EP1577494A1 - Arbre soudé de turbine à vapeur et procédé de fabrication - Google Patents
Arbre soudé de turbine à vapeur et procédé de fabrication Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1577494A1 EP1577494A1 EP04006394A EP04006394A EP1577494A1 EP 1577494 A1 EP1577494 A1 EP 1577494A1 EP 04006394 A EP04006394 A EP 04006394A EP 04006394 A EP04006394 A EP 04006394A EP 1577494 A1 EP1577494 A1 EP 1577494A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- turbine
- turbine shaft
- steam
- pressure
- region
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
- F01D5/00—Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
- F01D5/02—Blade-carrying members, e.g. rotors
- F01D5/026—Shaft to shaft connections
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
- F01D5/00—Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
- F01D5/02—Blade-carrying members, e.g. rotors
- F01D5/06—Rotors for more than one axial stage, e.g. of drum or multiple disc type; Details thereof, e.g. shafts, shaft connections
- F01D5/063—Welded rotors
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
- F01D5/00—Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
- F01D5/12—Blades
- F01D5/28—Selecting particular materials; Particular measures relating thereto; Measures against erosion or corrosion
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05C—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO MATERIALS, MATERIAL PROPERTIES OR MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR MACHINES, ENGINES OR PUMPS OTHER THAN NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F05C2201/00—Metals
- F05C2201/04—Heavy metals
- F05C2201/0433—Iron group; Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel
- F05C2201/0466—Nickel
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F05D2220/00—Application
- F05D2220/70—Application in combination with
- F05D2220/72—Application in combination with a steam turbine
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F05D2300/00—Materials; Properties thereof
- F05D2300/10—Metals, alloys or intermetallic compounds
- F05D2300/13—Refractory metals, i.e. Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, Hf, Ta, W
- F05D2300/132—Chromium
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F05D2300/00—Materials; Properties thereof
- F05D2300/10—Metals, alloys or intermetallic compounds
- F05D2300/17—Alloys
- F05D2300/171—Steel alloys
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/49316—Impeller making
- Y10T29/4932—Turbomachine making
Definitions
- the invention relates to a in a longitudinal direction aligned turbine shaft with a central region and two fixed in the longitudinal direction at the central region outer areas.
- the invention also relates to a Method for producing a turbine shaft.
- Every turbine or sub-turbine is understood by one Working medium is flowed through in the form of steam. in the The difference is gas turbines with gas and / or air as Flowed through the working medium, but completely different Temperature and pressure conditions are considered as the steam at a steam turbine. Unlike gas turbines instructs Steam turbines z. B. that of a sub-turbine inflowing Working medium with the highest temperature at the same time highest pressure.
- a steam turbine usually includes one with blades occupied rotatably mounted turbine shaft, which within a Housing jacket is arranged. When flowing through from the Housing jacket formed inside the flow space with heated and pressurized steam is the Turbine wave over the blade by the steam in rotation added.
- the blades of the turbine shaft are also called Blades labeled.
- On the housing jacket are above
- conventional stationary vanes are suspended, which grip into the spaces between the blades.
- a Guide vane is usually at a first location held along an inside of the steam turbine casing. It is usually part of a vane ring, which comprises a number of vanes running along an inner circumference on the inside of the Steam turbine housing are arranged. Each one points Guide vane with her blade radially inward.
- Steam turbines or steam turbine engines can be used in high-pressure, Medium-pressure or low-pressure turbine sections are divided.
- the inlet temperatures and inlet pressures of high-pressure turbine sections Depending on the material used up to maximum 700 ° C or up to 300 bar.
- a sharp one Separation between high-pressure, medium-pressure or low-pressure turbine sections has not been standardized in the professional world so far Are defined.
- the DIN standard 4304 is a medium-pressure turbine section before, if this medium-pressure turbine part of a high-pressure turbine part upstream, which flows with live steam is and the effluent steam from the high-pressure turbine section is reheated in a reheater and in the Medium-pressure turbine section flows.
- a low pressure turbine part is defined according to the standard DIN 4304 as a turbine, the the relaxed steam from a medium pressure turbine section as Main steam gets.
- Compact sub-turbines are designed in designs that with Reverse flow or straight flow.
- the "straight-flow” design flows the live steam in the Steam turbine and spreads substantially in Axial direction of the steam turbine through the high-pressure turbine section, then becomes the reheater unit for Returned boiler and passes from there into the medium-pressure turbine section.
- the live steam flows through the outer housing and meets there essentially on the Center of the turbine shaft and then flows through the High-pressure turbine.
- the after the high pressure part turbine outgoing relaxed steam is in one Reheater between superheated and the steam turbine a suitable location in front of the medium-pressure turbine section re-flowed.
- the flow directions of the steam in the high-pressure turbine section and the medium-pressure turbine section are opposite here.
- monobloc turbine shafts have been made of a material used in compact sub-turbines. Especially for high performance means the production This monobloc turbine shaft is an expensive solution.
- One Another disadvantage of these monobloc turbine shafts is in that at the depositories relatively expensive Build up welds must be applied.
- the object of the present invention is a turbine shaft specify that for use in compact sub-turbines is particularly suitable. Another object of the invention It is a process for the manufacture of a turbine shaft which is suitable for compact sub-turbines.
- the task directed towards the turbine shaft is accomplished by a longitudinally aligned turbine shaft with a middle area and two in the longitudinal direction at middle area fortified outer areas dissolved, taking the middle area of a higher heat resistant material than the two outer areas is made.
- the invention is based on the finding that above certain live steam inlet temperatures of e.g. above 565 ° C, for certain turbine shaft diameters and from certain speeds, z. B. 50 or 60 Hz, a Material change is required. Cause for it is predominantly an increasing creep under Centrifugal force.
- a longitudinal three areas existing turbine shaft will create the opportunity Use materials with different properties can.
- a trained from three areas turbine shaft is opposite to a monoblock turbine shaft with the same required properties much cheaper.
- Turbine shaft opposite a monoblock turbine shaft on the material side superior and on the special cold and heat-resistant properties optimally matched.
- the middle area is hereby made of a forged steel 9 to 12 wt .-% chromium produced and the two outer Areas are made of steels with 1 to 2 wt .-% chromium produced.
- a forged steel with 9 to 12% by weight of chromium and one steel with 1 to 2% by weight Chrome the problem of increasing creep is the problem under centrifugal force, above certain parameters occur, such as high steam temperatures above 565 ° C, large rotor diameters and high speeds, e.g. 60 Hz solved.
- the medium range of a forged steel with 10 wt .-% chromium and the two outer regions of steels with 2% by weight Chrome are produced.
- the two outer ones Areas made of different materials become. This creates the opportunity for a respective field of application a suitable material use.
- FIG 1 is a sectional view of a compact steam turbine 1 shown.
- the compact turbine part 1 has a Outer housing 2, in which a turbine shaft 3 to the Rotation axis 4 is rotatably mounted.
- the compact steam turbine 1 has an inner housing 5 with a High-pressure part 6 and a medium-pressure part 7. in the High-pressure part 6 different guide vanes 8 are attached.
- the turbine shaft 3 is by means of bearings 10, 11th rotatably mounted.
- the inner housing 5 is connected to the outer housing 2.
- the steam turbine 1 has a high-pressure part 12 and a Medium pressure part 13 on.
- the high pressure part 12 are Blades 14 attached.
- In medium pressure are as well Blades 15 attached.
- the Live steam can also have other temperatures and pressures exhibit.
- the live steam flows through the individual Guide vanes 8 and blades 14 in the high pressure part 12 and This relaxes and cools down.
- the turbine shaft 3 is characterized in a direction shown about the axis of rotation 4 in FIG Rotation offset.
- FIG 2 is a section through a part of the turbine shaft 3 shown.
- the turbine shaft 3 consists of a middle area 20 and two outer areas 21 and 22.
- the turbine shaft 3 is in the storage area 23 with the Outer housing 5 stored.
- the blades 14, 15 are not shown in detail.
- the Fresh steam first hits the middle area 20 of the Turbine shaft 3 and relaxes in the high pressure part 6.
- the Fresh steam cools down here.
- the steam flows with a high Temperature back to the middle range 20.
- the superheated steam initially flows at the location of the Mitteldruckeinström Anlagens 18 on the turbine shaft 3 and relaxes and cools towards the Middle pressure part 7 from.
- the relaxed in the medium-pressure part 7 and cooled steam then flows out of the Compact Sub-turbine 1.
- the central region 20 of the turbine shaft has a heat-resistant material.
- the heat resistant material is a forged steel with 9 to 12 wt .-% chromium content.
- the middle region may also be made of nickel-based materials. For this case, should the two outer areas 21 and 22 from 10 to 12 Wt .-% chromium share.
- the two outer regions 21 and 22 consist in comparison to the middle region 20 of a less heat resistant Material.
- the two outer regions 21 and 22 can be made Steels with 1 to 2 wt .-% chromium, or essentially of 3.5 wt .-% nickel are produced.
- the two outer areas 21 and 22 do not have to be from the be made of the same material. Rather, it is expediently, the two outer regions 21 and 22 produce different materials.
- the middle region 20 and the outer region 21 become connected by a weld 24. Of the middle area 20 will also be over another weld 25 connected to the outer region 22.
- the turbine shaft 3 is here in a longitudinal direction with the Rotation axis 4 coincides formed.
- the middle region 20 is made of a nickel-based material can be made, the outer areas of a Steel be prepared with 9 to 12 wt .-% chromium.
- the turbine shaft 3 will be described as follows produced.
- the middle region 20 becomes one made of heat-resistant material.
- the one outer area 21st is made of a less heat resistant material than that of the middle area 20 produced.
- the second outer area 22 is also made of a less heat-resistant material than the middle area 20 manufactured.
- the middle one Area 20 is then connected to the two outer areas 21, 22 welded.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Turbine Rotor Nozzle Sealing (AREA)
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP04006394A EP1577494A1 (fr) | 2004-03-17 | 2004-03-17 | Arbre soudé de turbine à vapeur et procédé de fabrication |
EP05715934A EP1733123A1 (fr) | 2004-03-17 | 2005-03-10 | Arbre de turbine soude et procede de fabrication |
US10/593,043 US7771166B2 (en) | 2004-03-17 | 2005-03-10 | Welded turbine shaft and method for producing said shaft |
CNB2005800157577A CN100420825C (zh) | 2004-03-17 | 2005-03-10 | 蒸汽轮机 |
PCT/EP2005/002558 WO2005093218A1 (fr) | 2004-03-17 | 2005-03-10 | Arbre de turbine soude et procede de fabrication |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP04006394A EP1577494A1 (fr) | 2004-03-17 | 2004-03-17 | Arbre soudé de turbine à vapeur et procédé de fabrication |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1577494A1 true EP1577494A1 (fr) | 2005-09-21 |
Family
ID=34833624
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP04006394A Withdrawn EP1577494A1 (fr) | 2004-03-17 | 2004-03-17 | Arbre soudé de turbine à vapeur et procédé de fabrication |
EP05715934A Withdrawn EP1733123A1 (fr) | 2004-03-17 | 2005-03-10 | Arbre de turbine soude et procede de fabrication |
Family Applications After (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP05715934A Withdrawn EP1733123A1 (fr) | 2004-03-17 | 2005-03-10 | Arbre de turbine soude et procede de fabrication |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7771166B2 (fr) |
EP (2) | EP1577494A1 (fr) |
CN (1) | CN100420825C (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2005093218A1 (fr) |
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1800787A1 (fr) | 2005-12-20 | 2007-06-27 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Procédé pour joindre par brasage ou soudage deux pièces metalliques constituant un arbre, et arbre, notamment arbre d'une turbine à vapeur |
EP1837483A1 (fr) * | 2006-03-20 | 2007-09-26 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Arbre soudé pour turbomachines |
EP1860279A1 (fr) * | 2006-05-26 | 2007-11-28 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Arbre soudé de turbine basse pression |
EP1849959A3 (fr) * | 2006-04-26 | 2009-12-23 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Turbine à vapeur et rotor de turbine |
WO2011055179A1 (fr) * | 2009-11-05 | 2011-05-12 | Alstom Technology Ltd | Procédé de soudage pour la production de turbomachines tournantes |
EP2518277B1 (fr) | 2009-12-21 | 2018-10-10 | Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems, Ltd. | Procédé et dispositif de refroidissement dans une turbine simple flux |
Families Citing this family (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP2412473A1 (fr) * | 2010-07-27 | 2012-02-01 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Procédé de soudure de demi-coques |
US20120177494A1 (en) * | 2011-01-06 | 2012-07-12 | General Electric Company | Steam turbine rotor with mechanically coupled high and low temperature sections using different materials |
US8944761B2 (en) * | 2011-01-21 | 2015-02-03 | General Electric Company | Welded rotor, a steam turbine having a welded rotor and a method for producing a welded rotor |
US9039365B2 (en) | 2012-01-06 | 2015-05-26 | General Electric Company | Rotor, a steam turbine and a method for producing a rotor |
US20130177431A1 (en) * | 2012-01-06 | 2013-07-11 | General Electric Company | Multi-material rotor, a steam turbine having a multi-material rotor and a method for producing a multi-material rotor |
CN103470309A (zh) * | 2013-08-21 | 2013-12-25 | 东方电气集团东方汽轮机有限公司 | 一种分段组合式转子 |
DE102017211295A1 (de) * | 2017-07-03 | 2019-01-03 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Dampfturbine und Verfahren zum Betreiben derselben |
DE102017128261A1 (de) * | 2017-11-29 | 2019-05-29 | Man Energy Solutions Se | Laufschaufel einer Strömungsmaschine und Verfahren zum Herstellen derselben |
Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS57176305A (en) * | 1981-04-24 | 1982-10-29 | Hitachi Ltd | Steam turbine rotor |
US4962586A (en) * | 1989-11-29 | 1990-10-16 | Westinghouse Electric Corp. | Method of making a high temperature - low temperature rotor for turbines |
EP0964135A2 (fr) * | 1998-06-09 | 1999-12-15 | Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. | Rotor pour une turbine à vapeur liant par soudage des matériaux différents |
DE10114612A1 (de) * | 2001-03-23 | 2002-09-26 | Alstom Switzerland Ltd | Rotor für eine Turbomaschine sowie Verfahren zur Herstellung eines solchen Rotors |
Family Cites Families (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
BE787441A (fr) * | 1971-08-23 | 1973-02-12 | Alsthom Cgee | Rotor soude |
CN1291133C (zh) * | 1996-02-16 | 2006-12-20 | 株式会社日立制作所 | 蒸汽涡轮机发电设备、蒸汽涡轮机叶片及该叶片的制造方法 |
US6358004B1 (en) * | 1996-02-16 | 2002-03-19 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Steam turbine power-generation plant and steam turbine |
DE10052176B4 (de) * | 1999-10-21 | 2004-07-08 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba, Kawasaki | Dampfturbinenrotor und Verfahren zur Herstellung desselben |
US6962483B2 (en) * | 2003-06-18 | 2005-11-08 | General Electric Company | Multiple alloy rotor |
US6971850B2 (en) * | 2003-06-18 | 2005-12-06 | General Electric Company | Multiple alloy rotor and method therefor |
US7065872B2 (en) * | 2003-06-18 | 2006-06-27 | General Electric Company | Method of processing a multiple alloy rotor |
DE10348424A1 (de) * | 2003-10-14 | 2005-05-19 | Alstom Technology Ltd | Geschweisster Rotor für eine thermische Maschine sowie Verfahren zur Herstellung eines solchen Rotors |
-
2004
- 2004-03-17 EP EP04006394A patent/EP1577494A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
-
2005
- 2005-03-10 EP EP05715934A patent/EP1733123A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2005-03-10 CN CNB2005800157577A patent/CN100420825C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-03-10 US US10/593,043 patent/US7771166B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-03-10 WO PCT/EP2005/002558 patent/WO2005093218A1/fr active Application Filing
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS57176305A (en) * | 1981-04-24 | 1982-10-29 | Hitachi Ltd | Steam turbine rotor |
US4962586A (en) * | 1989-11-29 | 1990-10-16 | Westinghouse Electric Corp. | Method of making a high temperature - low temperature rotor for turbines |
EP0964135A2 (fr) * | 1998-06-09 | 1999-12-15 | Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. | Rotor pour une turbine à vapeur liant par soudage des matériaux différents |
DE10114612A1 (de) * | 2001-03-23 | 2002-09-26 | Alstom Switzerland Ltd | Rotor für eine Turbomaschine sowie Verfahren zur Herstellung eines solchen Rotors |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
Title |
---|
MAGOSHI,R; NAKANO,T;KONISHI,T: "IJPGC2000-15007; Proceedings of 2000 International Joint Power Generation Conference Miami Beech, Florida, July 23-26, 2000; Development and Operating Experience of Welded Rotors for High-temperature Steam Turbines", 26 July 2000, XP002298811 * |
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 0070, no. 24 (M - 189) 29 January 1983 (1983-01-29) * |
Cited By (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1800787A1 (fr) | 2005-12-20 | 2007-06-27 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Procédé pour joindre par brasage ou soudage deux pièces metalliques constituant un arbre, et arbre, notamment arbre d'une turbine à vapeur |
EP1837483A1 (fr) * | 2006-03-20 | 2007-09-26 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Arbre soudé pour turbomachines |
EP1849959A3 (fr) * | 2006-04-26 | 2009-12-23 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Turbine à vapeur et rotor de turbine |
US7850423B2 (en) | 2006-04-26 | 2010-12-14 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Steam turbine and turbine rotor |
EP1860279A1 (fr) * | 2006-05-26 | 2007-11-28 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Arbre soudé de turbine basse pression |
WO2007137884A1 (fr) * | 2006-05-26 | 2007-12-06 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Arbre de turbine bp soudé |
CN101454541B (zh) * | 2006-05-26 | 2011-09-07 | 西门子公司 | 焊接的低压-涡轮机轴 |
US8083492B2 (en) | 2006-05-26 | 2011-12-27 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Welded low-pressure turbine shaft |
WO2011055179A1 (fr) * | 2009-11-05 | 2011-05-12 | Alstom Technology Ltd | Procédé de soudage pour la production de turbomachines tournantes |
EP2518277B1 (fr) | 2009-12-21 | 2018-10-10 | Mitsubishi Hitachi Power Systems, Ltd. | Procédé et dispositif de refroidissement dans une turbine simple flux |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN1954133A (zh) | 2007-04-25 |
CN100420825C (zh) | 2008-09-24 |
US7771166B2 (en) | 2010-08-10 |
WO2005093218A1 (fr) | 2005-10-06 |
EP1733123A1 (fr) | 2006-12-20 |
US20080159849A1 (en) | 2008-07-03 |
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