EP1515584B1 - Lautsprecher und entsprechende Lautsprechergehäuse - Google Patents

Lautsprecher und entsprechende Lautsprechergehäuse Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1515584B1
EP1515584B1 EP20040364058 EP04364058A EP1515584B1 EP 1515584 B1 EP1515584 B1 EP 1515584B1 EP 20040364058 EP20040364058 EP 20040364058 EP 04364058 A EP04364058 A EP 04364058A EP 1515584 B1 EP1515584 B1 EP 1515584B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
membrane
loud
speaker
loudspeaker
yoke
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EP20040364058
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP1515584A1 (de
Inventor
Yvon Kerneis
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Cabasse SA
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Cabasse SA
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
    • H04R1/00—Details of transducers, loudspeakers or microphones
    • H04R1/20—Arrangements for obtaining desired frequency or directional characteristics
    • H04R1/22—Arrangements for obtaining desired frequency or directional characteristics for obtaining desired frequency characteristic only 
    • H04R1/24—Structural combinations of separate transducers or of two parts of the same transducer and responsive respectively to two or more frequency ranges
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
    • H04R9/00—Transducers of moving-coil, moving-strip, or moving-wire type
    • H04R9/06—Loudspeakers
    • H04R9/063—Loudspeakers using a plurality of acoustic drivers

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of sound and audio and more specifically, the invention relates to speakers and corresponding loudspeakers.
  • loudspeakers produce sound through the vibration of a membrane.
  • An electrical coil integral with the membrane and which moves in a gap where there is a magnetic field sets in motion the membrane when the coil is traversed by an electric current.
  • the magnetic field comes from a magnetic flux created by a magnet and circulating in the cylinder head, the core and the gap. The latter makes it possible to control in intensity and frequency the vibrations of the membrane and thus the desired sound reproduction.
  • the central portion of the membrane 13 is closed by a core cover 17 located approximately at the same level as the suspension 15.
  • a disadvantage of this state of the art is that it does not make it possible to obtain small speakers, the magnetic circuit (including in particular the coil, the magnet and the core) being placed at the back of this set.
  • the depth P of the loudspeaker 20 is directly related to the difference in dimension along the axis of the loudspeaker 20 between the peripheral suspension 25 and the frame 24.
  • a disadvantage of this technique is that it does not make it possible to obtain loudspeakers with a wide sound spectrum; we thus have speakers of low frequencies (up to 500 Hz) (or “boomer”), medium frequencies (between 200 and 3000 Hz) (or “medium”).
  • the invention in its various aspects is intended to overcome these disadvantages of the prior art.
  • an object of the invention is to provide a speaker with a wide sound spectrum.
  • the invention also aims to reduce the size of the speaker while maintaining a broad sound spectrum.
  • a complementary objective of the invention is to provide a loudspeaker for producing a sound of good quality (including high fidelity) particularly well suited to a wide variety of environments (for example, for apartment acoustic enclosure, for systems "home-cinema", for systems intended for vehicles (to be notably placed in dashboards or seats), for audio-video devices ).
  • Yet another object of the invention is to provide a spatially coherent sound source with limited and well-controlled diffraction effects. More specifically, an object of the invention is to obtain a directivity index (denoted DI) which increases in a regular manner and without accident (or discontinuity) as a function of frequency.
  • DI directivity index
  • An object of the invention is also to allow a relatively easy manufacture of the loudspeaker.
  • the loudspeaker is remarkable in that the second membrane and the second electromagnetic means are positioned substantially inside the cavity.
  • the sound quality produced is good and compatible with a high fidelity sound reproduction.
  • the spatial diffusion is optimized for the sound produced by the second membrane.
  • the loudspeaker is remarkable in that the yoke is contiguous to the first and second magnets by having a magnetization of the same polarization in the regions of the yoke contiguous to the first and second electromagnetic means.
  • the cylinder head can be made in one piece, which simplifies its manufacture.
  • the loudspeaker is remarkable in that the yoke is contiguous to the first and second magnets by having an opposite polarization magnetization in the zones of the yoke contiguous to the first and second electromagnetic means.
  • the magnetizations impose a circulation of the magnetic flux associated respectively with the first and second electromagnetic means and circulating in the cylinder head.
  • the flows (in absolute value) entrench in the cylinder head which reduces the section and therefore the height of the cylinder head. In this way, it can reduce the size or height of the speaker.
  • the cylinder head is then preferably produced in two parts.
  • the loudspeaker is remarkable in that the first and second sound generation means are configured so that the first and second frequency bands cover a spectrum continuous by presenting an almost constant acoustic response between two predetermined extreme frequency values.
  • the speaker is well suited for use in a wide frequency band (for example covering the medium and high frequencies) of good sound reproduction quality (high fidelity).
  • the loudspeaker is remarkable in that the first sound production means are configured so that the first frequency band corresponds to a medium band covering at least frequencies of the order of 500 to 3000 Hz.
  • the frequencies of the order 500 to 3000 Hz correspond to very useful frequencies in the field of audio and in particular human voice reproduction.
  • a membrane associated with a medium band covering frequencies of about 500 to 3000 Hz (or even lower) has a relatively large diameter to accommodate, within the cavity formed by the membrane, the second means of sound production.
  • the speaker can have a very wide bandwidth that covers, for example, low, mid and high frequencies while having a small footprint and maintaining a great ease of assembly.
  • the third core and the third magnet is preferably common with respectively the first or second core and / or the first or second magnet to optimize the reduction of space and / or height of the speaker.
  • the loudspeaker is remarkable in that at least one of the magnets is of the rare-earth type.
  • the loudspeaker is remarkable in that at least one of the magnets is of the Neodymium-Iron-Bore (NeFeB) type.
  • Neodymium-Iron-Boron being a relatively common compound.
  • the loudspeaker is remarkable in that the first membrane is concave seen from the outside of the loudspeaker.
  • the loudspeaker is remarkable in that the first membrane is convex from the outside of the loudspeaker.
  • the first membrane being convex minimizes the effects of diffraction because it causes a continuity of the surface in the environment of the second means of sound production (eg "tweeter").
  • the general principle of the invention is based on an original assembly of the reverse motor loudspeaker which comprises at least two associated membranes. each to a spectrum of sound frequencies coaxially mounted.
  • the depth of the loudspeaker is essentially a function of the size of the frame and the outer membrane (producing the lowest sound frequencies).
  • magnet magnets for example of the Neodymium-Iron-Boron (or NdFeB) or Samarium-Cobalt (SmCo) type.
  • the magnetic energy is about ten times stronger in rare-earth magnets than in ferritic magnets.
  • the magnet 312 is here outside the yoke 38, a space between the magnet 312 and the yoke 38 creating a magnetic field B1 in a first air gap in which the coil 311 can move in the direction of the axis 33.
  • the magnets 312 and 322 are made of rare earth elements of the Samarium-Cobalt type.
  • the magnet 322 is here inside the yoke 38, a space located between the core 329 and the yoke 38 creating a magnetic field B2 in a second gap in which the coil 321 can move in the direction of the axis 33.
  • the loudspeaker 30 makes it possible to produce sound in two frequency ranges, the respectively medium and high frequency sources being respectively associated with the first and the second magnetic circuits (via currents I1 and I2, respectively).
  • the frequency response of sound production sets is determined by the shapes and dimensions according to rules known to those skilled in the art.
  • the currents supplying the coils 311 and 321 are furthermore filtered so that the acoustic response of the loudspeaker 30 is as constant as possible in the band considered. (eg 500 Hz to 20 KHz) so that the sound output is of good quality.
  • each of the two membranes 313 and 323 is wide spatial diffusion and therefore covers the same spatial area (for example in a room of a house or in a vehicle) at medium (membrane 313) and at high (membrane 323) frequency.
  • the loudspeaker 30 thus makes it possible to produce sound with a quasi-linear or even almost constant response in acoustic level in a broad spectrum while having a small footprint (the depth of the speaker is for illustrative purposes of 4.5 cm ).
  • the skilled person can adapt the diameter of the membranes 313 and 323 (which may be less than or greater than 8 cm and 3 cm respectively), their depth and their shape (particularly conical profile, spherical, ... ) according to the sound characteristics (spectrum, directivity, %) sought.
  • the magnets 312 and / or 322 are made of ferrite.
  • the volume occupied by the corresponding magnetic circuits is then larger and is, for example, well suited to living room speakers.
  • the second set of sound production is not located substantially inside the cavity created by the membrane 313, while remaining coaxial with the first set of sound production: it can notably be placed in a hollow central portion of the membrane 313 or outside the cavity formed by the latter.
  • FIGS. 4 and 5 schematically show variants 40 and 50 of the loudspeaker illustrated next to the figure 3 .
  • the speakers 40 and 50 are particularly well suited for domestic applications.
  • the diameter of the membranes is different (of the order of 11 cm for the membranes 413 and 513 and 2 cm for the membranes 423 and 523).
  • the depth of the loudspeakers 40 and 50 is respectively of the order of 2.5 cm and 3 cm.
  • the medium membrane 513 is located inside the frame 54: the membrane 513 is concave seen from outside the loudspeaker 50.
  • the treble membrane 523 is convex.
  • the first production unit is not included between the chassis 54 and the membrane 513.
  • the magnets are larger than the loudspeaker 50.
  • the efficiency of the loudspeaker 30 is therefore higher than that of the speaker 30.
  • the tweeter is farther than on the loudspeaker 50 and the total depth of the loudspeaker 30 is greater than that of the loudspeaker 30. 50 speaker.
  • the membranes 413 and 423 are convex seen from outside the loudspeaker 40.
  • the first production unit is in this case between the frame 44 and the membrane 413.
  • the Figures 6 to 8 schematically show variants 60, 70 and 80 of the loudspeaker illustrated next to the figure 3 .
  • the speakers 60, 70 and 80 are particularly well suited to applications requiring small footprint both in width and depth (including domestic applications or for acoustic systems of vehicles).
  • the diameter of the membranes is lower (of the order of 6.5 cm and 5.5 cm respectively for the membranes 713 and 813 and 1.5 cm for the membranes 623, 723 and 823).
  • the radius of curvature of the membranes of the loudspeakers 60, 70 and 80 is also lower than that of the corresponding membranes of the loudspeaker 30.
  • the depth of the loudspeakers 60, 70 and 80 is of the order of 3 cm.
  • the figure 9 illustrates a loudspeaker 90 (seen from above and in a section AA) comprising three membranes 913, 923 and 933 according to a particular embodiment of the invention.
  • the yoke 98, the magnet 912 and the field plate 914 are common to the first and second sets of sound production. However, they present two separate gaps to accommodate the coils respectively 911 and 921.
  • the second and third sets are positioned inside a cavity formed by the concave membrane 913.
  • the frequency response of sound production sets is determined by the shapes and dimensions according to rules known to those skilled in the art.
  • the currents supplying the coils 911, 921 and 931 are furthermore filtered by band-pass filters (possibly low-pass for the bass and pass-through). high for acute) so that the acoustic response of the speaker 90 is as constant as possible in the band considered (for example 100 Hz to 20 KHz) so that the sound production is of good quality.
  • the figure 10 illustrates a loudspeaker 100 (seen from above and in a BB section) comprising three membranes 1013, 1023 and 1033 according to a particular embodiment of the invention.
  • the loudspeaker 100 is similar to the loudspeaker 90 illustrated above with the exception of the bass membrane 1013 which is convex from the outside of the loudspeaker 100.
  • the frame 914, the membranes 1013, 1023 and 1033, magnets 1012 and 1032, a yoke 108, a field plate 1014 and a core 1034 as well as coils 1011, 1021 and 1031 forming part of the loudspeaker 100 respectively correspond to the frame 914, the membranes 913, 923 and 933, the magnets 912 and 932, the cylinder head 98, the field plate 914 and the core 934, and the coils 911, 921 and 931 of the speaker 90 and therefore will not be described further.
  • the first production unit (low frequencies associated with the membrane 1013) of the loudspeaker 90 is, in this case, between the chassis 1004 and the membrane 1013 unlike the corresponding element of the speaker 90 (which is located inside the concavity of the membrane 913 and therefore outside the area between the membrane 913 and the frame 94).
  • the diffraction effects on the medium and high production sets (membranes 1023 and 1033) are miniminated.
  • the figure 11 presents in more detail the magnetic circuits of the loudspeaker 30 illustrated next to the figure 3 and in particular the magnetic fluxes.
  • the first magnetic circuit creates a magnetic flux 319 circulating successively in the magnet 312, the field plate 316, an air gap and the yoke 38, the magnet 312 being negatively polarized (zone 317) and positively (zone 318) in contact respectively the field plate 316 and the bolt 38.
  • the second magnetic circuit creates a magnetic flux 3212 circulating successively in the magnet 322, the core 329, an air gap and the cylinder head 38, the magnet 312 being positively polarized (zone 3211) and negatively (zone 3210) in contact with respectively of the core 329 and the yoke 38.
  • the polarizations of the magnets 312 and 322 impose the direction of flow flow 319 and 3212 which is the same in the common area of the cylinder head 38.
  • the streams 319 and 3212 are therefore added to the common circulation zone.
  • losses that depend on the materials used and the reluctance of the components of the magnetic circuits requires a section of the cylinder head sufficient to avoid saturation.
  • first and second magnetic circuits are used, the head of which comprises two parts 121 and 122 contiguous respectively to magnets 123 (similar to the magnet 322 but of inverted polarization) and 312.
  • This implementation allows a polarization such that the magnetic flux is entrenched (in absolute value) instead of adding.
  • the polarization of the magnet 312 (zones 318 and 317) remains unchanged, the first magnetic flux 319 therefore flows in the same direction.
  • the magnet 123 is negatively polarized (zone 1221) and negatively (zone 1220) in contact with the core 329 and the portion 122 of the yoke 38 respectively, which imposes a direction of circulation of a magnetic flux 1222 opposite in the flow direction of flow 3212 illustrated in figure 11 .
  • the flows 1222 and 319 circulate in the opposite direction in the cylinder head 38 which makes it possible to reduce its height h2 and / or the magnetic losses in the cylinder head.
  • the skilled person can provide any variant in the form and material of the various components of the speaker (including frame, membrane, coil, magnet, suspensions, yoke and core).
  • Those skilled in the art may also make any variant in the sound spectrum of the loudspeakers according to the invention (for example a frequency band of 200 Hz to 20000 Hz or 50 to 1000 Hz or 50 to 20000 Hz).
  • the invention also relates to equipment using loudspeakers according to the invention, in particular loudspeakers, headphones, seats or vehicle dashboards, audio, video and / or multimedia equipment comprising such speakers.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Otolaryngology (AREA)
  • Audible-Bandwidth Dynamoelectric Transducers Other Than Pickups (AREA)

Claims (12)

  1. Lautsprecher (40), der ein Magnetjoch (48) und erste Mittel zur Klangerzeugung in einem ersten Frequenzbereich umfasst, die wiederum umfassen:
    • eine erste Membran (413, 1013); und
    • erste elektromagnetische Mittel (411, 412, 416) zum Betätigen der ersten Membran;
    wobei das Magnetjoch und die ersten elektromagnetischen Mittel im Wesentlichen innerhalb des durch die erste Membran aufgespannten Raumes und im Wesentlichen auf der gleichen Achse (43) angeordnet sind, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die erste Membran (413, 1013) von der Außenseite des Lautsprechers betrachtet konvex ausgebildet ist und dass der Lautsprecher weiterhin zweite Mittel zur Klangerzeugung in einem zweiten Frequenzbereich umfasst, die wiederum umfassen:
    • eine zweite Membran (423); und
    • zweite elektromagnetische Mittel (421, 422, 426, 429) zum Betätigen der ersten Membran;
    wobei die zweiten elektromagnetischen Mittel im Wesentlichen auf der Achse angeordnet sind.
  2. Lautsprecher gemäß Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die zweite Membran und die zweiten elektromagnetischen Mittel im Wesentlichen im Innern des Raumes angeordnet sind.
  3. Lautsprecher gemäß einem der Ansprüche 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die ersten elektromagnetischen Mittel umfassen:
    • einen ersten Magneten (412);
    • eine erste Feldplatte (416);
    • eine erste Spule (411), die der ersten Membran zugeordnet ist und in einem Luftspalt zwischen der ersten Feldplatte und dem Kern des Magnetjochs angeordnet ist, so dass sie die erste Membran betätigt, wenn die erste Spule von einem elektrischen Strom durchlaufen wird.
  4. Lautsprecher gemäß einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die zweiten elektromagnetischen Mittel zum Betätigen der zweiten Membran umfassen:
    • einen zweiten Magneten (422);
    • eine zweite Feldplatte;
    • eine zweite Spule (421), die der zweiten Membran zugeordnet ist und in einem Luftspalt zwischen der zweiten Feldplatte und dem Kern des Magnetjochs angeordnet ist, so dass sie die zweite Membran betätigt, wenn die zweite Spule von einem elektrischen Strom durchlaufen wird.
  5. Lautsprecher gemäß einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Magnetjoch (48) direkt neben dem ersten und dem zweiten Magneten (412, 422) angeordnet ist, wobei sie eine Magnetisierung von gleicher Polarität (319, 3212) in den Bereichen des Magnetjochs aufweist, die direkt neben dem ersten und zweiten elektromagnetischen Mitteln angeordnet sind.
  6. Lautsprecher gemäß einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Magnetjoch direkt neben dem ersten und dem zweiten Magneten (412, 423) angeordnet ist, wobei sie eine Magnetisierung von entgegengesetzter Polarität (319, 1222) in den Bereichen des Magnetjochs aufweist, die direkt neben den ersten und zweiten elektromagnetischen Mitteln angeordnet sind.
  7. Lautsprecher gemäß einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die ersten und zweiten Mittel zur Klangerzeugung so ausgebildet sind, dass der erste und der zweite Frequenzbereich ein kontinuierliches Spektrum abdecken, wobei sie eine im Wesentlichen konstante akustische Antwort zwischen zwei vorherbestimmten extremen Frequenzwerten aufweisen.
  8. Lautsprecher gemäß einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die ersten Mittel zur Klangerzeugung so ausgebildet sind, dass der erste Frequenzbereich einer mittleren Bande entspricht, die zumindest die Frequenzen im Bereich von 500 bis 3000 Hz abdeckt.
  9. Lautsprecher gemäß einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Lautsprecher weiterhin zumindest dritte Mittel zur Klangerzeugung in wenigstens einem dritten Frequenzbereich umfasst, die wiederum umfassen:
    • eine dritte Membran (1033);
    • ein dritter Kern (1034); und
    • dritte elektromagnetische Mittel (1032, 1031) zum Betätigen der dritten Membran;
    wobei die dritten elektromagnetischen Mittel im Wesentlichen auf der Achse angeordnet sind.
  10. Lautsprecher gemäß einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass zumindest einer der Magnet vom Typ der seltenen Erden ist.
  11. Lautsprecher gemäß einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass zumindest einer der Magnet vom Typ Neodym-Eisen-Bor ist.
  12. Lautsprecherbox, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass sie mindestens einen Lautsprecher (40) gemäß einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 11 umfasst.
EP20040364058 2003-09-15 2004-09-07 Lautsprecher und entsprechende Lautsprechergehäuse Active EP1515584B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR0310812A FR2859864B1 (fr) 2003-09-15 2003-09-15 Haut-parleur et enceinte acoustique correspondante
FR0310812 2003-09-15

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Publication Number Publication Date
EP1515584A1 EP1515584A1 (de) 2005-03-16
EP1515584B1 true EP1515584B1 (de) 2013-08-07

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Cited By (1)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2022253702A1 (en) * 2021-06-04 2022-12-08 Pss Belgium Nv Loudspeaker assembly

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FR2895202B1 (fr) * 2005-12-16 2012-12-14 Cabasse Haut-parleur comprenant au moins une premiere membrane et une seconde membrane disposees de facon coaxiale et enceinte acoustique correspondante.
FR2895201A1 (fr) * 2005-12-16 2007-06-22 Cabasse Sa Haut-parleur a n membranes coaxiales,n>3,montees sur un meme axe et enceinte acoustique correspondante.
FR2901448B1 (fr) * 2006-05-19 2009-01-09 Cabasse Sa Dispositif et procede de filtrage d'un signal d'activation destine a alimenter un haut-parleur a membranes coaxiales, enceinte acoustique,programme informatique et moyen de stockage correspondants.
EP2026595B1 (de) 2007-08-14 2010-03-31 Klaus Reck Koaxiallautsprecher
US8135162B2 (en) * 2007-11-14 2012-03-13 Harman International Industries, Incorporated Multiple magnet loudspeaker
FR2955444B1 (fr) 2010-01-15 2012-08-03 Phl Audio Systeme de haut-parleur coaxial a chambre de compression
FR2955445B1 (fr) 2010-01-15 2013-06-07 Phl Audio Transducteur electrodynamique a dome et suspension interne
FR2955446B1 (fr) 2010-01-15 2015-06-05 Phl Audio Transducteur electrodynamique a dome et suspension flottante
JP2012124719A (ja) * 2010-12-08 2012-06-28 Alpine Electronics Inc 複合スピーカ
JP2012124718A (ja) * 2010-12-08 2012-06-28 Alpine Electronics Inc 複合スピーカ
DE102015119294B4 (de) * 2015-11-10 2018-05-30 Norman Gerkinsmeyer Koaxialer Zwei-Wege-Lautsprecher
FR3049149B1 (fr) * 2016-03-17 2018-03-23 Cabasse Haut-parleur et procede de fabrication de haut-parleur
FR3052321B1 (fr) * 2016-06-02 2019-06-28 Peugeot Citroen Automobiles Sa Vehicule automobile equipe d'un systeme audio integre et d'un boitier d'appel d'urgence
FR3058021B1 (fr) * 2016-10-25 2019-07-26 Cabasse Moteur de haut-parleur, haut-parleur et procede de centrage d'une membrane de haut-parleur
CN108583392A (zh) * 2018-05-22 2018-09-28 黄清山 一种具有扬声器的座椅头枕

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DE3002843A1 (de) * 1980-01-26 1981-07-30 Magnetfabrik Bonn Gmbh Vorm. Gewerkschaft Windhorst, 5300 Bonn Doppel-ringspalt-magnetsystem fuer dynamische lautsprecher mit unterschiedlichen frequenzbereichen
GB2139040B (en) * 1983-04-25 1986-07-30 Tannoy Ltd Moving coil loudspeakers
GB2261135A (en) * 1991-11-02 1993-05-05 Meir Mordechai A loudspeaker
US5802191A (en) * 1995-01-06 1998-09-01 Guenther; Godehard A. Loudspeakers, systems, and components thereof
JP2000078689A (ja) * 1998-09-03 2000-03-14 Sony Corp 電気・音響変換装置

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2022253702A1 (en) * 2021-06-04 2022-12-08 Pss Belgium Nv Loudspeaker assembly

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FR2859864B1 (fr) 2005-12-30
EP1515584A1 (de) 2005-03-16
FR2859864A1 (fr) 2005-03-18

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