EP1652017B1 - Electronic thermal-protector for electric water boilers - Google Patents

Electronic thermal-protector for electric water boilers Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1652017B1
EP1652017B1 EP04744140A EP04744140A EP1652017B1 EP 1652017 B1 EP1652017 B1 EP 1652017B1 EP 04744140 A EP04744140 A EP 04744140A EP 04744140 A EP04744140 A EP 04744140A EP 1652017 B1 EP1652017 B1 EP 1652017B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
fact
control device
heat regulation
regulation
relays
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP04744140A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP1652017A1 (en
Inventor
Fausto Fioroni
Renato Thermowatt S.P.A. MORECI
Lucio Merloni Termosanitari S.P.A. LATINI
Roberto Merloni Thermosanitari S.P.A. SAMPAOLESI
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Merloni Termosanitari SpA
Thermowatt SpA
Original Assignee
Merloni Termosanitari SpA
Ariston Thermo SpA
Thermowatt SpA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Merloni Termosanitari SpA, Ariston Thermo SpA, Thermowatt SpA filed Critical Merloni Termosanitari SpA
Priority to PL04744140T priority Critical patent/PL1652017T3/pl
Publication of EP1652017A1 publication Critical patent/EP1652017A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1652017B1 publication Critical patent/EP1652017B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H9/00—Details
    • F24H9/20—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices
    • F24H9/2007—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices for water heaters
    • F24H9/2014—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices for water heaters using electrical energy supply
    • F24H9/2021—Storage heaters
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H15/00—Control of fluid heaters
    • F24H15/10—Control of fluid heaters characterised by the purpose of the control
    • F24H15/128—Preventing overheating
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H15/00—Control of fluid heaters
    • F24H15/10—Control of fluid heaters characterised by the purpose of the control
    • F24H15/174—Supplying heated water with desired temperature or desired range of temperature
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H15/00—Control of fluid heaters
    • F24H15/20—Control of fluid heaters characterised by control inputs
    • F24H15/212—Temperature of the water
    • F24H15/223—Temperature of the water in the water storage tank
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H15/00—Control of fluid heaters
    • F24H15/20—Control of fluid heaters characterised by control inputs
    • F24H15/281—Input from user
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H15/00—Control of fluid heaters
    • F24H15/30—Control of fluid heaters characterised by control outputs; characterised by the components to be controlled
    • F24H15/355—Control of heat-generating means in heaters
    • F24H15/37—Control of heat-generating means in heaters of electric heaters
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H15/00—Control of fluid heaters
    • F24H15/30—Control of fluid heaters characterised by control outputs; characterised by the components to be controlled
    • F24H15/395—Information to users, e.g. alarms
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H15/00—Control of fluid heaters
    • F24H15/40—Control of fluid heaters characterised by the type of controllers
    • F24H15/414—Control of fluid heaters characterised by the type of controllers using electronic processing, e.g. computer-based
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H15/00—Control of fluid heaters
    • F24H15/40—Control of fluid heaters characterised by the type of controllers
    • F24H15/407—Control of fluid heaters characterised by the type of controllers using electrical switching, e.g. TRIAC

Definitions

  • This invention relates to regulation and safety control devices for electric water boilers.
  • Electric water boilers have two devices that control the temperature of the water contained in the tank.
  • One is a regulating thermostat (hereinafter also referred to as the heat regulator). Its task is that of adjusting the temperature by maintaining the water boiler's temperature at the t.r value set either by the manufacturer and/or by the user; of course, any regulation range made available to the user prevents that dangerous temperatures can be reached.
  • the heat regulator a regulating thermostat
  • the other device is a thermal-protector thermostat (hereinafter referred to as the thermal-protector).
  • the thermal-protector Its task is that of providing thermal protection by cutting off the power supply to the electrical resistances if the monitored temperature reaches an intermediate cut-off value of t.i ranging between the temperature values that can be reached during normal operation and the maximum value of t.s envisaged by Safety Regulations. In general, this may take place only if the regulating thermostat has suffered a failure; for instance, if the setting is not correct or if its electrical contacts are welded and can no longer open. However, it is also possible that an anomalous situation such as, for instance, the lack of water in the tank, may lead to sudden increases in temperature that activate the thermal-protector even though the regulating thermostat is in perfect condition.
  • the accuracy of the regulating thermostat is extremely important, not so much in terms of comfort but for the purpose of limiting consumption; given the same mean temperature in the water boiler over a given period, the sharper the variations in the actual temperature owing to its inaccurate control are, the greater the loss of heat, as proven experimentally. From this point of view it is a matter of fact that the most precise electro-mechanical thermostats are those using a bulb sensor followed by a rod sensor and then by those whose sensor is composed of a bi-stable bimetallic foil.
  • Electronic thermostats are by far the best, generally using an NTC as sensor, that not only provides for an accurate regulation which could not be otherwise reached with electro-mechanical thermostats, but they also offer many other advantages such as the ease in controlling them with a microprocessor, by means of which the operating time and temperatures as well as other functions can be programmed.
  • electro-mechanical thermostats cut off the power supply to the electrical resistances by physically opening an electrical contact
  • electronic thermostats act by stopping the passage of current through a semiconductor device (the TRIAC), which, in turn, can be arranged directly in series along the circuit of the electrical resistances if the required amperage is low enough or by commanding the opening of a relay, which, in turn, disconnects the circuit of the resistances. Nonetheless, the safety regulations do not require that the regulating thermostat physically disconnect the phases of an electric circuit.
  • thermo-protector thermostat The bipolar physical disconnection of both ends of the electrical circuit of the resistances is commanded by the thermal-protector thermostat; on the other hand, no particular degree of accuracy is required for the activation temperature, as the tolerance values of the less sensitive sensors like those with a bi-stable bimetallic foil are capable of being activated at cut-off temperatures t.i much higher than the regulation temperature t.r yet well below the maximum permissible temperatures t.s. Hitherto, the thermal-protector thermostat in water boilers has always been of the electro-mechanical type with an extremely simple mechanism; in general it is of the type containing the well-known bi-stable bimetallic disks as sensor/actuator device.
  • the thermal-protector thermostat irreversibly opens the two (or three) power supply phases; the resetting of the contacts is possible in most models to restart the water boiler when the overtemperature is not the result of malfunctions affecting the regulating thermostat, but the reset device must be accessed only by a maintenance technician, thereby constituting the inconvenience that the resetting of the water boiler always requires the intervention of the technical servicing department, even if the cause of the block was absolutely accidental.
  • the electro-mechanical regulating thermostat and the thermal-protector thermostat are often lodged in the same casing; but this does not mean that they are not two independent devices, each having its own sensor, its own mechanism for opening the electrical contacts and finally its own electrical contacts. In conclusion, safety requires that the two thermostats must each have their own “electro-mechanical logic”.
  • thermal-protector As for the electronic regulating thermostats, their use has been limited up to now to higher level products, considering the impossibility of eliminating the costs for the electro-mechanical thermal-protector, which, among other things, is usually quite difficult to include in the same casing with the electronic thermostat. While the most widespread type of thermal-protector is the one with bimetallic foil, it must be lodged as close as possible to the zone whose temperature must be monitored, i.e. the zone in which the operating temperature can be high enough to damage the electronic devices even in normal operating conditions.
  • the document NL 8 501 754 A shows an electronic device for the thermal regulation and thermal protection of storage water heater that is put in blocked status not only when a given temperature is exceeded but even in case an anomalous operation of the temperature sensors is noticed.
  • the blocked status is obtained by switching off the heating with the opening of a bi-status relay while an RC network prevents from going in blocked status due to anomalies of short length.
  • the device does not keep memory of the detected failures so that it could accept an indefinite number of resetting actions even in dangerous situations.
  • Such a device although representing a progress, is so conceived that, as expressly specified, still it must provide the device that restores the normal operating conditions accessible only to the maintenance technicians as the previous electromechanical security devices. This is a drawback, because the maintenance technicians must be called whenever the water heater is put in blocked status even if this is not due to failures.
  • the main purpose of this invention is that of allowing the user to reset regular water boiler operation when it is blocked by the thermal-protector even avoiding dangerous situations.
  • Another purpose of this invention is that of specifying the means by which to obtain a single control device capable of acting, at minimum, as regulating thermostat and thermal-protector in an electric water boiler.
  • Another purpose of this invention is that of specifying the means by which to allow the said single control device to use a single operating logic, i.e. a single hardware device and a single software device, at least for the control of the heat regulator and thermal-protector functions.
  • Another purpose of this invention is that of assigning to the said single control device further information, programming and control functions which are not related to either the heat regulation or thermal protection.
  • control device including a combination of suitable electronic and electro-mechanical means which function according to appropriate methods.
  • Fig. 1 schematically illustrates an electronic and electro-mechanical control device R according to the invention.
  • R indicates a control device which, taken as a whole, has the functions of heat regulator and thermal-protector; 1 is an electrical power circuit powering, via the connection terminals 2.1, the electrical resistances 2 that heat the water; 3 indicates a regulation relay whose opening/closing controls the power supply to the resistances 2 to maintain the water at the temperature set during regular operation; 4 indicates two safety relays (or, alternatively, a single relay with a double micro-switch) which the control device R opens should it detect any operating malfunction incompatible with the safety regulations; 5 indicates two possible fuses which are arranged in series with said relays 4 and which protect the contacts of the relays 4 against overcurrents which would lead to their sticking.
  • Control device R comprises one or two temperature sensors 6, preferably of the NTC type or in any case of a type fit to transmit temperature signals that can be interpreted by electronic devices; of the two sensors 6, one is dedicated to the control of the set regulation temperature t.r and the other to the control of the cut-off temperature t.i; however, consistent with the requirements of the relevant regulations and with the points in which said regulation temperature t.r and cut-off temperature t.i must or can be detected, a single sensor 6 can be used both for the information relating to the heat regulation and for the thermal protection; at least a second sensor 6 can be useful for auxiliary functions not relating to heat regulation and to thermal protection such as, for instance, and according to known methods, the estimation of the mean temperature and the energy content of the water boiler, which can be easily inferred if the water temperature in two different duly chosen zones are known.
  • Control device R also comprises a microprocessor 7 equipped with specific software to perform, at minimum, the following tasks:
  • the operating malfunctions that can be identified by the microprocessor 7 include not only the detection of overtemperatures signalled by the sensors 6, but also the failure of said sensors owing to an interruption or short-circuit signalled by an infinite, null or educa value of their electrical resistor, i.e. outside the range of possible values for the intact sensors 6.
  • the control device R comprises also a hardware circuit 8 which acts as a supervisor (commonly called and well-known as the system "watch-dog”); it monitors the proper functioning of the microprocessor 7 and it opens the relays 4 by means of the command circuits 4.2, if anomalous behaviour is detected in the microprocessor 7 or in other essential or auxiliary devices including the control device R.
  • a hardware circuit 8 which acts as a supervisor (commonly called and well-known as the system "watch-dog”); it monitors the proper functioning of the microprocessor 7 and it opens the relays 4 by means of the command circuits 4.2, if anomalous behaviour is detected in the microprocessor 7 or in other essential or auxiliary devices including the control device R.
  • the said watch-dog 8 which functions according to known techniques and methods, it shall not be mentioned any further below, as it is implicitly inferred that it can supervise the control of any function within the limits provided by the current state of the art.
  • the said reset command is accepted by the safety system only when the microprocessor 7 ascertains that the malfunction causing the opening of the relays 4 no longer subsists. In other words, if, for instance, there is an accidental increase in the temperature, the reset command and the subsequent closing of the relays 4 is accepted, but only once the temperature is back to normal; on the contrary, if, by way of example, the malfunction consists in the irreversible failure of a sensor, it is not possible to restore normal conditions and hence the reset command continues to be rejected by the microprocessor 7.
  • electro-mechanical thermal-protectors are also provided with a reset command to reset the thermostat once the malfunction has been eliminated; it comprises a pushbutton, which, once pressed, acts directly on the electrical contacts by closing them; pressing the pushbutton, however, may force the closing of said contacts even though the malfunction is still in progress. For this reason, the said pushbutton is lodged in a place which cannot be accessed by the user and it is protected by a cover which can be opened with a special tool so that only an authorized repair technician can activate it.
  • control device R may also be designed to be able to take into account and memorize the number of reset commands it has accepted and limit the maximum possible number of resets to a set value beyond which it rejects any other command. Therefore, even a temporary and reversible malfunction may require the intervention of the technical servicing department if it occurs too often, hence indicating that there is a recurring problem that needs to be identified and resolved.
  • control device R can include the presence of a non-volatile memory 10 such as an EEPROM, i.e. a memory which is not deleted if there is no power and which saves with an appropriate code all the anomalies detected and/or the number of resets accepted; said memory 10 can also save data not relating to the heat regulation and thermal protection, but which are nonetheless useful in performing the aforementioned auxiliary functions:
  • a non-volatile memory 10 such as an EEPROM, i.e. a memory which is not deleted if there is no power and which saves with an appropriate code all the anomalies detected and/or the number of resets accepted
  • a display 11 may also be furnished, providing the user with information on the status of the water boiler with regard to both the heat regulation and thermal protection functions and to the auxiliary functions.
  • control device R has a single "electronic logic”, even though it is redundant for safety reasons and it includes both a software and hardware component, comprising the watch-dog 8. Said "electronic logic” is not composed of specific parts dedicated to heat regulation, thermal protection and to the auxiliary functions.
  • the "electronic logic" of the control device R controls the operation of the regulation relay 3 or, in other words, it carries out the heat regulation procedure; once the cut-off temperature ti is exceeded or if there are other malfunctions, the same control device R opens both safety relays 4, namely, it starts the thermal protection procedure by blocking the water boiler; in the meantime, the "electronic logic" of the control device R can also perform other auxiliary information or programming functions, and so on.
  • control device R provides for the development of non-essential functions which are however useful for programming and other purposes with only negligible additional costs.
  • control device R Other embodiments are possible for the control device R and a few non-exhaustive examples are provided below.
  • the safety relays 4 can be either of the Normally Closed or Normally Opened type, as they both can be safely opened or kept opened by the control device R in case of anomalous conditions.
  • the cut-off device 3 as in the case of current electronic regulating thermostats, may have a TRIAC instead of a relay.
  • the regulation relay 3 can be eliminated and its function can be assigned to either one or both of the safety relays 4.
  • the safety provided by the control device R can be further improved by adding one or more of the following functions or devices:

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
  • Safety Devices In Control Systems (AREA)
  • Insulated Conductors (AREA)
  • Heat-Pump Type And Storage Water Heaters (AREA)
  • Details Of Indoor Wiring (AREA)
  • Control Of Temperature (AREA)
  • Thermotherapy And Cooling Therapy Devices (AREA)
  • Thermistors And Varistors (AREA)
  • Air Conditioning Control Device (AREA)
  • Control Of Resistance Heating (AREA)
  • Cookers (AREA)
  • Thermally Insulated Containers For Foods (AREA)
EP04744140A 2003-08-04 2004-07-21 Electronic thermal-protector for electric water boilers Expired - Lifetime EP1652017B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PL04744140T PL1652017T3 (pl) 2003-08-04 2004-07-21 Elektroniczny układ zabezpieczenia termicznego dla elektrycznych wodnych bojlerów

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
IT000039A ITAN20030039A1 (it) 2003-08-04 2003-08-04 Termoprotettore elettronico per scaldabagni elettrici.
PCT/IB2004/002489 WO2005013028A1 (en) 2003-08-04 2004-07-21 Electronic thermal-protector for electric water boilers

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1652017A1 EP1652017A1 (en) 2006-05-03
EP1652017B1 true EP1652017B1 (en) 2011-02-16

Family

ID=34113412

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP04744140A Expired - Lifetime EP1652017B1 (en) 2003-08-04 2004-07-21 Electronic thermal-protector for electric water boilers

Country Status (10)

Country Link
EP (1) EP1652017B1 (pl)
CN (1) CN100492242C (pl)
AT (1) ATE498863T1 (pl)
DE (1) DE602004031430D1 (pl)
ES (1) ES2361258T3 (pl)
IT (1) ITAN20030039A1 (pl)
PL (1) PL1652017T3 (pl)
PT (1) PT1652017E (pl)
RU (1) RU2321046C2 (pl)
WO (1) WO2005013028A1 (pl)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
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EP3300209A1 (en) * 2016-09-26 2018-03-28 Laborelec CVBA Energy efficient energy generation and consumption system
IT202200014743A1 (it) * 2022-07-13 2024-01-13 Tenacta Group Spa Dispositivo per stilizzare i capelli fornito di circuito di sicurezza

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ITAN20070026A1 (it) * 2007-04-27 2008-10-28 Merloni Termosanitari Spa Metodo di gestione della temperatura dell' acqua in scaldacqua ad accumulo
IT1401027B1 (it) 2010-07-29 2013-07-12 Thermowatt Spa Termostato elettronico ed elettromeccanico perfezionato
IT1401780B1 (it) 2010-09-22 2013-08-28 Thermowatt Spa Termostato elettronico con sicurezza attivata da resistori.
PL2466224T3 (pl) * 2010-10-21 2014-10-31 Kyungdong One Corp Sposób sterowania równoległą pracą wieloczłonowego podgrzewacza wody
CN104104064B (zh) * 2013-04-08 2017-12-29 华为终端（东莞）有限公司 一种热保护电路
RU2585014C2 (ru) * 2014-10-03 2016-05-27 Рафаил Шайхуллович Насибуллин Электроконвектор
CN105425708A (zh) * 2015-12-18 2016-03-23 贵州美诚凯辉电器制造有限公司 主动安全保护方法及实现该方法的装置
FR3045786B1 (fr) * 2015-12-21 2017-12-29 Atlantic Industrie Sas Procede de regulation d'un appareil de chauffage en fonction de sa distance a un obstacle, et appareil de chauffage associe
CN106091351A (zh) * 2016-08-02 2016-11-09 李连洪 速热机
GB2573575A (en) * 2018-05-11 2019-11-13 Genlab Ltd A temperature controller
CN110873466B (zh) * 2018-08-30 2022-10-18 青岛经济技术开发区海尔热水器有限公司 采暖炉制热系统超温保护控制方法及采暖炉
CN113078891A (zh) * 2021-03-29 2021-07-06 宝信软件(武汉)有限公司 一种硅钢厂调功器故障报警自动复位的方法和系统
CN116499002B (zh) * 2022-01-21 2025-09-09 广东格兰仕微波生活电器制造有限公司 热源通电切断方法、装置及具有其的加热装置、烹饪电器

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
NL8501754A (nl) 1985-06-19 1987-01-16 Daalderop Bv Boiler.
RU2090805C1 (ru) * 1996-07-02 1997-09-20 Волощук Дмитрий Андреевич Способ управления комплексом отопления и горячего водоснабжения и автоматизированная котельная для его реализации
CN2276643Y (zh) * 1996-07-08 1998-03-18 陈永义 智能型温度模糊控制仪
RU2154233C1 (ru) * 1999-04-19 2000-08-10 Сушинский Валерий Адольфович Способ защиты котельного агрегата и устройство для его осуществления
US6246831B1 (en) * 1999-06-16 2001-06-12 David Seitz Fluid heating control system
RU22224U1 (ru) * 2001-11-21 2002-03-10 Общество с ограниченной ответственностью НИПИ "Сибпроект-сервис" Автоматизированная котельная

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP3300209A1 (en) * 2016-09-26 2018-03-28 Laborelec CVBA Energy efficient energy generation and consumption system
IT202200014743A1 (it) * 2022-07-13 2024-01-13 Tenacta Group Spa Dispositivo per stilizzare i capelli fornito di circuito di sicurezza

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
RU2006105098A (ru) 2006-08-10
ES2361258T3 (es) 2011-06-15
WO2005013028A1 (en) 2005-02-10
PT1652017E (pt) 2011-05-09
PL1652017T3 (pl) 2011-07-29
CN100492242C (zh) 2009-05-27
CN1864113A (zh) 2006-11-15
ITAN20030039A1 (it) 2005-02-05
ATE498863T1 (de) 2011-03-15
DE602004031430D1 (de) 2011-03-31
EP1652017A1 (en) 2006-05-03
RU2321046C2 (ru) 2008-03-27

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