EP1524489B1 - Zündvorrichtung und multimode Hohlladung welche einen solchen Zünder verwendet - Google Patents
Zündvorrichtung und multimode Hohlladung welche einen solchen Zünder verwendet Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1524489B1 EP1524489B1 EP04292291A EP04292291A EP1524489B1 EP 1524489 B1 EP1524489 B1 EP 1524489B1 EP 04292291 A EP04292291 A EP 04292291A EP 04292291 A EP04292291 A EP 04292291A EP 1524489 B1 EP1524489 B1 EP 1524489B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- relays
- plate
- relay
- detonation
- sheet
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 61
- 238000005474 detonation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 53
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 claims description 49
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 claims description 37
- 230000037452 priming Effects 0.000 claims description 25
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 claims 2
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 description 23
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 9
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- TZRXHJWUDPFEEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)OCC(CO[N+]([O-])=O)(CO[N+]([O-])=O)CO[N+]([O-])=O TZRXHJWUDPFEEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004026 adhesive bonding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001427 coherent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009849 deactivation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012634 fragment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013467 fragmentation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006062 fragmentation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
- F42C—AMMUNITION FUZES; ARMING OR SAFETY MEANS THEREFOR
- F42C19/00—Details of fuzes
- F42C19/08—Primers; Detonators
- F42C19/0838—Primers or igniters for the initiation or the explosive charge in a warhead
- F42C19/0842—Arrangements of a multiplicity of primers or detonators, dispersed within a warhead, for multiple mode selection
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
- F42C—AMMUNITION FUZES; ARMING OR SAFETY MEANS THEREFOR
- F42C19/00—Details of fuzes
- F42C19/08—Primers; Detonators
- F42C19/095—Arrangements of a multiplicity of primers or detonators, dispersed around a warhead, one of the primers or detonators being selected for directional detonation effects
Definitions
- the technical field of the invention is that of devices for the initiation of an explosive charge and in particular that of devices for initiating a multi-mode shaped charge.
- Priming devices are known in which a detonator is secured to a movable plate for aligning it with a detonation relay itself initiating an explosive charge.
- the detonator can thus occupy a misaligned position (in which it can not initiate the explosive charge) and an aligned position in which initiation is possible.
- the detonator is most often controlled by a firing rocket to which it is connected by a wired link.
- US5939663 discloses a multi-mode charge that can be initiated selectively by a priming comprising an axial detonator and a ring of peripheral detonators.
- All the detonators are connected to initiation means by separate wire connections.
- this load and the boot device that it comprises also have the disadvantage of requiring the control of the precise synchronization of the initiation orders.
- the priming device allows, by acting on the position of a control plate, to ensure or not the initiation of an explosive charge. Moreover it implements only one fixed detonator which simplifies the electrical connections.
- the device according to the invention also makes it possible, in a reliable and simple manner, to provide various types of multi-point priming from a single detonator.
- the subject of the invention is a priming device comprising a detonator and at least one detonation relay, characterized in that it comprises, arranged between the detonator and the detonation relay or relays, on the one hand at least a transmission explosive sheet comprising at least one hole, and secondly at least one movable plate carrying at least one intermediate relay of diameter smaller than that of the hole, the relay explosive sheet being arranged so as to be initiated by the detonator, the mobile stage being able to occupy at least two positions, a first position or inactivated position in which the intermediate relay is arranged opposite the hole and a second position or ignition position in which the intermediate relay is located between the sheet of explosive transmission and a detonation relay.
- the movable stage is a pivoting circular stage carrying at least three intermediate relays uniformly angularly distributed and intended to be positioned either facing holes carried by the transmission sheet or opposite relay relays. detonation.
- the mobile stage may comprise a ring of intermediate relays disposed in the vicinity of its outer periphery, so-called peripheral relays.
- the mobile stage may also include at least three other intermediate relays (or median relays) arranged at a substantially middle circle of the plate, the device further comprising a second sheet of transmission explosive disposed between the median relays platinum and an axial detonation relay, the median relays can also be positioned opposite holes carried by the first sheet of transmission explosive.
- intermediate relays or median relays
- the median relays of the platen may be arranged at a circle whose diameter will be substantially half the diameter of the circle at which will be arranged the peripheral relays of the plate.
- the movable stage may be movable by a motor means actuated by a control means.
- the motor means may comprise a screw or pinion meshing with a toothed portion of the plate.
- the invention also relates to a multi-mode shaped charge incorporating such a priming device.
- the multi-mode shaped charge according to the invention comprises a coating and an explosive charge interposed between the coating and the priming device, this charge characterized in that it can be initiated according to at least two different modes: either by an axial detonation relay or by a ring of external detonation relays, the choice of one or the other of the operating modes being obtained by controlling the pivoting of a plate of the ignition device carrying intermediate relays.
- the multi-mode shaped charge can be initiated according to at least three different modes: by an axial detonation relay, by a ring of external detonation relays, or by the simultaneous initiation of the axial relay and the external detonation relay ring. , the choice of the operating mode being obtained by controlling the pivoting of the plate.
- a priming device 1 according to a first embodiment of the invention comprises a housing 2 whose upper face carries a detonator 3 which is connected by connections not shown to a setting device. fire (not shown).
- the housing 2 is closed by a cover 4 which carries a detonation relay 5.
- the latter is disposed opposite an explosive charge (not shown) that it is responsible for initiating.
- the device 1 comprises a transmission explosive sheet 6 which is disposed at the bottom of the housing 2 facing the detonator 3.
- This sheet is made for example of a plastic explosive based on rubber and pentrite (explosive known under the trademark Formex) and carries a hole 7. It is fixed to the housing 2 for example by gluing.
- the device according to the invention also comprises a movable plate 8 which carries an intermediate pyrotechnic relay 9 whose diameter is chosen to be smaller than that of the hole 7.
- This relay may consist of a Hexocire tablet.
- the plate 8 can be moved by the action of a motor means which is here a compression spring 10 disposed between a flange of the plate 8 and an inner surface of the housing 2. In the position shown in Figure 1, this spring is held compressed by a lock 11 carried by the cover 4. The rod 12 of the lock enters a housing of the plate 8 and immobilizes it with respect to the lid 4.
- the latch 11 may be constituted by a small electromagnet.
- the firing of the detonator 3 leads to the initiation of the transmission explosive sheet 6. Due to the presence of the hole 7 next to the relay intermediate 9 the latter is not initiated.
- the detonation relay 5 is also opposite the plate 8 which plays the role of screen. He is not himself initiated.
- the plate 8 When the latch 11 is activated, the plate 8 is released. It is pushed by the spring 10 and takes the ignition position shown in Figure 2 (position in which the plate can be blocked by a not shown locking means).
- the intermediate relay 9 is positioned between the transmission explosive sheet 6 and the detonation relay 5.
- the firing of the detonator 3 then leads to the initiation of the transmission explosive sheet 6 which initiates the intermediate relay 9.
- the latter then initiates the detonation relay 5 which causes the ignition of the explosive charge (not shown ).
- This device thus makes it possible to obtain in a simple way the activation or the deactivation of a priming.
- this sheet propagates at any point on its lower face a detonation wave which is communicated to it by the detonator primer positioned at its upper face.
- One or more holes on this sheet will define areas at which there will be no detonation wave transmission.
- the device according to the invention is more particularly advantageous for performing multi-point firing for multimode shaped charges.
- FIG. 3 thus shows a shaped charge 13 which conventionally comprises an explosive charge 15 disposed in an envelope 16.
- a concave coating 14 is applied to the explosive charge 15.
- a priming device 1 according to a second embodiment of the invention is attached to the casing 16 by means not shown.
- This charge can be initiated according to at least two different modes. It can be initiated by an axial detonation relay 17 or by a ring of external detonation relays 18.
- the concavity of the coating is defined by the skilled person to allow operation of the load in several modes. This geometry is not the subject of the present invention and it is therefore unnecessary to specify it further. We can refer to the patent EP1164348 which describes a possible type of coating.
- the priming device according to the invention makes it easy to obtain one or the other of the operating modes from the initiation of a single detonator primer 3.
- FIG. 7 shows a possible location of a motor 22 driving a toothed sector 22a meshing with the screw 19.
- FIGS. 4a, 4b and 4c show in a more precise manner the structure of this device 1.
- the cover 4 which closes the housing 2 carries an axial detonation relay 17 and a ring of external detonation relays 18. These relays are in contact with the explosive charge 15 of the shaped charge 13 (see FIG. 3).
- a transmission explosive sheet 6a is disposed at the bottom of the housing 2 facing the detonator 3. This sheet is glued to the housing 2.
- the detonator 3 is connected to a non-firing device represent.
- the lid 4 carries a circular bowl inside which is placed a second sheet 6b of transmission explosive, sheet having the same composition as the first sheet 6a and which is glued to the lid 4.
- the diameter of this second sheet 6b is substantially equal to half the diameter of the first sheet 6a.
- the plate 8 is circular and bears against an inner circular shoulder 21 of the housing 2. This provision is intended to prevent friction between the plate 8 and the relay sheet 6a during pivoting of the plate.
- This turntable 8 carries a ring of intermediate relays 9a regularly distributed angularly (here twenty four relays) arranged near its outer periphery.
- relays will be said peripherals and they are intended to be positioned either opposite peripheral holes 7a carried by the first transmission sheet 6a, or opposite external detonation relays 18.
- the turntable 8 also carries four other intermediate relays 9b (called median relays) which are arranged at a substantially median circle of the plate 8.
- median relays 9b are arranged facing the second transmission explosive sheet 6b. Depending on the angular positioning of the plate 8, they can be positioned or not facing holes 7b carried by the first transmission relay sheet 6a.
- the first transmission explosive sheet 6a thus carries twenty four peripheral holes 7a and four median holes 7b angularly arranged at 90 ° from each other.
- the medial holes 7b are angularly on diameters which also pass through peripheral holes 7a.
- the transmission explosive sheet 6a is partially cut on its left side (section line L) so as to show the plate 8, a few peripheral relays 9a and a median relay 9b.
- the relays 9a and 9b of the plate 8 are shown in black when they are visible in the figure and in gray when they are hidden by the explosive sheet 6a.
- the turntable 8 thus carries twenty four peripheral relays 9a and four median relays 9b.
- the median relays 9b are angularly on diameters which are offset with respect to the diameters carrying the peripheral relays 9a.
- a median relay 9b is located on a diameter D3 which bisects the diameters D1 and D2 passing through two consecutive peripheral relays 9a.
- FIGS. 4a, 4b and 4c represent the device in a first position in which the detonator 3 only controls the initiation of external detonation relays 18.
- the detonator 3 when the detonator 3 is initiated, it in turn initiates the first sheet of transmission explosive 6a.
- the latter is next to the peripheral relays 9a of the plate 8. These twenty four relays are initiated simultaneously.
- the simultaneity of initiation results from the circular propagation of the detonation wave through the first sheet of transmission explosive 6a from the detonator 3.
- the first transmission explosive sheet 6a does not initiate the median relays 9b of the plate 8, the latter being positioned opposite the medial holes 7b carried by the first sheet 6a.
- the second sheet 6b of transmission explosive is therefore not initiated and the axial detonation relay 17 either.
- Figures 5a, 5b and 5c show the device according to the invention in its second position.
- the plate 8 has been pivoted by 7.5 ° by the action of the motor on the screw 19 and thus on the toothed portion 20 of the plate 8.
- peripheral relays 9a of the plate 8 are all positioned opposite the peripheral holes 7a carried by the first sheet 6a.
- the latter can not initiate the peripheral relay 9a.
- the firing of the detonator 3 then leads to the initiation of the axial detonation relay 17 alone via the median relay 9b of the plate and by the two sheets of transmission explosive 6a and 6b.
- the explosive charge 15 of the formed charge 13 is then initiated axially. This initiation leads to the formation of a nucleus.
- Figures 6a, 6b, 6c and 6d show the device according to the invention in its third position.
- the firing of the detonator 3 thus leads to the initiation of all twenty four external detonation relays 18 and to that of the axial detonation relay 17.
- peripheral initiations and the axial initiation are practically simultaneous. Indeed the median relays 9b of the plate 8 are arranged at a circle whose diameter is substantially half the diameter of the circle at which the peripheral relays 9a are arranged.
- the time required for the detonation wave to reach the peripheral relays 9a is therefore practically equal to the sum of the time required for this wave to reach the median relays 9b and the time required for the detonation wave to traverse the second sheet radially.
- transmission explosive 6b (the explosives used for the two sheets being the same).
- the skilled person may adjust the desired delay between the initiation of the peripheral relay 18 and that of the axial relay 17 by varying the diameter of the circle of the plate 8 carrying the median relays 9b with respect to the diameter of the circle carrying the relays 9a devices. It may also play on the detonation characteristics of each sheet of transmission explosive 6a, 6b.
- the motor means for pivoting the plate could be of different structure.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Portable Nailing Machines And Staplers (AREA)
- Pressure Welding/Diffusion-Bonding (AREA)
- Ignition Installations For Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
- Dowels (AREA)
- Materials For Medical Uses (AREA)
- Coating Apparatus (AREA)
- Perforating, Stamping-Out Or Severing By Means Other Than Cutting (AREA)
Claims (10)
- Zündvorrichtung (1) umfassend einen Sprengzünder (3) und wenigstens ein Detonationsrelais (5), wobei die Vorrichtung dadurch gekennzeichnet ist, dass sie einerseits wenigstens ein Blatt aus Übertragungssprengstoff (6, 6a) mit wenigstens einem Loch (7, 7a, 7b) und andererseits wenigstens eine bewegliche Platte (8) umfasst, die wenigstens ein Zwischenrelais (9, 9a, 9b) von kleinerem Durchmesser als der des Loches (7, 7a, 7b) trägt, die zwischen dem Sprengzünder (3) und dem oder den Detonationsrelais (5) angeordnet sind, wobei die Blatt aus Relais-Sprengstoff (6, 6a) so angeordnet ist, dass sie durch den Sprengzünder (3) initiiert ist, wobei die bewegliche Platte (8) wenigstens zwei Positionen einnehmen kann, eine erste Position oder deaktivierte Position, in der das Zwischenrelais (9, 9a, 9b) vor dem Loch (7, 7a, 7b) angeordnet ist, und eine zweite Position oder Zündposition, in der das Zwischenrelais (9, 9a, 9b) sich zwischen dem Blatt aus Übertragungssprengstoff (6, 6a) und einem Detonationsrelais (5, 17, 18) befindet.
- Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die bewegliche Platte (8) eine kreisförmige, drehbare Platte ist, die wenigstens drei Zwischenrelais (9a) trägt, die gleichmäßig über den Umfang verteilt sind und dazu vorgesehen sind, entweder vor Löchern (7a), die von dem Übertragungsblatt (6a) getragen werden, oder vor Detonationsrelais (18) positioniert zu werden.
- Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die bewegliche Platte (8) einen Kranz von Zwischenrelais (9a) umfasst, die in der Nähe ihrer äußeren Peripherie angeordnet sind, so genannte periphere Relais.
- Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die bewegliche Platte (8) wenigstens drei weitere Zwischenrelais (9b) umfasst (oder mittlere Relais), die im Bereich eines im Wesentlichen mittleren Kreises der Platte (8) angeordnet sind, wobei die Vorrichtung außerdem ein zweites Blatt aus Übertragungssprengstoff (6b) umfasst, das zwischen den mittleren Relais (6b) der Platte und einem axialen Detonationsrelais (17) angeordnet ist, wobei die mittleren Relais (9b) ebenfalls vor Löchern (7b) angeordnet sein können, die von dem ersten Blatt aus Übertragungssprengstoff (6a) getragen werden.
- Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die winkelmäßigen Positionen der peripheren (7a) und mittleren (7b) Löcher des ersten Blattes aus Übertragungssprengstoff (6a) sowie die der peripheren (9a) und mittleren (9b) Relais, die von der Platte (8) getragen werden, so ausgewählt sind, dass die drehbare Platte (8) wenigstens drei verschiedene winkelmäßige Positionen einnehmen kann:- Eine erste Position, in welcher der Sprengzünder (3) lediglich mit externen Detonationsrelais (18) mit Hilfe des ersten Blatts aus Übertragungssprengstoff (6a) sowie der peripheren Detonationsrelais (9a) der Platte (8) verbunden ist, wobei die mittleren Relais (9b) der Platte nun vor den mittleren Löchern (7b) positioniert werden, die von dem ersten Blatt (6a) getragen werden,- eine zweite Position, in welcher der Sprengzünder (3) lediglich mit dem axialen Detonationsrelais (17) mit Hilfe der mittleren Relais (9b) der Platte (8) sowie der beiden Blätter aus Übertragungssprengstoff (6a, 6b) verbunden ist, wobei die peripheren Relais (9a) der Platte (8) nun vor den peripheren Löchern (7a) positioniert werden, die von dem ersten Blatt (6a) getragen werden,- eine dritte Position, in welcher der Sprengzünder (3) gleichzeitig mit dem axialen Detonationsrelais (17) und mit den externen Detonationsrelais (18) mit Hilfe der Relais (9a, 9b) der Platte (8) und der beiden Blätter aus Übertragungssprengstoff (6a, 6b) verbunden ist.
- Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 4 oder 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die mittleren Relais (9b) der Platte (8) im Bereich eines Kreises angeordnet sind, dessen Durchmesser im Wesentlichen die Hälfte des Durchmessers des Kreises beträgt, in dessen Bereich die peripheren Relais (9a) der Platte (8) angeordnet sind.
- Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die bewegliche Platte (8) durch ein Antriebsmittel (19, 22), das von einem Steuermittel betätigt wird, verlagert wird.
- Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Antriebsmittel eine Schraube (19) oder ein Ritzel umfasst, die oder das in einen gezahnten Abschnitt (20) der Platte (8) eingreift.
- Mehrmoden-Hohlladung (13), die eine Zündvorrichtung (1) nach einem der Ansprüche 4 bis 6 sowie eine Ummantelung (14) und eine Explosivladung (15), die zwischen die Ummantelung (14) und die Zündvorrichtung (1) eingefügt ist, einschließt, wobei diese Ladung dadurch gekennzeichnet ist, dass sie gemäß wenigstens zwei verschiedenen Moden initiiert werden kann: Entweder durch ein axiales Detonationsrelais (17) oder durch einen Kranz von externen Detonationsrelais (18), wobei die Wahl des einen oder des anderen Betriebsmodus durch die Steuerung der Drehung einer Platte (8) der Zündvorrichtung erzielt wird, welche die Zwischenrelais (9a, 9b) trägt.
- Mehrmoden-Hohlladung nach Anspruch 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass sie gemäß wenigstens drei verschiedenen Moden initiiert werden kann: Durch ein axiales Detonationsrelais (17), durch einen Kranz von externen Detonationsrelais (18) oder durch die gleichzeitige Initiierung des axialen Relais (17) und des Kranzes von externen Detonationsrelais (18), wobei die Wahl des Betriebsmodus durch die Steuerung der Drehung der Platte (8) erzielt wird.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR0312203A FR2861168B1 (fr) | 2003-10-17 | 2003-10-17 | Dispositif d'amorcage et charge formee multi modes mettant en oeuvre un tel dispositif d'amorcage |
| FR0312203 | 2003-10-17 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP1524489A1 EP1524489A1 (de) | 2005-04-20 |
| EP1524489B1 true EP1524489B1 (de) | 2007-04-11 |
Family
ID=34355507
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP04292291A Expired - Lifetime EP1524489B1 (de) | 2003-10-17 | 2004-09-23 | Zündvorrichtung und multimode Hohlladung welche einen solchen Zünder verwendet |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP1524489B1 (de) |
| AT (1) | ATE359492T1 (de) |
| DE (1) | DE602004005797T2 (de) |
| FR (1) | FR2861168B1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2896577B1 (fr) * | 2006-01-24 | 2010-08-20 | Giat Ind Sa | Dispositif d'amorcage pour charge multi modes |
| DE102006018687A1 (de) | 2006-04-21 | 2007-11-08 | TDW Gesellschaft für verteidigungstechnische Wirksysteme mbH | Umschaltbare Ladung |
| DE202007003257U1 (de) | 2007-03-06 | 2007-07-12 | TDW Gesellschaft für verteidigungstechnische Wirksysteme mbH | Zündkette für eine umschaltbare Wirkladung |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3380385A (en) * | 1965-12-08 | 1968-04-30 | Magnavox Co | Energy-absorbing interruptor |
| DE3625967A1 (de) * | 1986-07-31 | 1988-02-11 | Diehl Gmbh & Co | Zuender fuer eine projektilbildende ladung |
| DE3728559C1 (en) * | 1987-08-27 | 1989-03-23 | Messerschmitt Boelkow Blohm | Shaped charge |
| US5939663A (en) * | 1996-02-14 | 1999-08-17 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army | Method for dispersing a jet from a shaped charge liner via multiple detonators |
| US6393991B1 (en) * | 2000-06-13 | 2002-05-28 | General Dynamics Ordnance And Tactical Systems, Inc. | K-charge—a multipurpose shaped charge warhead |
-
2003
- 2003-10-17 FR FR0312203A patent/FR2861168B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2004
- 2004-09-23 AT AT04292291T patent/ATE359492T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2004-09-23 DE DE602004005797T patent/DE602004005797T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2004-09-23 EP EP04292291A patent/EP1524489B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| ATE359492T1 (de) | 2007-05-15 |
| FR2861168B1 (fr) | 2005-12-16 |
| FR2861168A1 (fr) | 2005-04-22 |
| DE602004005797T2 (de) | 2008-01-10 |
| EP1524489A1 (de) | 2005-04-20 |
| DE602004005797D1 (de) | 2007-05-24 |
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