EP1540142A1 - Turbocharger having variable nozzle device - Google Patents
Turbocharger having variable nozzle deviceInfo
- Publication number
- EP1540142A1 EP1540142A1 EP02807832A EP02807832A EP1540142A1 EP 1540142 A1 EP1540142 A1 EP 1540142A1 EP 02807832 A EP02807832 A EP 02807832A EP 02807832 A EP02807832 A EP 02807832A EP 1540142 A1 EP1540142 A1 EP 1540142A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- turbocharger
- nozzle
- floating insert
- housing
- insert
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
- F01D17/00—Regulating or controlling by varying flow
- F01D17/10—Final actuators
- F01D17/12—Final actuators arranged in stator parts
- F01D17/14—Final actuators arranged in stator parts varying effective cross-sectional area of nozzles or guide conduits
- F01D17/16—Final actuators arranged in stator parts varying effective cross-sectional area of nozzles or guide conduits by means of nozzle vanes
- F01D17/165—Final actuators arranged in stator parts varying effective cross-sectional area of nozzles or guide conduits by means of nozzle vanes for radial flow, i.e. the vanes turning around axes which are essentially parallel to the rotor centre line
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F05D2220/00—Application
- F05D2220/40—Application in turbochargers
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F05D2260/00—Function
- F05D2260/30—Retaining components in desired mutual position
Definitions
- the invention relates to a turbocharger with a variable nozzle device for regulating the flow of exhaust gas driving a turbine.
- turbochargers comprising a turbine for driving a compressor impeller or the like
- Such a control is possible by arranging a plurality of vanes in a circular manner between a nozzle ring and the exhaust housing of the turbocharger.
- the vanes form a plurality of nozzle passages, wherein by arranging the vanes in a pivotable manner, it becomes possible to vary the throat area of the nozzle passages.
- turbocharger arrangement comprising a vane area formed between a nozzle ring and a ring member which is axially slidable with respect to the vanes.
- turbocharger defined in claim 1.
- Preferable embodiments of this turbocharger are set forth in the subclaims.
- the turbocharger comprises vanes interposed in a nozzle between a nozzle element and a floating insert supported axially slidably on the exhaust housing or turbine housing.
- a gap between the turbine housing and the nozzle element can be kept closed at any operational condition in order to increase the overall turbine efficiency of the turbocharger and the regulation thereof, while at the same time, the risk of vane sticking is avoided.
- the floating insert can be urged against the vanes in said nozzle by a difference in the pressure in the exhaust gas inlet and the nozzle and/or by a biasing member supported on the exhaust housing.
- biasing member a spring washer can be used which is placed preferably in a recess formed in the gas outlet or shroud portion of the turbine housing.
- the biasing member can also be interposed in a recess formed in the floating insert.
- the floating insert is formed preferably of a sheet metal and has a C-shaped cross-section with the open portion facing the turbine housing.
- the space or recess formed between the insert and the turbine housing is communicated to the exhaust gas inlet of said exhaust housing preferably by cut-out portions in the insert.
- variable nozzle device For mounting the variable nozzle device, its nozzle element carrying a vane pivoting mechanism is preferably clamped between a step portion of an inner periphery of the turbine and a discshaped member supported on the center housing.
- the nozzle ring is abutted against the turbine housing by means of spacer elements passing through the floating insert and thus serving also as guiding means for guiding the movement of the floating insert.
- a spacer element is arranged on the nozzle ring for limiting the displacement of the insert towards the vanes.
- a piston ring can be provided between the floating insert and a gas outlet portion of the turbine housing.
- Fig. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a part of an exhaust gas turbocharger according to a first embodiment of the invention
- Fig. 2 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the turbocharger shown in Fig. 1;
- Fig. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a part of an exhaust gas turbocharger according to a second embodiment of the invention.
- Fig. 4 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the floating insert arrangement in the second embodiment shown in Fig. 3;
- Fig. 5a and Fig. 5b are front and side views of the elastic spring washer used in each of the embodiments shown in Figs. 1 to 4;
- Fig. 6 is a cross-sectional view of a part of an exhaust gas turbocharger according to a third embodiment of the invention.
- Fig. 7a and Fig. 7b are front and cross-sectional views of a first embodiment of the floating insert used in the turbocharger according to the invention.
- Fig. 8a and Fig. 8b are front and cross-sectional views of a second embodiment of the floating insert used in the turbocharger according to the invention.
- Fig. 9a and Fig. 9b are front and cross-sectional views of a third embodiment of the floating insert used in the turbocharger according to the invention
- Fig. 10 is a cross-sectional view of a fourth embodiment of the turbocharger according to the invention.
- FIG. 11a and Fig. lib are front and cross-sectional views of the floating insert used in the fourth embodiment of the turbocharger shown in Fig. 10;
- Fig. 12 is a cross-sectional view of a fifth embodiment of the .0 turbocharger according to the invention.
- Fig. 1 shows a part of a turbocharger including a center housing 1 supporting a shaft 3 on which a turbine wheel 5 is mounted such that it extends within an exhaust or turbine housing 7 L5 mounted on a flange member 9 of the center housing 1 by means of fastening bolts not particularly shown in Fig. 1.
- the exhaust housing 7 forms a generally scroll-shaped volute 11 receiving exhaust gas from an internal ⁇ 0 combustion engine. From the scroll-shaped volute 11 the exhaust gas is directed through an annular vane area forming a nozzle 13 into a turbine shroud 15 forming a portion of the turbine housing and encompassing the turbine wheel 5.
- the nozzle 13 is formed between a ring-shaped insert 17 supported on a first
- the nozzle ring 21 is fitted inside a second flange portion of the turbine housing by means of which the turbine housing is mounted to the center housing 1.
- the flange portion of the turbine housing has an inner stepped opening engaging with the 0 nozzle ring 21 and urging the nozzle ring toward an elastic disc shroud 23 supported on the center housing 1 so that the nozzle ring becomes positioned in an axial direction of the turbocharger.
- vanes 27 are associated with vane pins rotatably supported in the nozzle ring, wherein at the end of each vane pin facing the center housing 1, there is attached a vane arm 29
- the vane arm 29 is attached to the vane pin preferably by welding, so that the length of the vane pin which is axially slidable within the nozzle ring exceeds the thickness of the nozzle ring 21 thus enabling a slight axial movement of the vanes 27 forth and back in the nozzle.
- a unison ring 31 formed in its inner periphery.
- the unison ring 31 is supported by means of its inner periphery on at least three rollers 33 spaced from each other in a circumferential direction, said rollers being rotatably mounted on dowels 35 secured radially
- the rollers 33 include a peripheral groove for receiving the inner periphery of the unison ring 31.
- the dowels 35 are secured at ⁇ 0 their two ends in holes of the flange member 9 and the nozzle ring 21 in order to prevent the nozzle ring from rotating.
- the prevention from rotation can be achieved also by separate means with all dowels being secured only in holes of the nozzle ring, or by only one dowel extending in both the 5 flange member and the nozzle ring with the rest of the dowels extending only in holes of the nozzle ring.
- the dowels serve as a radial support for the rollers which can rotate and slide axially on the dowels for following a rotation and/or axial distortion of the unison ring 0 under minimum friction or resistance.
- an actuating system is used which is not particularly shown in the Figures.
- a bell crank system described in the document US-A-4 804 316 can 5 be used.
- the ring-shaped insert 17 is provided at its outer peripheral portion with at least one dowel pin 37 slidingly accommodated in a corresponding hole of the exhaust housing 7.
- a circumferential recess 5 is formed in order to accommodate a piston ring 39.
- the thickness of the insert ring 17 can be dimensioned such that there remains a small clearance between the insert ring and the
- a spacer element 145 extending between a nozzle ring 121 and a first gas outlet portion 119 of the turbine housing 107 is arranged.
- the spacer element 145 serves as an axial support for the nozzle ring 121 which is urged against the first portion 119 5 of the turbine housing 107 by the elastic disk shroud 123.
- a ring-shaped insert according to one of the embodiments shown in Figs. 7a to 9b can be used in the turbocharger of the second embodiment.
- radially cut-out portions 149 by means of which the insert 117 is slidably engaged with the 5 spacer elements 145 and prevented from rotating are provided in the periphery of the ring-shaped insert.
- L0 is provided with axially cut-out portions 147 providing a communication of the circumferential recess 141 with the volute 111. Due to this communication, the pressure between the insert and the turbine housing becomes higher than the dynamic flow pressure within the nozzle 113 so that the pressure difference
- L5 creates an additional force urging the insert 117 toward the vanes forming the nozzle passages.
- the spacer elements 145 extend with their ends in both the turbine housing 107 and the nozzle ring .0 121 so that the provision of a locking element similar to the locking pin 26 used in the first embodiment shown in Fig. 2 is not necessary.
- the third embodiment of the turbocharger according to the _5 invention shown in Fig. 6 differs from the second embodiment shown in Fig. 3 mainly in that the former spacer element 145 is replaced by a sleeve spacer 245 penetrated by a bolt 251.
- the sleeve spacer 245 has an axial length longer than the sum of the axial thickness of the vanes 227 and the axial thickness of the 30 ring-shaped insert 217, so that a very flat elastic spring washer (not shown in Fig. 6) can be placed in the space between the ring-shaped insert 217 and the gas outlet portion 219 of the exhaust housing 207.
- the turbocharger according to the fourth embodiment shown in Fig. 10 is almost the same as the turbocharger shown in Fig. 6, with the exception that the ring-shaped insert 317 has an L- shaped cross-section which, in co-operation with the gas outlet portion 319 of the turbine housing, forms a circumferential space 341 containing an elastic spring washer 343.
- the piston ring 339 used in the fourth embodiment is accommodated within a recess formed in a portion of the turbine housing facing the inner periphery of the insert ring 317.
- a substantial advantage of the invention is that the outer wall of the nozzle can be constituted by a relative small separate element which is not only exchangeable separately from the turbine housing, which as such integrally forms the volute and the outlet shroud encompassing the turbine, but is also flexibly adjustable towards the vanes, thus providing a limited clearance to the vanes and avoiding sticking hindering movement of the vanes.
- the turbocharger according to a fifth embodiment is shown in Fig. 12.
- the floating insert is designated with the reference sign 517.
- the floating insert 517 is in the form of a shroud having a flange 518.
- the flange 518 is interposed between the exhaust housing 507 and the center housing 51.
- At least one hole is formed in the flange 518 coinciding with a corresponding hole in the center housing 51.
- a locking pin 537 is passed through both holes so as to prevent the floating insert 517 from rotating relative to the center and exhaust housings 51, 507.
- the flange 518 is fitted in an inner recess 541 formed in the exhaust housing 507.
- the axial width of the flange 518 is smaller than the axial width of the inner recess 541 such that also a spring member 543 can be accommodated within the recess 541.
- the spring member 543 axially urges the floating insert 517 towards the vanes 527.
- the floating insert 517 is formed with a wall 516 which abuts against the vanes 527. Thereby, the vanes 527 are sandwiched between the floating insert 517 and the nozzle ring 521 by means of the spring member 543 in a floating manner in order to keep a constant nozzle width.
- Such a construction provides a variable nozzle device which is not only arranged in a floating manner between the center housing 51 and the exhaust housing 507 but which also incorporates a nozzle ring 521 and the floating insert 517 being axially movable for floating with respect to each other, thus enabling a widening of the nozzle and therefore more efficiently avoiding sticking and binding of the vanes 527.
- This embodiment advantageously facilitates the axial guiding of the floating insert 517 and reduces the component parts thereof.
- the fifth embodiment may be modified as follows.
- a modification of such a floating arrangement of the variable nozzle device can use the center housing design mentioned above, where the center housing is provided with an inner recess, with the floating insert 517 being accommodated in an axially movable manner within said recess.
- the locking pin 537 may be attached to the exhaust housing.
- the inner recess in the exhaust housing may be provided with an irregular inner shape matching an outer shape of the floating insert so as to prevent the floating insert from rotating relative to the exhaust housing.
- the spring member 543 may be omitted.
- an elastic disk shroud similar to the elastic disk shrouds 23, 123 of the preceding embodiments is used to urge the vanes 527 against the floating insert 517 via the nozzle ring 521.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Supercharger (AREA)
- Control Of Turbines (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP16196537.1A EP3150806A1 (en) | 2002-09-18 | 2002-09-18 | Turbocharger having variable nozzle device |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/IB2002/003835 WO2004027218A1 (en) | 2002-09-18 | 2002-09-18 | Turbocharger having variable nozzle device |
Related Child Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP16196537.1A Division EP3150806A1 (en) | 2002-09-18 | 2002-09-18 | Turbocharger having variable nozzle device |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1540142A1 true EP1540142A1 (en) | 2005-06-15 |
EP1540142B1 EP1540142B1 (en) | 2016-11-09 |
Family
ID=32012133
Family Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP02807832.7A Expired - Lifetime EP1540142B1 (en) | 2002-09-18 | 2002-09-18 | Turbocharger having variable nozzle device |
EP16196537.1A Withdrawn EP3150806A1 (en) | 2002-09-18 | 2002-09-18 | Turbocharger having variable nozzle device |
Family Applications After (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP16196537.1A Withdrawn EP3150806A1 (en) | 2002-09-18 | 2002-09-18 | Turbocharger having variable nozzle device |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20060062663A1 (en) |
EP (2) | EP1540142B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2006504021A (en) |
AU (1) | AU2002334286A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2004027218A1 (en) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102011005151A1 (en) | 2011-03-04 | 2012-09-06 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft | Exhaust turbocharger for internal combustion engine, has water turbine distributor for variable turbine geometry, where water turbine distributor has two swiveling guide vanes between two parallel, annular slide walls |
EP3150806A1 (en) | 2002-09-18 | 2017-04-05 | Honeywell International Inc. | Turbocharger having variable nozzle device |
Families Citing this family (30)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102004038748A1 (en) * | 2004-08-10 | 2006-02-23 | Daimlerchrysler Ag | Exhaust gas turbocharger for an internal combustion engine |
EP1672177B1 (en) * | 2004-12-14 | 2011-11-23 | BorgWarner, Inc. | Turbocharger |
DE102005012048A1 (en) * | 2005-03-08 | 2006-09-14 | Dr.Ing.H.C. F. Porsche Ag | Turbine housing of an exhaust gas turbocharger with adjustable turbine geometry |
JP4545068B2 (en) * | 2005-08-25 | 2010-09-15 | 三菱重工業株式会社 | Variable displacement exhaust turbocharger and variable nozzle mechanism component manufacturing method |
US8784076B2 (en) * | 2006-03-14 | 2014-07-22 | Borgwarner Inc. | Disk spring for a turbocharger |
US7559199B2 (en) | 2006-09-22 | 2009-07-14 | Honeywell International Inc. | Variable-nozzle cartridge for a turbocharger |
US7918023B2 (en) * | 2007-02-08 | 2011-04-05 | Honeywell International Inc. | Method for manufacturing a variable-vane mechanism for a turbocharger |
US20100150701A1 (en) * | 2007-06-26 | 2010-06-17 | Borgwarner Inc. | Variable geometry turbocharger |
DE102008005404A1 (en) * | 2008-01-21 | 2009-07-23 | Bosch Mahle Turbo Systems Gmbh & Co. Kg | turbocharger |
DE102008005405B4 (en) * | 2008-01-21 | 2021-03-04 | BMTS Technology GmbH & Co. KG | Turbine, in particular for an exhaust gas turbocharger, as well as an exhaust gas turbocharger |
DE102008000776B4 (en) * | 2008-01-21 | 2022-04-14 | BMTS Technology GmbH & Co. KG | Turbine with variable turbine geometry, in particular for an exhaust gas turbocharger, and exhaust gas turbocharger |
DE102008000852A1 (en) * | 2008-03-27 | 2009-10-01 | Bosch Mahle Turbo Systems Gmbh & Co. Kg | Exhaust gas turbocharger for a motor vehicle |
DE102008029080B4 (en) * | 2008-06-19 | 2022-04-21 | BMTS Technology GmbH & Co. KG | Exhaust gas turbocharger for a motor vehicle |
US8267647B2 (en) * | 2008-07-09 | 2012-09-18 | Borgwarner Inc. | Variable geometry turbocharger lower vane ring retaining system |
JP5452991B2 (en) * | 2008-07-10 | 2014-03-26 | ボーグワーナー インコーポレーテッド | Variable geometry vane ring assembly with stepped spacers |
DE102008039508A1 (en) | 2008-08-23 | 2010-02-25 | Bosch Mahle Turbo Systems Gmbh & Co. Kg | Charging device i.e. exhaust-gas turbocharger, for internal-combustion engine of motor vehicle, has annular disk for covering side parts of guide vanes, where disc has heat isolating and friction reducing material |
DE102009058411A1 (en) * | 2009-12-16 | 2011-06-22 | BorgWarner Inc., Mich. | turbocharger |
US8915704B2 (en) | 2011-06-15 | 2014-12-23 | Honeywell International Inc. | Turbocharger variable-nozzle assembly with vane sealing ring |
US8967955B2 (en) | 2011-09-26 | 2015-03-03 | Honeywell International Inc. | Turbocharger with variable nozzle having labyrinth seal for vanes |
US8967956B2 (en) | 2011-09-26 | 2015-03-03 | Honeywell International Inc. | Turbocharger variable-nozzle assembly with vane sealing arrangement |
JP5193346B2 (en) * | 2011-09-28 | 2013-05-08 | 三菱重工業株式会社 | Variable displacement exhaust turbocharger with variable nozzle mechanism |
US8985943B2 (en) | 2011-09-30 | 2015-03-24 | Honeywell International Inc. | Turbocharger variable-nozzle assembly with vane sealing arrangement |
DE102011086310A1 (en) * | 2011-11-14 | 2013-05-16 | Continental Automotive Gmbh | Exhaust gas turbocharger with a variable turbine geometry and a diaphragm spring for sealing |
US9353637B2 (en) | 2012-05-11 | 2016-05-31 | Honeywell International Inc. | Turbine exhaust housing |
US9011089B2 (en) | 2012-05-11 | 2015-04-21 | Honeywell International Inc. | Expansion seal |
JPWO2014196465A1 (en) * | 2013-06-04 | 2017-02-23 | ダイキン工業株式会社 | Seal mechanism and turbo refrigerator |
US9556880B2 (en) | 2013-06-26 | 2017-01-31 | Honeywell International Inc. | Turbine exhaust seal |
US9765687B2 (en) | 2014-04-29 | 2017-09-19 | Honeywell International Inc. | Turbocharger with variable-vane turbine nozzle having a gas pressure-responsive vane clearance control member |
US10087774B2 (en) | 2014-09-29 | 2018-10-02 | Honeywell International Inc. | Turbocharger variable-vane cartridge with nozzle ring and pipe secured by two-piece self-centering spacers |
EP3388686B1 (en) * | 2016-01-20 | 2020-07-15 | Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Engine & Turbocharger, Ltd. | Stationary-blade-type rotating machine |
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US2976013A (en) * | 1955-08-17 | 1961-03-21 | Fairchild Engine & Airplane | Turbine construction |
GB880903A (en) * | 1957-04-15 | 1961-10-25 | Dowty Rotol Ltd | Improvements in or relating to turbines |
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JPH0610403B2 (en) * | 1984-02-22 | 1994-02-09 | 日産自動車株式会社 | Variable nozzle of Radiator bottle |
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JPH01130002A (en) * | 1987-11-12 | 1989-05-23 | Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd | Variable nozzle device for radial turbine |
DE3941715A1 (en) * | 1989-12-18 | 1991-06-20 | Porsche Ag | EXHAUST TURBOCHARGER FOR AN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE |
DE19838928C1 (en) | 1998-08-27 | 1999-04-22 | Daimler Chrysler Ag | Variably adjustable guide grid of turbine |
JP4062811B2 (en) * | 1999-03-11 | 2008-03-19 | 株式会社Ihi | Gas seal device for variable capacity turbocharger |
DE19961613A1 (en) * | 1999-12-21 | 2001-07-19 | Daimler Chrysler Ag | Exhaust gas turbine of an exhaust gas turbocharger for an internal combustion engine |
JP3842943B2 (en) * | 2000-01-24 | 2006-11-08 | 三菱重工業株式会社 | Variable turbocharger |
DE10029640C2 (en) | 2000-06-15 | 2002-09-26 | 3K Warner Turbosystems Gmbh | Exhaust gas turbocharger for an internal combustion engine |
EP1540142B1 (en) | 2002-09-18 | 2016-11-09 | Honeywell International Inc. | Turbocharger having variable nozzle device |
-
2002
- 2002-09-18 EP EP02807832.7A patent/EP1540142B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-09-18 JP JP2004537343A patent/JP2006504021A/en active Pending
- 2002-09-18 US US10/528,642 patent/US20060062663A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2002-09-18 AU AU2002334286A patent/AU2002334286A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2002-09-18 WO PCT/IB2002/003835 patent/WO2004027218A1/en active Application Filing
- 2002-09-18 EP EP16196537.1A patent/EP3150806A1/en not_active Withdrawn
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO2004027218A1 * |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP3150806A1 (en) | 2002-09-18 | 2017-04-05 | Honeywell International Inc. | Turbocharger having variable nozzle device |
DE102011005151A1 (en) | 2011-03-04 | 2012-09-06 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft | Exhaust turbocharger for internal combustion engine, has water turbine distributor for variable turbine geometry, where water turbine distributor has two swiveling guide vanes between two parallel, annular slide walls |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP2006504021A (en) | 2006-02-02 |
EP1540142B1 (en) | 2016-11-09 |
EP3150806A1 (en) | 2017-04-05 |
AU2002334286A8 (en) | 2004-04-08 |
WO2004027218A1 (en) | 2004-04-01 |
AU2002334286A1 (en) | 2004-04-08 |
US20060062663A1 (en) | 2006-03-23 |
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