EP1602885B1 - Installation d' habitation ou de loisirs de plein-air climatisée - Google Patents

Installation d' habitation ou de loisirs de plein-air climatisée Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1602885B1
EP1602885B1 EP04028131A EP04028131A EP1602885B1 EP 1602885 B1 EP1602885 B1 EP 1602885B1 EP 04028131 A EP04028131 A EP 04028131A EP 04028131 A EP04028131 A EP 04028131A EP 1602885 B1 EP1602885 B1 EP 1602885B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
air
facility
boundary
area
cooling system
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Not-in-force
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EP04028131A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP1602885A1 (fr
Inventor
Ludwig Morasch
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Morasch Ludwig
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Individual
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Priority to EP04028131A priority Critical patent/EP1602885B1/fr
Priority to EG2005060277A priority patent/EG24069A/xx
Publication of EP1602885A1 publication Critical patent/EP1602885A1/fr
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Publication of EP1602885B1 publication Critical patent/EP1602885B1/fr
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F5/00—Air-conditioning systems or apparatus not covered by F24F1/00 or F24F3/00, e.g. using solar heat or combined with household units such as an oven or water heater
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F5/00—Air-conditioning systems or apparatus not covered by F24F1/00 or F24F3/00, e.g. using solar heat or combined with household units such as an oven or water heater
    • F24F5/0046—Air-conditioning systems or apparatus not covered by F24F1/00 or F24F3/00, e.g. using solar heat or combined with household units such as an oven or water heater using natural energy, e.g. solar energy, energy from the ground

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an open-air, air-conditioned residential or recreational facility for a climatically hot environment.
  • the invention further relates to a method of air-conditioning an open-air residential or recreational facility in a climatically hot environment.
  • EP 1 442 654 A2 describes a vegetation ground temperature control method for avoiding an influence on a lawn due to a temperature drop, snow or frost, wherein a heat transfer medium supply pipe is buried in the ground and wherein the soil temperature is predicted based on an estimation of a time lag of heat conduction and a wheather change.
  • Open-air, air-conditioned residential or recreational facility in a climatically hot environment said facility comprising
  • the invention also provides a method for air-conditioning an open-air residential or recreational facility (in the following briefly: "facility”) in a climatically hot environment, comprising
  • the inventor has surprisingly identified a way of conditioning the air in large, open-air territories like in residential or recreational locations. Surprisingly, it was found that it is possible to maintain a significant temperature difference between the outside and the inside of said boundary using a relatively low height of said boundary, since the cooled air stays near the ground and does not give rise to convection. Thus, the inventor has found a way of artificially creating a micro climate of reduced temperature applicable to town construction.
  • the invention is of particular use in hot tropical or sub-tropical environments where a reduction of the air temperature even by some degrees represents a substantial improvement for people suffering from an exceeding heat.
  • the cooling system of the invention cools the ground of the area of said facility and/or the air near the ground. Said physical boundary surrounding said area is of sufficient height for reducing lateral exchange of air between the area inside said boundary and the outside environment of said boundary, thus preserving the coolness achieved by the cooling system.
  • Said boundary reduces, preferably prevents, lateral exchange of air at least near the ground surface of said facility.
  • the height up to which said lateral exchange of air may be reduced or prevented depends on the height of said physical boundary.
  • the higher said boundary the higher the height up to which said lateral exchange can be reduced and prevented.
  • the height up to which coolness may be preserved inside said facility thus depends on the height up to which said lateral exchange of air is reduced or prevented by said physical boundary. Cool air produced near the ground inside said area has a higher density than uncooled air. Therefore, cooled air will stay at the bottom and has little tendency to mix with uncooled air above the cool air as long as wind or agitation is essentially absent.
  • a layer "(sea") of cool air will form extending over the entire area of said facility.
  • the thickness of the layer of cool air increases.
  • the thickness of the layer of cool air cannot extend beyond the height of said physical boundary.
  • the thickness of the cool air layer can be as high as several (e.g. 2 or 3) stories of a building inside said facility.
  • the cool air inside said facility has a higher density than uncooled air outside said facility, leading to a higher air pressure at the ground inside said facility compared to outside said facility.
  • the cool air inside said facility has a strong tendency to spread over a large area for reducing the thickness of the layer of cool air, whereby the cool air would dissipate and get lost.
  • spreading of cool air is restricted to the area inside said facility by said physical boundary.
  • the cool air is kept inside said facility. It is important that said physical boundary is free of significant openings (i.e. openings of a significant size) that would allow cool air from the inside to be pressed out to the environment.
  • Cool air that is lost through openings in said boundary is replaced by uncooled air from above, whereby the layer of cooled air inside said facility becomes thinner and may vanish entirely.
  • Said physical boundary should therefore not have openings that are (together) bigger than 2 m 2 , preferably no openings that are (together) bigger than 3000 cm 2 , more preferably no openings (together) bigger than 1000 cm 2 , and most preferably no openings that are (together) bigger than 500 cm 2 .
  • Loss of cool air through minor openings may be compensated by an increased cooling power of said cooling system.
  • Significant openings at a certain height of said physical boundary will lead to an effective height of said physical boundary at the height of said significant openings.
  • Said facility may of course have an occludable opening like an emergency exit or a sluice (lock) for entering or exiting said facility.
  • Said facility preferably has no access opening for people or vehicles in said physical boundary. People or vehicles may access the inside of said facility e.g. via a tunnel leading from the outside of said facility to an underground level of said facility to the surface of said facility may be reached. The access tunnel should have an occludable door for avoiding loss of cool air through said tunnel. Said underground level may have facilities like a parking lot for vehicles. Alternatively, people or vehicles may access the inside of said facility via a passing that bridges said physical boundary. Such a passing may comprise a ramp on both sides of said physical boundary, said ramp leading up to the top of said physical boundary. Such a passing is well suited for giving vehicles like cars access to said facility.
  • cooling means colder than in the absence of an operating cooling system in said facility.
  • cool means colder than the temperature (measured in the shadow) of the environment outside said facility or above said facility at a height higher than the height of said boundary. If said cooling system cools the ground in said facility, the cooled ground will cool the air above the ground, thereby leading to a layer or sea of cooled air in said facility.
  • inside said facility or “inside said (physical) boundary” means the area surrounded by said physical boundary including the space above said area up to a height corresponding to the height of said physical boundary.
  • Outside said facility or “outside said boundary” means the area including the space near said facility excluding the inside of said facility.
  • the facility of the invention is an open-air facility, i.e. it does not have a solid roof that would abolish convection of air in the vertical direction inside said boundary.
  • parts of said facility may be provided with means for preventing direct sunlight reaching the ground, like a canvas blind.
  • Air-conditioning herein means a reduction of the temperature of the air inside compared to the air outside said facility under otherwise comparable conditions.
  • the area of the facility of the invention may be large enough for buildings like houses and recreational means like parks, lawn, trees, lakes, swimming pools etc.
  • the facility of the invention is not a stadium like a football stadium.
  • the energy required for powering the electricallly powered cooling system of the invention does in general not pose a problem in the climatically hot environments envisioned by the invention, since abundant solar energy is available, especially during the hottest periods of the day, for producing electrical power using a solar power plant.
  • a solar power plant is preferably located outside said facility for keeping heat generated by said solar power plant outside said facility. It is preferred to locate the solar light absorption devices of the solar power plant next to said boundary on the outside of said facility.
  • the solar light absorption devices may be located such that hot air ascending from a hot surface of a solar light absorption device may ascend in close proximity to said boundary. At the top of said boundary, said hot air may thus form a cushion of upwardly flowing warm air separating air inside said facility from air in the environment of said facility. Such an air cushion helps to protect the air inside said facility from being agitated by wind (see Fig. 5).
  • the facility of the invention may be large enough to include buildings like residential buildings, hotels or recreational facilities like swimming-pools, lawns, sport facilities etc.
  • the facility may include an entire (urban) settlement.
  • the area of said facility inside said physical boundary may have a size of at least 100 m 2 , preferably at least 500 m 2 , more preferably at least 2000 m 2 , and most preferably at least 10 000 m 2 .
  • the area may however be even larger, e.g. 1 km 2 .
  • Preferred sizes are between 10 000 m 2 and 1 km 2 , preferably 10 000 to 50 000 m 2 .
  • the number of facilities that may be arranged to form an assembly of facilities is not limited and my e.g. be 2 to 10, preferably, 4 to 8.
  • the shape of the facility of the invention may for example be round, rectangular, or cross-shaped.
  • the shape of the facility is determined by the shape of said physical boundary.
  • the buildings inside the facility may be arranged in any form of conventional settlements. Buildings inside said facility may be integrated into said boundary, e.g. such that the building forms part of said boundary.
  • the cooling efficiency (cooling power) to be used for the cooling system of the invention depends, apart from its power, from the level of lateral air exchange between the area inside said boundary and the environment outside said boundary.
  • the exchange of air e.g. in case of wind, in turn, depends inter alia on the height of said boundary and the size of the area inside said facility.
  • the size of said area, the height of said boundary, and said cooling system should be mutually adjusted to each other for allowing to achieve a desired air-conditioning effect.
  • they are mutually adjusted such that the air temperature near the surface of said area is at least 2°, preferably at least 5°, more preferably at least 7°C lower than the temperature in the outside environment during day time.
  • Said cooling system should be capable of cooling the air near the ground surface of the area inside said facility to a temperature between 18° and 35°C, preferably between 25° and 35°C, more preferably to a temperature between 25° and 30°C.
  • the lateral exchange of air between the area inside said boundary and the environment outside said boundary depends to a large extent on the presence or absence of wind.
  • the above-mentioned temperatures and temperature differences relate to a situation where wind is essentially absent, preferably entirely absent.
  • the air-conditioning effect of the facility of the invention will be worse than in its absence.
  • heat is perceived as less stressing by humans.
  • the cooling effect of the facility of the invention will immediately return.
  • the height of said physical boundary should be the higher, the larger the size of said facility.
  • Said boundary may have a height of at least 2 m, preferably at least 3 m, more preferably at least 4 m. For large sizes of said facility, the height may be even higher, e.g. between 5 and 20 m.
  • Said physical boundary does not have to have the same height throughout. It may be higher at places where a stronger lateral air exchange is expected from the specific location or wind conditions at the specific site where said facility is constructed.
  • Said physical boundary may be made of any material capable of reducing, preferably preventing, lateral air exchange across said boundary.
  • Said physical boundary does not have to be air impermeable provided it is capable or reducing said air exchange. It may comprise a woven (e.g. canvas) or a non-woven fabric. Further, it may be formed of a densely planted plants like trees and bushes. Preferably, said boundary is air impermeable.
  • said physical boundary is a wall.
  • Said boundary may further be made of at least one material selected from the group consisting of: concrete, brickwork, wood, glas, metal, and plastic. Houses of said facility may be part of said physical boundary, whereby the walls of said house form said boundary.
  • the wall may be strengthened by a dam or soil or by other strengthening means.
  • Said boundary may also be an earth wall.
  • Said boundary may be made of different materials along its cicrumference. Natural conditions like rocks may be included in said boundary at a portion of said boundary.
  • the physical boundary may be made of different materials in different heights.
  • the physical boundary may comprise a dam at the bottom and a wall constructed on said dam. If required, a woven fabric may be tentered between masts on the top of said wall, e.g. for reducing a negative effect of wind on the air inside said facility.
  • the ground surface of the area of said facility may be located like a valley below the surface of the outside environment, thereby reducing lateral exchange of air between the area inside said boundary and the environment of said boundary.
  • Said physical boundary surrounds the inside area of said facility.
  • said physical boundary surrounds the area of said facility completely.
  • means for providing access to the inside of said facility are preferably provided.
  • Such a means may be an opening.
  • the opening can be closed by a door for minimizing lateral air exchange between inside and outside.
  • there may be a way like a street going over the boundary, e.g. using a bridge.
  • access to the inside of said facility may be provided by a tunnel underneath said boundary.
  • cool water as a coolant may be available e.g. form a cool fountain and electrical power is used for distributing said coolant to desired locations in said facility e.g. using an electrical pump.
  • Said coolant may e.g. be pumped up to a certain level above the ground and then allowed to flow down (e.g. in drops) at various places thereby cooling the ground and the air inside said facility.
  • said cooling system is an electrically-powered cooling system in that electricity is used for cooling down a coolant fluid (e.g. in a refrigerator using an electrical pump for making use of the Joule-Thomson effect).
  • the cooling system of the invention may be an electrically-powered refrigerating unit.
  • Refrigerating units that may be used for the invention are known in refrigerating technology. Examples are conventional air-conditioning devices.
  • the power of the refrigerating unit should be adjusted to the size of the facility to be air-conditioned.
  • Several refrigerating units (like air-conditioning devices) may be run in parallel in said facility.
  • the required number and power of refrigerating units can be determined by a man skilled in the art of heating engineering depending on the size of the facility, the temperature difference to be achieved, and other circumstances. Heat generated by the refrigerating unit (e.g. upon cooling of the coolant fluid) has to be conveyed to the outside of said facility.
  • Said refrigerating unit(s) are preferably located close to said physical boundary such that the heat generated by the refrigerating unit can easily be conveyed to the outside environment of said facility (e.g. to the outer side of said boundary or to the space above said facility).
  • said refrigerating unit(s) may be integrated into said boundary.
  • said cooling system comprises many refrigerating units for providing sufficient cooling power. These refrigerating units may be arranged along said boundary, e.g. equally spaced.
  • the cooled air produced by said refrigerating units is released to the inside of said facility.
  • the cooled air may be released at the ground surface of the area of said facility.
  • the cooled air may also be released at a predetermined height above the ground surface of said facility, e.g at a height of 1 or 2 meters. In any case, the cooled air should be released at a height lower than the height of said physical boundary.
  • said cooling system may comprise a refrigerating unit and a coolant fluid cooled by said unit, whereby said coolant fluid flows or circulates on the ground surface or below the ground surface of said area.
  • the cooling effect of said coolant may be based on the take up of heat by said coolant from the air or the ground inside said facility.
  • the cooling effect may be based on a phase transition of the coolant e.g. evaporation of water as a coolant.
  • Said cooling system may comprise a coolant fluid that is cooled by said refrigerating unit(s).
  • the type of coolant fluid depends on the cooling principle employed and may be any conventional coolant like a gas (e.g. natural or artificial air, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, propane, butane, fluorinated hydrocarbons etc.) or a liquid.
  • the most preferred liquid coolant fluid is water.
  • the coolant fluid notably water, may be allowed to flow on the surface of the area inside said facility.
  • Water as a coolant fluid may form lakes or little rivers cooling the ground inside said facility and the air near the ground inside said facility. Evaporation cooling by water evaporation may contribute to the cooling effect. It is preferred to arrange the course of the coolant fluid such that it may circulate back to the refrigerating unit to be cooled again.
  • the cooling system may comprise a duct system like a pipe system for said coolant fluid.
  • the duct system is preferably located below the surface of the area of said facility. Said duct system allows circulation of said coolant fluid.
  • the duct system and the refrigerating unit may form a closed system for the coolant fluid, allowing circulation of said coolant fluid.
  • the duct system should be installed just below the surface of the ground for allowing efficient thermal conduction between the duct system and the surface.
  • the duct system may be an open system that releases cooled coolant fluid at selected locations in said facility.
  • the coolant fluid may be air, nitrogen, or carbon dioxide, preferably air. If said duct system is a pipe system, the pipes are preferably made of metal.
  • the cooling system of the invention may make use of the Joule-Thomson effect for cooling the coolant fluid.
  • the coolant fluid cooled using the Joule-Thomson effect may be used directly for cooling said facility preferably in a closed system.
  • the coolant fluid cooled using the Joule-Thomson effect is a primary coolant that cools a secondary coolant.
  • Primary coolant fluids having a favourable Joule-Thomson effect for use in refrigerators are known in the art.
  • the secondary coolant e.g. water, air, etc.
  • Said refrigerating unit should be capable of cooling said coolant fluid to a temperature between 0° and 30°C, preferably to a temperature between 5° and 25°C.
  • the cooling system may comprise air-conditioning refrigerating units and a refrigerating unit cooling a coolant fluid flowing or circulating on the ground surface or below the ground surface of said area.
  • the cooling system may comprise a device that produces and spreads aqueous fog, whereby heat is consumed upon transition of the fog to the gas phase.
  • Said refrigerating unit is most preferably an electrical refrigerating unit powered by a solar power plant, since solar energy is abundant in climatically hot environments, notably in sub-tropical environments like arab countries on the arabian peninsula.
  • Open-air, air-conditioned residential or recreational facility in a climatically hot environment said facility comprising

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Other Air-Conditioning Systems (AREA)
  • Air Conditioning Control Device (AREA)
  • Ventilation (AREA)

Claims (12)

  1. Installation d'habitation ou de loisirs de plein-air climatisée (9) dans un environnement climatiquement chaud, ladite installation comprenant :
    (i) une limite physique (3, 5, 8) entourant la zone de ladite installation et s'élevant à une hauteur prédéterminée au dessus de la surface du sol de ladite installation, ladite limite étant adaptée pour réduire l'échange latéral d'air entre l'intérieur de ladite limite et l'environnement extérieur à ladite limite ; et
    (ii) un système de refroidissement alimenté électriquement pour refroidir le sol de ladite zone et/ou l'air à proximité de la surface du sol de ladite zone.
  2. Installation selon la revendication 1, dans laquelle ladite limite physique entoure ladite zone en étant dépourvue d'ouverture qui permettrait une importante perte d'air refroidi de ladite zone vers l'extérieur de cette dernière.
  3. Installation selon la revendication 1 ou 2, dans laquelle ladite limite entoure complètement ladite zone et empêche un échange latéral d'air à proximité de la surface du sol de ladite installation.
  4. Installation selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 3, dans laquelle ledit système de refroidissement comprend une unité réfrigérante de climatisation.
  5. Installation selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4, dans laquelle ledit système de refroidissement comprend une unité réfrigérante et un fluide de refroidissement, ladite unité réfrigérante étant capable de refroidir ledit fluide de refroidissement.
  6. Installation selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 5, dans, laquelle ledit système de refroidissement est un alimenté en énergie par une centrale solaire.
  7. Installation selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 6, dans laquelle ladite limite physique est ou comprend un mur ayant une hauteur d'au moins 2 m, de préférence d'au moins 3 m, de manière davantage préférée d'au moins 4 m.
  8. Installation selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 7, dans laquelle ladite limite physique est constituée d'au moins un matériau sélectionné dans le groupe constitué par de la terre, du béton, une maçonnerie, du bois, du verre, un métal, une matière plastique et un tissu tissé ou non tissé tendu entre des mâts.
  9. Installation selon l'une quelconque des revendications de 1 à 8, dans laquelle la dimension de ladite zone, la hauteur de ladite limite et ledit système de refroidissement sont ajustés mutuellement pour que la température de l'air à proximité de la surface de ladite zone soit d'au moins 2°, de préférence d'au moins 5°, de manière davantage préférée d'au moins 7°C inférieure à la température de l'environnement pendant la journée.
  10. Installation selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 9, dans laquelle ladite installation comprend une zone sombre ou noire sur la surface extérieure de ladite installation au niveau de ladite limite physique, ladite zone sombre ou noire étant capable d'absorber la lumière solaire pour chauffer l'air au dessus d'elle, et de produire un écoulement d'air chaud ascendant à l'extérieur de ladite limite, ledit écoulement d'air chaud ascendant formant un coussin d'air chaud s'écoulant à l'extrémité supérieure de ladite limite.
  11. Installation selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 10, dans laquelle la zone de ladite installation à l'intérieur de ladite limite a une dimension d'au moins 100 m2, de préférence d'au moins 500 m2, de manière davantage préférée d'au moins 2000 m2, et de la manière la plus préférée d'au moins 10 000 m2.
  12. Procédé pour climatiser une installation d'habitation ou de loisirs de plein-air dans un environnement climatiquement chaud, comprenant les étapes consistant à prévoir
    (i) une limite physique entourant la zone de ladite installation et s'élevant jusqu'à une hauteur prédéterminée au dessus de la surface du sol de ladite installation, ladite limite étant adaptée pour réduire l'échange latéral d'air entre l'intérieur de ladite limite et l'environnement à l'extérieur de ladite limite ; et
    (ii) un système de refroidissement alimenté électriquement pour refroidir le sol de ladite zone, et l'air à proximité de la surface du sol de ladite zone.
EP04028131A 2004-06-05 2004-11-26 Installation d' habitation ou de loisirs de plein-air climatisée Not-in-force EP1602885B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP04028131A EP1602885B1 (fr) 2004-06-05 2004-11-26 Installation d' habitation ou de loisirs de plein-air climatisée
EG2005060277A EG24069A (en) 2004-06-05 2005-06-04 Open-air-conditioned residential or recreational facility

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP04013319 2004-06-05
EP04013319 2004-06-05
EP04028131A EP1602885B1 (fr) 2004-06-05 2004-11-26 Installation d' habitation ou de loisirs de plein-air climatisée

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1602885A1 EP1602885A1 (fr) 2005-12-07
EP1602885B1 true EP1602885B1 (fr) 2006-09-06

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP04028131A Not-in-force EP1602885B1 (fr) 2004-06-05 2004-11-26 Installation d' habitation ou de loisirs de plein-air climatisée

Country Status (5)

Country Link
EP (1) EP1602885B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE338924T1 (fr)
DE (1) DE602004002285D1 (fr)
EG (1) EG24069A (fr)
ES (1) ES2271766T3 (fr)

Family Cites Families (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5433759A (en) * 1994-01-05 1995-07-18 Benson; William M. Underground system for treating soil
JP3257914B2 (ja) * 1995-01-30 2002-02-18 睦人 川原 植生地盤の温度制御方法
US6088959A (en) * 1999-01-05 2000-07-18 Wait; Thomas R. Process for conditioning soil
US6419422B1 (en) * 2000-02-14 2002-07-16 International Water & Energy Savers, Ltd. Underground irrigation method and system
JP2004229509A (ja) * 2003-01-28 2004-08-19 Sato Kogyo Co Ltd 植生地盤の温度制御方法

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ATE338924T1 (de) 2006-09-15
EP1602885A1 (fr) 2005-12-07
ES2271766T3 (es) 2007-04-16
DE602004002285D1 (de) 2006-10-19
EG24069A (en) 2008-05-11

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