EP1598129A1 - Warmverformungsverfahren für metallische Werkstücke - Google Patents

Warmverformungsverfahren für metallische Werkstücke Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1598129A1
EP1598129A1 EP04011643A EP04011643A EP1598129A1 EP 1598129 A1 EP1598129 A1 EP 1598129A1 EP 04011643 A EP04011643 A EP 04011643A EP 04011643 A EP04011643 A EP 04011643A EP 1598129 A1 EP1598129 A1 EP 1598129A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
workpiece
forming
current
temperature
heating
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EP04011643A
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Mehmet Terziakin
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Individual
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Individual
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Priority to EP04011643A priority Critical patent/EP1598129A1/de
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21J—FORGING; HAMMERING; PRESSING METAL; RIVETING; FORGE FURNACES
    • B21J9/00—Forging presses
    • B21J9/02—Special design or construction
    • B21J9/06—Swaging presses; Upsetting presses
    • B21J9/08—Swaging presses; Upsetting presses equipped with devices for heating the work-piece
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21J—FORGING; HAMMERING; PRESSING METAL; RIVETING; FORGE FURNACES
    • B21J13/00—Details of machines for forging, pressing, or hammering
    • B21J13/08—Accessories for handling work or tools
    • B21J13/10—Manipulators

Definitions

  • the invention relates with an electrical system that includes at least one transformer with primary / secondary coil ratio more than one and a control unit that controls electrical current at the primary circuit; that closes the electrical circuit by passing the electric current generated at the secondary coil through the metal workpiece and preparing the workpiece by heating prior or simultaneous to the forming operation.
  • Heating of metal workpieces prior to forming operations such as hot forging, rolling, extrusion etc. is a significant part of the process. Heating of the workpiece is usually performed in a furnace and subsequently, the workpiece is placed in the forming machine. This is a series of independent operations in the sequence of heating, handling and forming. There are a few patents granted and technologies developed on combined heating and forming. In Weldon and Jains invention (US Pat No: 5.515.705) the lower and upper dies forging the billet in between are used as electrodes supplying electric current.
  • This invention has some technical difficulties and limitations of practical implementation due to relatively small contact are between workpiece and dies, electrical arcs formed by sharp features of the dies and workpiece, localized overheating and uncontrollable deformation or melting on the workpiece.
  • Another patent in which heating by electrical resistance and forming are combined (Yasui, US Pat. No. 5.737.954) the sheet metal workpiece are formed at superplastic conditions and welded to each other using diffusion welding.
  • the applicant of this patent also holds a patent (Terziakin, US Pat. No: 6.463.779) on this technology.
  • the electrical heating is conducted inside the press table and thus the dies need to be designed accordingly.
  • the press ram is stopped for a few seconds while the sheet metal part is being heated via conditioned electric current and the forming process is performed immediately after the heating is complete. Therefore, the electrodes need to be isolated from the dies and the workpiece must not touch the dies during when the electric charge is on.
  • This invention shall provide a system including at least one transformer serving to improve formability of metal workpieces and to increase strength rates of formed parts. It will enable to heat metal workpieces in combination with forming process and controlled cooling process after forming. Additionally generation of the heat in the workpiece and the short duration of heating, forming and cooling (treatment) help reduction or elimination of scale, while significant changes in microstructure will not occur. On the other hand, under proper conditions it is capable to harden metal workpieces during or after the forming process to obtain higher mechanical strength such as martenzitic steel or hardened aluminum alloys.
  • the system will direct the line energy through at least one transformer with a primary/secondary coil ratio more than 1 and that reduces electric voltage and increases electric current.
  • the electric current amplified at the secondary coil is directed over the metal workpiece and the required process temperature at which the material formability is highest is obtained.
  • This electrical system will work at a timing tuned to work subsequently in coordination with the mechanical forming process. Being coupled with the metal forming system, this system will provide effective automation of the whole process.
  • Another high current rate source is to use a homopolar generator.
  • This DC generator type has also capable to generate such high current rates.
  • Homopolar DC generator can also be used as current source instead of transformer. In this case timing of current feeding heating the workpiece is controlled by opening or closing connection between metal workpiece and DC generator . This timing and magnetute control of current generated by DC generator must also be made in synchronization with other mechanical forming operations as a general rule.
  • any figure related with DC generator feeding for the invention has not been added because of it is a well known and basic technology.
  • the invention also includes the possibility of the system to be mounted on the material handling system. This way the part is heated during transport from stock pile or between subsequent operations and thus the need for a furnace is eliminated.
  • the need to modify the die design with isolation to accommodate the electrical heating system in the previous patent granted to the inventor (Terziakin, US Pat. No: 6.463.779) is totally eliminated due to the electric flux running outside the die(s) as well.
  • forming of metals at elevated temperatures can be realized as warm or hot forming.
  • hot forming expression is generally used for forming process at elevated temperatures at these documents .
  • Figure 1 A the electrical circuit of the stepped system using three phases; in Figure 1 B, the system charged by two phases and forming system are provided.
  • Figure 2 application of the invention on tube hydroforming is shown.
  • Figure 2 a tube formed by external dies while being internally pressurized by a fluid.
  • Figure 3 illustrates the application where electrical heating system is used for bulk metal hot forging process that integrated to the material handling system.
  • Figure 4 combination of electrical heating, forming and hardening by air or spray cooling is illustrated.
  • Figure 5 integration of heating during material handling, forming and rapid cooling to form hardened workpiece are shown.
  • Figure 5 also illustrates integration of the electrical heating system to a material hardening apparatus that works in a multiple step or progressive forming process at elevated temperature.
  • Figure 6 illustrates current heating and selective spray cooling system providing desired temperature gradient along the blank for sheet forming process at elevated temperatures.
  • last step transformer group 1 (T1 - Tn) is fed 6 by the energy at U2 potential with 2-3 times higher ( depending on its arrangement) frequency than that of main electric frequency.
  • These last step transformers 1 (T1 - Tn) are the transformer group with primary 9/ secondary 10 coil ratio more than one and that reduces the voltage and increases the current of the received electrical power and feed current to the workpiece in parallel via the conductors 3 ( C1 - Cn).
  • There are clips 5 at two opposite sides of the metal workpiece which also be used as electrodes 5 to connect secondary coil current to the workpiece 4.
  • Last step transformers 1 (T1 - Tn) has equivalent characteristics working at the same phase and voltage. Since they are wired in parallel, the total current fed by them is the current passes through the workpiece.
  • the larger secondary circuit impedance is developed based on the conductor's length 3 (C1 - Cn) , curvature(s) and the resistance at contact points, and thus this is an ideal system, because it uses the three phases in balance and it eliminates the limitations on the current that can be applied on the workpiece .
  • the control system 2 closes the primary to induce the current at the secondary circuit that passes through the workpiece 4 to increase its temperature to the required magnitude in synchronization with the forming operation.
  • FIG. 1-B For small workpieces, a simpler circuitry as shown in Figure 1-B is proposed.
  • two of the three line phases are connected to the primary coil.
  • the primary circuit current passes through these two phases of the line.
  • a control unit 2 is used to control primary current characteristics with thrystor, switching device etc. are included.
  • the control system coordinates the operations of the forming process and the magnitude and timing of the primary current simultaneously.
  • the primary current may also be developed between phase and ground.
  • Primary 9/ secondary 10 coil ratio of this transformer is also more than one and that reduces the voltage and increases the current of the received electrical power and feed current to the workpiece is order to generate heat .
  • above electrical system is used to hot or warm hydroforming of tubular metal workpieces with closed sections. As it is being heated by current provided by above system, dies are used to compress and to form the tubular workpiece.
  • the control system 2 illustrated with dashed lines (CU) controls the timing and current magnitude of the electrical heating system, in sequence with the mechanical forming operation(s).
  • the control of the mechanical forming operations illustrated in several examples below is performed by this system through direct communication between the systems that control the hydraulic and/or pneumatic valves etc. For instance, the subsequent mechanical operations in tube hydroforming process performed using an internally pressurized fluid and both heating and forming procesess are performed under synchronization with this control device.
  • the material is lubricated using mill oil to reduce friction and corrosion.
  • the outer skin of the metal consists of material with higher electrical resistance and lower surface properties due to oxidizing and other effects of air and forming operations.
  • application of a chemical and/or mechanical cleaning / improvement process at the electrode contact area of the workpiece is advisable to clean.
  • the coating may be damaged due to high temperature.
  • the coating will peel of at electrogalvanized or galvannealled sheet steels.
  • the flow stress will be reduced at elevated temperature and thus corrosion resistant steels with higher chromium content and no coating will be possible with the invention. This way, parts with both higher strength and corrosion resistance will be produced.
  • the die components may be lubricated and/or the die components may be coated with heat resistant ceramic coatings or metal alloys.
  • the workpiece 4 shown in Figure 2 is a metal tube or pipe with closed profile. In the Figure, this part is initially subjected to a bending operation. Next, a process combining the electrical heating operation with internal fluid pressurizing and external forming operations using dies are conducted in a synchronized manner.
  • the internal pressure may be applied using pressurized gas as well as some type of liquid, preferably an insulator.
  • the heating operation by feeding electric current 21 using the electrical system 1,2 described above, achievement of workpiece temperature control, pressurizing of the tube by liquid or gas pressure 12 and subsequent tube forming using dies are achieved.
  • Both ends of the tube are closed by plugs 11 that function as the electrodes 21 as well as pressurized fluid feeders 12.
  • These plugs are supported by pressurized hydraulic cylinders 13.
  • the hydraulic cylinders After placing the plugs into the ends of the tube, the hydraulic cylinders are pumped with pressurized hydraulic fluid and thus these cylinders compress the plugs with the necessary force.
  • the forming operation is designed to be conducted by two piece die set containing the upper and lower dies linked 20 and operated using a couple of hydraulic cylinders 17.
  • the internal pressure 12 the workpiece temperature, which determines the forming properties of the material and which is controlled by the electrical current 21 fed and the displacements and pressures of the forming dies 14, 15, 16, 18 that surround the workpiece.
  • the sequence and magnitudes of these three process parameters are to be designed appropriately for any given tube geometry and other properties.
  • pressurized fluid 12 is pumped through the component number 11 Electric charge is fed by the electrodes 11 and the tube is heated to a temperature at which the formability is increased to a satisfactory level for the forming operation.
  • Component number 11 is made of materials such as appropriate copper alloys with good conductivity and high strength completely or partially at the contact portion.
  • the surrounding forming die components 14, 15, 16, 18 must be closely located to the tube surface.
  • the surrounding die components 14 approach and contact the tube.
  • the die lower 22 and upper 23 die components approach each other in both directions being pushed by the hydraulic cylinders 17 in the mechanical linkage 20. Simultaneous to this operation the internal pressure and/or the current fed to the workpiece may be increased gradually. Consequently, the final/required geometry of the tube is formed by the internal fluid pressure and dies.
  • the laterally moving die components 14, where necessary, are guided by the slides mounted to the lower die 22 or 23 and powered by the hydraulic cylinders on the rear side 17, 19. These channels are not shown in the figure not to make the figure more complicated. All of the contacting surfaces (elements) of the die components are preferable made by ceramic inserts 18.
  • the lateral die components may also be an option. If the previously bent tube fits in the die cavity supported by the lateral components 14, these components may be designed in fixed configuration and only the lower 22 and/or upper dies 23 will move 18 and form the tube.
  • the tube material may be aluminum, magnesium or steel alloy as well as other more expensive or exotic metals.
  • the invention proposes two different methods for this purpose.
  • the dies are retracted after the forming operation, and pressurized air or air-mist mixture is sprayed over the part and thus the tube is cooled immediately.
  • the pressurized fluid in the tube is drained immediately after the forming operation through the plugs 11, 12 and it is filled by a coolant fluid or an air-mist mixture is passed through the tube for rapid cooling.
  • the details of this cooling system are not illustrated in the figures.
  • This type of process may be performed in multiple dies or a progressive die set 26, 27 in a sequence of operations ( from 1. Press to N. Press) designed to start at the 1. th die or station and finish at the n. th die or station.
  • the characteristic principle of the invention, the electrical heating system is used in this set-up as the rapid initial heating and rapid intermediate heating between subsequent forming steps.
  • the thrystor type control device 2 connected to the primary coil of the transformer 1 controls the magnitude and timing of the electrical current adjusted according to the designed sequence of heating and forming operations.
  • the contact areas of the electrodes 24 on the workpieces 25 should be subjected to a chemical and/or mechanical cleaning operation to reduce contact resistance. This cleaning operation may also be integrated to the system, if necessary.
  • Heating the workpiece during transport; namely, movement of the workpiece along with the electrodes 24, will help reduce the total process time.
  • the connectors 28 between the transformer 1 secondary coil and the electrodes 24 must be sufficiently long and flexible, and the clamp type electrodes 24 must hold the workpiece strongly and the conveyor system must be isolated from the electrode to prevent any shortcuts .
  • the connectors should also have a cooling system to dissipate heat preferable with fluid circulation.
  • the transport system moves the workpiece and the electrical heating system heats it up before next forming operation. This way, the forming of the previous and heating of the next workpieces will be performed simultaneously, and thus the heating time will not be added to the forming operation (cycle) time.
  • the die surfaces may be coated by appropriate ceramics.
  • This system is preferably used in a forming set-up that works with an automated conveyor system.
  • the heating and forming operations take place at one tip of the billet or bar, and rest of the billet/bar is fed into the die set for the next workpiece 29 after the formed portion is cut-off.
  • Whole operation parameters of the process such as current heating, transporting and forming operations must be carried out synchroniously and should be controlled by a central control unit .
  • Same hot or warm forming process can be applicated in scew , rivet , nut, bolt etc production especially for relatively big size parts made of high strength metal alloys.
  • Forming operation in these systems can be achieved as forging , tapping , threat rolling, turning , bending etc. depending of parts to be producted.
  • FIG. 4 a set-up in which the electrical heating system is implemented in the handling robot 40 or material handling system.
  • blank sheet 37 is heated during handling while previous one 33 is being stamped.
  • Whole system including current heating and hot or warm forming processes can be operated at same time, thus each production cycle takes less time.
  • the electrodes 38, 39 that both hold and move the sheet metal workpiece 37 are clamps that have a long strip of contact surface for sufficient electrical conductivity.
  • This contact surface 39 is made of the electrode material and the high conductivity cables and/or bars are connected to the secondary coil output terminals.
  • High current rate is provided by second coil of transformer 1 as explained above.
  • This electric transmission line is made of either flexible cables or rigid copper bars etc. linked with hinges 31.
  • the electric conductors are fitted to carrier arms 30 of the system etc. and should also cooled by fluid circulation .
  • the blank sheet is heated during transport from stock pile 32 or waiting for subsequent forming operation.
  • the lower and upper components 38, 39 of the clamp type electrodes are hinged to each other.
  • the open-close function is performed by reciprocal motion of a hydraulic or preferably pneumatic cylinder 36.
  • the lower 38, the upper 39 or both of the clamps may be used as the electrode.
  • the stable one 39 is more suitable to be an electrode.
  • the clamps are opening in the downward direction and the sheet workpiece is lowered, they guide the part to prevent movement in the lateral direction and thus locate it on the right position on the die.
  • This influence generally beneficial and leads to increase in local strenght rates in some critical contact areas between dies and hot sheet .
  • local stress rates intensify and such a local cooling can improve local strain rates by means of strength increase .
  • Average temperature of the dies should be maintained between predetermined range because process should be repeteable and too low or too high temperatures distort hot forming characteristics and part dimensions. Another reason is that die materials may be damaged by overheating.
  • a suitable cooling means should be used such as blowers that could be placed around dies or a fluid circulation system including passages or pipes contacting dies .
  • Temperatures of the dies are measured and near upper limit blowers or fluid circulation is employed to dissipate heat from dies.
  • Figure 5 an example of such a system is shown .
  • Blowers or water sprays 35 are placed around dies and used to dissipate heat.
  • dies can be maintained between 100- 150 C range.
  • the invention also offers another important instrument to control such hot or warm stamping process.
  • cold forming metals at the elevated temperatures has high strain rate sensivity feature .
  • strain rate sensivity feature At low forming speeds alongation rates of the heated metal can be seriously increased .
  • frequence inverter not shown in Fig.5
  • this feature can be used easily by employing speed control means with speed control such as frequence inverter (not shown in Fig.5) in electric feeding of electric motor of main hydraulic pump in hydraulic presses.
  • This current heating means can also be applicated during forming stage ( if nonconductive dies are used ) both temperature and forming speed can be controlled together.
  • This speed control means with frequence inverter should also be controlled by central control unit controlling whole heating and forming parameters of the process.
  • the system proposed in the invention is used in combination with the workpiece conveyor and basic process stages are shown in sequence in a double action hydraulic press.
  • the metal workpiece (sheet, plate, billet, bar etc.) is heated during transport from storage or pallet to the forming die. Since the time interval between heating and forming operations is minimal heat loss particularly in workpieces with large surface areas as compared with their cross-sections such as sheets, plates, bars etc. and the possibility for process operation is much higher.
  • the sheet forming operation in this system will be performed in a set-up similar to conventional systems. However, due to lower yield strength, higher ductility and strain rate sensitivity and the temperature gradient that may occur on the workpiece some process and die design modifications may be necessary. For example, a lower blank holder force may be used. Current heating is fed by main system of the invention as shown in Fig. 1
  • the workpiece 41 while being transported to the forming die set (45) on a press, is held by two clamp type electrodes at two ends and is heated within a few seconds by feeding the regulated low voltage electric current and is placed in the die set at the required forming temperature.
  • the electric current is fed from the secondary coil of the transformer 1 by cables or conductors connected to the moving arms holding the clamps (41) to the workpiece.
  • the moving arms (41) of the transport system may contain mechanical linkages (42).
  • the motion of these linkages (42) may be obtained by conventional hydraulic or electrical (such as step or servo motor) systems.
  • These linkages (41) are designed close to each other and as short as possible to keep the conductor lengths short, the electrical impedance of the electrical system low and thus electrical efficiency of the system high.
  • This invention can be applicated as many different configurations .
  • One of these alternatives is to situate elecrode clips on a stable position near dies .
  • this configuration may be a easy to applicate and inexpensive alternative .
  • these clips 38, 39 connected to second coil of the transformer 1 will be positioned in stable places adjacent to forming tools . When the workpiece reachs sufficient temperature is then carried to forming position .
  • the workpiece can be coated with a protective layer such as a suitable metallic coating or heat resistant oils or ceramic coating etc.
  • Figure 5 A The subsequent operations of this process performed in a double action hydraulic press, are illustrated in Figure 5.
  • a sheet metal workpiece is taken and transported from a stack of sheets using vacuum cups , while at the same time dies 33, 34 are being cooled and cleaned by pressured air 35 or/and pulverized water blowing. Then proper lubricants can also be sprayed toward die surfaces.
  • the two clamp type electrodes hold the sheet at two opposite sides and applicate the current to heat the material. As shown in Fig.
  • the part is transferred to the next station with a similar heating set-up and forming die.
  • an air or spray quenching operation is the final step as explained above.
  • the spraying may take place right after a hot finish forming operation or it may be performed after heating up to recrytallization temperature.
  • residual water droplets on the die components are eliminated manually or automatically by pressurized air.
  • the die components are lubricated rather than the workpieces. This way the lubricant will contact the hot workpiece only during forming operation.
  • the forming dies need to be cleaned and re-lubricated after a number of cycles to be determined by experience. Both the cleaning and relubrication may be performed manually or by an automatic system.
  • the die temperature must be controlled within an optimal range. If the die components are at a lower temperature, they must be heated; if they are at a higher temperature, the excess heat is removed by a coolant (water, oil or air) pumped through the cooling channels made inside the die components or the coolant may be sprayed over the die surfaces and thus the die temperature is controlled with the designed range.
  • a coolant water, oil or air
  • die geometry In complex sheet forming applications of automotive industry, die geometry often poses restrictions on the easy flow of metal from one region of the part to another, thus leaving relatively unstretched regions of the part bounded by heavily stretched areas. In such cases formability of the metal is poorly utilized due to the strain non-uniformity, and the propensity for fracture increases. This occurs because it is difficult to transmit stresses into certain regions of the sheet metal workpiece due to high frictional resistance or larger cross-sectional area in these regions. To enhance overall formability of the blank, some local area needs to be softened while some other critical areas needs to be maintained relatively harder by means of proper temperature gradient along the hot blank.
  • Fig. 6 an further application area of the invention is shown to solve above problem.
  • the present invention can be used to improve material flow with modified selective temperature gradient along the workpiece two dimensionally (along the surface) in order to enhance overall formability for hot stamping of such complex parts .
  • the aim of this selective heating operation is to prevent local over stretching that resulting fractures or overthinning at certain critical areas (such as 49-50) .
  • This selective heating process is performed by means of interval cooling of these areas of the blank 44 during current heating by spraying pulvarized water with pressured air or pure air flow 45 toward those areas 46 for very short time cycles. Spray nozules 45 are placed around the blank and directed toward such critical areas such as 46 of the blank 44 .
  • the blank sheet includes relatively cool/ certain areas in such critical portions surrounded by relatively hot and easily formable areas 47, 48 . Modifying overall formability of the blank by generating relatively high and low strength areas depending on form of the part is very easy in a few seconds.
  • movable nozules can be employed . These movable nozules can be approached toward these areas during interval cooling stage and narrow areas can be cooled more accurately . Movement of these nozules can be provided by pnomatic or hydraulic arrangement. Consequently any desired temperature and formability gradient along the blank sheet can be achieved in a few seconds. For example it was observed that yield strength of a steel alloy is approximately 2.5 times higher at 800 C than that of at 1000 C in our previous experiments.
  • a steel blank sheet to be hot formed can be heated to 900 C homogeniously and then temperature of some critical areas can be reduced to 750 C locally by means of above mentioned way , these critical portions such as sharp corners ,edges etc. are prevented from being subjected of fractures or overthinning.
  • Directions, spraying angles of spray nozules, air and water quantities to be sprayed and their pulse cycles are determined and adjusted depending on form of the part and other forming parameters.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Shaping Metal By Deep-Drawing, Or The Like (AREA)
EP04011643A 2004-05-17 2004-05-17 Warmverformungsverfahren für metallische Werkstücke Withdrawn EP1598129A1 (de)

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Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2233222A1 (de) 2007-12-13 2010-09-29 Aisin Takaoka Co., Ltd. Transporteinrichtung und heisspressformvorrichtung damit
CN101559459B (zh) * 2008-04-15 2011-07-06 通用汽车环球科技运作公司 可对回弹修正进行调节的液压成形模具
US20180015519A1 (en) * 2015-03-31 2018-01-18 Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Ltd. Forming device
RU2650217C1 (ru) * 2016-11-09 2018-04-13 федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Тамбовский государственный университет имени Г.Р. Державина" Способ подавления деформационных полос на поверхности алюминий-магниевых сплавов
US20210079492A1 (en) * 2019-09-17 2021-03-18 Bryan J Macek Method of manufacturing components of an automotive vehicle frame
DE102020100461A1 (de) * 2020-01-10 2021-07-15 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover Verfahren und Einrichtung zum Bearbeiten eines Metallrohrs
CN118130216A (zh) * 2024-05-08 2024-06-04 合肥工业大学 一种金属板材电辅助成形极限测试装置及方法

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB1008572A (en) * 1963-10-24 1965-10-27 Hasenclever Ag Maschf Improvements in or relating to electric upsetting machines for resistance-heated blanks
FR2607736A1 (fr) * 1986-12-09 1988-06-10 Cegedur Appareillage pour le thermoformage de feuilles ou bandes d'al
US5515705A (en) * 1992-01-23 1996-05-14 Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System Apparatus and method for deforming a workpiece
US6463779B1 (en) * 1999-06-01 2002-10-15 Mehmet Terziakin Instant heating process with electric current application to the workpiece for high strength metal forming

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB1008572A (en) * 1963-10-24 1965-10-27 Hasenclever Ag Maschf Improvements in or relating to electric upsetting machines for resistance-heated blanks
FR2607736A1 (fr) * 1986-12-09 1988-06-10 Cegedur Appareillage pour le thermoformage de feuilles ou bandes d'al
US5515705A (en) * 1992-01-23 1996-05-14 Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System Apparatus and method for deforming a workpiece
US6463779B1 (en) * 1999-06-01 2002-10-15 Mehmet Terziakin Instant heating process with electric current application to the workpiece for high strength metal forming

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2233222A1 (de) 2007-12-13 2010-09-29 Aisin Takaoka Co., Ltd. Transporteinrichtung und heisspressformvorrichtung damit
CN101559459B (zh) * 2008-04-15 2011-07-06 通用汽车环球科技运作公司 可对回弹修正进行调节的液压成形模具
US20180015519A1 (en) * 2015-03-31 2018-01-18 Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Ltd. Forming device
US10967413B2 (en) * 2015-03-31 2021-04-06 Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Ltd. Forming device
RU2650217C1 (ru) * 2016-11-09 2018-04-13 федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Тамбовский государственный университет имени Г.Р. Державина" Способ подавления деформационных полос на поверхности алюминий-магниевых сплавов
US20210079492A1 (en) * 2019-09-17 2021-03-18 Bryan J Macek Method of manufacturing components of an automotive vehicle frame
DE102020100461A1 (de) * 2020-01-10 2021-07-15 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover Verfahren und Einrichtung zum Bearbeiten eines Metallrohrs
CN118130216A (zh) * 2024-05-08 2024-06-04 合肥工业大学 一种金属板材电辅助成形极限测试装置及方法

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