Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A62—LIFE-SAVING; FIRE-FIGHTING
  • A62C—FIRE-FIGHTING
  • A62C99/00—Subject matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass
  • A62C99/0009—Methods of extinguishing or preventing the spread of fire by cooling down or suffocating the flames
  • A62C99/0072—Methods of extinguishing or preventing the spread of fire by cooling down or suffocating the flames using sprayed or atomised water
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A62—LIFE-SAVING; FIRE-FIGHTING
  • A62D—CHEMICAL MEANS FOR EXTINGUISHING FIRES OR FOR COMBATING OR PROTECTING AGAINST HARMFUL CHEMICAL AGENTS; CHEMICAL MATERIALS FOR USE IN BREATHING APPARATUS
  • A62D1/00—Fire-extinguishing compositions; Use of chemical substances in extinguishing fires
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A62—LIFE-SAVING; FIRE-FIGHTING
  • A62D—CHEMICAL MEANS FOR EXTINGUISHING FIRES OR FOR COMBATING OR PROTECTING AGAINST HARMFUL CHEMICAL AGENTS; CHEMICAL MATERIALS FOR USE IN BREATHING APPARATUS
  • A62D1/00—Fire-extinguishing compositions; Use of chemical substances in extinguishing fires
  • A62D1/0028—Liquid extinguishing substances
  • A62D1/0035—Aqueous solutions

Definitions

• the invention relates to an extinguishing system and a fire extinguisher comprising an extinguishing liquid, and to a method for extinguishing a fire.
• extinguisher in this disclosure stands for an extinguishing system comprising an extinguishing liquid or an extinguishing device containing an extinguishing liquid.
• water is the most commonly used extinguishing liquid.
• the quenching effect of water is based on its capacity of cooling, of limiting oxygen supply to a fire and of insulating or diluting a burning substance.
• the amount of water required for quenching depends on the generation of heat in the fire and the means, amount and form of water supply.
• the droplet size has a great impact in this conjunction. The smaller the water droplets, the faster the rate of heat absorption into the water from flames and combustion gases. However, in the practice, the droplet size should be large enough to avoid flames attaining the droplets from being entrained from the object on fire by air currents and the buoyancy force of the fire pillar.
• humidifiers In order to enhance the quenching effect of water or its other properties, humidifiers, flow-promoting agents, anti-freezing agents, anti-bacterial and anti- algae agents, i.e. bioxides and both foaming agents and film-forming agents are frequently added to water.
• Humidifiers facilitates the extinction of objects that are difficult to quench, such as cotton bales and plastic products. Humidifiers result in improved penetrating and spreading capacity of water due to reduced surface tension of water.
• Flow-promoting agents are added in order to decrease pressure loss in the fire hose and to facilitate pumping of quenching water.
• Biocides serve to prevent the growth of microbes that are harmful to humans, such as legionella bacteria, in the quenching water, or they serve to prevent clogging of different extinguishing nozzles, sprinklers or even pipe works by bacterial or algae growth. Bacterial activity may even result in breakage of metal constructions due to corrosion.
• Liquid extinguishers and extinguishing systems operating with quenching water are suitable for use only at normal temperatures. For this reason, anti-freezing agents are added to the quenching water in order to prevent the quenching water from freezing.
• the extinguishing liquid can be replaced during guard periods also with compressed air or any other compressed gas, or the entire pipe work may even be equipped with heat jacketing. Heat jacketings serve to maintain the temperature of quenching water above the freezing point.
• foaming agents and film-forming agents are more or less harmful both to the environment and to humans.
• foaming agents and film-forming agents are frequently corrosive with regard to metals.
• the surface of the foam or the surface film breaks for one reason or the other, such as strong evaporation of petrol combustion gases, the fire may be reignited. Consequently, foaming agents and film-forming agents do not always ensure reliable fire extinction, especially when the object to be extinguished is complex and tricky in construction.
• Anti-freezing agents are either strongly corrosive, such as calcium chloride and sodium chloride, or they increase the fire load, such as ethene glycol, propylene glycol and glycerol. Chloride-based salts may also form at high temperatures chlorine compounds that are toxic for humans. Ethene glycol, propylene glycol and glycerol, again, increase the environmental impact due to their high oxygen consumption, and in cold spaces, they increase the viscosity of quenching water, thus preventing the formation of small water droplets that are essential for quenching, so that the quenching effect decreases. On top of that, ethene glycol, for instance, is a very toxic substance.
• liquid extinguishers based on citrate and acetate for the quenching of food oil fires.
• these liquid extinguishers are not applicable for quenching burning liquids, such as oil and petrol.
• the amount and quenching effect of water, i.e. extinguishing liquid, required for quenching depends on the heat generation of the fire and on the means, amount and form of quenching water supply, i.e. on the extinguisher and the extinguisher system.
• organic salts of a high molecular weight such as citrate have also a relatively high viscosity at low temperatures, whereby the adequately small droplet size that is essential for quenching cannot be achieved.
• solid sodium, potassium and ammonium salts such as sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, ammonium hydrogen phosphate or potassium formiate, potassium acetate, potassium citrate and potassium lactate
• solid extinguishing agents are inapt for the quenching of burning liquids when aqueous solutions are formed therefrom.
• the water contained in a liquid extinguishing agent goes first down under the burning liquid or food oil, then gets over-heated and eventually explodes as steam with an expansion coefficient of the order of 2000:1. Consequently, the formed explosion fireball may be spread for instance all over the kitchen.
• the commercial citrate and acetate based liquid extinguishers mentioned above are indeed suitable for food oil fire prevention, but they are by no means suitable for quenching burning liquids.
• the very low combustion temperature of burning liquids impedes the use of these commercial citrate and acetate based liquid extinguishers.
• the relatively large droplet size produced by these extinguishers is not sufficient to drop the temperature of the burning liquid below the combustion temperature.
• a fires such as wood and fibrous material
• B fires such as burning liquids, e.g. oil and petrol
• C fires such as gases
• D fires i.e. "metal fires” (aluminium and magnesium)
• E fires i.e. electric fires and K/F fires, such as food oils.
• the purpose of this invention is thus to provide an extinguisher (i.e. an extinguishing device or extinguishing system including an extinguishing liquid) that could be used for applications not possible with the existing systems.
• Another object of the invention is to provide an extinguisher allowing minimising of the problems mentioned above, both in terms of extinction techniques and of environmental aspects.
• an extinction system or an extinguisher containing an extinguishing liquid that is an aqueous solution of potassium formiate the extinction system or extinguisher producing a droplet size in the range from 10 to 2000 ⁇ m, preferably in the range from 100 to 1000 ⁇ m.
• a method for putting out a fire by means of an extinction system or an extinguisher including an extinguishing liquid, the extinguishing liquid, which is an aqueous solution containing potassium formiate, being sprayed on the object on fire in the form of an atomised spray having a droplet size in the range from 10 to 2000 ⁇ m, preferably
• Said extinguishing liquid preferably contains 40 to 75% by weight of potassium formiate.
• the extinguishing system or extinguisher of the invention is preferably maintained under a pressure of 0.2 to 10 MPa, especially preferably under a pressure of 0.5 to 3 MPa, the extinguishing liquid being sprayed as an atomised spray having a droplet size in the range from 10 to 2000 ⁇ m, preferably 100 to 1000 ⁇ m.
• Said extinguishing liquid may also contain additives, such as an anti-corrosive agent and/or an agent preventing reignition.
• Typical anti-corrosive agents include sodium methasilicate, which prevents the corrosion of aluminium preferably in an amount of appr.
• An agent preventing reignition may consist e.g. of monoammonium phosphate, ammonia and/or urea, in an amount of 1 to 10% by weight.
• the extinguisher and method in accordance with the invention can be used for the extinction of A, B, C, D, E and/or K/F fires.
• the extinction system of the invention may consist of an extinction system known per se, which may be of stationary type and may release the extinguishing liquid through nozzles, sprinklers or similar as an atomised spray, and accordingly, the extinguisher of the invention may be of mobile type, which releases the extinguishing liquid as an atomised spray.
• the extinguisher of the invention (extinction system/extinguisher - extinguishing liquid) allows the quenching of food oil fires as well, because the droplet size achieved with the extinguisher of the invention is smaller and thus the quenching power many fold higher compared to the conventional liquid extinguishers based on citrate and acetate.
• the extinguisher of the invention enables the quenching of metal fires (D fires) as well, for which e.g. calcium chloride salts are currently used, which form a fire-insulating salt layer on the metal surface.
• Potassium formiate probably acts in the same way, especially if potassium formiate contains e.g. methasilicate that forms an insulating combustion slug.
• the small droplet size of quenching water prevents gas fires (C fires) as such, and in electric fires (E fires), it forms an important electric insulation between the object on fire and the extinguisher. Electric current must be interrupted between the burning object and the extinguisher. Formiate and/or silicate salts which are formed on the burning surface serve also to insulate the object on fire from the extinguisher. In electric fires, the burning material otherwise pertains to class A or D, and thus it can be quenched merely by the extinguishing liquid used in accordance with the invention.
• the invention utilises the previously known benefits of an aqueous solution of potassium formiate, i.e. low corrosive action, low freezing temperature, safety of use, biodegradability and biostatics.
• Active ingredient potassium formiate 50% by weight
• Viscosity 2.5-10 "3 Pa-s (2.5 cP)
• Biodegradability 28 d (more than 90% degraded)
• LD 50 value 5,500 mg/kg
• the extinguishing liquid Meltium SPE was used, which corresponds to the product Meltium, but contains urea as an additive, so that Meltium SPE contains 5% by weight of urea.
• Residual fuel a mixture of petrol and fuel oil
• napalm was used as the B fire load.
• Witco Stereate powder was used as napalm powder.
• the napalm had been prepared in aircraft petrol.
• wood the tests used shed-dried firewood (length about 30 cm, diameter about 5 to 10 cm).
• Burning substance mixture of petrol and fuel oil
• Extinguisher Firexpress
• Extinguishing agent Meltium SPE Burning substance: mixture of petrol and fuel oil
• Extinction quenching time 4 s. Reignition occurred.
• Extinguisher Ifex Extinguishing agent: Meltium SPE Burning substance: mixture of petrol and fuel oil
• Extinguisher Firexpress Extinguishing agent: Meltium SPE Burning substance: Napalm Extinction: 6 s.
• Extinguisher Firexpress Extinguishing agent: Meltium Burning substance: mixture of petrol and fuel oil Extinction: 4 s. and 2 s.
• Extinguishing agent Meltium Burning substance: Napalm Extinction: 2 s. and 3 s.
• Burning substance mixture of petrol and fuel oil + wood Extinction: 3 s. Test 8
• Extinguisher Firexpress Extinguishing agent: Meltium Burning substance: Oily wood Extinction: 1 s.
• Burning substance 6 pieces of car tyres + 3 1 of napalm
• Extinguisher Ifex Extinguishing agent: Meltium Burning substance: 6 pieces of partly charred tyres + 3 1 of napalm Extinction: 1 s. (one shot)
• Extinguisher Ifex Extinguishing agent: Meltium Burning substance: Napalm pool of about 2 m
• Extinguisher Softex 6E manual extinguisher
• Extinguishing agent Softex film foam Burning substance: Napalm pool of about 2 m
• Extinction 12 s.
• the Softex extinguisher is intended for use with a film foam extinguishing agent and its nozzle does not form micro droplets.
• extinguishers producing micro droplets such as Firexpress and Ifex, were efficient extinguishers with both the extinguishing liquids. Due to the specific weight of these extinguishing liquids, the recoil of Ifex (1 1/shot) was markedly stronger than with quenching by water.
• Car tyres ignited with napalm normally required water in amount of about 7 to 8 1 in quenching by means of Ifex. With Meltium, the tyres were extinguished with one single shot, i.e. 1 litre.
• Firexpress was somewhat more pleasant in use than Ifex, because it produces micro droplets continuously as long as there is still extinguishing liquid in the container.

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• Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
• Emergency Management (AREA)
• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Public Health (AREA)
• Fire-Extinguishing Compositions (AREA)

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• 2002
  • 2002-05-15 FI FI20020913A patent/FI113013B/fi not_active IP Right Cessation
• 2003
  • 2003-05-14 WO PCT/FI2003/000372 patent/WO2003097171A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 2003-05-14 AU AU2003231335A patent/AU2003231335A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 2003-05-14 EP EP03725241A patent/EP1503828A1/en not_active Withdrawn

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