EP1565784A1 - Dispositif d'affichage a cristal liquide nematique bistable et procede de commande d'un tel dispositif - Google Patents
Dispositif d'affichage a cristal liquide nematique bistable et procede de commande d'un tel dispositifInfo
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- EP1565784A1 EP1565784A1 EP03789475A EP03789475A EP1565784A1 EP 1565784 A1 EP1565784 A1 EP 1565784A1 EP 03789475 A EP03789475 A EP 03789475A EP 03789475 A EP03789475 A EP 03789475A EP 1565784 A1 EP1565784 A1 EP 1565784A1
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- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- pixel
- signal
- liquid crystal
- phase
- addressing
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/137—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect, e.g. field-induced phase transition, orientation effect, guest-host interaction or dynamic scattering
- G02F1/139—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect, e.g. field-induced phase transition, orientation effect, guest-host interaction or dynamic scattering based on orientation effects in which the liquid crystal remains transparent
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/137—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect, e.g. field-induced phase transition, orientation effect, guest-host interaction or dynamic scattering
- G02F1/139—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect, e.g. field-induced phase transition, orientation effect, guest-host interaction or dynamic scattering based on orientation effects in which the liquid crystal remains transparent
- G02F1/1391—Bistable or multi-stable liquid crystal cells
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/1337—Surface-induced orientation of the liquid crystal molecules, e.g. by alignment layers
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the field of liquid crystal display devices and more precisely a method and a device for controlling the switching of a bistable nematic display.
- a general aim of the present invention is to improve the bistable display devices described in document [1]. These devices are generally called "BiNem". This terminology will be used in the context of this patent application. The structure of these devices will be described in more detail below. STATE OF THE ART Depending on the physical nature of the liquid crystal used, a distinction is made between nematic, cholesteric, smectic, ferroelectric devices, etc.
- nematic displays which are the subject of the present invention, a nematic, achiral or chiralised, for example by adding a chiral dopant, is used. In this way, a spontaneous uniform or slightly twisted texture is obtained, the pitch of the helix of which is greater than a few micrometers.
- the orientation and anchoring of the liquid crystal near the surfaces delimited by substrates are defined by layers or alignment treatments applied to said substrates. In the absence of a field, a uniform or slightly twisted nematic texture is imposed in this way.
- nematics twisted nematics (TN for Twisted Nematic), super twisted (STN for Super Twisted Nematic), with electrically controlled birefringence (ECB for Electrically Controled Birefringence), vertically aligned nematics (VAN for Vertically Aligned Nematic), nematic switching in the plane of the plane substrate (IPS for In Plane Switching) etc.
- TN Twisted Nematic
- STN Super Twisted Nematic
- EBC Electrically Controled Birefringence
- VAN Vertically aligned nematics
- IPS In Plane Switching
- bistable, multistable or metastable nematics Another class of nematic displays is that of bistable, multistable or metastable nematics. In this case at least two distinct textures, stable or metastable in the absence of a field, can be produced in the cell. Switching between the two states is achieved by the application of appropriate electrical signals. Once the image is registered, it remains memorized in the absence of a field, thanks to the bistability.
- This memory of bistable displays is very attractive for many applications. On the one hand, it allows a low refresh rate of the images (only when you want to change it), very favorable for reducing the consumption of portable devices. On the other hand the memory allows a very high rate of multiplexing, with an image quality independent of the number of lines. Description of the bistable screen called BiNem (figure 1)
- FIG. 1 A new bistable display is described in document [1].
- This display is shown schematically in FIG. 1. It consists of a layer of nematic liquid crystal 10 chiralised or cholesteric placed between two plates or substrates 20, 30 of which at least one is transparent. Two electrodes 22, 32 disposed respectively on the substrates 20, 30 make it possible to apply electrical control signals to the chiralised nematic liquid crystal 10 located between them.
- anchoring layers 24, 34 orient the molecules of the liquid crystal 10 in the desired directions.
- On a master slide 20 the anchoring 24 of the molecules is strong and slightly inclined.
- On the slave blade 30 it is weak and flat.
- the anchoring 24, 34 of the molecules 10 on these surfaces 22, 32 is monostable.
- An optical system completes the device.
- the two bistable textures U (uniform or slightly twisted) and T (twisted) of the liquid crystal, illustrated respectively on the left and on the right of FIG. 1, are stable without applied field.
- the angle between the anchoring direction on the master blade 20 and on the slave blade 30 is small or zero.
- BiNem structure An advantage of the BiNem structure is that the two textures U and T are planar, which makes it possible to obtain a good angle of view without compensation film.
- the optical performance of BiNem in a reflective configuration is described, for example, in document [5]. Switching mode between BiNem textures
- the two bistable textures U and T are topologically distinct. It is impossible to transform them one into the other by a continuous deformation of the volume.
- the transformation of a texture U into a texture T or vice-versa therefore requires either the breaking of the anchoring on the surfaces, induced by a strong external field, or the displacement of a line of inclination. This second phenomenon, much more slow than the first, may be overlooked and will not be detailed later.
- Any alignment layer of a liquid crystal can be characterized by an overlying anchoring energy Az. This energy is always over. We show that there is then a threshold field E c also finite (breaking threshold of the anchor), which gives the surface, whatever the previous texture without field, a homeotropic texture (H).
- the breaking of the anchor requires the application of a field at least equal to the threshold field E c .
- This field must be applied long enough for the reorientation of the liquid crystal in the vicinity of the surface to result in the homeotropic texture, as shown diagrammatically in the center of FIG. 1. This minimum time depends on the amplitude of the field applied, but also on the characteristics. physical properties of the liquid crystal and the alignment layer. In the static case (fields applied for a few
- a typical value of Vc is 16 V for a BiNem.
- the anchoring is said to be broken when the molecules are normal to the blade in the vicinity of this surface, and the restoring torque exerted by the surface on these molecules is zero.
- the difference between the orientation of the molecules and the normal to the surface is sufficiently small, for example less than 0.5 °, and that the torque which is applied to the molecules on the surface is sufficient weak (such a state is shown schematically in the center of Figure 1).
- the nematic molecules near the broken surface 34 are in unstable equilibrium when the electric field is cut, and can either return to their initial orientation, or rotate in direction reverse and induce a new texture differing from the initial texture by a 180 ° twist.
- the control of the final texture depends on the form of the applied electrical signal, in particular on the way in which this field is brought back to zero.
- Az viscosity of rotation of the liquid crystal This time is typically of the order of ten microseconds.
- the switching of the strong surface 24 in such a short time induces a strong flow near this surface, which diffuses in the volume and reaches the weak surface (slave blade 30) after a characteristic time less than the microsecond.
- the shear induced on the weak surface (slave blade 30) creates a hydrodynamic torque on the molecules of this surface. This torque is in the opposite direction to the elastic torque induced by the inclination of the master blade 20.
- the hydrodynamic torque on the weak surface 34 is the strongest. It promotes the twisted texture T shown schematically on the right of Figure 1.
- the elastic torque on the weak surface 34 is the strongest, it induces the uniform texture U shown diagrammatically on the left of FIG. 1.
- volume relaxation ⁇ vo ⁇ equal to - -, where d is the thickness of the
- Phase C consists in applying an electrical signal adapted to break the anchor on the slave blade 30. In general, the shorter phase C, the more we must increase the peak amplitude of the applied signal.
- Second phase selection phase, noted S.
- phase S The voltage applied during phase S must allow the selection of one of the two bistable textures U or T. Given the effect explained above, this is the shape of the descent of the electric pulse applied to the terminals of each pixel which conditions the passage from one texture to another.
- phase C breaking of the anchor
- phase C of breaking of the anchor it is necessary to apply a pulse providing a field greater than the breaking field of anchoring on the slave plate 30 and wait the time necessary for the molecules to rise in the pixel as illustrated in the center of FIG. 1.
- the breaking field is a function of the elastic and electrical properties of the liquid crystal material 10 and of its interaction with the anchoring layer 34 deposited on the slave plate 30 of the cell. It is variable from a few volts to ten volts per micron.
- the time to raise the molecules is proportional to the rotational viscosity ⁇ and inversely proportional to the dielectric anisotropy of the material used as well as to the square of the applied field. In practice, this time can drop to a few microseconds for fields of 20 volts per micron.
- Phase S Selection of the texture It is then enough to reduce the field quickly, creating in a few microseconds or at most in a few tens of microseconds a sudden drop in the control voltage.
- This sudden drop in voltage, of amplitude at least equal to a value ⁇ V is such that it is capable of inducing, in the liquid crystal, a sufficiently intense hydrodynamic effect.
- this fall ⁇ V must imperatively pass the applied voltage from a value greater than the anchor breaking voltage V c to a value less than this.
- An example of a signal for passing to the texture T is a signal of the niche type, of amplitude PI> Vc and PI> ⁇ V. Its duration must be sufficient to break the anchor. The descent of PI to 0 with PI> ⁇ V allows the selection of T (see Figure 2).
- a signal for passing to the texture T is a signal with two plates comprising a first sequence of anchoring break of duration ⁇ i and of amplitude PI with PI> Vc, followed by a second selection sequence of duration ⁇ 2 and of amplitude P2 such that either P2> ⁇ V, or PI - P2> ⁇ V.
- the fall time of the applied field must be less than a tenth of its duration or 30 micro seconds in the case of long pulses (greater than 1 ms).
- phase C of breaking of the anchor it is necessary to apply a field greater than the breaking field of the anchor on the slave blade 30 for a time sufficient to lift the molecules as in the case of registration in the state T cited above.
- the signal is either a pulse of duration ⁇ i and of amplitude PI followed by a ramp of duration ⁇ 2 whose descent time is greater than three times the duration of the impulse (Figure 3), that is, a staircase descent.
- An example of a signal for passing to the texture U is a signal with two plates comprising a first break sequence of duration ⁇ i and of amplitude PI (PI> Vc), followed by a second selection sequence of duration ⁇ 2 and d amplitude P2 such that P2 ⁇ V and PI - P2 ⁇ V.
- the staircase descent of two landings is more easily achievable with the means of digital electronics.
- the first plate (PI, ⁇ 0) corresponds to the anchoring break phase
- the second plate ( P2, ⁇ 2 ) allows the selection of the texture by the value of P2.
- This signal is illustrated in FIG. 4.
- a value P2T corresponds to a value of P2 allowing passage to T (for given PI)
- a value P2U corresponds to a value of P2 allowing passage to a texture U (for given PI).
- the column signals are applied at the same time to all the pixels of the line.
- This method makes it possible to address an image in a total time equal to the addressing time of a line multiplied by the number of lines n. With this method, it suffices m + n connections to address a screen of mxn pixels, where m is the number of columns of the considered matrix.
- a multiplex matrix screen is illustrated in Figure 5.
- the electrical signal seen by the pixel is the difference between the signal applied to the line and the signal applied to the column whose pixel is the intersection.
- This screen principle drawn in FIG. 5 is said to be "passive screen".
- a row electrode is common to all the pixels in this row and a column electrode is common to all the pixels in this column.
- the conductive electrodes must be transparent.
- the material used by all manufacturers is ITO (mixed indium and tin oxide).
- a pixel is sensitive to column signals during the entire addressing time of the image, and not only during the activation time of its line. That is to say that a pixel of the screen receives, during the registration time of the image, successively the column signals of its entire column.
- the signals applied to the pixel outside the time of selection of its line as parasitic signals, which intervene in the electro-optical response of the liquid crystal pixel. More precisely, for passive matrices of type TN, STN or one of their variants under the usual operating conditions, the state of the liquid crystal in a pixel depends almost exclusively only on the mean square value (RMS for Root Mean Square) of the voltage applied to it during the image addressing time.
- RMS Root Mean Square
- the final state of the liquid crystal molecules, or ultimately the optical transmission of the pixel is determined by the RMS value of the voltage applied during the addressing time of the image.
- the refresh rate of the images is imposed by the sensitivity of the eye to flicker, typically 50 Hz. Sensitivity to the RMS value and fixed cadence result in a limitation of the number of lines of the screen expressed by the criterion. by Alt and Plesko (document [2]).
- the multiplexing of a passive screen is therefore suitable for medium resolution LCDs. Multiplexing applied to BiNem
- the pixel signal must be decomposed into a line signal, common to all the pixels, and a column signal which according to its sign will make it possible to obtain either the texture U or the texture T.
- FIG. 6 shows an example of signals line and column allowing to realize the adequate pixel signal.
- the line signal (FIG. 6a) comprises two plates: the first provides a voltage Al for a time ⁇ Xl the second provides a voltage A2 for a time ⁇ 2 .
- the column signal (FIGS. 6b for the passage in U and 6c for the passage in T) of amplitude C is applied only during the time ⁇ 2 , in positive or in negative according to which one wants to erase (ie to obtain the state U) or register (ie obtain state T).
- a time ⁇ 3 separates two line pulses.
- FIGS. 6d and 6e illustrate the signals applied respectively to the terminals of an erased pixel (passage in U) and to the terminals of an inscribed pixel (passage in T).
- the switching principle based on the shape of the falling edge of the pixel signal is specific to BiNem.
- the writing time of an image of n lines is equal to n times the addressing time of a line.
- the line time is 2 ms, i.e. for 160 lines an image time of 320 ms and for 480 lines an image time of 960 ms.
- This technique is nevertheless limited to gains in speed of the order of a factor of 2 or 3, insufficient to reach the rate around 50 Hz on a medium resolution display (typically 300 lines).
- Standard liquid crystals are also sensitive to the RMS value of the applied voltage, but this value influences the state of the pixel not only during image registration, but permanently since they must be constantly addressed to present the desired optical state.
- BiNem is that switching to the texture T requires applying a steep voltage drop to the pixel.
- a double plateau type signal with sufficient voltage drop propagates along the entire ITO line to the last pixel of the line. Due to the electrical characteristics of the line (RC), the shape of the pulse will be modified during its propagation. It is fundamental that its shape on arrival on the last pixel is always compatible with switching to T.
- RC electrical characteristics of the line
- T-switching takes place if the voltage drop (from 90% to 10% of its value) takes place in less than a time Tt of approximately 30 ⁇ s.
- the propagation on the line is given by a diffusion equation.
- the line impedance is calculated analytically.
- the rise or fall time (90% -10%) at the end of the line for a step applied at the start of the line is 0.9.Td.
- TFT Thin Film Transistor
- FIG. 11 The principle of active addressing of a liquid crystal pixel, using for example a thin film transistor (TFT for Thin Film Transistor), generally of the MOS type, is illustrated in FIG. 11.
- TFT Thin Film Transistor
- Each pixel is addressed through a switch 40 (TFT) which connects it to its column 45 during the addressing phase (line time) and which isolates it from the external environment during the maintenance phase (frame time or addressing of the whole image), which allows maintain a constant voltage across its terminals throughout the duration of the frame.
- activation of the switch is caused by a sequential scanning of the lines 46 of the screen (as for multiplex addressing), or a closing voltage is applied (to make the transistor pass) during the corresponding line time, and a opening voltage (to make the transistor blocking) during the addressing of the other lines.
- the line 46 is thus connected to the gate 41 of the MOS transistor 40 which controls the opening or closing of the latter, the column 45 at the source 42, and the drain 43 at the control electrode 47 of the crystal pixel liquid.
- the counter electrode 48 is common to all the pixels.
- Each pixel proper of liquid crystal can be assimilated to a cell comprising in parallel a capacity C C ⁇ _ and a resistance
- a current passes through the resistor Ron of the transistor and charges the aforementioned cell (C C , RC L ) -
- a leakage current can discharge the capacitance C CL through the parallel resistor R CL .
- a storage capacity Cs is generally added in parallel with the CCL capacity of the liquid crystal, at the cost of increasing the complexity of the TFT technology.
- Rpc total resistance of the column track which transports the data to the pixel
- Cpc total capacity of the column track which transports the data to the pixel
- 75 Hz corresponds to a frame time of 13 ms, and 13 ⁇ s per line are necessary to address 1000 lines.
- the line time to charge the capacity of the liquid crystal must be of the order of one to a few tens of ⁇ s. This imposes a low value for the Ron of the transistor. If this condition is satisfied, high addressing rates of high resolution images are possible with this method.
- the transistor When the transistor is blocking, the voltage is maintained across the pixel, which is isolated from the parasitic column signals for the entire frame time.
- the constraint of multiplexing (criterion of Alt and Pleshko) is lifted, a large number of pixels can be addressed.
- the limitation is, to maintain a given gray level, that the voltage across the pixel is maintained at a given value, and does not vary more than the voltage difference between 2 gray. For this, the pixel leakage resistance must be less than a certain value, which imposes a constraint both on the Roff of the transistor and on the resistivity R CL of the liquid crystal.
- Maintaining the initial gray level The voltage across the pixels must be maintained with a variation of less than 10 mV during the frame time (13 ms). This constraint imposes a high Roff of the transistor and a resistivity of the liquid crystal.
- TFTs use a thin layer of amorphous silicon (a-Si) and are coupled to TN (Twisted Nematic) mode.
- a-Si amorphous silicon
- TN Transmission Nematic
- the TFT is rather associated with IPS (In Plane Switch 90) or MVA (Multidomain Vertically Aligned) modes with a better view angle.
- TFT screens for mobile applications are their considerable electrical consumption.
- a 15-inch diagonal TFT matrix monitor commonly consumes nearly 20 W, approximately half of which is used for backlighting.
- This situation stems both from the non-bistable nature of the usual TFT screens (which exploit the TN effect), but also from the low light efficiency of the TFT technology.
- One of the main causes of this low efficiency is the existence of a poor opening rate.
- the backlight is practically compulsory for the usual light atmospheres.
- the autonomy of such a TFT screen device when it is not connected to a power supply network can only be low. This trend is accentuated with TFT-IPS technology.
- the angle of view of this technology is indeed comparable to that of Binem screens, but the existence of a network of low-pitch electrodes for applying the lateral field to the pixels further reduces the opening rate.
- the power of the lighting system, and therefore the consumption of the device must be greater than that of a conventional TFT with equivalent image brightness.
- IPS devices require significantly higher operating voltages to those of conventional TFT screens. The energy balance is therefore again degraded.
- the additional cost induced by the choice of IPS technology represents a real obstacle for many mass applications. Not only is the power consumption of TFT screens high, but its non-bistable nature makes it impossible, even in favorable cases, to lower it. DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
- the invention aims to propose new means for improving the state of the art.
- This object is achieved in the context of the present invention thanks to a display device comprising a matrix screen with bistable nematic liquid crystal and with anchoring breakage, characterized in that it comprises:
- components capable of passing between a non-passing state and a passing state, disposed respectively between a control electrode associated with each pixel and a display state control link, and
- input signals comprising at least two phases separated by a controlled time interval: a first phase during which the input signal has an amplitude sufficient to authorize the breaking of the anchoring of the liquid crystal on the associated pixel, then a second phase during which the amplitude of the input signal is controlled to select one of the two bistable states of the liquid crystal, the time interval between the two phases being adapted to ensure the breaking of the anchoring of the liquid crystal on said associated pixel before the application of the second phase of input signal.
- the aforementioned components are formed of switches controlled between a non-conducting state and a state passing by an addressing signal, and are respectively disposed between a control electrode associated with each pixel and a state command link display
- the device comprises means capable of defining addressing signals comprising at least two active phases driving a switch in the on state, separated by a controlled time interval, and suitable for applying to the input of each controlled switch, via the state control link, in synchronism with the active phases of the addressing signal making it selectively conducting, input signals comprising at least two phases: first phase during which the input signal has a sufficient amplitude to authorize the breaking of the anchoring of the liquid crystal on the associated pixel, then a second phase during which the amplitude of the input signal is controlled to select one of the two bistable states of the liquid crystal, the time interval between the two phases being adapted to ensure the breaking of the anchoring of the liquid crystal on said associated pixel before the application ion of the second phase of the input
- matrix screen should not be considered as limited to a regular arrangement of pixels in rows and columns. It includes any arrangement of pixels in the form of n groups of m associated elements, for example n digits each formed of m elements.
- the present invention also relates to a method for electrically controlling a matrix screen with bistable nematic liquid crystal and anchoring breakage, characterized in that it comprises: - the supply of components capable of passing between a non-conducting state and a on state, arranged respectively between a control electrode associated with each pixel and a display state control link and that it comprises the stages consisting, for the electrical control, of: - applying to the input of each aforementioned component , via the state control link, input signals comprising at least two phases separated by a controlled time interval: a first phase during which the input signal has an amplitude sufficient to authorize the breaking of the anchoring of the liquid crystal on the associated pixel, then a second phase during which the amplitude of the input signal is controlled to select one of the two bistable states of the liquid crystal, the interval of the time between the two phases being adapted to ensure the breaking of the anchoring of the liquid crystal on said associated pixel before the application of the second phase of the input signal.
- the screen according to the present invention uses two textures, one uniform or slightly twisted in which the molecules are at least substantially parallel to each other, and the other which differs from the first by a twist of the order of plus or minus 180 °.
- FIG. 1 previously described, schematically represents a Binem screen, conforming to the state of the art
- FIG. 2 previously described, represents an example of a pixel pixel signal, for switching to the T state, for such a screen
- FIG. 3 previously described, shows an example of a pixel signal with progressive falling edge, for switching in the U state, for such a Binem screen,
- FIG. 4 shows an example of a pixel signal with two plates, allowing the selection of the texture as a function of the value P2 of the second plate of the pulse applied across the pixels, for such a Binem screen,
- FIG. 5 previously described, schematically represents a multiplex matrix screen
- FIG. 6, previously described, represents an example of row and column signals, for a pixel, in a multiplex mode, for a screen
- FIG. 7 previously described, represents an electrical signal at the terminals of a pixel of a Binem screen in multiplex mode
- FIG. 8 previously described, gives another representation of a multiplex display
- FIG. 9 previously described, illustrates an equivalent electrical diagram of a line of a multiplex liquid crystal display, of the Binem screen type in multiplex mode,
- FIG. 10 represents the evolution of the shape of the falling edge of the voltage applied to a pixel of a Binem type screen in multiplex mode, during propagation along a line, for a square resistance ITO of 30 ⁇ in Figure 10a and 15 ⁇ in Figure 10b, respectively .
- FIG. 11, previously described schematically represents the general principle of active addressing, in accordance with the state of the art,.
- FIG. 12 previously described, represents the equivalent electric diagram of a pixel of liquid crystal addressed by a transistor, respectively in the on state in FIG. 12a and in the blocking state in FIG. 12b,
- FIG. 13 represents the addressing of a screen called “active Binem", in accordance with the present invention, for switching as desired in the U state or in the T state, according to a first implementation option comprising 3 successive phases or stages of application of control signals, more precisely FIG. 13a represents the addressing signal applied to the gate of a transistor, FIG. 13b represents two variants of the state control signal applied to the source of the transistor to obtain the states U and T respectively, FIGS. 13c and 13d respectively represent the resulting signal available on the drain of the transistor and consequently on the pixel, in the case of a transition to the state U and in the case of a transition to state T, and FIG. 13e schematically represents a second addressing signal offset from that of FIG. 13a and intended for a second line of the display,
- FIG. 14 represents the equivalent electrical diagram of a pixel of liquid crystal of Binem type addressed by a transistor, for example of TFT type, according to a second implementation option comprising two successive phases or stages of application of control signals ,
- FIG. 15 schematically represents the addressing of a screen called "active Binem” in accordance with the present invention for switching as desired in the U state or in the T state according to a second implementation option comprising two phases or successive steps of applying control signals
- FIG. 15a represents the addressing signal applied to the gate of a transistor
- FIG. 15b represents the state control signal applied to the source of the transistor
- FIGS. 15c and 15d respectively represent the signal resulting available on the drain of the transistor and consequently on the pixel, in the case of a transition to the state T and in the case of a transition to the state U
- FIG. 15e schematically represents a second signal d addressing offset from that of FIG. 15a and intended for a second line of the display
- FIG. 16 schematically represents the electric voltage across a pixel according to the present invention for the transition to the state T
- FIG. 17 schematically represents the addressing line voltage applied to the gate of a transistor in the context of the first option according to the present invention
- - Figure 18 shows an example of addressing line voltage applied to the gate of a transistor in the case of the second option according to the present invention
- - Figure 19 schematically shows an example of addressing of an active Binem according to the first option comprising three successive applications of control voltage, for a simulated pixel signal for passing through a texture T, FIG. 19b representing a partial enlarged view of the rising and falling edges of the signal of FIG. 19a,
- FIG. 20 represents an illustration similar to FIG. 19 for a simulated pixel signal for the transition to texture U,
- FIG. 21 represents the addressing of an active Binem according to the second option in accordance with the present invention comprising two successive applications of control voltage, for a simulated pixel signal for switching to texture T, here again FIG. 21b representing a partial view on an enlarged scale of the rising and falling edges of the signal of FIG. 21a,
- FIG. 22 represents a view similar to FIG. 21a for a simulated pixel signal for the transition to texture U,
- FIG. 23 schematically represents an alternative embodiment in accordance with the present invention comprising switching means in the form of a diode for each pixel
- FIG. 24 schematically represents another variant embodiment in accordance with the present invention comprising switch means in the form of two head-to-tail diodes for each pixel
- FIG. 25 represents the response of a diode used in the variant of FIG. 23, and
- FIG. 26 represents the response of two diodes mounted head to tail used in the context of the variant of FIG. 24.
- the general structure of the screen according to the present invention is identical to the structure of a conventional TFT screen as illustrated in FIG. 11.
- the cell is made with a smaller thickness than for standard technologies, the cell is filled with a liquid crystal suitable for BiNem, so as to obtain the two texture U and T as illustrated in FIG. 1, and thus a cell operation in BiNem mode.
- one of the electrodes is connected to the drain 41 of a respective transistor 40, forming a switch
- the source 42 of the latter is connected to a link or state control track, for example a column 45, to receive a state control signal
- the gate 41 of the transistor is connected to a link or control or addressing track, for example a line 46, to receive a control or address signal
- the counter electrode is connected to a common potential, for example ground, common to all pixels.
- nm controlled switches 40 For a screen of nm pixels grouped in the form of n groups of m elements, for example n rows of m columns, it is thus provided nm controlled switches 40, a network of n conductive tracks forming their address lines and a network of m conductive tracks forming transistor control columns.
- the gate 41 of this transistor 40 when an adequate signal is applied to the gate 41 of this transistor 40, it is turned on.
- the voltage applied to the source 42 thereof is then found on the drain 43 of the transistor and therefore on the associated electrode 47 thereof.
- the pixel formed by the liquid crystal placed between two electrodes constitutes a capacitor capable of retaining this voltage across its terminals during the transition to the blocking state of the transistor, that is to say when the applied addressing signal is cut off. on his grid.
- the abovementioned switch transistors associated with each pixel will be called: "TFT" (for Thin Film Transistor in English).
- TFT Thin Film Transistor
- the present invention should not be considered as being limited to any technology for producing controlled switches. It encompasses any technology capable of performing such a function.
- a system with one or more diodes can be envisaged.
- the TFTs 40 make it possible to isolate all the pixels of the screen except those associated with the addressed line 46 which are each connected, by their column track 45, to a column driver.
- a standard standard TFT addressing requires addressing and controlling all the pixels in each frame, while the biNem bistability allows selective control of only the pixels whose state is changed between each frame. Very individualized addressing taking bistability into account is thus possible. We will call this mode "selective addressing". More specifically, in the context of the present invention, at each addressing of a line, the pixels which must change state must receive a switching signal on the source of their associated transistor, to ensure successively an anchoring break then a selection, the others can remain connected to ground, i.e. receive a zero voltage via their transistor placed in the on state (indeed such a zero voltage cannot break the anchoring and cannot therefore change the pixel state). Consumption can thus be significantly reduced, almost canceled for slowly varying images.
- the contrast and the brightness of the screen will be optimum in this case, the passage of a pixel through the intermediate switching states not appearing at each frame, but only when this pixel has to change state.
- the flashing of the image is thus completely suppressed.
- the addressing of the active BiNem is carried out according to the invention in several times, in the form of at least two phases separated by a controlled time interval.
- the present invention thus differs fundamentally from the addressing of a standard TFT which is carried out at once because the standard liquid crystals are simply oriented as a function of the value of the applied field.
- the essential function of the addressing and control signals in accordance with the present invention is to produce a correct signal, with two plates for example, at the terminals of the pixel, by first applying, during a first phase, a control voltage PI (during a line addressing time Tg) via the source of the transistor, to obtain the break, then by applying after a time Te called break time, during a second phase, a control voltage P2U or P2T (for a time line addressing T'g which can be different from Tg) always via the source of the transistor, making it possible to obtain the texture U or T.
- a third voltage close to or equal to zero, during a third subsequent phase may also be required.
- FIG. 13 the frame time is referenced TRA, that is to say that the addressing signals illustrated in FIG. 13a and the state control signals illustrated in FIG. 13b return with a recurrence period TRA (case of non-selective addressing or case of selective addressing when the pixel changes state) or multiple of TRA (case of selective addressing when the pixel does not change state at each frame).
- TRA case of non-selective addressing or case of selective addressing when the pixel changes state
- multiple of TRA case of selective addressing when the pixel does not change state at each frame.
- the addressing voltage is applied three times successively to the gate 41 of a transistor 40 to switch it to the on state:
- the addressing signal has a duration Tg
- the addressing signal whose rising edge is delayed by Te with respect to the first has a duration Tg ',
- the addressing signal whose rising edge is delayed by Ts with respect to the second has a duration Tg ".
- the times Tg, Tg 'and Tg " may be identical to each other or different.
- the time Te is determined to be sufficient to guarantee the breaking of the weak anchor 34 on the substrate 30 before application of the duration selection signal Tg'.
- a control voltage P2T or P2U is applied to the source of the transistor according to the texture to be obtained.
- P2T the low value of P2T which is chosen, it can be chosen zero or very low, because there is no constraint here linked to the multiplexing requesting to make the selection between T and U with the sign of a single column signal C.
- the jump in voltage being greater (PI in comparison with P1-P2T), the transition to T is facilitated.
- Such a signal is of the niche type illustrated in FIG. 2.
- the two zones illustrated in FIG. 4 can be used for P2T.
- switching to T is initiated during the second addressing Tg '.
- switching to T is initiated during the third addressing Tg ", at the time of the voltage drop between P2T and POT.
- a reset to zero after the application of P2U allows the liquid crystal molecules to reach a state of rest before a new addressing sequence. So at the end of a time Ts called selection time, a voltage POU zero or close to zero is applied for a time Tg "(new opening of the line) at the terminals of the pixel. POU is not necessarily equal to POT.
- the resulting control signal obtained on the drain of the transistor and consequently on the pixel, for a low voltage P2T during the phase Tg ′ is illustrated in FIG. 13c.
- Tg the capacity of the pixel is charged at the voltage PI. capacity discharges possibly through the parallel leakage resistors, after Tg.
- the voltage across the pixel is updated to P2T during Tg '.
- the principle previously described in accordance with the present invention can be extended to x successive applications each of duration Tg x , separated by controlled time intervals Te then different Ts x , of different control signals.
- the advantage of a multiplication of the phases of application of control signal is to better approximate the optimum signal of passage in U which is a continuous decreasing ramp. Addressing in 4 passages makes it possible to approximate the ramp with 3 trays, etc.
- the drawback is an overall line time which increases with the number of passages. For the same state command, each line is therefore addressed x times with a TRA frame period (case of non-selective addressing or case of selective addressing when the pixel changes state) or multiple of TRA (case selective addressing when the pixel does not change state with each frame).
- FIG. 13e has thus schematically illustrated an example of an addressing signal offset from the previously described addressing signal and capable of controlling a second line adjacent to that mentioned above.
- Option 2 addressing in two phases
- the frame time is referenced TRA, that is to say that the addressing signals illustrated in FIG. 15a and the status control signals illustrated in FIG. 15b return with a recurrence period TRA (case of non-selective addressing or case of selective addressing when the pixel changes state) or multiple of TRA (case of selective addressing when the pixel does not does not change state with each frame).
- TRA case of non-selective addressing or case of selective addressing when the pixel changes state
- multiple of TRA case of selective addressing when the pixel does not does not change state with each frame.
- the addressing voltages are applied twice successively to the gate 41 of a transistor 40 to switch the latter to the on state:
- the addressing signal has a duration Tg
- the addressing signal whose rising edge is delayed by Te with respect to the first has a duration Tg '.
- Tg and Tg ' can be identical to each other or different.
- the time Te is determined to be sufficient to guarantee the breaking of the weak anchor 34 on the substrate 30 before application of the selection signal Tg '.
- a control voltage P2T or P2U is applied to the source of the transistor according to the texture to be obtained. Let Pif be the voltage across the pixel at the start of the second pass Tg '(see Figure 16).
- P2T must be sufficiently weak (ideally P2T ⁇ 0) so that the jump in voltage between Pif and P2T allows the switching to T.
- the voltage Pif must remain high enough for the jump in voltage between Pif and P2T to allow switching to T.
- a second advantage with a zero P2T voltage is that the liquid crystal molecules are at rest during the next switching.
- the voltage P2U can be close to the voltage Pif in order to obtain a continuous ramp descent.
- a decreasing ramp signal form as described in FIG. 3 is thus obtained thanks to the discharge current obtained in the leakage resistors present at the terminals of the pixel. This form of signal is well suited for U-switching.
- FIG. 15c shows the resulting control signal obtained on the pixel, for a low voltage P2T during the phase of duration Tg '.
- the capacity of the pixel is charged at the voltage Pli.
- the capacity of the pixel is possibly discharged through the parallel leakage resistors, after Tg.
- the voltage is thus equal to Pif before the second addressing pass of duration Tg ' , with Pif ⁇ Pli.
- the voltage across the pixel is updated to P2T during Tg '.
- Pif must be such that Plf-P2T allows passage to T.
- the capacity is discharged after Tg 'to obtain a zero voltage before the end of the frame TRA. This signal leads to state T.
- FIG. 15d illustrates the resulting control signal obtained on the drain of the transistor and consequently on the pixel, for a voltage P2U during the phase Tg '.
- the capacity of the pixel is charged at the voltage Pli. This capacity is discharged through the parallel leakage resistors, after Tg. The voltage is thus equal to Pif before the second addressing pass of duration Tg ', with Pif ⁇ Pli.
- the voltage across the pixel capacitance is updated to P2U during Tg '.
- the capacity is discharged after Tg 'to obtain a zero voltage before the end of the frame TRA. This signal leads to state U. Due to the existence of an RF discharge resistance, the value
- Pif-Pli is greater in the case of option 2 compared to option 1.
- each line is therefore addressed twice (Tg and Tg ') with a frame period TRA. Between these addressing phases, separated by a time Te, other lines can be addressed.
- Figure 16 details the evolution of the voltage across a pixel, for a transition to T, which is the most critical switching (since it requires an abrupt descent in a time Tt below a threshold of the order 30 ⁇ s). There are four successive stages in this evolution.
- Phase EC of duration Tg Establishment of the breaking fracture voltage at the pixel terminals
- the voltage to reach must not have a precise value, it is only necessary to exceed Vc to be able to break the anchor.
- the value of anchoring break PI can be different for the passage in U or in T.
- a very precise value must be obtained at time Tg to obtain reliable gray levels.
- the constraint on the combination of a TFT and the active BiNem liquid crystal in accordance with the present invention is therefore lower than for a TFT coupled to standard liquid crystals.
- the voltage PI must be maintained greater than Vc to break the anchoring.
- Pif be the voltage across the pixel at the end of time Te: Pif> Vc ⁇ 15 to 18 V
- a decrease of a few volts is acceptable during the time Tc-Tg.
- the PI voltage should not be maintained at a precise level, unlike the case of a standard TFT generating gray levels.
- the stress on the combination of a TFT and the active BiNem liquid crystal in accordance with the present invention is therefore lower than for a TFT and a standard liquid crystal.
- the time Tc-Tg must be greater than or equal to ⁇ l (cf. FIG. 4), time during which a voltage greater than Vc must be maintained to break the anchoring, typically ⁇ l ⁇ 1 ms.
- Tg 20 ⁇ s
- Tc-Tg ⁇ l
- Tt is of the order of 30 ⁇ s, ie of the order of magnitude of the gate opening times. It is advantageous to take T'g ⁇ Tt ⁇ 30 ⁇ s to optimize the rate.
- the condition for the descent of Pif to a voltage P2T in a time of the order of Tg is generally equivalent to that of the phase EC: the stress on the TFT is similar.
- the electrical parameters occurring during the ES phase are the same as for the EC phase. 4.
- the descent to zero of the selection signal is carried out either by a third pass with resetting to zero (in the case of option 1) or by virtue of the voltage leakage across the terminals of the pixel (in the case of the option 2).
- control of gray levels can be obtained by means of control capable of producing, after breaking the anchor, mixed textures where the bistable textures coexist in controlled proportion in the same pixel, separated by lines of disintegration 180 ° in volume or by walls of reorientation 180 ° on one of the surfaces and means of long-term stabilization of the mixed textures by transformation of the lines of volume into surface walls and the immobilization of these walls on the area.
- Switching of the active BiNem can be achieved with positive or negative polarity signals.
- This liquid crystal is of average quality at the resistivity level (the CL used in standard TFTs have a higher resistivity, of the order of two orders of magnitude, ie 10 12 ).
- Characteristics of the TFT corresponding to a standard TFT in a-Si of the current state of the art:
- a TFT is characterized by the following parameters:
- FIG. 17 shows the address line voltage corresponding to option 1 and comprising three pulses of respective duration Tg, Tg 'and Tg ".
- FIG. 18 shows the addressing line voltage corresponding to option 2 and comprising two pulses of respective duration Tg and Tg '.
- the voltage is calculated across the pixels of the last line in order to take account of the influence of all the parasitic couplings during the propagation of the signal according to the column.
- Example of embodiment of the invention according to option 1 is
- Tg that is to say to increase the performance of the TFT and of the liquid crystal to carry out a loading of PI (phase EC) in a shorter time Tg and an unloading of PI (phase ES) in a shorter time T'g
- FIG. 19 shows the signal calculated at the pixel terminals for the transition to T.
- the signal generated is of the niche type as described in FIG. 2. It can be seen that the pixel is loaded correctly, a voltage slightly greater than 20 V is reached in 20 ⁇ s. Unloading between this same voltage (very few leaks for this "standard" TFT) and a value very close to 0 V is also carried out in 20 ⁇ s. This signal is therefore perfectly compatible with a transition to texture T.
- FIG. 20 shows the signal calculated at the pixel terminals for the passage in U. Thanks to the 3 addresses, a signal with two plates of the same type as that used for the multiplexing is generated and allows the passage in U.
- the control signals for the passages in T and U are at 0 V after 2 ms. The switching mechanism during the next frame is therefore not disturbed.
- a TFT with more leaks can also be used for this option, provided:
- a discharge resistance R F of 150 M ⁇ has been chosen and corresponds to a discharge time of 10 ms for the maximum capacity of the liquid crystal.
- this value generates a signal in continuous descent.
- the signal generated is of the niche type as described in FIG. 2. It can be seen that the pixel is loaded correctly. A voltage of 23 V is reached in 20 ⁇ s. The discharge resistance generates a voltage loss of 3 V in 1 ms. The voltage Pif is therefore 20 V (limit fixed for PI> Vc ⁇ 16 V). Unloading between 20 V and a value very close to 0 V also takes place in 20 ⁇ s. This signal is therefore perfectly compatible with the transition to texture T.
- Figure 22 shows the signal calculated at the pixel boundaries for the transition to U.
- the signal generated is of the continuous slope type as described in FIG. 3. It can be seen that the pixel is loaded correctly. A voltage of 23 V is reached in 20 ⁇ s. The load resistor generates a voltage loss of 3V in 1 ms. The voltage Pif is therefore 20 V (limit fixed for PI> Vc ⁇ 16 V) (same as passage at T). The load resistance then generates a continuous decrease in the voltage across the pixel. The decrease up to 3 V takes place in 10 ms, and a value of 0.45 V (close to Fredericks) is reached at 20 ms, value chosen for the frame time.
- the properties of the image are those of BiNem. Bistability makes it possible to maintain this displayed image without any energy input, unlike standard liquid crystals which require permanent refreshment at a frequency of at least 50 Hz, resulting in increased consumption of the screen.
- the planar nature of the U and T textures makes it possible to obtain good optical quality of the image (contrast, luminance) over a large angle of view without the addition of birefringent compensation films. , as is the case for the TN or MVA effect. Contribution of selective addressing: partial maintenance of the optical quality of a still image for an animated image
- the sources and drains of the associated TFTs will remain at potential 0. The consumption will thus be markedly reduced, almost canceled out for the images varying slowly.
- Contribution of the TFT pixel isolation
- the transistor coupled to each pixel plays the role of a switch, which is closed for a short time (ten to a few tens of ⁇ s) when the data is loaded, and which is open for everything else time frame.
- Each liquid crystal pixel is thus isolated from the other pixels and from the column data which pass over the column tracks. No flickering effect appears when addressing an image, with no limit on the number of pixels addressed.
- Contribution of the TFT increase in the rate of addressing
- the addressing time of a line is for active BiNem equal to approximately 2 or 3 times, depending on the option chosen, the opening time of the gate Tg, typically a few tens of ⁇ s, to be compared with the time required. in multiplex addressing, which is typically of the order of 1 to 2 ms. A factor of around 50 at the level of the accessible rate is thus gained with the active BiNem in accordance with the present invention compared with passive multiplexing. As for standard liquid crystals addressed by TFT, the addressing of 1000 lines at a video rate is therefore possible in active BiNem in accordance with the present invention. TFT contribution: better propagation of signals on the line
- the metal column track only loads one pixel at a time, but is narrower than the pixel. These effects partially offset each other.
- the conductivity of the metal allows to neglect the charging time due to the resistance of the track.
- the switching of BiNem depends on the shape of the applied signal and particularly on the shape of its falling edge.
- the value of the resistor Ron of the transistor must therefore allow a charging or discharging time of less than 30 ⁇ s. This can be easily achieved with standard mobility (see simulations).
- a transistor can be used which allows faster loading and unloading of the pixel voltage, in order to reduce the opening times of the gate Tg , T'g, and T "g. This is obtained for example with a TFT with better mobility ⁇ 0 than that chosen for the simulation, or with a shorter transistor (shorter channel length) since Roff is not critical.
- the tolerance on the resistivity of the liquid crystal is greater than in the case of a TFT associated with a standard liquid crystal effect.
- a lower resistivity of the liquid crystal is permitted for the active BiNem in accordance with the present invention.
- addressing option 2 (addressing in 2 passes) recommends for optimized operation the addition of an RF discharge resistance at the terminals of the liquid crystal.
- a storage capacity Cs integrated into standard TFTs makes it possible to screen the disturbing signals which would induce a variation of the voltage across the terminals of the liquid crystal.
- the constraint on maintaining the voltage being much less strong for the active BiNem in accordance with the present invention a reduction or even a suppression of this storage capacity Cs is conceivable in the design of a TFT optimized for a BiNem application.
- the switch function performed by the transistor can also be fulfilled by a system with one or two diodes as illustrated in FIGS. 23 and 24.
- the lines 46 and the columns 45 are each on one face of the cell (simplification of the technology ).
- the columns 45 can be produced by a conventional ITO track on a first plate.
- the second plate includes ITO ranges 47, placed opposite the columns 45 to define the pixels. Furthermore, the second plate carries diodes 100 placed respectively for each pixel between a line 46 and an associated area 47. The direction of each diode 100 depends on the polarity of the signals applied between rows and columns. The diodes are positioned to operate "in reverse", ie to let pass a signal current when they receive a reverse voltage higher than their Zener voltage Vz. The absolute value of this Zener voltage Vz is chosen to be greater than the absolute value of PI.
- the diodes 100 For a positive applied voltage on the columns 45 and negative on the lines 46, the diodes 100 have their anode on the line side 46 and their cathode on the range side 47, therefore on the column side 45.
- a voltage - Vz is applied to line 1 and a positive voltage PI on column 45.
- the corresponding pixel sees a voltage PI across its terminals due to the voltage drop of absolute value Vz across the diode 100.
- the pixel defined at the intersection of line 2 (46) and the same column 45 is not controlled. In fact, line 2 being at 0 volts, the associated diode 100 sees a voltage PI lower than its Zener voltage Vz and remains non-conducting.
- FIG. 25 The characteristic of the diode 100 is illustrated in FIG. 25.
- a system with two spade diodes 100, 102 as illustrated in FIG. 24 (characteristic in FIG. 26) allows a similar operation with a bipolar switching signal.
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Abstract
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| FR0214806A FR2847704B1 (fr) | 2002-11-26 | 2002-11-26 | Procede et dispositif perfectionnes d'affichage a cristal liquide nematique bistable |
| FR0214806 | 2002-11-26 | ||
| PCT/FR2003/003460 WO2004051357A1 (fr) | 2002-11-26 | 2003-11-24 | Dispositif d’affichage a cristal liquide nematique bistable et procede de commande d’un tel dispositif |
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| EP03789475A Withdrawn EP1565784A1 (fr) | 2002-11-26 | 2003-11-24 | Dispositif d'affichage a cristal liquide nematique bistable et procede de commande d'un tel dispositif |
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| US (1) | US7864148B2 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP1565784A1 (fr) |
| JP (1) | JP5148048B2 (fr) |
| KR (1) | KR101217447B1 (fr) |
| CN (1) | CN1717619B (fr) |
| AU (1) | AU2003294058A1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2847704B1 (fr) |
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| WO (1) | WO2004051357A1 (fr) |
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| EP2068195A1 (fr) | 2007-12-06 | 2009-06-10 | Nemoptic | Procédé de fabrication d'une cellule d'affichage bistable a cristal liquide |
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| MX2008015907A (es) * | 2006-06-12 | 2009-01-14 | Johnson & Johnson Vision Care | Metodo para reducir consumo de energia con lentes electro-opticos. |
| JP5034517B2 (ja) * | 2007-01-29 | 2012-09-26 | 富士ゼロックス株式会社 | 光書き込み型表示素子の駆動装置および駆動方法、並びに光書き込み型表示装置 |
| FR2924520A1 (fr) * | 2007-02-21 | 2009-06-05 | Nemoptic Sa | Dispositif afficheur a cristal liquide comprenant des moyens perfectionnes de commutation. |
| FR2916295B1 (fr) * | 2007-05-18 | 2010-03-26 | Nemoptic | Procede d'adressage d'un ecran matriciel a cristal liquide et dispositif appliquant ce procede |
| US8913215B2 (en) | 2008-03-24 | 2014-12-16 | Kent State University | Bistable switchable liquid crystal window |
| US20090299765A1 (en) * | 2008-05-29 | 2009-12-03 | Xerox Corporation | Device and Method for Selective Medical Record Releases |
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| CN102208175B (zh) * | 2010-03-29 | 2016-01-20 | 精工电子有限公司 | 双稳定型液晶显示装置的驱动方法 |
| KR20110121845A (ko) * | 2010-05-03 | 2011-11-09 | 엘지디스플레이 주식회사 | 액정표시장치의 구동방법 |
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| JP2942442B2 (ja) * | 1993-06-30 | 1999-08-30 | シャープ株式会社 | 液晶表示装置 |
| JPH07191304A (ja) * | 1993-12-25 | 1995-07-28 | Semiconductor Energy Lab Co Ltd | 液晶電気光学装置 |
| GB9402513D0 (en) * | 1994-02-09 | 1994-03-30 | Secr Defence | Bistable nematic liquid crystal device |
| GB9521106D0 (en) * | 1995-10-16 | 1995-12-20 | Secr Defence | Bistable nematic liquid crystal device |
| FR2740893B1 (fr) * | 1995-11-08 | 1998-01-23 | Centre Nat Rech Scient | Dispositif d'affichage perfectionne a base de cristaux liquides et a effet bistable |
| FR2740894B1 (fr) * | 1995-11-08 | 1998-01-23 | Centre Nat Rech Scient | Dispositif d'affichage perfectionne a base de cristaux liquides et a effet bistable |
| JP3305946B2 (ja) * | 1996-03-07 | 2002-07-24 | 株式会社東芝 | 液晶表示装置 |
| US6057817A (en) * | 1996-12-17 | 2000-05-02 | Casio Computer Co., Ltd. | Liquid crystal display device having bistable nematic liquid crystal and method of driving the same |
| FR2763145B1 (fr) * | 1997-05-07 | 1999-07-30 | Centre Nat Rech Scient | Dispositif a cristaux liquides comprenant des moyens d'ancrage perfectionnes sur au moins une plaque de confinement donnant une orientation degeneree sans memoire |
| US6107980A (en) * | 1998-02-27 | 2000-08-22 | Geo-Centers, Inc. | Cell circuit for active matrix liquid crystal displays using high polarization, analog response liquid crystals |
| KR100347558B1 (ko) * | 1999-07-23 | 2002-08-07 | 닛본 덴기 가부시끼가이샤 | 액정표시장치 및 그 구동방법 |
| FR2808891B1 (fr) * | 2000-05-12 | 2003-07-25 | Nemoptic | Dispositif bistable d'affichage en reflexion |
| GB0017953D0 (en) | 2000-07-21 | 2000-09-13 | Secr Defence | Liquid crystal device |
| FR2835644B1 (fr) * | 2002-02-06 | 2005-04-29 | Nemoptic | Procede et dispositif d'adressage d'un ecran cristal liquide bistable |
| JP4119198B2 (ja) * | 2002-08-09 | 2008-07-16 | 株式会社日立製作所 | 画像表示装置および画像表示モジュール |
| FR2847704B1 (fr) * | 2002-11-26 | 2005-01-28 | Nemoptic | Procede et dispositif perfectionnes d'affichage a cristal liquide nematique bistable |
-
2002
- 2002-11-26 FR FR0214806A patent/FR2847704B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2003
- 2003-11-24 EP EP03789475A patent/EP1565784A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2003-11-24 WO PCT/FR2003/003460 patent/WO2004051357A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2003-11-24 AU AU2003294058A patent/AU2003294058A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-11-24 CN CN2003801042995A patent/CN1717619B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-11-24 JP JP2004556412A patent/JP5148048B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-11-24 KR KR1020057009525A patent/KR101217447B1/ko not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-11-24 US US10/536,419 patent/US7864148B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-11-25 TW TW092132973A patent/TWI360801B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| See references of WO2004051357A1 * |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP2068195A1 (fr) | 2007-12-06 | 2009-06-10 | Nemoptic | Procédé de fabrication d'une cellule d'affichage bistable a cristal liquide |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN1717619B (zh) | 2011-03-30 |
| US7864148B2 (en) | 2011-01-04 |
| CN1717619A (zh) | 2006-01-04 |
| FR2847704A1 (fr) | 2004-05-28 |
| TWI360801B (en) | 2012-03-21 |
| KR20050086874A (ko) | 2005-08-30 |
| TW200421247A (en) | 2004-10-16 |
| FR2847704B1 (fr) | 2005-01-28 |
| JP2006508393A (ja) | 2006-03-09 |
| WO2004051357A1 (fr) | 2004-06-17 |
| US20060022919A1 (en) | 2006-02-02 |
| KR101217447B1 (ko) | 2013-01-02 |
| JP5148048B2 (ja) | 2013-02-20 |
| AU2003294058A1 (en) | 2004-06-23 |
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