EP1567803B1 - Beleuchtungsvorrichtung - Google Patents

Beleuchtungsvorrichtung Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1567803B1
EP1567803B1 EP03754523A EP03754523A EP1567803B1 EP 1567803 B1 EP1567803 B1 EP 1567803B1 EP 03754523 A EP03754523 A EP 03754523A EP 03754523 A EP03754523 A EP 03754523A EP 1567803 B1 EP1567803 B1 EP 1567803B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
light
luminaire
collimator
waveguide
tir
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP03754523A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP1567803A2 (de
Inventor
Robert J. Saccomanno
Ivan B. Steiner
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Honeywell International Inc
Original Assignee
Honeywell International Inc
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Filing date
Publication date
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Publication of EP1567803A2 publication Critical patent/EP1567803A2/de
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Publication of EP1567803B1 publication Critical patent/EP1567803B1/de
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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
    • G02B6/0011—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the light guides being planar or of plate-like form
    • G02B6/0033—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide
    • G02B6/005—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide provided by one optical element, or plurality thereof, placed on the light output side of the light guide
    • G02B6/0055—Reflecting element, sheet or layer
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21—LIGHTING
    • F21V—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF; STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES WITH OTHER ARTICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F21V7/00—Reflectors for light sources
    • F21V7/0008—Reflectors for light sources providing for indirect lighting
    • F21V7/0016—Reflectors for light sources providing for indirect lighting on lighting devices that also provide for direct lighting, e.g. by means of independent light sources, by splitting of the light beam, by switching between both lighting modes
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21—LIGHTING
    • F21V—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF; STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES WITH OTHER ARTICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F21V7/00—Reflectors for light sources
    • F21V7/0091—Reflectors for light sources using total internal reflection
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
    • G02B6/0096—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the lights guides being of the hollow type
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21—LIGHTING
    • F21V—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF; STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES WITH OTHER ARTICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F21V2200/00—Use of light guides, e.g. fibre optic devices, in lighting devices or systems
    • F21V2200/40—Use of light guides, e.g. fibre optic devices, in lighting devices or systems of hollow light guides
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21—LIGHTING
    • F21Y—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES F21K, F21L, F21S and F21V, RELATING TO THE FORM OR THE KIND OF THE LIGHT SOURCES OR OF THE COLOUR OF THE LIGHT EMITTED
    • F21Y2105/00—Planar light sources
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
    • G02B6/0011—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the light guides being planar or of plate-like form
    • G02B6/0013—Means for improving the coupling-in of light from the light source into the light guide
    • G02B6/0015—Means for improving the coupling-in of light from the light source into the light guide provided on the surface of the light guide or in the bulk of it
    • G02B6/0018—Redirecting means on the surface of the light guide
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
    • G02B6/0011—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the light guides being planar or of plate-like form
    • G02B6/0013—Means for improving the coupling-in of light from the light source into the light guide
    • G02B6/0023—Means for improving the coupling-in of light from the light source into the light guide provided by one optical element, or plurality thereof, placed between the light guide and the light source, or around the light source
    • G02B6/0031—Reflecting element, sheet or layer
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S385/00—Optical waveguides
    • Y10S385/901—Illuminating or display apparatus

Definitions

  • the present invention is directed to improvements in luminaire devices. More particularly, the present invention is directed to devices and methods for directing light in certain directions and/or restricting light from emanating in certain directions using unique combinations of reflectors, collimators, refractive media, waveguides, and Total Internal Reflection (TIR) components.
  • TIR Total Internal Reflection
  • US-A-5897201 discloses architectural lighting distributed from contained radially collimated light.
  • US-A-5676457 discloses lineal light distribution.
  • DE-A-4325115 discloses an illumination device.
  • a luminaire comprising a light waveguide, a collimator mounted adjacent the waveguide and operable to pass light to an input end of the waveguide, and a lamp located on a side of the collimator opposite to that of the waveguide such that at least some light emanating from the lamp passes through the collimator and enters the waveguide.
  • the luminaire is characterized by comprising a plurality of serially-arranged total internal reflection (TIR) components arranged within the waveguide, wherein at least some light that passes through the collimator enters the waveguide and is cast upon a first one of the serially-arranged TIR components such that at least a first portion of the at least some light is reflected by the TIR component toward an output side of the waveguide and a second portion of the light that falls upon the first one of the serially-arranged TIR components, but defeats total internal reflection characteristics of the first TIR component, is cast upon a second one of the serially-arranged TI R components and is reflected by the TI R component toward the output side of the waveguide.
  • TIR total internal reflection
  • the luminaire may provide light that is in compliance with standards such as ISO 5035/7, which require, among other things, that light emanating from a luminaire be restricted within an angular envelope with respect to a ceiling-normal.
  • the lamp is a tubular florescent bulb that is mounted in a holder and is partially surrounded on an underside thereof by a curved reflector.
  • the reflector may be smooth or multi-faceted. Light rays from the lamp may be directed directly upward, directly downward towards the curved reflector, and towards the collimator either directly or by reflection from the curved reflector. Generally speaking, most of the light emanating from the lamp may be directed upward either directly or by reflection.
  • the remaining light may fall on an input side of the collimator, which acts to orient the rays of light falling on the input side of the collimator.
  • the collection of TIR components may comprise a plurality of serially-arranged TIR components, adjacent an output side of the collimator, that operate to capture the light output from the collimator and redirect the light downward (or generally away from the luminaire device depending on the orientation thereof).
  • a substantial portion of the light that falls upon an input side of a first serially-arranged TIR component may be reflected downward and away from the luminaire. Any leakage of light (i.e., light that is not reflected as a result of TIR within the first serially-arranged TIR component) may fall upon an input side of a second or successive TIR component.
  • TIR components By using a succession of TIR components, it is possible to manufacture an efficient luminaire device without expensive and complicated metallized coatings on TIR components. That is, by employing two or more serially-arranged TIR components (which can be inexpensively manufactured, as for example via injection molding an optical-grade polymer such as acrylic), it is still possible to ensure that virtually all of the light that passes through the collimator is redirected downward in a desirable fashion, e.g., in accordance with the ISO standard, without having to rely on expensive metallized coatings on the TIR components.
  • serially-arranged TIR components which can be inexpensively manufactured, as for example via injection molding an optical-grade polymer such as acrylic
  • serially-arranged TIR components comprise standard prisms that are formed integrally with one another or are formed of individual components that are mounted on a common substrate.
  • the TIR components comprise serially-arranged solid sawtooth waveguides.
  • the curved reflector partially surrounding the lamp is augmented by a refractive medium thereby making it possible to reduce the overall size of the reflector or reflectors.
  • input and output sides of the collimator are arranged such that light passes vertically through the collimator such that the need for a waveguide may be reduced or even eliminated.
  • a light control film is provided at either the input or output of the collimator (or both) to preclude direct view of the lamp and/or to diffuse light.
  • a solid waveguide having a sawtooth pattern on a hypotenuse side thereof is provided adjacent the output of the collimator.
  • the individual facets of the sawtooth feature of the waveguide reflect light received from the collimator and capture and redirect leakage light that might leak through facets closer to the output of the collimator.
  • the luminaire device comprises a hollow cavity waveguide.
  • This embodiment preferably includes an uncoated sawtooth film that is used as a light extraction feature.
  • a solid acrylic slab is positioned adjacent a portion of an output side of a collimator and extends a predetermined distance into a hollow cavity waveguide of a luminaire.
  • the slab can be comprised of any material that has refractive characteristics sufficient to "push" light further down the waveguide thereby improving uniformity of light distribution over the length of the luminaire.
  • Figures 1 and 2 show orthogonal views of an element of a first embodiment according to the present invention in which a tubular lamp 100 is located within a concave portion of a curved reflector 105. Adjacent to lamp 100 is a collimator 110 that receives light that is not directed upward.
  • the element of Figures 1 and 2 is serially arranged in a linear array to span the length of the tubular fluorescent lamp. It should be understood by those skilled in the art that the term "collimator” is used herein to encompass either a rectangular cross-section hollow collimator array or a triangular hollow collimator array (the latter described in US Patent 6,428,198 ).
  • a "collimator” as used herein is also intended to encompass either a hollow collimator or a solid collimator, the latter being comprised of a light-transmitting refractive medium - typically a polymer material.
  • An array of solid collimators can comprise elements that are much smaller than those of a hollow collimator thereby making it possible to make an array of solid collimators much thinner than an array of hollow collimators.
  • Arrays of these smaller collimators are preferably two-dimensional arrays in order to capture the same solid angle of light flux projected from the lamp as that captured by the one-dimensional (linear) array of larger collimators.
  • Arrays of smaller solid collimators can be fabricated by photo-lithography or by a molding process.
  • Arrays of larger hollow collimators can be formed from specularly reflecting sheet metal, such as produced by Material Sciences, Inc., (Elk Grove Village, IL) going by the trade name Specular+.
  • Light that enters collimator 110 is directed substantially horizontally (to the right in Figure 1) towards at least two serially-arranged Total Internal Reflection (TIR) components.
  • TIR Total Internal Reflection
  • three prisms 125a, 125b and 125c are arranged in succession and parallel to each other as shown also in Figure 2.
  • Prisms 125a, 125b, 125c may be formed integrally with another or may be individual components that are mounted on a common substrate (not shown).
  • a flat reflector 130 is positioned above the serially-arranged TIR components 125a-c to force substantially all of the light rays that have passed through collimator 110 through the successive TIR components.
  • rays 115 emanating from lamp 100 are directed upward or are reflected off of curved reflector 105 towards the ceiling of a room in which the luminaire structure is located.
  • rays 117 are reflected or are directed directly into collimator 110, which collimates the rays and causes them to fall on a first side of prism 125a. While most of the light entering prism 125a is deflected downward (ray 128) in accordance with TIR principles, some light, indicated by ray 118, leaks through the hypotenuse side of prism 125a.
  • second prism 125b This leakage falls on a side of second prism 125b, such that almost all of the light that passes through collimator is ultimately deflected down in compliance with the angle requirements of ISO 5035/7.
  • Yet another prism, 125c, or still additional prisms, can be employed serially as shown to deflect any light that might leak through the second or successive TIR components.
  • substantially all of the light that is not directed upward is directed first through a collimator and then downward in a desirable fashion.
  • One significant advantage of this first embodiment is that there is no need (or a reduced need) for metallized coatings on certain light distributing optics (such as TIR components), thereby resulting in significant cost savings.
  • metallized coatings are typically located on the hypotenuse of the prism.
  • it is possible to eliminate these coatings by using the total internal reflection (TIR) properties of successive optics to direct an incident light beam in the desired fashion.
  • an overall specular enclosure (only one piece, 130, is shown) may be desirable (or necessary in certain applications) to guide the rays from one optic to the next.
  • Figure 4 shows a variant of the first embodiment wherein sawtooth waveguides 405a, 405b are employed as the serially-arranged TIR components.
  • the lamp and adjacent collimator are not shown, but would be arranged to the left of the TIR components in Figure 4.
  • light rays that leak through any individual "tooth" in the first sawtooth waveguide can be picked up by the second sawtooth waveguide and deflected downward.
  • the light rays that leak through can be reflected from mirror surface 210 before being picked up by the second sawtooth waveguide and deflected downward.
  • this arrangement generates a down light directional distribution that is in compliance with a standard such as ISO 5035/7.
  • One advantage of this variant is that light flux density at the waveguide exit ports is spread over a larger area than that of the standard prisms shown in Fig. 3 thereby reducing glare from the down-light projected from the waveguide exit ports.
  • FIG. 5 shows still another variant of the first embodiment wherein the serially-arranged TIR components are employed in an overall fixture including a hanger 501 and two opposing pairs of serially-arranged TIR components 405a, 405b and 405c, 405d.
  • Opposing lamps 100, curved reflectors 105 and collimator arrays 110 are also provided. This arrangement provides an aesthetically balanced fixture while throwing twice as much light as a single lamp configuration. Consistent with the principles of the first embodiment, light from lamps 100 is either directed upward or falls on the respective collimators. The light that passes through the collimators falls on a first TIR component and any leakage from the first TIR component is applied to a second or successive TIR component such that leakage out of a last TIR component is insignificant.
  • the overall fixture or luminaire includes a reflector 130 (a portion only of which is visible in Fig. 5) to direct TIR leakage rays back into the individual TIR components.
  • the TIR components are uncoated thereby reducing the cost associated with manufacturing the luminaire.
  • curved reflector 105 are typically a function of the size of lamp 100 and the overall dimension of the luminaire device.
  • Figure 6 shows one way of reducing the size of reflector 105 such that the luminaire can be accommodated in smaller spaces and to allow more luminaires to be adjacent each other in a given space. For simplicity, collimators and the serially-arranged TIR components are not shown.
  • Transparent refractive medium 605 is mounted on reflector 105a (reflector 105 is shown by a dotted line).
  • Transparent refractor 605 includes a curved reflective surface 606, a first flat surface 607 facing lamp 100, and a second flat surface 608 facing generally outward from reflector 105a.
  • Transparent refractor 605 is advantageously composed from a solid refractive medium, such as glass or plastic.
  • a light ray 602 from lamp 100 entering transparent refractor 605 is refracted normal to curved reflective surface 606 and propagates by total internal reflection until exiting transparent refractor 605 via second surface 608.
  • the refractive medium makes it possible to alter the shape of the required reflective surface, comprising reflector 105a and curved reflector surface 606, resulting in an assembly that is more compact than reflector 105. As shown in Figure 6, the vertical span of the reflector is reduced while allowing no rays entering the refractive medium to be directed back to the lamp surface.
  • a refractive medium consistent with the above description can be employed in any embodiment described herein that incorporates a curved or multi-faceted reflector that surrounds a lamp.
  • Figure 6A shows a variation of the assembly depicted in Figure 6.
  • refractive medium 605 is given a slanted orientation compared with that of Figure 6.
  • a rectangular light pipe 625 has been added to second surface 608.
  • refractive medium 605 and rectangular light pipe 625 comprise a monolithic structure.
  • the curved surface of refractive medium 605 is preferably mirror coated to prevent light form leaking through.
  • Other flat surfaces of refractive medium 605 and light pipe 625 preferably remain uncoated, unless the coating is, for example, an anti-reflection coating.
  • Figures 7A-7E show features of a second embodiment according to the present invention.
  • Figure 7A illustrates the basic configuration of this second embodiment, which includes a lamp 100 (mounted as desired in a lamp holder) and hollow collimators 110, which preferably comprise tapered surfaces having a specular coating thereon (although solid collimators could also be employed).
  • Side reflectors 305 are preferably provided to cap collimators 110 and to prevent direct view of lamp 100.
  • a pre-collimator optional light control film 310 can be employed to preclude direct-view of lamp 100 through collimators 110.
  • Such films can be engineered diffusers or prismatic structures as is known in the art.
  • optional film 310 is shown parallel to the input apertures of collimators 110, it can also be tilted or formed to provide the desired effect.
  • Figure 7B shows another configuration in which angled side reflectors 307 are provided adjacent to lamp 100, instead of the flat side reflectors shown in Figure 7A.
  • Figure 7C shows yet another configuration according to the second embodiment.
  • curved reflectors 105 take the place of both the flat reflectors or angled reflectors shown in Figures 7A and 7B.
  • Figure 7D shows two alternative additional features including (i) the possibility of arranging two or more modular luminaire units together in a single fixture and (ii) employing an optional post-collimator light control film or diffusion screen 320 to add aesthetic qualities to the fixture and/or to provide additional light control. Diffuser screen 320 is described more fully below.
  • Figure 7E depicts how a post-collimator light control film 320 (e.g. a fresnel structure, prism/lens array, etc) might be located at a distance away from the output of collimator 110, while still intercepting substantially all light exiting collimator 110. This functionally reduces the surface luminance of the luminaire by spreading the lumens exiting collimator 110 over a larger area. For someone looking directly up at the fixture, the configuration of Figure 7E would be perceived as having a softer glow than the configuration shown in Figures 7A-C.
  • Such post-collimator sheet technology may be available from Norton Industries (Lakewood, OH) or Reflexite (Avon, CT).
  • Figures 8A and 8B show a variant of the second embodiment wherein a collection of TIR components, in this case prisms 701, 703 is arranged beneath collimator 110.
  • a collection of TIR components in this case prisms 701, 703 is arranged beneath collimator 110.
  • some portion of the light exiting collimator 110 avoids prisms 701 altogether due to a gap 705 that is provided between some of the prisms 701.
  • Other light is captured by the pair of prisms 703 having at least a portion thereof directly in line with the output of collimator 110.
  • Light captured by these prisms is internally reflected and passed to the adjacent serially-arranged prisms, whereby light is transmitted downward in the same manner described earlier, including the principles of capturing leakage and passing the same to successive TIR components. Note that depending upon the refractive index of prisms 703 and the divergence exiting collimator 110, some light may leak through the hypotenuse of prisms 703 (not shown).
  • Figure 8B is very similar to the configuration depicted in Figure 8A except that gap 705 is removed such that substantially all of the light exiting collimator 110 is passed to at least one prism 703, thereby causing the light to be passed to the remaining serially-arranged TIR components 701. Note that depending upon the refractive index of prisms 703 and the divergence exiting collimator 110, some light may leak through the hypotenuse of prisms 703 (not shown).
  • This second embodiment shows a variety of features not included in the first embodiment, namely:
  • curved reflector 105 It is also possible to replace curved reflector 105 with a multi-faceted curved reflector like that shown in Figures 9-11.
  • a luminaire combines a hollow lenticular faceted mirror for projecting up-light flux with one, or an array of, square cross-section tapered hollow tubular reflectors (collimators) for projecting down-light flux.
  • the faceted mirror preferably includes a cusp below the lamp to bring downward-projected light from the lamp around the lamp and upward toward the ceiling.
  • the mirror facets disposed around the lamp are preferably angled such that lamp light reflections back to the lamp surface are totally, or at least substantially, avoided. This both maximizes light extracted from the lamp and minimizes heat retention by the luminaire.
  • the array of tapered hollow tubular mirror cavities forms compartments within the faceted mirror and distinct from it. Accordingly, the mirror cavities are devoid of cusp reflector mirrors. Each tubular mirror cavity at least partially collimates the down lamp light flux it intercepts and projects it downward toward the floor. Preferably, the mirror surfaces have a specular reflectance of 90%, or greater. Of course, as the width of the mirror facets approaches zero, the lenticular mirror around the fluorescent lamp becomes a continuous curve, which will then look like curved reflector 105. Dimensions (in inches) of the several components as shown in Figures 9-11 are:
  • Figures 12 and 13 are graphical output results from an ASAP execution run on a file that modeled the implementation of a multi-faceted curved reflector luminaire in accordance with the embodiment shown in Figures 9-11. The performance results are set forth immediately below and the input file on which the analysis was based is set forth thereafter in Appendix A.
  • a diffusion screen 320 may be disposed below collimator 110.
  • Diffusion screen 320 is preferably arranged or selected to at least one of:
  • the luminaire comprises a tubular (or lenticular) fluorescent lamp 100, an up-light projecting hollow lenticular cusp reflector disposed around lamp 100, a linear array of hollow collimating mirror cavities 110 arranged below the tubular lamp and along its length, and a screen or light collimating and diffusing element 320 positioned below and along the hollow mirror cavity array.
  • Collimator/diffuser 320 is preferably a thin refractive element with top and bottom surfaces having lenticularly structured features.
  • the lenticular center of the top surface directly below the linear array of hollow mirror cavities preferably has a conventional cylindrical lens surface 325.
  • Disposed adjacent to and on both sides of cylindrical lens 325 is a lenticular sawtooth structure 328.
  • Each sawtooth feature preferably comprises a vertical light input facet and a hypotenuse facet.
  • a light ray 340 projected from collimator 110 enters each of the vertical facets, is refracted into the diffuser medium, undergoes a total internal reflection (TIR) by a hypotenuse facet, and is thereby collimated to propagate vertically downward toward the bottom surface 339 of screen diffuser 320.
  • TIR total internal reflection
  • the slope angle of the hypotenuse facet is preferably engineered to collimate ray 340 from the center of the exit port aperture of hollow collimator 110.
  • these facets preferably have maximum slope angles 342a, 342b, 342c relative to vertical that may not be exceeded lest light from the exit port entering that facet be refracted in unwanted directions that deviate too far from collimated vertical propagation.
  • the hypotenuse facet angles will not be able to meet the collimation criterion and the slope angle limitation simultaneously. This will set a limit for the maximum distance of the boundary between the sawtooth facet arrays and the cylindrical lens edges and, thereby, will determine the minimum size of the cylindrical lens.
  • the sawtooth arrangement shown in Fig. 16 is a preferred implementation of this aspect of the present invention. It minimizes lens size by providing an additional degree of freedom to the vertical sawtooth facets by allowing their slope to vary from vertical. Accordingly, by engineering the hypotenuse facet slope and the corresponding vertical facet slope variation, it becomes possible to bring properly functioning sawtooth facets closer to the lens center. This brings the lens edges closer together and, thereby, reduces the size of the cylindrical lens section.
  • the facet slope engineering process adjusts each hypotenuse facet slope toward the vertical and the rotates the corresponding vertical facet slope in the same direction as this hypotenuse facet slope adjustment rotation.
  • the resulting facet configuration increases the draft angle of the facets that were vertical prior to their slope adjustment. This increases the draft angles of the sawtooth features and, thereby, enhances the mold release process.
  • the molding processes for different materials each have a minimum draft angle below which the mold release process becomes difficult or untenable.
  • a typical specification for compression molding acrylic is for a draft angle equal to, or greater than, 3 degrees.
  • hypotenuse facet slope angles toward the vertical allows sawtooth features to exist closer to the lens surface centerline without causing their hypotenuse facets to have a direct view of the hollow collimator exit port apertures. This minimizes the cylindrical lens section size, thickness, and weight.
  • light from lamp 100 may enter hollow collimator 110 at an angle approaching 90 degrees from vertical and project from its exit port aperture at a maximum angle approaching (for example) 60 degrees.
  • a maximum angle approaching for example 60 degrees.
  • collimation occurs when the limits of the output angles of an element are less than those of its input angles.
  • the linear array of individual hollow collimators preferably includes a lenticular structure in the diffuser element they illuminate because the individual diverging beams projected from the array cross each other before they enter the diffuser. Accordingly, if a diffuser area element has structure that operates in the cross-lenticular direction, it will receive light incident from different directions in vertical planes parallel to the lenticular direction from a number of different hollow collimator elements of the array.
  • sawtooth features having cross-lenticular structure cannot project light from one directional input in a desired direction without also misdirecting light incident from other different directions. This establishes the need for the structured features of the diffuser to be lenticular with a length dimension parallel to the direction of the array.
  • the function of the collimator and diffuser element 320 comprises two separate actions.
  • the top surface collimates light from the hollow collimators 110 in planes normal to the length direction of the lenticular features.
  • the bottom surface diffuses the collimated light.
  • the result produces illumination that may have angular projection properties similar to those from the hollow collimators.
  • the area of the diffuser element 320 exceeds that of the combined areas of the hollow collimator exit port apertures, its luminance is reduced and thereby generates less glare.
  • FIG. 15 shows how a light beam of substantial solid angle is projected toward the collimator and diffuser element 320 from each exit port aperture of a linear array of hollow collimator elements 110.
  • Two typical rays 380, 381 are shown, each within one of these beams and each propagating from an exit port aperture to a corresponding area element 385, 386 on the top surface of the collimator and diffuser element 320.
  • the lenticular feature within each area element 385, 386 which would generally be either a cylindrical lens surface or the hypotenuse facet of a sawtooth element, collimates the rays 388, 389 and transmits them to corresponding area elements 390, 391 on the bottom surface of the collimator and diffuser element.
  • the lenticular diffusion features 339 on the bottom surface and within each area element 390, 391 project rays intercepted by area elements 390, 391 into beams 395, 396 of similar solid angle to those projected from each exit port aperture.
  • the cylindrical lens section preferably has a focal length equal to its distance below the hollow collimator exit port. Accordingly, it collimates the light it intercepts and projects it vertically downward. As previously mentioned, this collimation exists in planes normal to the length of the cylindrical lens section.
  • the divergence of the beam thus collimated is approximately equal to plus or minus the arc tangent of [half the span of a hollow collimator exit port divided by the cylinder lens distance below that exit port]. This divergence may be considerably less than that projected from the hollow collimators. However, the divergence produced in a plane parallel to the length of the cylinder lens will be substantially equal to that projected from the hollow collimators because the lens has no power in that plane.
  • Each sawtooth element receives light from an exit port aperture over a small angular range.
  • This range is approximately equal to the arc tangent of [the width of the aperture times the cosine of the sawtooth feature's line-of-sight angle relative to vertical (as seen from the aperture center) and divided by the line-of-sight distance between the aperture center and the sawtooth feature].
  • This angular range is, as previously mentioned, in planes normal to the length direction of the sawtooth features. As in the case of collimation by the cylinder lens, the angular divergence range in the orthogonal planes (parallel to the sawtooth feature length) will be substantially equal to that projected from the hollow collimators owing to the lenticular nature of the sawtooth features.
  • the bottom diffusing surface of the collimator and diffuser element can be lenticularly rippled as shown in Figs. 14 and 16.
  • the ripples are designed to spread the collimated light projected downward from collimating features on the top surface over an angle of ⁇ shown in Figure 14 after emerging from the rippled surface.
  • the spreading (or diffusing) action takes place in planes normal to the lenticular ripples.
  • the shape of the ripples can control the angular distribution of light within the limits of ⁇ .
  • the ripples can be sinusoidally shaped, or they may a series of convex or concave cylindrical protrusions or depressions, or they may be a series of alternating convex/concave cylinders.
  • Other lenticular ripple shapes are possible.
  • Each option has its own characteristic angular distribution within ⁇ .
  • the magnitude of ⁇ increases with increasing amplitude-to-pitch ratio of the ripples.
  • the shape, amplitude, and pitch parameters of the ripples are design choices.
  • the present invention can be modified to accommodate lamp types other than tubular fluorescent lamps.
  • the present invention can also be used with lamps having compact light-emitting elements such as lamps with tungsten filaments, short arc high intensity discharge lamps, or lamps of the ceramic metal halide (CMH) type.
  • CMH ceramic metal halide
  • Such lamps are nearer to being point sources than tubular fluorescent lamps and therefore require luminaire designs that have substantial radial symmetry around the emitting element rather than designs of a lenticular nature.
  • a luminaire in accordance with the present invention can be designed to accommodate the CMH lamps such as the well-known TD-7, T-4, T-6, ED-17 and ED-18 bulbs, which have an extraordinarily high luminous efficiency.
  • the cusp up-light reflector of the luminaire is a surface of revolution about the vertical axis through the center of the CMH lamp's light-emitting element.
  • a single hollow collimator below the light-emitting element can have tapered cross-sections that are square, rectangular (near square), circular, elliptical (near circular), or a mix of these cross-sectional shapes.
  • the collimator/diffuser element below the hollow collimator element exit port aperture preferably has a cross-sectional shape that is radially symmetric about the vertical axis through the center of the CMH lamp's light-emitting element.
  • the lens on the top surface of an associated collimator/diffuser element 320 preferably has a spherical rather than a cylindrical shape, the sawtooth features on the top surface have conical rather than lenticular surfaces, and the light-diffusing ripples on the bottom surface are radially symmetric about the lens axis rather than lenticular.
  • the center lens can be aspheric rather than spherical.
  • it can be a conventional fresnel lens. The latter will have some scattering light losses from the non-collimating fresnel lens facets between adjacent collimating fresnel lens facets.
  • the sphere will be a two-dimensional uniform lenticular cross-section and the fresnel lens will be a lenticular type.
  • Fresnel lenses have the advantage of greater compactness and lower weight than the spherical, cylindrical, and aspheric lens alternatives.
  • the luminaire embodiments disclosed herein can be arranged in patterns of multiple units.
  • implementations with tubular fluorescent lamps can be arranged in a radial configuration of units that resemble the spokes of a wheel.
  • they can be arranged in a linear array of multiple units with the array direction normal to the lenticular luminaire direction.
  • For very large areas requiring illumination they can be arranged in a rectangular array of n by m multiple units, where n and m are positive integers.
  • embodiments with lamps having compact light-emitting elements can also be arranged in linear array fashion or in rectangular array fashion.
  • the collimator/diffuser element is preferably made from an optically clear refractive medium such as glass or plastic to maintain low light absorption losses.
  • Plastics such as acrylic, polycarbonate, polystyrene, and topas are options.
  • top and bottom surface features can be produced by mechanical cutting methods, or they may be molded. Another alternative would be to generate the top or bottom surface features separately on a thin substrate or roll of material that can be laminated to a substrate.
  • FIG 17 shows how one possible configuration for accommodating such bulbs.
  • Figure 17 is a view of the luminaire as it would be seen from above (i.e., from the ceiling).
  • the inner and outer circles represent an upward-reflecting cusp mirror 500 that has a substantially radial symmetry around the vertical.
  • Circular lamp 101 with electrical connector 102 is suspended within the channel of mirror 500.
  • a plurality of downward pointing collimators 110 are arranged immediately below bulb 101 such that light emanating from bulb 101 passes directly through collimators 110 or is reflected off of mirror 500 as described above.
  • a third embodiment of the present invention is a luminaire that includes lamps 100, curved reflectors 105, collimators 110 and a single solid waveguide 801 associated with each collimator and lamp combination that preferably has a sawtooth pattern on an angled side thereof, as shown in Figure 18B.
  • the sawtooth pattern is used in the same manner as the serially-arranged TIR components already described in the sense that a portion of the light that enters solid waveguide 801 totally internally reflects at each facet thereof. Leakage through a given facet is picked-up by successive facets. Remaining leakage is redirected back through the facets as desired using a specular reflector 805.
  • Advantages of the light guides shown in Fig. 18A include the ability to distribute light over a large exit area, and to maintain a thin cross sectional appearance for enhanced aesthetic appeal.
  • the fourth embodiment of the present invention is directed to a luminaire that comprises a hollow cavity.
  • Figure 19 illustrates a luminaire that includes lamps 100, curved reflectors 105, collimators 110 and a hollow cavity 901. At top and side portions of hollow cavity 901 are reflectors 905 that redirect light towards extraction features.
  • the extraction feature is preferably an uncoated sawtooth film 910.
  • An apical angle of the sawtooth can vary along the length of the waveguide.
  • reflectors 905 include microstructures features and TIR structures can be interspersed with the sawtooth film to guide more light further down the waveguide.
  • a fifth embodiment of the present invention is directed to improving the efficiency of a hollow cavity luminaire like that of the fourth embodiment.
  • a refractive slab 1001 is inserted into a hollow waveguide cavity to "push" light flux further down the guide prior to extraction.
  • Slab 1001 is preferably comprised of acrylic, but may be manufactured from any refractive material having high optical clarity and which can be molded, mechanically ground and polished, or diamond turned to provide the desired dimensions and surface smoothness.
  • This embodiment provides superior luminance uniformity over the full length of the waveguide.
  • this bottom output surface comprises a sawtooth film sheet 1007 made of, for example, polycarbonate material.
  • the enhanced uniformity, along with the sawtooth film adds aesthetic value and reduces glare from illuminated objects.
  • slab material volume is important for reducing cost.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Non-Portable Lighting Devices Or Systems Thereof (AREA)
  • Optical Elements Other Than Lenses (AREA)
  • Lighting Device Outwards From Vehicle And Optical Signal (AREA)
  • Polarising Elements (AREA)
  • Vehicle Body Suspensions (AREA)
  • Replacing, Conveying, And Pick-Finding For Filamentary Materials (AREA)

Claims (14)

  1. Leuchte, umfassend:
    einen Lichtwellenleiter;
    einen Kollimator (110), der neben dem Wellenleiter befestigt ist und betätigt werden kann, Licht zu einem Eingangsende des Wellenleiters durchzulassen; und
    eine Lampe (100), die auf einer Seite des Kollimators (110) gegenüber der des Wellenleiters derart angeordnet ist, daß zumindest einiges von der Lampe (100) hervorgehendes Licht durch den Kollimator (110) hindurchtritt und in den Wellenleiter eintritt,
    wobei die Leuchte dadurch gekennzeichnet ist, daß sie folgendes umfaßt:
    mehrere seriell angeordnete Totalinnenreflexions-(TIR)-Komponenten (125), die innerhalb des Wellenleiters angeordnet sind, wobei zumindest einiges Licht, das durch den Kollimator (110) durchtritt, in den Wellenleiter eintritt und auf eine erste der seriell angeordneten TIR-Komponenten (125) derart geworfen wird, daß zumindest ein erster Teil des mindestens einigen Lichts von der TIR-Komponente in Richtung einer Ausgangsseite des Wellenleiters reflektiert wird und ein zweiter Teil des Licht, der auf die erste der seriell angeordneten TIR-Komponenten (125) fällt, aber eine Totalinnenreflexionscharakteristik der ersten TIR-Komponente (125) vereitelt, auf eine zweite der seriell angeordneten TIR-Komponenten (125) geworfen wird und von der TIR-Komponente in Richtung der Ausgangsseite des Wellenleiters reflektiert wird.
  2. Leuchte nach Anspruch 1, wobei die Ausgangsseite des Wellenleiters nach unten orientiert ist, wenn die Leuchte in der Nähe einer Decke befestigt ist.
  3. Leuchte nach Anspruch 1, wobei der Kollimator (110) ein hohler Kollimator oder ein massiver Kollimator ist.
  4. Leuchte nach Anspruch 1, weiterhin umfassend einen Reflektor (130) neben dem Kollimator (110) und in der Nähe der Lampe (100).
  5. Leuchte nach Anspruch 1, wobei der Reflektor gekrümmt oder mehrflächig ist.
  6. Leuchte nach Anspruch 1, weiterhin umfassend ein brechendes Medium (605), das zwischen dem Reflektor (130) und der Lampe (100) angeordnet ist.
  7. Leuchte nach Anspruch 6, weiterhin umfassend ein Lichtrohr (625), das neben dem brechenden Medium (605) angeordnet ist.
  8. Leuchte nach Anspruch 1, wobei die seriell angeordneten TIR-Komponenten (125) Prismen (125a, 125b, 125c) umfassen.
  9. Leuchte nach Anspruch 8, wobei die Prismen (125a, 125b, 125c) integral miteinander ausgebildet sind.
  10. Leuchte nach Anspruch 1, wobei die seriell angeordneten TIR-Komponenten (125) Sägezahnwellenleiter (405, 405b) umfassen.
  11. Leuchte nach Anspruch 1, wobei der Wellenleiter in einer spiegelnden Umhüllung zumindest teilweise eingeschlossen ist.
  12. Leuchte nach Anspruch 1, wobei der Kollimator so ausgelegt ist, daß er Licht im wesentlichen horizontal zum Wellenleiter durchläßt.
  13. Leuchte nach Anspruch 1, wobei die Lampe (100) dem direkten Blick entzogen ist.
  14. Leuchte nach Anspruch 1, weiterhin umfassend eine Aufhängung (501).
EP03754523A 2002-09-10 2003-09-10 Beleuchtungsvorrichtung Expired - Lifetime EP1567803B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (5)

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US40926902P 2002-09-10 2002-09-10
US409269P 2002-09-10
US10/366,337 US6948832B2 (en) 2002-09-10 2003-02-14 Luminaire device
US366337 2003-02-14
PCT/US2003/028708 WO2004025170A2 (en) 2002-09-10 2003-09-10 Luminaire device

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EP1567803A2 EP1567803A2 (de) 2005-08-31
EP1567803B1 true EP1567803B1 (de) 2007-12-05

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US (2) US6948832B2 (de)
EP (1) EP1567803B1 (de)
AT (1) ATE380316T1 (de)
AU (1) AU2003272345A1 (de)
DE (1) DE60317929T2 (de)
WO (1) WO2004025170A2 (de)

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AU2003272345A8 (en) 2004-04-30
US20040047162A1 (en) 2004-03-11
US6948832B2 (en) 2005-09-27
AU2003272345A1 (en) 2004-04-30
US7178946B2 (en) 2007-02-20
WO2004025170A2 (en) 2004-03-25
US20050276065A1 (en) 2005-12-15
EP1567803A2 (de) 2005-08-31
WO2004025170A3 (en) 2004-09-16
ATE380316T1 (de) 2007-12-15
DE60317929T2 (de) 2008-11-27
DE60317929D1 (de) 2008-01-17

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