EP1629313A2

EP1629313A2 - Cable storer

Info

Publication number: EP1629313A2
Application number: EP03766392A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Marcus Adrianus
Original assignee: Fibercom BV
Current assignee: Fibercom BV
Priority date: 2002-08-01
Filing date: 2003-08-01
Publication date: 2006-03-01
Also published as: AU2003253372A8; WO2004013672A2; DE10235261B3; WO2004013672A3; US20060131194A1; AU2003253372A1

Abstract

The invention relates to a cable storer comprising a housing wherein a cable is arranged. Said housing comprises at least one cable inlet area and one cable outlet area. The cable is arranged in said housing in essentially concentric circles and enters the housing via the cable inlet area and exits via the cable outlet area. The cable inlet area and the cable outlet area are arranged on the outer periphery of the housing. The cable is introduced according to a configuration selected in such a way that parts of the cable are predrilled in respectively different directions.

Description

cable storage

The invention relates to a cable storage with a housing having a cable inserted therein, wherein the housing has at least one cable input and a cable outlet, and wherein the cable is inserted in substantially concentric circles in the housing, and enters the housing through the cable inlet and through exits the cable outlet, with cable entry and cable exit are arranged on the outer circumference of the housing.

When laying cables, there is often the problem that additional cable is needed at a later date, which is then connected via connecting elements with the already laid cable. On the one hand, this procedure is very time-consuming and at the same time cost-intensive, since, depending on the type of cable, the necessary connecting elements are expensive. In addition, any additional connection point in a cable means that losses during transmission can not be excluded.

In particular, when glass fiber cables are laid, it is necessary at each junction to remove a part of the cable, furthermore, the connecting elements are very expensive, the installation very time-consuming and at the same time losses in the transfer can not be excluded.

To overcome these disadvantages, it is already known to lay an excess of cable when laying cables, which is then stored in a cable storage for later use. In this case, the excess of the cable is usually wound into circles and introduced into this cable storage. Often, however, the removal of the cable is expensive. In particular, if fiber optic cables are laid, must be taken into account that when removing the additional cable There is a risk of damage, in particular the breakage of the glass fibers of the fiber optic cable, since these glass fibers must not be kinked.

The invention is therefore based on the object to provide a cable storage of the generic type, which ensures easy removal of the cable.

This object is achieved by a cable storage of the known type in that the cable is introduced according to an insert pattern that is chosen so that parts of the cable are pre-twisted in different directions.

The insertion of the cable according to the invention makes it possible for the first time to simply remove the cable from the cable store and process it further, without the need for complicated additional handling steps in order to remove the twisting of the cable arising during the conventional winding processes. In this way, it is possible to attach or store the cable storage in a variety of places, since the removal of the cable can also be done in confined spaces.

According to a preferred embodiment, it may be provided that the cable initially assumes the shape of an eight, and then the upper circular element of the eight formed is brought into abutment with the lower, to obtain a single circular element, which is inserted into the cable memory. This special winding method ensures that the cable is pre-grooved, so that the rotations introduced into the cable cancel each other off automatically on removal. In addition, this loading pattern can be achieved very easily and quickly without additional resources.

Advantageously, the circular elements brought into contact with one another can form the upper circular element for a further eight to be laid out of the cable. This makes it possible even larger amounts of cable to simple Way in accordance with the requirements of claim 1 vorzudrillen, the cost remains consistently low.

It has proven to be particularly advantageous if the one cable end is located at each crossover operation of the cable ends on the other end of the cable. This feature is particularly useful when laying ribbon cables.

According to another preferred embodiment, the cable may be inserted as a winding body, comprising an even number of individual turns, wherein the one cable end crosses the other end of the cable once in each crossover process once above and once below. Also by this loading pattern, the conditions of claim 1 are met.

According to another embodiment, it may be provided that the housing comprises at least one housing frame and a lid. The design of the cable storage with a lid allows easy access to the cable located in the cable storage, as this can be easily removed after removal of the lid. In this case, the housing frame can remain at its selected position, so that the effort in the removal can be reduced.

Advantageously, each housing frame may be formed as a U-shaped bent band, with two mutually parallel U-legs and a semicircular integral with the U-legs base region. Here, the inner diameter of the semicircular base region may be slightly larger than the diameter of the inserted in concentric circles cable. Furthermore, the length of the U-legs can correspond at least to the radius of the semicircular base region. The formation of the one end of the cable memory as a semicircle serves on the one hand for the safe arrangement of the wound cable, since this can be placed in abutment with the semicircular area, and is thereby kept dimensionally stable. At the same time, the chose form of cable storage space requirements of the same as limited as possible.

According to a further preferred embodiment, the two U-legs of the housing frame may be connected to each other at least at their ends opposite the base region via at least one releasably secured strut element, which extends between the opposite inner sides of the U-legs. This bracing element ensures that the housing frame is dimensionally stable even after removal of the cover, and is not forced apart by the inserted cable, whereby at the same time the cable can lose the wound shape.

Advantageously, provision can be made for two spaced-apart bracing elements to be provided at the ends of the U-legs opposite the base area, wherein a bracing element is arranged on the side facing the floor and a bracing element on the side facing the cover. This feature also serves the stability of the housing frame, and in particular ensures the dimensional stability.

Furthermore, it can prove to be advantageous if the U-legs are connected to one another via at least two mutually spaced and spaced-apart, releasably secured bracing elements, wherein a bracing element is arranged on the ends of the U-legs opposite the base region and a bracing element in the vicinity of the base region facing ends of the U-legs is arranged. In this case, it can further be provided that in each case two mutually parallel and spaced-apart bracing elements are arranged at the base region opposite ends of the U-legs and in the vicinity of the base region facing ends of the U-legs, wherein each one of the bracing elements on the Floor facing side and a strut element is arranged on the side facing the lid. In turn, the stability is increased by these additional bracing elements, at the same time the bracing provide additional security of the inserted cable in the cable memory, since this cable can be performed in particular between the parallel arranged in the vicinity of the base region arranged strut elements, and held between them can be. In this case, a simple removal of the inserted cable is made possible by the releasable attachment of the bracing elements, as this can be easily inserted, and the bracing elements can also be attached later. This is especially necessary when inserting rigid cable reels, for example fiber optic cables. Further, the additional bracing elements allow the cable storage to be secured to the wall without risk of removal of the cover, for example by falling out of the cable.

Advantageously, the strut elements are square in cross section. This form has proven itself in practice.

Furthermore, it can be provided that each strut element has at least one passage opening which is formed approximately in the middle of the strut element, and opens to the floor or lid. This passage opening allows e.g. attach the brace to a wall or connect the cover to the bracing elements.

According to a further preferred embodiment it can be provided that a bottom element is arranged in the region of the semicircular base region. Here, the bottom element may connect to the lower edge of the semicircular region at the opposite end of the U-legs and to extend approximately over half the radius of the semicircular region formed on the U-legs. This bottom element serves on the one hand to support the cable in the housing, as this provides a support surface for the wound cable at least in a horizontal storage, at the same time the rounding of the semicircular element is clearly defined and kept dimensionally stable by this bottom element. It has been found in practice that it is completely sufficient if only a part of the semicircular area is detected by the bottom element, so that in this way the production costs can be kept as low as possible.

According to a further preferred embodiment it can be provided that a plurality of housing frames are arranged detachably on one another. This makes it possible, on the one hand, to arrange several cables one above the other, each cable being individually removable, likewise a single cable can be laid in several interconnected circles, with each individual circuit comprising a plurality of windings separated from the others in a single housing frame can be inserted. Again, it is then possible, depending on the cable requirements, only remove the cable stored in a single frame, remove the corresponding frame and then screw the lid back so that the cable storage does not take up unnecessarily much space.

Advantageously, can be arranged between two superimposed housing frame, a connecting element, which ensures a detachable connection between the two housing frame. Here, the connecting element may be arranged in the lower region of the outer side of the housing frame located in the assembled state above, extend over the entire outer circumference of the housing frame and in the assembled state protrude a predetermined length on the lower housing frame. Furthermore, the connecting element may have a seal. These embodiments ensure secure attachment of two housing frames together, while providing protection. According to yet another embodiment, the cable entry and the cable exit may be arranged in a semicircular area and each may be formed as a recess opening towards the upper edge. Advantageously, the cable entry and the cable exit may be formed by a longitudinally extending along the outer circumference of the passage opening, which opens over a centrally formed in the upper longitudinal side recess to the upper edge. Furthermore, the cable entrance and the cable exit can be arranged opposite each other. If the cable inlet and the cable outlet formed as an elongated recess, this allows greater flexibility in the laying of the cable, since the final insertion or execution position of the cable does not yet have to be fixed, but this can be freely moved over the entire region of the opening , This is particularly important if rigid cables are laid, which can not be easily moved to another position, so that sometimes complicated laying work is necessary for a fixed predetermined opening.

Advantageously, it may further be provided that the lid is formed somewhat larger than the surface formed between the U-legs and the semi-circular base portion, wherein the lid is provided at its edge with a down to the housing to be extended border. This ensures that the lid sits well on the housing frame, wherein the peripheral border simultaneously causes a fixation of the lid.

Advantageously, the lid can be provided in the region of the border with passage openings for releasably fixing the lid on the housing frame. Further, the lid may have at least one passage opening for releasable connection with at least one strut element.

Furthermore, it can be provided that the housing frame is provided on both sides on the outside of the U-legs with retaining projections. In this case, the retaining projections may be formed on the ends of the U-legs opposite the semicircular base region. Advantage- Of course, the retaining projections may be formed as an angle plate. The retaining projections allow mounting of the cable storage in a wall mounting, wherein the positioning of the retaining projections at the ends of the U-legs ensure that the inserted cable is firmly in contact with the semicircular base region, and is held in position. Although the retaining projections can equally be used in a mounting on the ground, but this is usually not necessary.

Advantageously, the individual components of the cable storage are made of metal, e.g. Steel, stainless steel, aluminum, plastic and any other suitable material. Consequently, a wide variety of materials can be used and can be selected depending on the application. Similarly, combinations of different materials may be used, e.g. Plastic and metal.

Hereinafter, the invention will be described in detail with reference to preferred embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings.

It shows:

1 shows a three-dimensional view of a cable storage, with housing frame and lid attached thereto,

FIG. 2 shows the cable store shown in FIG. 1 with the cover removed;

FIG. 3 shows a cable store, wherein two housing frames have been fastened on one another,

FIG. 4 shows the cable store shown in FIG. 3 with the cover removed;

FIG. 5 shows a single housing frame of the cable store shown in FIG. 3, Figure 6 shows a cable attached to the wall with inserted

electric wire

Figure 7 shows the cable store shown in Figure 6 with the lid removed

Figure 8 to 10 an example of a winding process of the cable and

Figures 11 and 12 show another example of a winding process of the cable.

FIG. 1 shows a first exemplary embodiment of a cable memory 1 in a three-dimensional representation with a housing frame 2 and a cover 3 fastened thereon. Here, the lid 3 has the shape of a closed U, formed by two mutually parallel U-legs and a semicircular base region. The lid rests on the housing 2 and is held thereon by a border 4 adjoining the outer edge of the lid. In the closed state, the inside of the rim 4 of the lid bears against the outside of the housing frame 2, thus holding the lid to the frame. The connection between the cover and the housing frame may be formed as a press fit.

The structure of the housing frame is shown in detail in Figure 2, which shows a housing frame 2 with the lid removed. The housing frame 2 is formed as a U-shaped band, consisting of two mutually parallel U-legs 5, 5 ', as well as an integrally formed with the U-legs 5, 5', extending therebetween semicircular base region. 6 The band is arranged so that one side of the band forms the inside of the case and the other the outside of the case. The semicircular base region 6 has on its side located in use below a bottom element 7, which is thus arranged on the base region, the underside of the bottom element 7 forms a plane with the lower edge 10 of the base region 6. The bottom region 7 is designed in the form of a circular section, ie it extends over the U-legs 5, 5 'opposite end of the base region 6 to about half of the base region 6. The bottom element 7 thus concludes only about half of the base portion. 6 downwards. The end edge 8 of the bottom element extends perpendicular to the U-legs 5, 5 '.

The U-legs 5, 5 'are formed integrally with the base portion 6, and extend parallel to each other. The length of the U-legs hereby corresponds at least to the radius of the base region 6.

The two U-legs 5, 5 'are connected to each other via four interposed between the inner sides of the U-legs 5, 5' extending bracing elements 9. Here, the individual strut elements 9 extend parallel to each other and parallel to the edge 8 of the bottom element and perpendicular to the U-legs 5, 5 '. In each case two bracing elements are arranged one above the other, with a predetermined distance from each other, and close on the one hand with the lower edge 10 of the U-legs 5, 5 'and the upper edge 11 of the U-legs 5, 5' from. There are therefore formed in each case two Verstrebungselementpaare. Equally, however, the bracing elements can also be arranged offset from one another.

One of the Verstrebungselementpaare 9 is, as shown in the figures, arranged at the base region 6 opposite ends of the U-legs 5, 5 ', and thus also terminate with the side edge of the U-legs. The other pair of bracing elements 9 are disposed in the vicinity of the base region 6, i. in the vicinity of the transition of the base region 6 to the U-legs 5, 5 '. Preferably, this Verstrebungselementpaar is arranged between the transition to the base region 6 and about half of the U-legs 5,5 '.

Each strut element 9 is rectangular in cross-section, and is screwed to the U-legs 5, 5 '. Any other suitable solvable Connection can also be used. For this purpose, the U-legs are provided with correspondingly arranged through openings, through which a connecting element for fastening the strut elements 9 can be introduced. The bracing elements are further provided centrally with a passage opening 12 which is arranged so that it opens to the bottom and lid.

In use, a cable reel, not shown, is introduced into the housing frame in such a way that it rests on the floor area 7 as well as on the strut elements 9 arranged on the lower edge 10. In this case, it is possible first to introduce the cable reel and only then to insert and fasten the strut elements 9 assigned to the upper edge 11.

In the region of the base region 6, the cable inlet 13 and the cable outlet 14 are formed opposite each other. Through these openings, the cable of the wound cable roll is guided respectively. The cable inlet 13 and the cable outlet 14 are identical in this case and have the shape of an elongated, i. extending in the circumferential direction of the passage opening, wherein the opposite narrow ends are formed as semicircles. The passage opening 15 is in this case at its upper edge, i. the lid facing edge is provided with an outlet opening 16 which extends only over a short central area, and creates an opening of the passage opening to the upper edge 11, so that a cable to be inserted can be easily inserted through the outlet opening 16 in the passage opening 15 ,

The housing frame 2 further has on both sides of the base region 6 opposite ends of the U-legs 5, 5 'retaining elements 17. The holding elements 17 are in this case formed as an angle elements, comprising two webs 18, 19 arranged perpendicular to one another, the holding elements 17 being arranged on the U-legs 5, 5 'in such a way that a web 18 of the holding element 17 extends over a section of the outside U-leg extends and terminates with the lower edge 10 and that the web 19 extends perpendicular to the outside.

Both the web 18 and the web 19 are provided with receiving openings in order to connect the holding element 17, on the one hand, to the U-limb 5 or 5 'and, on the other hand, e.g. to attach to a wall.

As shown in Figure 3, two housing frames can be arranged on top of each other, each housing frame 2 is formed identical to each other, and only the top housing frame 2 is covered by the lid 3. In this case, only the lowermost housing frame 2 has the retaining elements 17.

Between the two housing frame 2, a connecting element 21 is formed, which extends between the two housing frame rings on the outside thereof. Here, as is clear from FIGS. 4 and 5, which illustrate the housing frame without cover or only an upper housing frame, it is clear that the connection element 21 is connected only to the housing frame located in use above another housing frame 2.

As can be seen in particular from Figure 5, the connecting element 21 extends beyond the lower edge 10 of the housing frame 2, and thus forms a protruding border 23, which is in the assembled state in contact with the outside of the lower housing frame.

Further, in order to improve the connection between two housing frames 2, the upper bracing members 9 of the lower body frame 2 may be connected to the lower brace members 9 of the upper body frame via a screw or the like. It becomes clear that the corresponding struts are almost in contact with each other. Furthermore, it becomes clear from FIG. 3 that the cover 3 can also be connected to the upper strut elements 9 by means of a screw.

Figures 6 and 7 show a cable storage according to the invention with inserted cable roll in wall mounting. In this case, the semicircular base portion 6 is arranged below, facing the ground, and the opposite ends of the U-legs 5, 5 'together with the holding devices 17 are located at a position facing the ceiling. As is particularly clear in Figure 7, the coiled cable reel is in abutment with the inside of the housing frame, and is held in shape by the semicircular base portion 6. Further, the cable roll is protected by a strut element 9 from falling out upon removal of the lid 3 from the housing frame.

If additional cable is required during operation, either the entire coil located in the cable housing can be removed, or only a certain number of turns.

If a plurality of housing frames are arranged on top of each other, a housing frame can be removed if the cable has been completely removed therefrom.

As explained above, the loading pattern of the cable reel is of considerable importance. Here, the cable should be laid in such a way that in each case certain areas of the cable are pre-twisted in opposite directions, i. that upon complete removal of the cable, the rotation introduced by the winding process is canceled out against each other. An example of such a suitable Aufwickelmusters is explained in Figures 8 to 10 and another in Figures 11 and 12.

As shown in Figure 8, the cable 25 is first placed in the form of a circle, wherein the two cable ends 26 and 27 at the intersection point 28 intersect once. In this way, the circle 29 is formed. Subsequently, a second circle is performed by superimposing the cable ends 26 and 27th formed, with the intersection point 30 opposite the first intersection point 28, and wherein the thus laid cable now has the shape of an eight. It is advantageous here if the cable end 26 is routed via the cable 27 during each crossing process.

In a second step shown in FIG. 9, the circle 29 is placed on the circle 31 so that the cable 25 now has only a single circle.

If it is intended to accommodate even more cables in the housing, steps 1 and 2 may be repeated, with the circle formed by stacking circles 29 and 31 being the upper part of a new eight to be laid with cable 25, i. the cable ends 26 and 27 are once again superimposed, and the circle formed by the circles 29 and 31 is placed on a new circle 32.

Another winding technique is shown in FIGS. 11 and 12. As a result, pre-grooving of the cable 25 can be achieved as the cable ends 26 and 27 change positions at each crossover operation, i.e., when the cable ends 26 and 27 change positions. in the first crossover operation, the cable 27 is above the cable 26, and in the second crossing, the cable 26 is above the cable 27. However, it is necessary that there be one by two divisible number of windings.

Claims

claims

A cable storage (1) having a housing with a cable (25) inserted therein, the housing having at least one cable entry (13) and a cable exit (14), and wherein the cable (25) is in substantially concentric circles into the housing is inserted and enters the housing through the cable inlet (13) and exits through the cable outlet (14), wherein cable inlet (13) and cable outlet (14) are arranged on the outer circumference of the housing, characterized in that the cable (25) after a Loading pattern is introduced that is chosen so that

Parts of the cable are pre-grooved in different directions.

2. cable storage (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that the cable (25) first assumes the shape of an eight, and then the upper circular element of the eight formed is brought into abutment with the lower, to form a single circular element, which can be inserted in the cable memory.

3. cable memory (1) according to claim 2, characterized in that the brought into abutment with each other circular elements form the upper circular element for another, from the cable (25) to be laid eight.

4. cable storage (1) according to any one of claims 2 or 3, characterized in that the one cable end (26) at each crossover operation of the cable ends over the other end of the cable (27).

5. cable storage (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that the cable (25) is inserted as a winding body, comprise an even number of individual turns, said one end of the cable (26) the other end of the cable (27) in each crossover each time above and once crossed below.

6. Cable storage (1) according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the housing has at least one housing frame (2) and a lid (3) includes.

7. cable storage (1) according to claim 6, characterized in that each housing frame (2) is formed as a U-shaped band, with two mutually parallel U-legs (5, 5 ') and one integral with the U-legs (5, 5 ') semicircular base region (6)

8. cable store (1) according to claim 7, characterized in that the inner diameter of the semi-circular base portion (6) is slightly larger than the diameter of the inserted in concentric circles cable (25).

9. Cable storage (1) according to claim 7 or 8, characterized in that the length of the U-legs (5, 5 ') corresponds at least to the radius of the semicircular region (6).

10. Cable store (1) according to any one of claims 6 to 9, characterized in that the two U-legs (5, 5 ') of the housing frame (2) at least at their base region (6) opposite ends via at least one releasably secured bracing element (9) are interconnected, which sielt between the opposite inner sides of the U-legs (5, 5 ') extends.

11. Cable storage (1) according to claim 10, characterized in that two spaced apart Verstrebungselemente (9) at the base region (6) opposite ends of the U-legs (5, 5 ') are provided, wherein a strut element (9) the ground-facing side and a strut element (9) is arranged on the side facing the cover.

12. cable storage (1) according to one of claims 6 to 9, characterized in that the U-legs (5, 5 ') via at least two mutually parallel and spaced apart, releasably secured Ver¬ Striving elements (9) are interconnected, wherein a strut element (9) at the base region (6) opposite ends of the U-legs (5, 5 ') is arranged and a strut element (9) in the vicinity of the base region (6). facing ends of the U-legs (5, 5 ') is arranged.

13. cable store (1) according to claim 12, characterized in that in each case two mutually parallel and spaced apart Verstrebungselemente (9) at the base region (6) opposite ends of the U-legs (5, 5 ') and in the vicinity of the base region (6) facing ends of the U-legs (5, 5 ') are arranged, wherein in each case one of the strut elements (9) on the side facing the bottom and a strut element (9) is arranged on the side facing the lid.

14. Cable storage (1) according to one of the characterized in that the strut elements (9) are square in cross-section.

15. Cable store (1) according to any one of claims, characterized in that each strut element (9) has at least one passage opening (12) which is formed approximately in the middle of the strut element 89) and opens to the bottom or lid.

16. Cable storage (1) according to one of claims 6 to 15, characterized in that in the region of the semicircular base region (9), a bottom element (7) is arranged.

17. Cable store (1) according to claim 16, characterized in that the bottom element (7) adjoins the lower edge of the semicircular base region (6) at the U-legs (5, 5 ') opposite end approximately over the half radius of the semi-circular base portion (6) on the U-legs (5, 5 ') to extend.

18. cable storage (1) according to one of claims 6 to 17, characterized in that a plurality of housing frame (2) are arranged detachably to each other

19 cable storage (1) according to claim 18, characterized in that between two superimposed housing frame (2) a connecting element (21) may be arranged, which ensures a detachable connection between the two housing frame (2).

20. Cable storage (1) according to any one of claims 18 or 19, characterized in that the connecting element (21) in the lower region of the outside of the assembled state in the upper housing frame (2) is arranged over the entire outer circumference of the housing frame ( 2) extends and in the assembled state a predetermined length on the lower housing frame (2) surmounted.

21 cable storage (1) according to one of claims 18 to 20, characterized in that the connecting element (21) has a seal

22 cable storage (1) according to one of claims 6 to 21, characterized in that the cable inlet (13) and the cable outlet (14) in the semicircular base region (6) are arranged and each as a to the upper edge (1 ) opening recess (15) are formed.

23. Cable storage (1) according to claim 22, characterized in that the cable inlet (13) and the cable outlet (14) by a longitudinally along the outer circumference extending through opening (15) is formed, which is formed over a centrally in the upper longitudinal side Recess (16) opens to the upper edge (11).

24. cable memory (1) according to one of claims 1 to 23, characterized in that the cable inlet (13) and the cable outlet (14) are arranged opposite to each other.

25. cable store (1) according to one of claims 6 to 24, characterized in that the lid (3) is formed slightly larger than that formed between the U-legs (5, 5 ') and the semi-circular base portion (6) Surface, wherein the lid (3) is provided at its edge with a downwardly extending to the housing frame (4).

26. Cable storage (1) according to claim 25, characterized in that the cover (3) in the region of the border (49) is provided with passage openings for releasably fixing the cover to the housing frame (2).

27. Cable storage (1) according to any one of claims 25 or 26, characterized in that the cover (3) has at least one passage opening for releasable connection with at least one strut element (9).

28 cable storage (1) according to one of claims 6 to 27, characterized in that the housing frame (2) on both sides of the outer side of the U-legs (5, 5 ') with retaining projections (17) is provided.

29 cable storage (1) according to claim 28, characterized in that the holding projections on the semi-circular base portion (6) opposite ends of the U-legs (5, 5 ') are formed.

30. Cable storage (1) according to any one of claims 28 or 29, characterized in that the holding projections (17) as an angle plate (18, 19) are formed.

31 cable storage (1) according to one of claims 1 to 30, characterized in that the individual elements of the cable storage are made of metal and / or plastic.

2. cable storage (1) according to claim 31, characterized in that the cover (39), the housing frame (2) and the bracing elements (9) made of steel, stainless steel or aluminum are made.