EP1494499B1 - Ideal transfer of call handling from automated systems to human operators - Google Patents

Ideal transfer of call handling from automated systems to human operators Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1494499B1
EP1494499B1 EP04102315A EP04102315A EP1494499B1 EP 1494499 B1 EP1494499 B1 EP 1494499B1 EP 04102315 A EP04102315 A EP 04102315A EP 04102315 A EP04102315 A EP 04102315A EP 1494499 B1 EP1494499 B1 EP 1494499B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
call
automated
decision model
dialog
human operator
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EP04102315A
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
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EP1494499A3 (en
EP1494499A2 (en
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Eric J. Horvitz
Timothy S. Paek
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Microsoft Corp
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Microsoft Corp
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04M—TELEPHONIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04M3/00—Automatic or semi-automatic exchanges
    • H04M3/42—Systems providing special services or facilities to subscribers
    • H04M3/50—Centralised arrangements for answering calls; Centralised arrangements for recording messages for absent or busy subscribers ; Centralised arrangements for recording messages
    • H04M3/51—Centralised call answering arrangements requiring operator intervention, e.g. call or contact centers for telemarketing
    • H04M3/523—Centralised call answering arrangements requiring operator intervention, e.g. call or contact centers for telemarketing with call distribution or queueing
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04Q—SELECTING
    • H04Q3/00—Selecting arrangements
    • H04Q3/64—Distributing or queueing
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10L—SPEECH ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES OR SPEECH SYNTHESIS; SPEECH RECOGNITION; SPEECH OR VOICE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES; SPEECH OR AUDIO CODING OR DECODING
    • G10L15/00—Speech recognition
    • G10L15/26—Speech to text systems
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04M—TELEPHONIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04M3/00—Automatic or semi-automatic exchanges
    • H04M3/42—Systems providing special services or facilities to subscribers
    • H04M3/50—Centralised arrangements for answering calls; Centralised arrangements for recording messages for absent or busy subscribers ; Centralised arrangements for recording messages
    • H04M3/527—Centralised call answering arrangements not requiring operator intervention
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04M—TELEPHONIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04M2201/00—Electronic components, circuits, software, systems or apparatus used in telephone systems
    • H04M2201/14—Delay circuits; Timers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04M—TELEPHONIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04M3/00—Automatic or semi-automatic exchanges
    • H04M3/42—Systems providing special services or facilities to subscribers
    • H04M3/54—Arrangements for diverting calls for one subscriber to another predetermined subscriber
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04Q—SELECTING
    • H04Q2213/00—Indexing scheme relating to selecting arrangements in general and for multiplex systems
    • H04Q2213/13072—Sequence circuits for call signaling, ACD systems
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04Q—SELECTING
    • H04Q2213/00—Indexing scheme relating to selecting arrangements in general and for multiplex systems
    • H04Q2213/1337—Operator, emergency services
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04Q—SELECTING
    • H04Q2213/00—Indexing scheme relating to selecting arrangements in general and for multiplex systems
    • H04Q2213/13378—Speech recognition, speech analysis

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to systems and methods that facilitate communications between devices, systems, processes, and/or individuals. More particularly, the present invention relates to employment of dynamic policies for transferring people from an automated call routing system to a human operator given the likelihood of success, the effort associated with continuing to interact with an automated system and the wait times associated with entering a queue for a human operator.
  • an automated call routing system may field all internal directory assistance calls. Using speech recognition, the system attempts to uniquely identify one of over thousands of possible name entries in a company's global address book. Needless to say, a vocabulary of this size is bound to have deleterious effects on the performance of the speech engine.
  • US 2003/035532 A1 relates to a web-based distributed call center architecture.
  • Interactive voice response unit technology or DTMF key sequences can be used by call centers to prompt the caller as to the type of information he or she needs, or the particular department to which the incoming call should be directed.
  • An operation provided by the distributed call center is the queuing at the call center system of each of the received customer contact requests until a customer service representative (CSR) is available for handling the request.
  • CSR customer service representative
  • a further operation could be the receiving of revised location information from one or more of the CSRs, wherein the revised location information indicates a different location where the CSR is located.
  • a selected one of the queued customer contact requests can be routed by the call center system to a particular CSR using received location information or the received revised location information. Therefore, customer-specific information pertaining to a selected one of the received customer contact requests needs to be obtained and forwarded to a particular CSR.
  • EP-A-1 176 838 relates to an architecture and related method for obtaining computer/telephony integration.
  • a "web intelligent network” allows interaction between a subscriber's information system and a service control point of an intelligent network via the internet.
  • a communication platform uses user telephony agents (UTAs) to provide network-based computer telephony integration (CTI) services to subscribers (typically one UTA per subscriber). Further, a telephony agent provides a secured remote extension of the user's intranet via a VPN link. The main function of a UTA is to handle incoming telephone calls on behalf of the respective subscriber.
  • CTI computer telephony integration
  • the present invention relates to guiding calls in accordance with an automated call routing system.
  • One or more decision models are provided that output policies for switching people from an ongoing automated system to a human operator based on context-sensitive analysis of the spoken dialog situation at hand. This also relates to applying decision-theoretic principles to reason about the ideal melding of people and automated reasoning systems.
  • callers' experiences with a call routing system are optimized by developing models that consider the probability that callers will be ultimately successful (or not) in their collaboration with the automated system, the expected number of steps required for that success, and the current load on human personnel.
  • a voice routing system for directory assistance can be analyzed via data logs of a system's performance.
  • One or more probabilistic models can then be constructed from the data logs regarding the likelihood of success or failure with the automated system, and the number of steps, overall duration, effort, or frustration with the use of the automated system, given that there will be eventual success of the interaction.
  • the present invention couples path-dependent probabilities from learned models with a decision analysis to optimally guide the transfer of calls to a human operator, given information about the expected current wait times associated with a transfer to a human operator.
  • the subject invention employs decision theory in connection with managing calls. More particularly, management of call traffic and handling of specific calls is important to many businesses, and the subject invention employs decision theory in connection with optimizing handling of calls.
  • An automatic call answering system can be employed until the cost associated therewith (e.g ., customer hanging up) outweighs the benefits (e.g ., minimizing human intervention to deal with the call).
  • a system in accordance with the invention employs a decision-theoretic based framework to take a most appropriate action (e.g.
  • the subject invention optimizes utilization of resources via employment of decision theory and one more models that are trained from past activity logs.
  • a component may be, but is not limited to being, a process running on a processor, a processor, an object, an executable, a thread of execution, a program, and/or a computer.
  • a component may be, but is not limited to being, a process running on a processor, a processor, an object, an executable, a thread of execution, a program, and/or a computer.
  • an application running on a server and the server can be a component.
  • One or more components may reside within a process and/or thread of execution and a component may be localized on one computer and/or distributed between two or more computers.
  • the term "inference” refers generally to the process of reasoning about or inferring states of the system, environment, and/or user from a set of observations as captured via events and/or data. Inference can be employed to identify a specific context or action, or can generate a probability distribution over states, for example.
  • the inference can be probabilistic; that is, the computation of a probability distribution over states of interest based on a consideration of data and events.
  • Inference can also refer to logical inferences, including deterministic techniques employed for composing higher-level events from a set of events and/or data. Such inference results in the construction of new events or actions from a set of observed events and/or stored event data, whether or not the events are correlated in close temporal proximity, and whether the events and data come from one or several event and data sources.
  • the system 100 includes an automated call routing system 110 that is routinely employed for providing automated responses 120 to one or more callers 130.
  • These systems include processing components, switching components, electronic directories, and associated software such as speech recognition components for communicating with the callers 130 and routing calls to an identified individual at 140 (e.g. , voice command indicating individuals last name). If callers 130 have trouble making a connection with an individual or party, the call routing system 110 can connect to a human operator 144 to provide further assistance to the callers.
  • one or more decision models 150 are employed with the call routing system 110 to facilitate efficient operations of the system 100, provide more efficient coupling between callers and respondents, and mitigate caller frustration when interacting with such systems.
  • this is achieved by training the decision models 150 via a data log 160 that has recorded data of past activities and interactions with the call routing system 110. Output from the decision models 150 is then employed for call routing determinations.
  • Such data includes statistical information such as how often speakers have been found or not found, how often an operator has been requested and so forth wherein this data is described in more detail below with respect to Fig. 2 .
  • the call routing system 100 works in concert with the models to facilitate call routing between callers and individuals to be contacted.
  • the models 150 can be employed in accordance with dynamic policies relating to the costs and benefits of switching a caller to the human operator, for example.
  • diagram 200 illustrates statistical data that is analyzed in accordance with an aspect of the present invention. Although various categories of data are depicted by the diagram 200, it is to be appreciated that other categories of statistics relating to call routing performance can be similarly analyzed (e.g ., average amount of time to connect).
  • categories of statistics relating to call routing performance can be similarly analyzed (e.g ., average amount of time to connect).
  • the diagram 200 depicts an overall breakdown of all individual sessions into their possible outcomes. Due primarily to the large list of employee names in a sample company directory, a call routing system without associated models and policies achieved a dismal success rate of 45%, corresponding to the percentage of SpeakFound outcomes where the system correctly identified the proper name without the user attempting to request help from a human operator. The success rate jumps to 66% when session logs in which the caller did not even attempt to speak a name are removed. The situations where no interaction is attempted disclose the unsettling fact that many callers are likely to completely bypassing interaction with the system. In fact, these "no-name" attempts comprised 31% of the entire data, 85% of all OperatorRequest outcomes and 53% of all HangUp outcomes.
  • dialog features 300 are illustrated in accordance with an aspect of the present invention.
  • Call routing systems typically treat policies for transferring users to an operator in an ad-hoc manner using handcrafted rules composed of various dialog features, such as the number of questions asked so far in a session.
  • the present invention builds probabilistic models from a large database of session logs with the intention of discovering dialog features that were predictive of success or failure.
  • the dialog features employed for learning the models fall into four broad categories:
  • n -best recognitions features 330 can be derived from a speech recognizer, and the generalized temporal features 340 were included to cover trends between n -best lists. Using varying amounts of feature information, three classes of models (can be more or less than three) were built to estimate the likelihood that a session with the call routing system would eventually end in success or failure.
  • a probability tree 400 showing the likelihood of success given any sequence of system actions is illustrated in accordance with an aspect of the present invention.
  • a likelihood of success can be determined, that is, p ( SpeakFound
  • the probabilities can be visually displayed as a tree 400 where each branch represents the system action, as shown in Fig. 4 .
  • Table 1 below provides an expanded view of several dialog branches extracted from the tree 400, where n refers to the number of callers reaching that state in the data logs.
  • the probability tree 400 the first system action [Operator Intro], which gives a standard prompt but appends the phrase "For an operator, please press '0'," has only a 45% chance of succeeding.
  • the system subsequently asks the caller to repeat the entire name and then asks the caller to pick among three possible guesses, the likelihood of success increases to 66%.
  • the increased probability of success for this initial interaction is atypical for dialog with the automated system as a whole. Typically, the longer the sequence of actions or path along the tree, the less likely it is that success will be achieved.
  • the advantage of the marginal probability tree model 400 is simplicity.
  • the data that is required to build the tree 400 is a sequence of system actions for respective sessions and the ultimate outcome. As we will be described in the following section, the sequence of system actions happens to be the most predictive factor in determining success.
  • the drawback to this model 400 is that the longer the sequence of actions, or path down the tree, the sparser the set of cases for building robust predictors of the likelihood of success.
  • Fig. 5 illustrates a dependency network 500 for dialog features in accordance with an aspect of the present invention.
  • another aspect of the present invention employs a Bayesian structure learning to build probabilistic models for predicting session outcome.
  • a Bayesian learning tool that performs structure search and model scoring for different predictive models given a data set can be employed to learn a predictive model.
  • the WinMine toolkit (Chickering et al. 1997) can be employed to build a dependency network and associated decision tree considering session outcome and other dialog features as input variables.
  • the top five dialog features for predicting outcome are displayed in the diagram 500 in order of dependency strength are as follows: (1) the sequence of system actions, (2) the count or number of alternates in the n -best recognitions list, (3) the number of times the user attempted to speak a name, (4) the largest confidence score assigned by the system, and (5) the number of dialog turns - defined as a question-answer pair.
  • the dependency model 500 resonates with findings in the probability tree in that the dependency with the strongest link to outcome is the sequence of system actions.
  • the first decision split occurs when the system either does or does not identify the proper name after one confirmation attempt. If the confirmation is successful, then the likelihood of a SpeakFound session is almost certain at 99%. Otherwise, the decision tree 500 considers other dialog features to predict success. Consistent with the idea that the longer the sequence of actions, the lower the chance of success, it was found that two of the next five strongest connections were related to the length of the dialog. The remaining three features were parameters output by the speech recognizer.
  • Table 2 displays the top five influencing variables for the respective dependency network models. Notice that for the first turn, almost all of the top five variables relate to the n -best recognition list generated by the speech recognizer, including the distribution characteristics of the confidence scores such as skewness and kurtosis. In moving to the second turn, however, generalized temporal features come into play, such as the maximum number of times a first or last name from the first dialog turn shows up again in the second turn. After two turns, the dialog features relate mostly to the length of the dialog.
  • a Markov Dependency network 600 in accordance with an aspect of the present invention.
  • temporal dependency networks for Markov pairs of n -best recognition list features were constructed.
  • Fig. 6 displays the Markov dependency network 600. Since the count or number of alternates in the n -best recognition list was consistently selected to be one of the most strongest dependencies, the dependency network shows how it is possible to predict the number of alternates in turn t from n -best list features in turn t - 1 .
  • the classification accuracy of the learned models was compared against a marginal model capturing the overall run-time statistics for the training set.
  • the models resulted from splitting the original dataset 70/30 into training and holdout data sets.
  • the outcome variable was circumscribed into two possible classification states: success versus failure, where success corresponds to the SpeakFound state.
  • Table 3 below presents the results of the classification task on the holdout data for models examining the first dialog turn, the second turn, greater than two turns, and finally, the complete dataset.
  • the partial-dialog models outperform the full model as well as the marginal for respective dialog turn datasets with the highest accuracy on the first dialog turn at 94% accuracy.
  • the full model also achieves 85% on the complete dataset but provides poorer results when the dataset is decomposed by dialog turn. It is understood that increases in the amount of data can boost the partial models for dialog turn over the marginal models.
  • Table 3 Classification accuracy of the marginal, full, and partial-dialog models.
  • Model Turn 1 (5792) Turn 2 (3741) Turn >2 (2652) Complete (12185) Marginal 0.6979 0.6867 0.5199 0.6516 Full 0.7029 0.699 0.3872 0.8514 Turn 1 0.9404 n/a n/a n/a Turn 2 n/a 0.8083 n/a n/a Turn >2 n/a n/a 0.7164 n/a
  • a goal of the present invention has been to harness the probabilistic models in dynamic decisions about the costs and benefits of shifting a caller to a human operator. Having access to probabilities of the eventual success of a session with an automated system, as a function of the observed state of a dialog, provides a control surface enabling such decision-making.
  • probabilistic models with the ability to provide predictions about outcomes provide an immediate way for administrators of automated call routing systems to specify preferences regarding the transfer of callers to a human operator. Such preferences can be represented as a tolerated threshold on failure as a function of the current expected time that callers will have to wait for a human operator, given the current load on operators.
  • the probabilistic models can also be employed in call center design. Staffing decisions can be made with the overall system model, constructed by taking into consideration the probabilistic performance of an automated system to route calls successfully, preferences about wait time, characterization of caller volumes, and the time required for addressing callers in a queue waiting for an operator.
  • Systems and methods can be provided for handling the overall challenge of optimizing a call routing system design, based on a queue-theoretic formulation.
  • a decision-theoretic analysis is provided that minimizes the expected wait time for a caller, given observations about the nature and progress of dialog with an automated system.
  • the utility for a user, u ( n , m , w ), associated with the process of call routing, is a function of the number of dialog steps taken so far with the automated system, n , the total additional expected number of steps that will be taken for the current call with an automated routing system, m, and the wait time, w , associated with a transfer to a human operator should a transfer occur. It is noted that, in the general case, not only should the total time be considered, but the nature of the interaction steps. As an example, people may be extremely frustrated with the poor recognitions of the system, even if the overall outcome is accurate. Beyond the number of turns and wait times, the utility of an interaction for a caller may be influenced by other factors. For example, callers may have a negative emotional reaction to working with an automated system versus a human operator. Such factors can be folded into a cost-benefit analysis of routing actions under uncertainty, considering the number and nature of each step in a dialog.
  • Fig. 7 is a diagram 700 illustrating prior distribution of the expected number of dialog steps conditioned on the success of the automated call routing system.
  • the analysis can be generalized with a conversion of steps to an effective total time of an interaction, where frustration is captured by increases in the effective total time of specific steps.
  • the expected number of additional steps can be computed at each point in a dialog for the case where there is eventual success with the use of the automated system, and the case where the automated routing fails for any reason (e.g ., the user presses the "O" key to access a human operator) and the user is immediately routed to a human operator.
  • Figure 7 displays the expected number of steps for success at 0 steps-the outset of an interaction.
  • the present invention employs p (xfer
  • E , ⁇ ) 1 - p (xfer
  • t a p ( xfer
  • the wait time associated with an immediate transfer into the queue for interacting with a human operator is w .
  • This time varies and the current value can be measured or estimated at any moment by measuring the average recent wait times, or by checking the queue of callers waiting for an operator.
  • the expected wait time associated with continuing the automated interaction versus making an immediate automated transfer to the waiting queue for a human operator can be compared. That is, continue to determine if t a > w. If the expected wait time is greater for continuing to engage the user with the automated system, then transfer the user to the queue for a human operator.
  • the present invention can perform different amounts of look ahead, and invoke Equation 1 to compute the expected wait times at points further downstream in the dialog, folding in a consideration of the uncertainty that the user will take different paths conditioned on the current path, and will successfully reach each of the downstream points.
  • Employing the decision-theoretic measure promises to minimize the total wait time for users.
  • Fig. 8 illustrates a methodology for call routing and decision making in accordance the present invention. While, for purposes of simplicity of explanation, the methodology is shown and described as a series of acts, it is to be understood and appreciated that the present invention is not limited by the order of acts, as some acts may, in accordance with the present invention, occur in different orders and/or concurrently with other acts from that shown and described herein. For example, those skilled in the art will understand and appreciate that a methodology could alternatively be represented as a series of interrelated states or events, such as in a state diagram. Moreover, not all illustrated acts may be required to implement a methodology in accordance with the present invention.
  • the present invention considers the various interactions and performance of a real-world speech-recognition based on an automated call routing system. As noted above, this can include an analysis of the various system components and operator interactions affecting one or more variables of system performance.
  • data is gathered to determine various performance aspects of the system. This can include call answering statistics, routing statistics, success or failure statistics based on various factors such as the amount of time a caller has to wait before being directed into a queue to speak with a human operator, for example.
  • one or more probabilistic models can be constructed from the data that is employed to provide probabilities of different paths through the call routing system, including such information as whether an interaction with the automated system will be successful.
  • a decision-theoretic analysis of the value of switching to a human operator at different points in a user's interaction with the automated routing system is also provided.
  • an exemplary environment 910 for implementing various aspects of the invention includes a computer 912.
  • the computer 912 includes a processing unit 914, a system memory 916, and a system bus 918.
  • the system bus 918 couples system components including, but not limited to, the system memory 916 to the processing unit 914.
  • the processing unit 914 can be any of various available processors. Dual microprocessors and other multiprocessor architectures also can be employed as the processing unit 914.
  • the system bus 918 can be any of several types of bus structure(s) including the memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus or external bus, and/or a local bus using any variety of available bus architectures including, but not limited to, 11-bit bus, Industrial Standard Architecture (ISA), Micro-Channel Architecture (MSA), Extended ISA (EISA), Intelligent Drive Electronics (IDE), VESA Local Bus (VLB), Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI), Universal Serial Bus (USB), Advanced Graphics Port (AGP), Personal Computer Memory Card International Association bus (PCMCIA), and Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI).
  • ISA Industrial Standard Architecture
  • MSA Micro-Channel Architecture
  • EISA Extended ISA
  • IDE Intelligent Drive Electronics
  • VLB VESA Local Bus
  • PCI Peripheral Component Interconnect
  • USB Universal Serial Bus
  • AGP Advanced Graphics Port
  • PCMCIA Personal Computer Memory Card International Association bus
  • SCSI Small Computer Systems Interface
  • the system memory 916 includes volatile memory 920 and nonvolatile memory 922.
  • the basic input/output system (BIOS) containing the basic routines to transfer information between elements within the computer 912, such as during start-up, is stored in nonvolatile memory 922.
  • nonvolatile memory 922 can include read only memory (ROM), programmable ROM (PROM), electrically programmable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasable ROM (EEPROM), or flash memory.
  • Volatile memory 920 includes random access memory (RAM), which acts as external cache memory.
  • RAM is available in many forms such as synchronous RAM (SRAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), double data rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM), enhanced SDRAM (ESDRAM), Synchlink DRAM (SLDRAM), and direct Rambus RAM (DRRAM).
  • SRAM synchronous RAM
  • DRAM dynamic RAM
  • SDRAM synchronous DRAM
  • DDR SDRAM double data rate SDRAM
  • ESDRAM enhanced SDRAM
  • SLDRAM Synchlink DRAM
  • DRRAM direct Rambus RAM
  • Disk storage 924 includes, but is not limited to, devices like a magnetic disk drive, floppy disk drive, tape drive, Jaz drive, Zip drive, LS-100 drive, flash memory card, or memory stick.
  • disk storage 924 can include storage media separately or in combination with other storage media including, but not limited to, an optical disk drive such as a compact disk ROM device (CD-ROM), CD recordable drive (CD-R Drive), CD rewritable drive (CD-RW Drive) or a digital versatile disk ROM drive (DVD-ROM).
  • an optical disk drive such as a compact disk ROM device (CD-ROM), CD recordable drive (CD-R Drive), CD rewritable drive (CD-RW Drive) or a digital versatile disk ROM drive (DVD-ROM).
  • a removable or non-removable interface is typically used such as interface 926.
  • Fig 9 describes software that acts as an intermediary between users and the basic computer resources described in suitable operating environment 910.
  • Such software includes an operating system 928.
  • Operating system 928 which can be stored on disk storage 924, acts to control and allocate resources of the computer system 912.
  • System applications 930 take advantage of the management of resources by operating system 928 through program modules 932 and program data 934 stored either in system memory 916 or on disk storage 924. It is to be appreciated that the present invention can be implemented with various operating systems or combinations of operating systems.
  • Input devices 936 include, but are not limited to, a pointing device such as a mouse, trackball, stylus, touch pad, keyboard, microphone, joystick, game pad, satellite dish, scanner, TV tuner card, digital camera, digital video camera, web camera, and the like. These and other input devices connect to the processing unit 914 through the system bus 918 via interface port(s) 938.
  • Interface port(s) 938 include, for example, a serial port, a parallel port, a game port, and a universal serial bus (USB).
  • Output device(s) 940 use some of the same type of ports as input device(s) 936.
  • a USB port may be used to provide input to computer 912, and to output information from computer 912 to an output device 940.
  • Output adapter 942 is provided to illustrate that there are some output devices 940 like monitors, speakers, and printers, among other output devices 940, that require special adapters.
  • the output adapters 942 include, by way of illustration and not limitation, video and sound cards that provide a means of connection between the output device 940 and the system bus 918. It should be noted that other devices and/or systems of devices provide both input and output capabilities such as remote computer(s) 944.
  • Computer 912 can operate in a networked environment using logical connections to one or more remote computers, such as remote computer(s) 944.
  • the remote computer(s) 944 can be a personal computer, a server, a router, a network PC, a workstation, a microprocessor based appliance, a peer device or other common network node and the like, and typically includes many or all of the elements described relative to computer 912. For purposes of brevity, only a memory storage device 946 is illustrated with remote computer(s) 944.
  • Remote computer(s) 944 is logically connected to computer 912 through a network interface 948 and then physically connected via communication connection 950.
  • Network interface 948 encompasses communication networks such as local-area networks (LAN) and wide-area networks (WAN).
  • LAN technologies include Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), Copper Distributed Data Interface (CDDI), Ethernet/IEEE 1102.3, Token Ring/IEEE 1102.5 and the like.
  • WAN technologies include, but are not limited to, point-to-point links, circuit switching networks like Integrated Services Digital Networks (ISDN) and variations thereon, packet switching networks, and Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL).
  • ISDN Integrated Services Digital Networks
  • DSL Digital Subscriber Lines
  • Communication connection(s) 950 refers to the hardware/software employed to connect the network interface 948 to the bus 918. While communication connection 950 is shown for illustrative clarity inside computer 912, it can also be external to computer 912.
  • the hardware/software necessary for connection to the network interface 948 includes, for exemplary purposes only, internal and external technologies such as, modems including regular telephone grade modems, cable modems and DSL modems, ISDN adapters, and Ethernet cards.
  • Fig. 10 is a schematic block diagram of a sample-computing environment 1000 with which the present invention can interact.
  • the system 1000 includes one or more client(s) 1010.
  • the client(s) 1010 can be hardware and/or software (e.g ., threads, processes, computing devices).
  • the system 1000 also includes one or more server(s) 1030.
  • the server(s) 1030 can also be hardware and/or software (e.g ., threads, processes, computing devices).
  • the servers 1030 can house threads to perform transformations by employing the present invention, for example.
  • One possible communication between a client 1010 and a server 1030 may be in the form of a data packet adapted to be transmitted between two or more computer processes.
  • the system 1000 includes a communication framework 1050 that can be employed to facilitate communications between the client(s) 1010 and the server(s) 1030.
  • the client(s) 1010 are operably connected to one or more client data store(s) 1060 that can be employed to store information local to the client(s) 1010.
  • the server(s) 1030 are operably connected to one or more server data store(s) 1040 that can be employed to store information local to the servers 1030.

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EP04102315A 2003-06-30 2004-05-26 Ideal transfer of call handling from automated systems to human operators Expired - Lifetime EP1494499B1 (en)

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US10/610,486 US20040264677A1 (en) 2003-06-30 2003-06-30 Ideal transfer of call handling from automated systems to human operators based on forecasts of automation efficacy and operator load
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JP2005027283A (ja) 2005-01-27
CN1592427A (zh) 2005-03-09
US20040264677A1 (en) 2004-12-30
US20040264672A1 (en) 2004-12-30
ATE420537T1 (de) 2009-01-15
KR101099231B1 (ko) 2011-12-27
CN1592427B (zh) 2011-01-26
EP1494499A3 (en) 2005-06-15
US7742591B2 (en) 2010-06-22
EP1494499A2 (en) 2005-01-05
BRPI0403831A (pt) 2005-06-07
DE602004018875D1 (de) 2009-02-26
KR20050004702A (ko) 2005-01-12

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