est dirigée vers un même côté P1 du plan d'émergence P dans les deux portions courbes 9 de son trajet au sein de l'élément de parement 4. Ce trajet est formé de façon (i) que dans les deux portions rectilignes 8, la bande ait une même face orientée vers le côté P1 du plan d'émergence, et (ii) que cette face de la bande soit placée sur le côté extérieur de la boucle 10. En conséquence, au milieu de la boucle 10, la bande se place pratiquement perpendiculairement à la face arrière 7 de l'élément.In the example of FIGS. 2 and 3, the strip is directed towards the same side P1 of the emergence plane P in the two curved portions 9 of its path within the facing
Dans la variante illustrée par la figure 4, la boucle 10' est orientée en sens inverse, c'est-à-dire que la face de la bande orientée vers le côté P1 du plan d'émergence est placée sur le côté intérieur de la boucle 10'.In the variant illustrated in Figure 4, the loop 10 'is oriented in the opposite direction, that is to say that the face of the band facing the side P1 of the emergence plane is placed on the inner side of the 10 'loop.
Dans la variante illustrée par la figure 5, la bande suit l'une des deux portions rectilignes 8 de son trajet avec une de ses deux faces orientée vers le côté P1 du plan d'émergence P et l'autre des deux portions rectilignes 8 avec ladite face orientée vers le côté P2 du plan d'émergence opposé au côté P1.In the variant illustrated in FIG. 5, the strip follows one of the two
D'autres agencements sont encore possibles pour le trajet de la bande de renforcement à l'intérieur d'un élément de parement. La figure 6 en montre un exemple dans lequel la portion de raccordement reliant entre elles les deux portions courbes 19 comporte deux boucles 20 de part et d'autre du plan P. Dans cet exemple, les deux portions courbes 19 du trajet dirigent respectivement la bande vers les deux côtés opposés P1, P2 du pian d'émergence P. La portion de raccordement présente une partie 21 qui traverse le plan P et relie entre elles les deux boucles 20.Other arrangements are still possible for the path of the reinforcing strip inside a facing element. FIG. 6 shows an example in which the connection portion interconnecting the two
Pour suivre facilement un trajet tel que ceux illustrés par les figures 3 à 6, il est préférable que la largeur de la bande 2 soit inférieure ou au plus égale à la moitié de l'épaisseur de l'élément de parement 4. Cette épaisseur est typiquement comprise entre 14 et 16 cm. On pourra alors utiliser des bandes de largeur 45 mm environ.To easily follow a path such as those illustrated in FIGS. 3 to 6, it is preferable that the width of the
Lorsque la bande de renforcement a des composants (par exemple des fibres de polyester) sensibles aux environnements basiques, il peut être avantageux de placer entre cette bande et le parement en béton un fourreau de protection en matière plastique. Ce fourreau évite que l'alcalinité du béton se propage jusqu'au composant sensible. Le fourreau souple reçoit la bande avant d'être mis en place avec elle dans le moule. Il est ainsi entouré par le béton moulé et il reçoit la bande de renforcement le long de son trajet pour l'isoler du béton.When the reinforcing strip has components (eg polyester fibers) sensitive to basic environments, it may be advantageous to place between this strip and the concrete facing a plastic protective sheath. This sleeve prevents the alkalinity of concrete from spreading to the sensitive component. The flexible sheath receives the band before being put in place with it in the mold. It is surrounded by cast concrete and receives reinforcing tape along its path to isolate it from concrete.
II est envisageable que la bande de renforcement ne soit pas encore installée dans son fourreau 15 au moment de la fabrication de l'élément. Il est alors commode d'utiliser un fourreau rigide préalablement mis en forme selon le trajet désiré. La figure 7 montre la face arrière d'un élément de parement 4 ainsi réalisé, capable de recevoir deux bandes de renforcement à des niveaux verticalement espacés. Les fourreaux 15 définissent les trajets à l'intérieur de l'élément 4 entre les points d'émergence 6. Ils peuvent être des fourreaux rigides préformés, par exemple selon l'une des formes illustrées par les figures 3 à 6.It is conceivable that the reinforcing strip is not yet installed in its
Une réalisation selon la figure 7 requiert une opération d'enfilement des bandes le long de leurs trajets. Mais elle procure l'avantage d'offrir la possibilité de choisir la longueur de bande indépendamment de la fabrication de l'élément de parement.An embodiment according to FIG. 7 requires an operation of threading the strips along their paths. But it provides the advantage of providing the ability to choose the strip length regardless of the manufacture of the facing element.
De façon générale, le mode de liaison proposé, entre le parement d'un ouvrage en sol renforcé et certaines au moins de ses bandes de renforcement, est compatible avec un grand nombre de configurations d'ouvrage, de longueurs de bandes, de densités de mise en place de bandes, etc.In general, the proposed method of connection between the facing of a reinforced soil structure and at least some of its reinforcement strips is compatible with a large number of structural configurations, strip lengths, setting up bands, etc.
Claims (15)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| PL05291681T PL1662050T3 (en) | 2004-11-25 | 2005-08-05 | Reinforced soil works and facing elements for construction thereof |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR0412528A FR2878268B1 (en) | 2004-11-25 | 2004-11-25 | REINFORCED GROUND WORK AND FACING ELEMENTS FOR ITS CONSTRUCTION |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP1662050A1 true EP1662050A1 (en) | 2006-05-31 |
| EP1662050B1 EP1662050B1 (en) | 2014-01-29 |
Family
ID=34951735
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP05291681.4A Not-in-force EP1662050B1 (en) | 2004-11-25 | 2005-08-05 | Reinforced soil works and facing elements for construction thereof |
Country Status (13)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US7491018B2 (en) |
| EP (1) | EP1662050B1 (en) |
| JP (2) | JP3903057B2 (en) |
| KR (1) | KR100722963B1 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU2005203681B2 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2515316C (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2459749T3 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2878268B1 (en) |
| HK (1) | HK1087448A1 (en) |
| MX (1) | MXPA05012594A (en) |
| MY (1) | MY141455A (en) |
| PL (1) | PL1662050T3 (en) |
| ZA (1) | ZA200506505B (en) |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2913436A1 (en) * | 2007-03-05 | 2008-09-12 | Terre Armee Internationale Soc | REINFORCED GROUND WORK AND REINFORCING ELEMENTS FOR ITS CONSTRUCTION |
| FR2939157A1 (en) * | 2008-12-02 | 2010-06-04 | Terre Armee Int | REINFORCED GROUND WORK AND FACING ELEMENTS FOR ITS CONSTRUCTION |
| WO2012069868A3 (en) * | 2010-11-26 | 2012-07-19 | Terre Armee Internationale | Facing element with integrated compressibility |
| RU2597894C2 (en) * | 2011-03-30 | 2016-09-20 | Терр Арме Энтернасьональ | Fixed ground objects |
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| US7850400B2 (en) * | 2004-11-25 | 2010-12-14 | Freyssinet International (Stup) | Stabilized soil structure and facing elements for its construction |
| KR100865465B1 (en) * | 2007-05-22 | 2008-10-28 | 신혜승 | A segmental retaining wall system incorporating the extruded polymer strip as a reinforcement |
| US7828498B2 (en) * | 2008-04-02 | 2010-11-09 | Sorheim Daniel R | Connection mechanism for large scale retaining wall blocks |
| EP2372027B1 (en) * | 2010-04-02 | 2012-11-14 | Terre Armée Internationale | Facing element for use in a stabilized soil structure |
| FR2959761B1 (en) * | 2010-05-07 | 2013-06-28 | Terre Armee Int | CONTINUOUS SEALING FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING |
| PL2434059T3 (en) * | 2010-09-24 | 2016-06-30 | Terre Armee Int | A reinforced soil structure |
| FR3010423B1 (en) | 2013-09-09 | 2016-02-19 | Soletanche Freyssinet | GEOTECHNIC ANCHORING ATTACHMENT SYSTEM AND REINFORCEMENT ASSEMBLY USING SUCH A TIE. |
| KR101528238B1 (en) | 2014-12-11 | 2015-06-11 | 주식회사 한포스 | Installing method of reinforcing strip for reinforced earth wall |
| WO2019077382A1 (en) | 2017-10-18 | 2019-04-25 | Terre Armee Internationale | Reusable casting element for a facing element and method of manufacturing a facing element using said reusable casting element |
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- 2005-04-29 KR KR1020050036239A patent/KR100722963B1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2005-07-21 JP JP2005211476A patent/JP3903057B2/en active Active
- 2005-08-05 PL PL05291681T patent/PL1662050T3/en unknown
- 2005-08-05 EP EP05291681.4A patent/EP1662050B1/en not_active Not-in-force
- 2005-08-05 ES ES05291681.4T patent/ES2459749T3/en active Active
- 2005-08-10 MY MYPI20053724A patent/MY141455A/en unknown
- 2005-08-11 CA CA2515316A patent/CA2515316C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-08-15 AU AU2005203681A patent/AU2005203681B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2005-08-15 ZA ZA2005/06505A patent/ZA200506505B/en unknown
- 2005-10-03 JP JP2005290359A patent/JP2006152790A/en active Pending
- 2005-11-22 MX MXPA05012594A patent/MXPA05012594A/en active IP Right Grant
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| FR2913436A1 (en) * | 2007-03-05 | 2008-09-12 | Terre Armee Internationale Soc | REINFORCED GROUND WORK AND REINFORCING ELEMENTS FOR ITS CONSTRUCTION |
| WO2008122733A1 (en) * | 2007-03-05 | 2008-10-16 | Terre Armee Internationale | Ground reinforced structure and reinforcement members for the construction thereof |
| US8011859B2 (en) | 2007-03-05 | 2011-09-06 | Terre Armee Internationale | Ground reinforced structure and reinforcement members for the construction thereof |
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| RU2597894C2 (en) * | 2011-03-30 | 2016-09-20 | Терр Арме Энтернасьональ | Fixed ground objects |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR2878268A1 (en) | 2006-05-26 |
| CA2515316A1 (en) | 2006-05-25 |
| ZA200506505B (en) | 2006-05-21 |
| JP2006152790A (en) | 2006-06-15 |
| US20060110221A1 (en) | 2006-05-25 |
| JP2006152786A (en) | 2006-06-15 |
| AU2005203681B2 (en) | 2011-07-07 |
| MXPA05012594A (en) | 2007-10-19 |
| MY141455A (en) | 2010-04-30 |
| FR2878268B1 (en) | 2007-02-09 |
| AU2005203681A1 (en) | 2006-06-08 |
| JP3903057B2 (en) | 2007-04-11 |
| CA2515316C (en) | 2013-06-11 |
| ES2459749T3 (en) | 2014-05-12 |
| US7491018B2 (en) | 2009-02-17 |
| KR100722963B1 (en) | 2007-05-30 |
| HK1087448A1 (en) | 2006-10-13 |
| EP1662050B1 (en) | 2014-01-29 |
| PL1662050T3 (en) | 2014-07-31 |
| KR20060058756A (en) | 2006-05-30 |
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