EP1487783A2 - Irreversible selective androgen receptor modulators and methods of use thereof - Google Patents

Irreversible selective androgen receptor modulators and methods of use thereof

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Publication number
EP1487783A2
EP1487783A2 EP03710820A EP03710820A EP1487783A2 EP 1487783 A2 EP1487783 A2 EP 1487783A2 EP 03710820 A EP03710820 A EP 03710820A EP 03710820 A EP03710820 A EP 03710820A EP 1487783 A2 EP1487783 A2 EP 1487783A2
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European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
compound
androgen receptor
formula
receptor modulator
subject
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Application number
EP03710820A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP1487783A4 (en
Inventor
James Dalton
Duane D. Miller
Leonid I. Kirkovsky
Dong Jin Hwang
Mitchell S. Steiner
Karen A. Veverka
Arnab Mukherjee
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University of Tennessee Research Foundation
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University of Tennessee Research Foundation
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Publication of EP1487783A2 publication Critical patent/EP1487783A2/en
Publication of EP1487783A4 publication Critical patent/EP1487783A4/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C233/00—Carboxylic acid amides
    • C07C233/01—Carboxylic acid amides having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms
    • C07C233/02—Carboxylic acid amides having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms having nitrogen atoms of carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to carbon atoms of unsubstituted hydrocarbon radicals
    • C07C233/04—Carboxylic acid amides having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms having nitrogen atoms of carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to carbon atoms of unsubstituted hydrocarbon radicals with carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of an acyclic saturated carbon skeleton
    • C07C233/05—Carboxylic acid amides having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms having nitrogen atoms of carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to carbon atoms of unsubstituted hydrocarbon radicals with carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of an acyclic saturated carbon skeleton having the nitrogen atoms of the carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/16—Amides, e.g. hydroxamic acids
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/21—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates
    • A61K31/26—Cyanate or isocyanate esters; Thiocyanate or isothiocyanate esters
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/275—Nitriles; Isonitriles
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P15/00—Drugs for genital or sexual disorders; Contraceptives
    • A61P15/16—Masculine contraceptives
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P27/00—Drugs for disorders of the senses
    • A61P27/02—Ophthalmic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P5/00—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system
    • A61P5/24—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system of the sex hormones
    • A61P5/28—Antiandrogens
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C255/00—Carboxylic acid nitriles
    • C07C255/49—Carboxylic acid nitriles having cyano groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of a carbon skeleton
    • C07C255/50—Carboxylic acid nitriles having cyano groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of a carbon skeleton to carbon atoms of non-condensed six-membered aromatic rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C261/00—Derivatives of cyanic acid
    • C07C261/02—Cyanates
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C265/00—Derivatives of isocyanic acid
    • C07C265/12—Derivatives of isocyanic acid having isocyanate groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C331/00—Derivatives of thiocyanic acid or of isothiocyanic acid
    • C07C331/02—Thiocyanates
    • C07C331/10—Thiocyanates having sulfur atoms of thiocyanate groups bound to carbon atoms of hydrocarbon radicals substituted by singly-bound oxygen atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C331/00—Derivatives of thiocyanic acid or of isothiocyanic acid
    • C07C331/16—Isothiocyanates
    • C07C331/28—Isothiocyanates having isothiocyanate groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to androgen receptor targeting agents (ARTA) which demonstrate antiandrogenic activity of a nonsteroidal ligand for the androgen receptor, and/or which bind irreversibly to the androgen receptor.
  • the agents define a new subclass of compounds, which are selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) useful for a) male contraception; b) treatment of a variety of hormone-related conditions, for example conditions associated with Androgen Decline in Aging Male (ADAM); c) treatment of conditions associated with Androgen Decline in Female (ADIF); d) treatment and/or prevention of acute ⁇ and/or chronic muscular wasting conditions; e) preventing and or treating dry eye conditions; f) oral androgen replacement therapy; g) decreasing the incidence of, halting or causing a regression of prostate cancer; and/or h) inducing apoptosis in a cancer cell.
  • SARMs selective androgen receptor modulators
  • the androgen receptor (“AR”) is a ligand-activated transcriptional regulatory protein that mediates induction of male sexual development and function through its activity with endogenous androgens. Androgens are generally known as the male sex hormones.
  • the androgenic hormones are steroids which are produced in the body by the testes and the cortex of the adrenal gland or can be synthesized in the laboratory. Androgenic steroids play an important role in many physiologic processes, including the development and maintenance of male sexual characteristics such as muscle and bone mass, prostate growth, spe ⁇ natogenesis, and the male hair pattern (Matsumoto, Endocrinol. Met. Clin. N. Am. 23:857-75 (1994)).
  • the endogenous steroidal androgens include testosterone and dihydrotestosterone ("DHT").
  • Testosterone is the principal steroid secreted by the testes and is the primary circulating androgen found in the plasma of males. Testosterone is converted to DHT by the enzyme 5 alpha-reductase in many peripheral tissues. DHT is thus thought to serve as the intracellular mediator for most androgen actions (Zhou, et al., Molec. Endocrinol. 9:208-18 (1995)).
  • steroidal androgens include esters of testosterone, such as the cypionate, propionate, phenylpropionate, cyclopentylpropionate, isocarporate, enanthate, and decanoate esters, and other synthetic androgens such as 7-Methyl-Nortestosterone ("MENT") and its acetate ester (Sundaram et al., “7 Alpha-Methyl-Nortestosterone(MENT): The Optimal Androgen For Male Contraception," Ann. Med., 25:199-205 (1993) (“Sundaram”)). Because the AR is involved in male sexual development and function, the AR is a likely target for effecting male contraception or other forms of hormone replacement therapy.
  • esters of testosterone such as the cypionate, propionate, phenylpropionate, cyclopentylpropionate, isocarporate, enanthate, and decanoate esters
  • Contraception is a difficult subject under any circumstance. It is fraught with cultural and social stigma, religious implications, and, most certainly, significant health concerns. This situation is only exacerbated when the subject focuses on male contraception.
  • society has looked to women to be responsible for contraceptive decisions and their consequences. Although concern over sexually transmitted diseases has made men more aware of the need to develop safe and responsible sexual habits, women still often bear the brunt of contraceptive choice. Women have a number of choices, from temporary mechanical devices such as sponges and diaphragms to temporary chemical devices such as spermicides.
  • the only options available for men include the use of condoms and vasectomy.
  • Condom use is not favored by many men because of the " reduced sexual sensitivity, the interruption in sexual spontaneity, and the significant possibility of pregnancy caused by breakage or misuse. Vasectomies are also not favored. If more convenient methods of birth control were available to men, particularly long-term methods which require no preparative activity immediately prior to a sexual act, such methods could significantly increase the likelihood that men would take more responsibility for contraception.
  • testosterone esters have been developed which are more slowly absorbed after intramuscular injection and thus result in greater androgenic effect.
  • Testosterone enanthate is the most widely used of these esters. While testosterone enanthate has been valuable in terms of establishing the feasibility of hormonal agents for male contraception, it has several drawbacks, including the need for weekly injections and the presence of supraphysiologic peak levels of testosterone immediately following intramuscular injection (Wu, "Effects of Testosterone Enanthate in Normal Men: Experience From a Multicenter Contraceptive Efficacy Study," Fertility and Sterility 65:626-36 (1996)).
  • Steroidal ligands which bind the AR and act as androgens (e.g. testosterone enanthate) or as antiandrogens (e.g. cyproterone acetate) have been known for many years and are used clinically (Wu 1988). Although nonsteroidal antiandrogens are in clinical use for hormone-dependent prostate cancer, nonsteroidal androgens have not been reported. For this reason, research on male contraceptives has focused solely on steroidal compounds.
  • Prostate cancer is one of the most frequently occurring cancers among men in the United States, with hundreds of thousands of new cases diagnosed each year. Unfortunately, over sixty percent of newly diagnosed cases of prostate cancer are found to be pathologically advanced, with no cure and a dismal prognosis.
  • One approach to this problem is to find prostate cancer earlier through screening programs and thereby reduce the number of advanced prostate cancer patients.
  • Another strategy is to develop drugs to prevent prostate cancer.
  • One third of all men over 50 years of age have a latent form of prostate cancer that may be activated into the life-threatening clinical prostate cancer form. The frequency of latent prostatic tumors has been shown to increase substantially with each decade of life from the 50s (5.3-14%) to the 90s (40- 80%).
  • Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease, characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue, with a consequent increase in bone fragility and susceptibility to fracture.
  • the condition affects more than 25 million people and causes more than 1.3 million fractures each year, including 500,000 spine, 250,000 hip and 240,000 wrist fractures annually.
  • Hip fractures are the most serious consequence of osteoporosis, with 5-20% of patients dying within one year, and over 50% of survivors being incapacitated.
  • the elderly are at greatest risk of osteoporosis, and the problem is therefore predicted to increase significantly with the aging of the population.
  • ADAM Androgen decline in the aging male
  • ADAM aging male
  • the syndrome is characterized by alterations in the physical and intellectual domains that correlate with and can be corrected by manipulation of the androgen milieu.
  • ADAM is characterized biochemically by a decrease not only in serum androgen, but also in other hormones, such as growth hormone, melatonin and dehydroepiandrosterone.
  • Clinical manifestations include fatigue, depression, decreased libido, sexual dysfunction, erectile dysfunction, hypogonadism, osteoporosis, hair loss, obesity, sarcopenia, osteopenia, benign prostate hyperplasia, anemia, alterations in mood and cognition and prostate cancer.
  • Androgen Deficiency in Female refers to a variety of hormone-related conditions including, common in females after middle agest. The syndrome is characterized by sexual dysfunction, decreased sexual libido, hypogonadism, sarcopenia, T U 03/03121
  • osteopenia osteoporosis
  • alterations in cognition and mood anemia, depression, anemia, hair loss, obesity, endometriosis, breast cancer, uterine cancer and ovarian cancer.
  • Muscle wasting refers to the progressive loss of muscle mass and/or to the progressive weakening and degeneration of muscles, including the skeletal or voluntary muscles, which control movement, cardiac muscles, which control the heart (cardiomyopathics), and smooth muscles.
  • Chronic muscle wasting is a chronic condition (i.e. persisting over a long period of time) characterized by progressive loss of muscle mass, weakening and degeneration of muscle.
  • the loss of muscle mass that occurs during muscle wasting can be characterized by a muscle protein breakdown or degradation. Protein degradation occurs because of an unusually high rate of protein degradation, an unusually low rate of protein synthesis, or a combination of both.
  • Muscle wasting is associated with chronic, neurological, genetic or infectious pathologies, diseases, illnesses or conditions. These include Muscular Dystrophies such as Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy and Myotonic Dystrophy; Muscle Atrophies such as Post-Polio Muscle Atrophy (PPMA) Cachexias such as Cardiac Cachexia, AIDS Cachexia and Cancer Cachexia, malnutrition, Leprosy, Diabetes, Renal Disease, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), Cancer, end stage Renal failure, Emphysema, Osteomalacia, HTV Infection, AIDS, and Cardiomyopathy, In addition, other circumstances and conditions are linked to and can cause muscle wasting.
  • Muscular Dystrophies such as Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy and Myotonic Dystrophy
  • Muscle Atrophies such as Post-Polio Muscle Atrophy (PPMA) Cachexias such as Cardiac Cachexia, AIDS Cachexia and Cancer Cachexia, malnutri
  • Muscle wasting if left unabated, can have dire health consequences. For example, the changes that occur during muscle wasting can lead to a weakened physical state that is detrimental to an individual's health, resulting in increased susceptibility to infection, poor performance status and susceptibility to injury.
  • this invention provides androgen receptor targeting agents (ARTA).
  • the agents define a new subclass of compounds, which are selective androgen receptor modulators (SARM).
  • SARM selective androgen receptor modulators
  • the SARM compounds have unexpected antiandro genie activity of a nonsteroidal Hgand for the androgen receptor.
  • the SARM compounds bind irreversibly to the androgen receptor.
  • the SARM compounds are androgen receptor antagonists which bind irreversibly to the androgen receptor.
  • the SARM compounds are alkylating agents.
  • the SARM compounds are useful for a) male contraception; b) treatment of a variety of hormone-related conditions, for example conditions associated with Androgen Decline in Aging Male (ADAM), such as fatigue, depression, decreased libido, sexual dysfunction, erectile dysfunction, hypogonadism, osteoporosis, hair loss, anemia, obesity, sarcopenia, osteopenia, osteoporosis, benign prostate hyperplasia, alterations in mood and cognition and prostate cancer; c) treatment of conditions associated with Androgen Decline in Female (ADIF), such as sexual dysfunction, decreased sexual libido, hypogonadism, sarcopenia, osteopenia, osteoporosis, alterations in cognition and mood, depression, anemia, hair loss, obesity, 3121
  • endometriosis breast cancer, uterine cancer and ovarian cancer
  • treatment and/or prevention of acute and or chronic muscular wasting conditions e) preventing and/or treating dry eye conditions;
  • oral androgen replacement therapy g) decreasing the incidence of, halting or causing a regression of prostate cancer; and/or h) inducing apoptosis in a cancer cell.
  • the present invention provides a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) compound represented by the structure of formula I:
  • I X is a bond, O, CH 2 , NH, S, Se, PR, NO or NR; G is O or S;
  • T is OH, OR, -NHCOCH3, orNHCOR;
  • R is alkyl, haloal yl, dihaloalkyl, trihaloalkyl, CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3)
  • Ri is CH 3 , CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , CH2CH3, or CF 2 CF 3 ;
  • R 2 is F, Cl, Br, I, CH 3 , CF 3 , OH, CN, N0 2 , NHCOCH3, NHCOCF 3 , NHCOR, alkyl, arylalkyl, OR, NH 2 , NHR, NR 2 , SR;
  • R 3 is F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO 2 , COR, COOH, CONHR, CF 3 , SnR 3 , or
  • Z is NO 2 , CN, COR, COOH, or CONHR;
  • Y is CF 3 , F, Br, Cl, I, CN, or SnR 3 ;
  • Q is SCN, NCS, OCN, orNCO; n is an integer of 1-4; and m is an integer of 1-3.
  • the present invention provides an analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate or N-oxide of the compound of formula I, or any combination thereof.
  • G in compound I is O.
  • X in compound I is O.
  • T in compound I is OH.
  • R_ in compound I is CH 3 -
  • Z in compound I is NO 2 .
  • Z in compound I is CN.
  • Y in compound I is CF 3 .
  • Q in compound I is NCS.
  • Q in compound I is in the para position.
  • Z in compound I is in the para position.
  • Y in compound I is in the meta position.
  • G in compound I is O, T is OH, Ri is CH 3 , X is O, Z is NO 2 , Y is CF 3 , and Q is NCS.
  • the present invention provides a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) compound represented by the structure of formula II: H wherein X is a bond, O, CH 2 , NH, S, Se, PR, NO or NR;
  • SARM selective androgen receptor modulator
  • G is O or S
  • R x is CH 3 , CH 2 F,CHF 2 ,CF 3 , CH 2 CH 3 , or CF 2 CF 3 ;
  • T is OH, OR, -NHCOCH3, orNHCOR;
  • R is alkyl, haloalkyl, dihaloalkyl, trihaloalkyl, CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 ,
  • A is a ring selected from:
  • B is a ring selected from: wherein A and B cannot simultan « eous y be a benzene ring; ' Z is NO 2 , CN, COOH, COR, NHCOR or CONHR;
  • Y is CF 3 , F, I, Br, Cl, CN CR 3 or Sr_R 3 ;
  • Q x is NCS, SCN, NCO or OCN;
  • Q 2 is a hydrogen, alkyl, halogen, CF 3 , CN CR 3 , SnR 3 , NR , NHCOCH 3 , NHCOCF3, NHCOR, NHCONHR, NHCOOR, OCONHR, CONHR, NHCSCH 3 , NHCSCF 3 , NHCSR NHSO 2 CH 3 , NHSO 2 R, OR, COR,
  • Q 3 and Q are independently of each other a hydrogen, alkyl, halogen, CF 3 , CN CR 3 , SnR 3 , NR 2 , NHCOCH3, NHCOCF 3 , NHCOR, NHCONHR, NHCOOR, OCONHR, CONHR, NHCSCH 3 , NHCSCF 3 ,
  • NHCSR NHSO2CH3, NHSO 2 R, OR, COR, OCOR, OSO 2 R, SO 2 R or SR;
  • Wi O, NH, NR, NO or S;
  • W 2 is N or NO.
  • the present invention provides an analog, derivative, isomer, metabolite, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate or N-oxide of the compound of formula ⁇ , or any combination thereof.
  • G in compound II is O.
  • X in compound II is O.
  • T in compound II is OH.
  • Ri in compound II is CH 3 .
  • Z in compound II is NO 2 .
  • Z in compound II is CN.
  • Y in compound II is CF 3 .
  • Qi in compound II is NCS.
  • Q in compound II is in the para position.
  • Z in compound II is in the para position.
  • Y in compound II is in the meta position.
  • G in compound II is O, T is OH, Ri is CH3, X is O, Z is NO 2 , Y is CF 3 , and Qi is NCS.
  • the present invention provides a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) compound represented by the structure of formula HI: m wherein X is a bond, O, CH 2 , NH, S, Se, PR, NO or NR;
  • SARM selective androgen receptor modulator
  • G is O or S
  • T is OH, OR, -NHCOCH3, or NHCOR
  • Z is NO 2 , CN, COOH, COR, NHCOR or CONHR;
  • Y is CF 3 , F, I, Br, Cl, CN, CR 3 or SnR 3 ;
  • Q is SCN, NCS, OCN, or NCO;
  • R is alkyl, haloalkyl, clihaloalkyl, trihaloalkyl, CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , CF 2 CF 3 , aryl, phenyl, halogen, alkenyl or OH;
  • Ri is CH 3 , CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , CH 2 CH 3 , or CF 2 CF 3 .
  • the present invention provides an analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate or N-oxide of the compound of formula HI, or any combination thereof.
  • G in compound HI is O.
  • X in compound III is O.
  • T in compound in is OH.
  • R in compound HI is CH 3 .
  • Z in compound HI is NO 2 .
  • Z in compound HI is CN.
  • Y in compound HI is CF 3 .
  • Q in compound HI is NCS.
  • Q in compound HI is in the para position.
  • Z in compound IH is in the para position.
  • Y in compound IH is in the meta position.
  • G in compound HI is O, T is OH, Ri is CH 3 , X is O, Z is NO 2 , Y is CF 3 , and Q is NCS.
  • the present invention provides a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) compoimd represented by the structure of formula IV:
  • X is a bond, O, CH 2 , NH, S, Se, PR, NO or NR;
  • Z is NO 2 , CN, COOH, COR, NHCOR or CONHR;
  • Y is CF 3 , F, I, Br, Cl, CN, CR 3 or SnR 3 ;
  • Q is SCN, NCS, OCN, or NCO
  • R is alkyl, haloalkyl, dihaloalkyl, trihaloalkyl, CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , CF 2 CF 3 , aryl, phenyl, halogen, alkenyl or OH.
  • the present invention provides an analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate or N-oxide of the compound of formula IV, or any combination thereof.
  • X in compound IV is O.
  • Z in compound IV is NO 2 .
  • Z in compound IV is CN.
  • Y in compound IV is CF 3 .
  • Q in compound IV is
  • the present invention provides a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) compound represented by the structure of formula V, and or an analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, N-oxide, or any combination thereof.
  • SARM selective androgen receptor modulator
  • the SARM compound of any of formulas I-V is an androgen receptor antagonist.
  • the SARM compound of any of formulas I- V binds irreversibly to an androgen receptor.
  • the SARM compound of any of formulas I-V is an androgen receptor antagonist which binds irreversibly to an androgen receptor.
  • the SARM compound of any of formulas I-V is an alkylating agent.
  • the present invention provides a composition comprising the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of any of formulas I-V and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, N-oxide or any combination thereof.
  • the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of any of formulas I-V and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metabolite, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, N-oxide or any combination thereof; and a suitable carrier or diluent.
  • the present invention further provides a method of binding a selective androgen receptor modulator compound to an androgen receptor, comprising the step of contacting the androgen receptor with the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of any of formulas I-V, and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metabolite, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to bind the selective androgen receptor modulator compound to the androgen receptor.
  • the present invention further provides a method of irreversibly binding a selective andrqgen receptor modulator compound to an androgen receptor, comprising the step of contacting the androgen receptor with the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of any of formulas I-V, and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to irreversibly bind the selective androgen receptor modulator compound to the androgen receptor.
  • the present invention further provides a method of alkylating an androgen receptor, comprising the step of contacting the androgen receptor with the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of any of formulas I-V, and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metabolite, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to al ylate the androgen receptor.
  • the present invention provides a method of suppressing spermatogenesis in a subject, comprising the step of contacting an androgen receptor of the subject with the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of any of formulas I-V and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to suppress sperm production.
  • the present invention provides a method of contraception in a male subject, comprising the step of administering to the subject the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of any of formulas I-V and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to suppress sperm production in the subject, thereby effecting contraception in the subject.
  • the present invention further provides a method of hormone therapy, comprising the step of contacting an androgen receptor of a subject with the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of any of any of formulas I-V and or its analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to bind the selective androgen receptor modulator compound to the androgen receptor and effect a change in an androgen-dependent condition.
  • the present invention provides a method of hormone replacement therapy comprising the step of contacting an androgen receptor of a subject with the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of any of formulas I-V and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to effect a change in an androgen-dependent condition.
  • the present invention further provides a method of treating a subject having a hormone related condition, comprising the step of administering to the subject the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of any of any of formulas I-V and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to bind the selective androgen receptor modulator compound to the androgen receptor and effect a change in an androgen- dependent condition.
  • the present invention further provides a method of treating a subject suffering from prostate cancer, comprising the step of administering to the subject the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of any of formulas I-V, and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metabolite, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to treat prostate cancer in the subject.
  • the present invention provides a method of preventing prostate cancer in a subject, comprising the step of administering to the subject the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of formulas I-V and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metabolite, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to prevent prostate cancer in the subject.
  • the present invention further provides a method of delaying the progression of prostate cancer in a subject suffering from prostate cancer, comprising the step of administering to the subject the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of any of any of formulas I-V, and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to delay the progression of prostate cancer in the subject.
  • the present invention further provides a method of preventing the recurrence of prostate cancer in a subject suffering from prostate cancer, comprising the step of administering to the subject the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of any of any of formulas I-V, and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to prevent the recurrence of prostate cancer in the subject.
  • the present invention provides a method of treating the recurrence of prostate cancer in a subject suffering from prostate cancer, comprising the step of administering to the subject the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of any of any of formulas I-V, and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to treat the recurrence of prostate cancer in the subject.
  • the present invention provides a method of treating a dry eye condition in a subject suffering from dry eyes, comprising the step of administering to said subject the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of formulas I-V and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metabolite, pharmaceuticaUy 03 03121
  • the present invention provides a method of preventing a dry eye condition in a subject, comprising the step of administering to said subject the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of formulas I-V and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate or N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to prevent dry eyes in the subject.
  • the present invention provides a method of inducing apoptosis in a prostate cancer ceU, comprising the step of contacting the ceU with the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of any of any of formulas I-V, and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pha ⁇ naceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to induce apoptosis in the cancer ceU.
  • the present invention provides process for preparing a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) compound represented by the structure of formula I:
  • X is a O, NH, S, Se, PR, or NR;
  • G is O or S;
  • T is OH, OR, -NHCOCH3, or NHCOR;
  • R is alkyl, haloalkyl, dihaloalkyl, trihaloalkyl, CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , CF2CF 3 , aryl, phenyl, halogen, alkenyl or OH;
  • Ri is CH 3 , CH 2 F, CHF , CF 3) CH2CH3, or CF 2 CF 3 ;
  • R 2 is F, Cl, Br, I, CH 3 , CF 3 , OH, CN, NO 2 , NHCOCH 3 , NHCOCF 3 , NHCOR, alkyl, arylalkyl, OR, NH 2 , NHR, NR 2 , SR;
  • R 3 is F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO 2 , COR, COOH, CONHR, CF 3 , SnR 3 , or R 3 together with the benzene ring to which it is attached forms a fused ring system represented by the structure:
  • Z is NO 2 , CN, COR, COOH, or CONHR Y is CF 3 , F, Br, Cl, I, CN, or SnR 3 ; Q is SCN, NCS, OCN, or NCO; n is an integer of 1-4; and m is an integer of 1 -3 ;
  • the coupling step is carried out in the presence of a base.
  • the leaving group L is Br.
  • the compound of formula VHI is prepared by i) preparing a compound of formula X by ring opening of a cycUc compound of formula XI
  • step (a) is carried out in the presence of HBr.
  • the process further comprises the step of converting the selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) compound to its analog, isomer, metaboUte, derivative, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, N-oxide, hydrate or any combination thereof.
  • SARM selective androgen receptor modulator
  • the present invention provides process for preparing a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) compound represented by the structure of formula ⁇ :
  • X is O, NH, S, Se, PR, or NR;
  • G is O or S
  • Ri is CH 3 , CH 2 F, CHF 2j CF 3 , CH 2 CH 3 , or CF 2 CF 3 ;
  • T is OH, OR, -NHCOCH3, or NHCOR;
  • R is alkyl, haloalkyl, dihaloalkyl, trihaloalkyl, CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 ,
  • A is a ring selected from:
  • B is a ring selected from “» « wherein A and B cannot simultaneously be a benzene ring;
  • Z is NO 2 , CN, COOH, COR, NHCOR or CONHR;
  • Y is CF 3 , F, I, Br, Cl, CN CR 3 or SnR 3 ;
  • Qi is NCS, SCN, NCO or OCN;
  • Q 2 is a hydrogen, alkyl, halogen, CF 3 , CN CR 3 , SnR 3 , NR 2 , NHCOCH 3 ,
  • NHCOCF3, NHCOR, NHCONHR, NHCOOR, OCONHR, CONHR, NHCSCH 3 , NHCSCF 3 , NHCSR 1 NHSO2CH 3 , NHSO ⁇ R, OR, COR, OCOR, OSO 2 R, SO 2 R, SR, Q3 and Q 4 are independently of each other a hydrogen, alkyl, halogen, CF., CN CR 3 , SnR 3 , NR 2 , NHCOCH3, NHCOCF3, NHCOR, NHCONHR, NHCOOR, OCONHR, CONHR, NHCSCH 3 , NHCSCF 3 , NHCSR NHSO 2 CH 3 , NHSO 2 R, OR, COR, OCOR, OSO 2 R, SO 2 R or SR; W.
  • the coupling step is carried out in the presence of a base.
  • the leaving group L is Br.
  • the compound of formula XT is prepared by i) preparing a compound formula X by ring opening of a cycUc compound of formula XI
  • step (a) is carried out in the presence of HBr.
  • the process further comprises the step of converting the selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) compound to its analog, isomer, metaboUte, derivative, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, N-oxide, hydrate or any combination thereof.
  • SARM selective androgen receptor modulator
  • the present invention provides process for preparing a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) compound represented by the structure of formula HI:
  • X is O, NH, S, Se, PR or NR;
  • G is O or S
  • T is OH, OR, -NHCOCH 3 , or NHCOR Z is NO 2 , CN, COOH, COR, NHCOR or CONHR;
  • Y is CF 3 , F, I, Br, Cl, CN, CR 3 or SnR 3 ;
  • Q is SCN, NCS, OCN, or NCO;
  • Rj is CH 3 , CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , CH 2 CH 3 , or CF 2 CF 3 ;
  • the coupling step is carried out in the presence of a base.
  • the leaving group L is Br.
  • the compound of formula XIV is prepared by i) preparing a compound formula X by ring opening of a cycUc compound of formula XI
  • step (a) is carried out in the presence of HBr.
  • the process further comprises the step of converting the selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) compound to its analog, isomer, metabolite, derivative, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, N-oxide, hydrate or any combination thereof.
  • SARM selective androgen receptor modulator
  • the present invention provides process for preparing a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) compound represented by the structure of formula IV:
  • X is O, NH, S, Se, PR, or NR;
  • Z is NO 2 , CN, COOH, COR, NHCOR or CONHR; Y is CF 3 , F, I, Br, Cl, CN, CR 3 or SnR 3 ; Q is SCN, NCS, OCN, or NCO; and
  • R is alkyl, haloalkyl, dihaloalkyl, trihaloalkyl, CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , CF 2 CF 3 , aryl, phenyl, halogen, alkenyl or OH;
  • the coupling step is carried out in the presence of a base.
  • the leaving group L is Br.
  • the compound of formula XVH is prepared by i) preparing a compound formula X by ring opening of a cycUc compound of formula XI
  • step (a) is carried out in the presence of HBr.
  • the process further comprises the step of purifying the SARM compound using a mixture of ethanol and water.
  • the process further comprises the step of converting the selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) compound to its analog, isomer, metaboUte, derivative, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, N-oxide, hydrate or any combination thereof.
  • SARM selective androgen receptor modulator
  • novel selective androgen receptor modulator compounds of the present invention are useful for a) male contraception; b) treatment of a variety of hormone-related conditions, for example conditions associated with ADAM, such as fatigue, depression, decreased Ubido, sexual dysfunction, erectile dysfunction, hypogonadism, osteoporosis, hair loss, obesity, sarcopenia, osteopenia, benign prostate hyperplasia, and alterations in mood and cognition; c) treatment of conditions associated with ADIF, such as sexual dysfunction, decreased sexual Ubido, hypogonadism, sarcopenia, osteopenia, osteoporosis, alterations in cognition and mood, depression, anemia, hair loss, obesity, endometriosis, breast cancer, uterine cancer and ovarian cancer; d) treatment and/or prevention of acute and/or chronic muscular wasting conditions; e) preventing and/or treating dry eye conditions; f) oral androgen replacement therapy; g) decreasing
  • the selective androgen receptor modulator compounds of the present invention offer a significant advance over steroidal androgen treatment because the selective androgen receptor modulator compounds of the present invention have been shown in- vivo to have an androgenic and anabohc activity of a nonsteroidal Hgand for the androgen receptor.
  • the selective androgen receptor modulator compounds have an androgenic and anaboUc activity of a nonsteroidal Ugand for the androgen receptor and will not be accompanied by serious side effects, inconvenient modes of administration, or high costs and still have the advantages of oral bioavaUabUity, lack of cross-reactivity with other steroid receptors, and long biological half-lives.
  • FIG. 1 Cytotoxicity of SARM compounds in different ceU lines.
  • Figure 2 Cytotoxicity of SARM compounds in LNCaP prostate cancer ceU line (24 hr and 6 day treatment).
  • Figure 3 Cytotoxicity of SARM compounds in a CV-1 control ceU line (24 hr and 4 day treatment).
  • FIG. 4 Cytotoxicity of SARM compounds in PC-3 bone metastatic prostate cancer ceU line (24 hr and 4 day treatment).
  • this invention provides androgen receptor targeting agents (ARTA).
  • the agents define a new subclass of compounds, which are selective androgen receptor modulators (SARM).
  • SARM selective androgen receptor modulators
  • the SARM compounds have unexpected antiandrogenic activity of a nonsteroidal Ugand for the androgen receptor.
  • the SARM compoimds bind irreversibly to the androgen receptor.
  • the SARM compounds are androgen receptor antagonists which bind irreversibly to the androgen receptor.
  • the SARM compounds are alkylating agents.
  • the SARM compounds either alone or as a composition, are useful for a) male contraception; b) treatment of a variety of hormone-related conditions, for example 03 03121
  • ADAM Androgen Decline in Aging Male
  • ADAM Aging Male
  • DAF Treatment of conditions associated with Androgen Decline in Female
  • DIF sexual dysfunction, decreased sexual Ubido, hypogonadism, sarcopenia, osteopenia, osteoporosis, alterations in cognition and mood, depression, anemia, hair loss, obesity, endometriosis, breast cancer, uterine cancer and ovarian cancer
  • oral androgen replacement therapy g) decreasing the incidence of, halting or causing a regression of prostate cancer; andor h) inducing
  • the present invention provides a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) compound represented by the structure of formula I:
  • I X is a bond, O, CH 2 , NH, S, Se, PR, NO or NR; G is O or S; T is OH, OR, -NHCOCH 3 , or NHCOR;
  • R is alkyl, haloalkyl, dihaloalkyl, trihaloalkyl, CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , CF 2 CF 3 , aryl, phenyl, halogen, alkenyl or OH;
  • Ri is CH 3 , CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , CH 2 CH 3 , or CF 2 CF 3 ;
  • R 2 is F, Cl, Br, I, CH 3 , CF 3 , OH, CN, NO 2 , NHCOCH 3 , NHCOCF 3 , NHCOR, alkyl, arylalkyl, OR, NH 2 , NHR, NR 2 , SR;
  • R 3 is F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO 2 , COR, COOH, CONHR, CF 3 , SnR 3 , or R 3 together with the benzene ring to which it is attached forms a fused ring system represented by the structure: T U 03/03121
  • Z is NO 2 , CN, COR, COOH, or CONHR; Y is CF 3 , F, Br, Cl, I, CN, or SnR 3 ; Q is SCN, NCS, OCN, or NCO; n is an integer of 1-4; and m is an integer of 1-3.
  • this invention provides an analog of the compound of formula I. In another embodiment, this invention provides a derivative of the compound of formula I. In another embodiment, this invention provides an isomer of the compound of formula I. In another embodiment, this invention provides a metaboUte of the compound of formula I. In another embodiment, this invention provides a pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt of the compound of formula I. In another embodiment, this invention provides a pharmaceutical product of the compound of formula I. In another embodiment, this invention provides a hydrate of the compoimd of formula I. In another embodiment, this invention provides an N-oxide of the compound of formula I. In another embodiment, this invention provides a combination of any of an analog, derivative, metaboUte, isomer, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate or N-oxide of the compound of formula I.
  • G in compound I is O.
  • X in compound I is O.
  • T in compound I is OH.
  • R x in compound I is CH 3 .
  • Z in compound I is NO 2 .
  • Z in compound I is CN.
  • Y in compound I is CF 3 .
  • Q in compound I is NCS.
  • Q in compound I is in the para position.
  • Z in compound I is in the para position.
  • Y in compound I is in the meta position.
  • G in compound I is O
  • T is OH
  • Ri is CH 3
  • X is O
  • Z is NO 2
  • Y is CF 3
  • Q is NCS.
  • the present invention provides a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) compound represented by the structure of formula H: ⁇ wherein X is a bond, O, CH 2 , NH, S, Se, PR, NO or NR
  • G is O or S
  • Ri is CH 3 , CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , CH 2 CH 3 , or CF 2 CF 3 ;
  • T is OH, OR, -NHCOCH 3 , or NHCOR;
  • R is alkyl, haloalkyl, dihaloalkyl, trihaloalkyl, CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , CF 2 CF 3 , aryl, phenyl, halogen, alkenyl or OH;
  • A is a ring selected from:
  • B is a ring selected from: wherein A and B cannot simultaneously be a benzene ring;
  • Z is NO 2 , CN, COOH, COR, NHCOR or CONHR;
  • Y is CF 3 , F, I, Br, Cl, CN CR 3 or SnR 3 ;
  • Qi is NCS, SCN, NCO or OCN;
  • Q 2 is a hydrogen, alkyl, halogen, CF 3 , CN CR 3 , SnR 3 , NR 2 , NHCOCH3, NHCOCF 3 , NHCOR, NHCONHR, NHCOOR, OCONHR, CONHR,
  • NHCSCH 3 NHCSCF 3 , NHCSR NHS0 2 CH 3 , NHS0 2 R, OR, COR, OCOR, OSO 2 R, SO 2 R, SR,
  • Q3 and Q are independently of each other a hydrogen, alkyl, halogen, CF 3 , CN CR 3 , SnR 3 , NR 2 , NHCOCH 3 , NHCOCF 3 , NHCOR, NHCONHR, NHCOOR, OCONHR, CONHR, NHCSCH . , NHCSCF 3 , NHCSR NHSO 2 CH 3 , NHS0 2 R, OR, COR, OCOR, OS0 2 R, SO 2 R or SR;
  • Wi is O, NH, NR, NO or S; and W 2 is N or NO.
  • this invention provides an analog of the compound of formula H. In another embodiment, this invention provides a derivative of the compound of formula H. In another embodiment, this invention provides an isomer of the compound of formula H. In another embodiment, this invention provides a metaboUte of the compound of formula H. In another embodiment, this invention provides a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of formula _3. In another embodiment, this invention provides a pharmaceutical product of the compound of formula H. In another embodiment, this invention provides a hydrate of the compound of formula H.
  • this invention provides an N-oxide of the compound of formula
  • this invention provides a combination of any of an analog, derivative, metaboUte, isomer, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate or N-oxide of the compound of formula H.
  • G in compound H is O.
  • X in compound H is O.
  • T in compound H is OH.
  • Ri in compound H is CH 3 .
  • Z in compound H is N0 2 .
  • Z in compound H is CN.
  • Y in compound H is CF 3 .
  • Oj in compound H is NCS.
  • Qi in compound H is in the para position.
  • Z in compound H is in the para position.
  • Y in compound H is in the meta position.
  • G in compound ⁇ is O
  • T is OH
  • Ri is CH 3
  • X is O
  • Z is N0 2
  • Y is CF 3
  • Qi is NCS.
  • the present invention provides a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) compound represented by the structure of formula HI:
  • X is a bond, O, CH 2 , NH, S, Se, PR, NO or NR;
  • G is O or S
  • T is OH, OR, -NHCOCH 3 , or NHCOR
  • Y is CF 3 , F, I, Br, Cl, CN, CR 3 or SnR 3 ;
  • Q is SCN, NCS, OCN, or NCO;
  • R is alkyl, haloalkyl, dihaloalkyl, trihaloalkyl, CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , CF 2 CF 3 , aryl, phenyl, halogen, alkenyl or OH;
  • Ri is CH 3 , CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , CH 2 CH 3 , or CF 2 CF 3 .
  • this invention provides an analog of the compound of formula IH. In another embodiment, this invention provides a derivative of the compound of formula HI. In another embodiment, this invention provides an isomer of the compound of formula HI. In another embodiment, this invention provides a metabolite of the compound of formula HI. In another embodiment, this invention provides a pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt of the compound of formula HI. In another embodiment, this invention provides a pharmaceutical product of the compound of formula HI. In another embodiment, this invention provides a hydrate of the compound of formula HI. In another embodiment, this invention provides an N-oxide of the compound of formula IH. In another embodiment, this invention provides a combination of any of an analog, derivative, metaboUte, isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate or N-oxide of the compoimd of formula HI.
  • G in compound HI is O.
  • X in compound IH is O.
  • T in compound HI is OH.
  • Ri in compound HI is CH 3 .
  • Z in compound HI is NO 2 .
  • Z in compound HI is CN.
  • Y in compound IH is CF 3 .
  • Q in compound HI is NCS.
  • Q in compound HI is in the para position.
  • Z in compound IH is in the para position.
  • Y in compound HI is in the meta position.
  • G in compound HI is O, T is OH, Ri is CH 3 , X is O, Z is NO 2 , Y is CF 3 , and Q is NCS.
  • the present invention provides a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) compound represented by the structure of formula IV: rv wherein X is a bond, O, CH 2 , NH, S, Se, PR, NO or NR;
  • SARM selective androgen receptor modulator
  • Z is N0 2 , CN, COOH, COR, NHCOR or CONHR;
  • Y is CF 3 , F, I, Br, Cl, CN, CR 3 or SnR 3 ;
  • Q is SCN, NCS, OCN, orNCO
  • R is alkyl, haloaUcyl, dihaloalkyl, trihaloalkyl, CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , CF 2 CF 3 , aryl, phenyl, halogen, alkenyl or OH.
  • this invention provides an analog of the compound of formula IV. In another embodiment, this invention provides a derivative of the compound of formula IV. In another embodiment, this invention provides an isomer of the compound of formula IV. In another embodiment, this invention provides a metabolite of the compound of formula IV. In another embodiment, this invention provides a pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt of the compound of formula IV. In another embodiment, this invention provides a pharmaceutical product of the compound of formula IV. In another embodiment, this invention provides a hydrate of the compoimd of formula IV. In another embodiment, this invention provides an N-oxide of the compound of formula IV. In another embodiment, this invention provides a combination of any of an analog, derivative, metaboUte, isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate or N-oxide of the compound of formula IV.
  • X in compound IV is O.
  • Z in compound IV is NO 2 .
  • Z in compound IV is CN.
  • Y in compound IV is CF 3 .
  • Q in compound IV is
  • the present invention provides a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) compound represented by the structure of formula V:
  • this invention provides an analog of the compound of formula V. In another embodiment, this invention provides a derivative of the compound of formula V. In another embodiment, this invention provides an isomer of the compound of formula V. In another embodiment, this invention provides a metaboUte of the compound of formula V. In another embodiment, this invention provides a pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt of the compound of formula V. In another embodiment, this invention provides a pharmaceutical product of the compound of formula V. In another embodiment, this invention provides a hydrate of the compound of formula V. In another embodiment, this invention provides an N-oxide of the compound of formula V. In another embodiment, this invention provides a combination of any of an analog, derivative, metabolite, isomer, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate or N-oxide of the compound of formula V.
  • the substituent R is defined herein as an alkyL haloalkyl, dihaloalkyl, trihaloalkyl, CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , CF 2 CF 3 ; aryl, phenyl, halogen, alkenyl, or hydroxyl (OH).
  • alkyl refers to a saturated aUphatic hydrocarbon, including straight- chain, branched-chain and cycUc alkyl groups.
  • the alkyl group has 1-12 carbons.
  • the alkyl group has 1-7 carbons.
  • the alkyl group has 1-6 carbons.
  • the alkyl group has 1-4 carbons.
  • the alkyl group may be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more groups selected from halogen, hydroxy, alkoxy carbonyl, amido, alkylamido, dialkylamido, nitro, amino, allcylamino, dialkylamino, carboxyl, thio and thioalkyl.
  • haloalkyl refers to an alkyl group as defined above, which is substituted by one or more halogen atoms, e.g. by F, Cl, .Br or I.
  • aryl refers to an aromatic group having at least one carbocycUc aromatic group or heterocycUc aromatic group, which may be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more groups selected from halogen, haloalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy carbonyl, amido, alkylamido, dialkylamido, nitro, amino, alkylamino, cUalkyl__ ⁇ ino, carboxy or thio or thioalkyl.
  • Nonlimiting examples of aryl rings are phenyl, naphthyl, pyranyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridinyl, furanyl, thiophenyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, isoxazolyl, and the like.
  • a "hydroxyl” group refers to an OH group.
  • An “alkenyl” group refers to a group having at least one carbon to carbon double bond.
  • a halo group refers to F, Cl, Br or I.
  • arylalkyl refers to an alkyl bound to an aryl, wherein alkyl and aryl are as defined above.
  • An example of an aralkyl group is a benzyl group.
  • the present invention relates to the use of a SARM compound and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, N-oxide, or combinations thereof.
  • the invention relates to the use of an analog of the SARM compound.
  • the invention relates to the use of a derivative of the SARM compound.
  • the invention relates to the use of an isomer of the SARM compound.
  • the invention relates to the use of a metaboUte of the SARM compound.
  • the invention relates to the use of a pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt of the SARM compound.
  • the invention relates to the use of a pharmaceutical product of the SARM compound. In another embodiment, the invention relates to the use of a hydrate of the SARM compound. In another embodiment, the invention relates to the use of an N- oxide of the SARM compound. In another embodiment, the invention relates to the use of any of a combination of an analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, or N-oxide of the SARM compounds of the present invention. [00085] As defined herein, the term "isomer” includes, but is not limited to, optical isomers and analogs, structural isomers and analogs, conformational isomers and analogs, and the like.
  • this invention encompasses the use of various optical isomers of the SARM compound. It wiU be appreciated by those skiUed in the art that the SARMs of the present invention contain at least one chiral center. Accordingly, the SARMs used in the methods of the present invention may exist in, and be isolated in, opticaUy-active or racemic forms. Some compounds may also exhibit polymorphism. It is to be understood that the present invention encompasses any racemic, opticaUy-active, polymorphic, or stereroisomeric form, or mixtures thereof, which form possesses properties useful in the treatment of androgen-related conditions described herein. In one embodiment, the SARMs are the pure (R)-isomers.
  • the SARMs are the pure (S)-isomers. In another embodiment, the SARMs are a mixture of the (R) and the (S) isomers. In another embodiment, the SARMs are a racemic mixture comprising an equal amount of the (R) and the (S) isomers. It is weU known in the art how to prepare opticaUy-active forms (for example, by resolution of the racemic form by recrystaUization techniques, by synthesis from opticaUy-active starting materials, by chiral synthesis, or by chromatographic separation using a chiral stationary phase).
  • the invention includes pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salts of amino-substituted compounds with organic and inorganic acids, for example, citric acid and hydrochloric acid.
  • the invention also includes N-oxides of the amino substituents of the compounds described herein.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable salts can also be prepared from the phenolic compounds by treatment with inorganic bases, for example, sodium hydroxide.
  • esters of the phenolic compounds can be made with aUphatic and aromatic carboxylic acids, for example, acetic acid and benzoic acid esters.
  • This invention further includes derivatives of the SARM compounds.
  • derivatives includes but is not limited to ether derivatives, acid derivatives, amide derivatives, ester derivatives and the like.
  • this invention further includes hydrates of the SARM compounds.
  • hydrate includes but is not Umited to hemihydrate, monohydrate, dihydrate, trihydrate and the like.
  • This invention further includes metaboUtes of the SARM compounds.
  • metaboUte means any substance produced from another substance by metaboUsm or a metabotic process.
  • This invention further includes pharmaceutical products of the SARM compounds.
  • pharmaceutical producf means a composition suitable for pharmaceutical use (pharmaceutical composition), as defined herein.
  • the present invention provides process for preparing the selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) compounds of the present invention.
  • the process of the present invention is suitable for large-scale preparation, since aU of the steps give rise to highly pure compounds, thus avoiding compUcated purification procedures which ultimately lower the yield.
  • the present invention provides methods for the synthesis of non-steroidal agonist compounds, that can be used for industrial large-scale synthesis, and that provide highly pure products in high yield.
  • the present invention provides process for preparing the selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) compound represented by the slructure of formula I: wherein X is a O, NH, S, Se, PR, or NR; G is O or S;
  • SARM selective androgen receptor modulator
  • T is OH, OR, -NHCOCH3, or NHCOR;
  • R is alkyl, haloalkyl, dihaloalkyl, trihaloalkyl, CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , CF 2 CF 3 , aryl, phenyl, halogen, alkenyl or OH;
  • Ri is CH 3 , CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , CH 2 CH 3 , or CF 2 CF 3 ;
  • R 2 is F, Cl, Br, I, CH 3 , CF 3 , OH, CN, NO 2 , NHCOCH 3 , NHCOCF 3 , NHCOR, alkyl, arylalkyl, OR, NH 2 , NHR, NR 2 , SR;
  • R 3 is F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO 2 , COR, COOH, CONHR, CF 3 , S11R 3 , or R 3 together with the benzene ring to which it is attached forms a fused ring system represented by the structure:
  • Z is NO 2 , CN, COR, COOH, or CONHR;
  • Y is CF 3 , F, Br, Cl, I, CN, or SnR 3 ;
  • Q is SCN, NCS, OCN, orNCO; n is an integer of 1-4; and m is an integer of 1 -3 ;
  • VHI wherein Z, Y, G, R l3 T, R 3 and m are as defined above and L is a leaving group
  • the coupling step is carried out in the presence of a base.
  • the leaving group L is Br.
  • the compound of formula VET is prepared by i) preparing a compound of formula X by ring opening of a cycUc compound of formula XI
  • step (a) is carried out in the presence of HBr.
  • the process further comprises the step of converting the selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) compound to its analog, isomer, metaboUte, derivative, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, N-oxide, hydrate or any combination thereof.
  • SARM selective androgen receptor modulator
  • the present invention provides process for preparing a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) compound represented by the structure of formula ⁇ : ⁇ wherein X is O, NH, S, Se, PR, or NR; G is O or S;
  • SARM selective androgen receptor modulator
  • Ri is CH 3 , CH 2 F,CHF2,CF 3 , CH 2 CH 3 , or CF 2 CF 3 ;
  • T is OH, OR, -NHCOCH 3 , or NHCOR;
  • R is alkyl, haloalkyl, dihaloalkyl, trihaloalkyl, CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , CF 2 CF 3 , aryl, phenyl, halogen, alkenyl or OH;
  • A is a ring selected from:
  • B is a ring selected from:
  • a and B cannot simultaneously be a benzene ring
  • Y is CF 3 , F, I, Br, Cl, CN CR 3 or SnR 3 ;
  • Qi is NCS, SCN, NCO or OCN
  • Q 2 is a hydrogen, alkyl, halogen, CF 3 , CN CR 3 , SnR 3 , NR 2 , NHCOCH3, NHCOCF 3 , NHCOR, NHCONHR, NHCOOR, OCONHR, CONHR, NHCSCH3, N ⁇ CSCF3, NHCSR NHSO2CH3, NHSO2R, OR, COR, OCOR, OSO 2 R, SO 2 R, SR,
  • Q 3 and Q are independently of each other a hydrogen, alkyl, halogen, CF 3 , CN CR 3 , SnR 3 , NR 2 , NHCOCH 3 , NHCOCF 3 , NHCOR,
  • NHCSR NHSO 2 CH 3 , NHSO 2 R, OR, COR, OCOR, OSO 2 R, SO 2 R or SR; Wi is O, NH, NR,NO or S;
  • W 2 is N or NO; the process comprising the step of coupling a compound of formula XHI: xm wherein A, G, Ri and T are as defined above and L is a leaving group, with a compound of formula HX-B wherein B and X are as defined above.
  • the coupling step is carried out in the presence of a base.
  • the leaving group L is Br.
  • the compound of formula Xm is prepared by i) preparing a compound formula X by ring opening of a cycUc compound of formula XI
  • step (a) is carried out in the presence of HBr.
  • the process further comprises the step of converting the selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) compound to its analog, isomer, metabolite, derivative, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, N-oxide, hydrate or any combination thereof.
  • SARM selective androgen receptor modulator
  • the present invention provides process for preparing a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) compound represented by the structure of formula HI:
  • X is O, NH, S, Se, PR or NR;
  • G is O or S
  • T is OH, OR, -NHCOCH3, or NHCOR Z is NO 2 , CN, COOH, COR, NHCOR or CONHR;
  • Y is CF 3 , F, I, Br, Cl, CN, CR 3 or SnR 3 ;
  • Q is SCN, NCS, OCN, or NCO;
  • R is alkyl, haloalkyl, dihaloalkyl, trihaloalkyl, CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , CF 2 CF 3 , aryl, phenyl, halogen, alkenyl or OH;
  • Ri is CH 3 , CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , CH2CH3, or CF 2 CF 3 ;
  • the coupling step is carried out in the presence of a base.
  • the leaving group L is Br.
  • the compound of formula XIV is prepared by i) preparing a compound formula X by ring opening of a cycUc compound of formula XI
  • step (a) is carried out in the presence of HBr.
  • the process further comprises the step of converting the selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) compoimd to its analog, isomer, metaboUte, derivative, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, N-oxide, hydrate or any combination thereof.
  • SARM selective androgen receptor modulator
  • the present invention provides process for preparing a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) compound represented by the structure of formula IV:
  • X is O, NH, S, Se, PR, or NR;
  • Z is NO 2 , CN, COOH, COR, NHCOR or CONHR; Y is CF 3 , F, I, Br, Cl, CN, CR 3 or SnR 3 ; Q is SCN, NCS, OCN, or NCO; and
  • R is alkyl, haloalkyl, dihaloalkyl, trihaloalkyl, CH 2 F, CHF 2 , CF 3 , ' CF 2 CF 3 , aryl, phenyl, halogen, alkenyl or OH;
  • the coupling step is carried out in the presence of a base.
  • the leaving group L is Br.
  • the compound of formula XVH is prepared by i) preparing a compound formula X by ring opening of a cyclic compound of formula XI
  • step (a) is carried out in the presence of HBr.
  • the process further comprises the step of converting the selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) compound to its analog, isomer, metaboUte, derivative, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, N-oxide, hydrate or any combination thereof.
  • SARM selective androgen receptor modulator
  • Applicants have found that when the purification step of the SARM compounds is carried out in the presence of a nontoxic organic solvent and water, such as ethanol and water, for example by recrystalUzation from a rnixture of ethanol and water, a highly pure product with exceUent crystal stability is obtained in high yields.
  • a nontoxic organic solvent/water for purification is safe and cheap, and avoids any biological hazards that may arise from the use of toxic organic solvents such as hexane.
  • the nontoxic organic solvent is ethanol.
  • the present invention provides a synthetic process for preparing the SARM compounds described herein, which involves a purification step comprising crystallization of the SARM product using a mixture of a nontoxic organic solvent and water.
  • the nontoxic organic solvent is ethanol.
  • the crystallization step comprises mixing an ethanol solution comprising the SARM compound with water, so as to crystallize the SARM compound.
  • the process further comprises the step of coUecting the SARM compound by filtration.
  • the process of the present invention is suitable for large-scale preparation, since ah of the steps give rise to highly pure compounds, thus avoiding comphcated purification procedures which ultimately lower the yield.
  • the present invention provides methods for the synthesis of non-steroidal agonist compounds, that can be used for industrial large-scale synthesis, and that provide highly pure products in high yield.
  • the methods described by the present invention utilize safe, environmentally friendly and cheap reagents and purification steps, thus avoiding any undesirable toxicological issues that may arise from the use of toxic, environmentaUy unfriendly or biologicaUy unstable reagents.
  • any nontoxic organic solvent is suitable in the methods of the present invention, for example alcohols such as methanol or ethanol, aromatic compounds such as toluene and xylene, DMSO, THF, cyclohexane and the like.
  • the nontoxic organic solvent is ethanol. Any grade and purity level of ethanol is suitable. In one embodiment, the ethanol is neat ethanol. In another embodiment, the ethanol is an ethanol solution that contains denaturants, such as toluene, methanol and the like.
  • reaction wiU involve a further step of converting the OH to OR by a reaction with, for example, an alkyl hafide R-X.
  • reaction wiU involve a further step of converting the NH 2 to NHCOR orNHCOCH 3 , by a reaction with, for example, the corresponding acyl chloride C1COR or CICOCH 3 .
  • the coupling step defined hereinabove is carried out in the presence of a base.
  • a base Any suitable base that wiU deprotonate the hydrogen of the - XH moiety (for example, a phenol moiety when X is O) and aUow the coupling may be used.
  • bases are carbonates such as alkaU carbonates, for example sodium carbonate Na 2 CO 3 ), potassium carbonate (K 2 CO 3 ) and cesium carbonate (Cs 2 CO 3 ); bicarbonates such as alkaU metal bicarbonates, for example sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO 3 ), potassium bicarbonate (KHCO 3 ), alkaU metal hydrides such as sodium hydride (NaH), potassium hydride (KH) and Uthium hydride (LiH), and the like.
  • carbonates such as alkaU carbonates, for example sodium carbonate Na 2 CO 3 ), potassium carbonate (K 2 CO 3 ) and cesium carbonate (Cs 2 CO 3 ); bicarbonates such as alkaU metal bicarbonates, for example sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO 3 ), potassium bicarbonate (KHCO 3 ), alkaU metal hydrides such as sodium hydride (NaH), potassium hydride (KH) and Uthium hydride (LiH), and the like.
  • the leaving group L is defined herein as any removable group customarily considered for chemical reactions, as wiU be known to the person skilled in the art. Suitable leaving groups are halogens, for example F, Cl, Br and I; alkyl sulfonate esters (-OSO 2 R) wherein R is an alkyl group, for example methanesulfonate (mesylate), tiifluoromethanesulfbnate, ethanesulfonate, 2,2,2-trifluoroethanesulfonate, perfluoro butanesulfonate; aryl sulfonate esters (-OSO 2 Ar) wherein Ar is an aryl group, for example p-toluoylsulfonate (tosylate), benzenesulphonate which may be unsubstituted or substituted by methyl, chlorine, bromine, nitro and the like; NO 3 , NO 2 , or sulfate,
  • the reaction is conveniently carried out in a suitable inert solvent or diluent such as, for example, tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether, aromatic amines such as pyridine; aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, and xylene; dimethylsulfbxide (DMSO), dimethylformamide (DMF), and dimethylacetamide (DMAC).
  • a suitable inert solvent or diluent such as, for example, tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether, aromatic amines such as pyridine; aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, and xylene; dimethylsulfbxide (DMSO), dimethylformamide (DMF), and dimethylacetamide (DMAC).
  • a suitable inert solvent or diluent such as, for example, tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether, aromatic
  • the coupling reagent defined hereinabove is a reagent capable of turning the carboxyUc acid/ thiocarboxyUc acid of formula X into a reactive derivative thereof, thus enabling coupling with the respective amine amine to form an amide/thioamide bond.
  • a suitable reactive derivative of a carboxyUc acid / thiocarboxyUc acid is, for example, an acyl hatide / thioacyl haUde, for example an acyl / thioacyl chloride formed by the reaction of the acid / thioacid and an inorganic acid chloride, for example thionyl chloride; a mixed anhydride, for example an anhydride formed by the reaction of the acid and a chloroformate such as isobutyl chloroformate; an active ester/thioester, for example an ester/thioester formed by the reaction of the acid thioacid and a phenol, an ester/thioester or an alcohol such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, butanol or N- hy roxybenzotriazole; an acyl thioacyl azide, for example an azide formed by the reaction of the acid/thioacid and azide such as dipheny
  • reaction is conveniently carried out in a suitable inert solvent or diluent as described hereinabove, suitably in the presence of a base such as triethylamine, and at a temperature in the range, as desribed above.
  • a suitable inert solvent or diluent as described hereinabove, suitably in the presence of a base such as triethylamine, and at a temperature in the range, as desribed above.
  • the SARM compounds provided herein are compounds, which are selective androgen receptor modulators (SARM), which have an unexpected antiandrogenic activity of a nonsteroidal Hgand for the androgen receptor. Furthermore, several of the SARM compounds bind irreversibly to the androgen receptor. Moreover, several of the SARM compounds of the present invention are alkylating agents.
  • SARM selective androgen receptor modulators
  • the appropriately substituted SARM compounds of the present invention are useful for a) male contraception; b) treatment of a variety of hormone-related conditions, for example conditions associated with Androgen Decline in Aging Male (ADAM), such as fatigue, depression, decreased Ubido, sexual dysfunction, erectile dysfunction, hypogonadism, osteoporosis, hair loss, anemia, obesity, sarcopenia, osteopenia,osteoporosis, benign prostate hyperplasia, alterations in mood and cognition and prostate cancer; c) treatment of conditions associated with ADIF, such as sexual dysfunction, decreased sexual Ubido, hypogonadism, sarcopenia, osteopenia, osteoporosis, alterations in cognition and mood, depression, anemia, hair loss, obesity, endometriosis, breast cancer, uterine cancer and ovarian cancer; d) treatment and/or prevention of acute and/or chronic muscular wasting conditions; e) preventing and/or treating dry
  • ADAM Androgen Decline
  • ceU signaling receptors receptors for extraceUular signaling molecules are coUectively referred to as "ceU signaling receptors".
  • Many ceU signaling receptors are transmembrane proteins on a cell surface; when they bind an extraceUular signaling molecule (i.e., a tigand), they become activated so as to generate a cascade of intracellular signals that alter the behavior of the ceU.
  • the receptors are inside the ceU and the signaling Hgand has to enter the ceU to activate them; these signaling molecules therefore must be sufficiently small and hydrophobic to diffuse across the plasma membrane of the ceU.
  • Steroid hormones are one example of smaU hydrophobic molecules that diffuse directly across the plasma membrane of target ceUs and bind to intracellular ceU signaling receptors. These receptors are structurally related and constitute the intracellular receptor superfamily (or steroid-hormone receptor superfamily). Steroid hormone receptors include progesterone receptors, estrogen receptors, androgen receptors, glueocorticoid receptors, and mineralocorticoid receptors. In one embodiment, the present invention is directed to androgen receptors.
  • the receptors can be blocked to prevent Ugand binding.
  • a substance binds to a receptor, the three- dimensional structure of the substance fits into a space created by the three- dimensional structure of the receptor in a baU and socket configuration. The better the baU fits into the socket, the more tightly it is held. This phenomenon is called affinity. If the affinity of a substance is greater than the original hormone, it wiU compete with the hormone and bind the binding site more frequently. Once bound, signals may be sent through the receptor into the ceUs, causing the ceU to respond in some fashion. This is caUed activation. On activation, the activated receptor then directly regulates the transcription of specific genes.
  • the substance and the receptor may have certain attributes, other than affinity, in order to activate the ceU. Chemical bonds between atoms of the substance and the atoms of the receptors may form. In some cases, this leads to a change in the configuration of the receptor, which is enough to begin the activation process (caUed signal transduction).
  • the present invention is directed to selective androgen receptor modulator compounds, which are antagonist compounds.
  • a receptor agonist is a substance, which binds receptors and activates them.
  • a receptor antagonist is a substance which binds receptors and inactivates them.
  • the SARM compounds of the present invention are useful in binding to and inactivating steroidal hormone receptors.
  • the antagonist compound of the present invention is an antagonist which binds the androgen receptor.
  • the compoimd has high affinity for the androgen receptor.
  • AR agonists or antagonists are well known to a person skiUed in the art.
  • AR agonistic activity can be determined by monitoring the abUity of the SARM compounds to maintain and or-stimulate the growth of AR containing tissue such as prostate and seminal vesicles, as measured by weight.
  • AR antagonistic activity can be determined by monitoring the abiUty of the SARM compounds inhibit the growth of AR containing tissue.
  • An androgen receptor is an androgen receptor of any species, for example a mammal.
  • the androgen receptor is an androgen receptor of a human.
  • the compounds of the present invention bind either reversibly or irreversibly to an androgen receptor.
  • the SARM compounds bind reversibly to an androgen receptor.
  • the SARM compounds bind reversibly to an androgen receptor of a mammal.
  • the SARM compounds bind reversibly to an androgen receptor of a human. Reversible binding of a compound to a receptor means that a compound can detach from the receptor after binding.
  • the SARM compounds bind irreversibly to an androgen receptor.
  • the SARM compounds bind irreversibly to an androgen receptor of a mammal.
  • the SARM compounds bind irreversibly to an androgen receptor of a human.
  • the compounds of the present invention may contain a functional group (e.g. affinity label) that aUows alkylation of the androgen receptor (i.e. covalent bond formation).
  • the compounds are alkylating agents which bind irreversibly to the receptor and, accordingly, cannot be displaced by a steroid, such as the endogenous Hgands DHT and testosterone.
  • alkylating agent is defined herein as an agent which alkylates (forms a covalent bond) with a ceUular component, such as DNA, RNA or enzyme. It is a highly reactive chemical that introduces alkyl radicals into biologicaUy active molecules and thereby prevents their proper functioning.
  • the alkylating moiety is an electrophiUc group that interacts with nucleophUic moieties in ceUular components.
  • an alkylating group is an isocyanate moiety, an electrophiUc group which forms covalent bonds with nucleophiUc groups (N, O, S etc.) in ceUular components.
  • an alkylating group is an isothiocyanate moiety, another electrophiUc group which forms covalent bonds with nucleophUic groups (N, O, S etc.) in ceUular components.
  • an alkylating group is a haloalkyl (CH 2 X wherein X is halogen), an electrophiUc group which forms covalent bonds with nucleophiUc groups in ceUular components.
  • an alkylating group is a haloalkyl-amido (NHCOCH 2 X wherein X is halogen), an electrophiUc group which forms covalent bonds with nucleophiUc groups in ceUular components.
  • the SARM compounds of the present invention are androgen receptor antagonists which bind irreversibly to the androgen receptor of a mammal, for e.g. a human.
  • the compounds are alkylating agents.
  • the present invention further provides a method of binding a selective androgen receptor modulator compound to an androgen receptor, comprising the step of contacting the androgen receptor with the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of the present invention, and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to bind the selective androgen receptor modulator compound to the androgen receptor.
  • the present invention further provides a method of irreversibly binding a selective androgen receptor modulator compound to an androgen receptor, comprising the step of contacting the androgen receptor with the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of the present invention, and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to irreversibly bind the selective androgen receptor modulator compound to the androgen receptor.
  • the present invention further provides a method of alkylating an androgen receptor, comprising the step of contacting the androgen receptor with the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of the present invention, and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to alkylate the androgen receptor.
  • the present invention provides a method of suppressing spermatogenesis in a subject, comprising the step of contacting an androgen receptor of the subject the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of the present invention, and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to suppress sperm production.
  • the present invention provides a method of contraception in a male subject, comprising the step of adn_ stering to the subject the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of the present invention, and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to suppress sperm production in the subject, thereby effecting contraception in the subject.
  • the present invention further provides a method of hormone therapy, comprising the step of contacting an androgen receptor of a subject with the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of the present invention, and or its analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to bind the selective androgen receptor modulator compound to the androgen receptor and effect a change in an androgen-dependent condition.
  • the present invention provides a method of hormone replacement therapy comprising the step of contacting an androgen receptor of a subject with the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of the present invention, and or its analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to effect a change in an androgen-dependent condition.
  • the present invention further provides a method of treating a subject having a hormone related condition, comprising the step of administering to the subject the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of the present invention, and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to bind the selective androgen receptor modulator compound to the androgen receptor and effect a change in an androgen-dependent condition.
  • Androgen- dependent conditions which may be treated according to the present invention include those conditions which are associated with aging, such as hypogonadism, sarcopenia, erythropoiesis, osteoporosis, and any other conditions later determined to be dependent upon low androgen (e.g., testosterone) levels.
  • the present invention further provides a method of treating a subject suffering from prostate cancer, comprising the step of administering to the subject the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of the present invention, and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to treat prostate cancer in the subject.
  • the present invention provides a method of preventing prostate cancer in a subject, comprising the step of administering to the subject the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of the present invention, and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metabolite, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to prevent prostate cancer in the subject.
  • the present invention further provides a method of delaying the progression of prostate cancer in a subject suffering from prostate cancer, comprising the step of administering to the subject selective androgen receptor modulator compound of the present invention, and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metabohte, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to delay the progression of prostate cancer in the subject.
  • the present invention further provides a method of preventing the recurrence of prostate cancer in a subject suffering from prostate cancer, comprising the step of adrninistering to the subject the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of the present invention, and or its analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to prevent the recurrence of prostate cancer in the subject.
  • the present invention provides a method of treating the recurrence of prostate cancer in a subject suffering from prostate cancer, comprising the step of administering to the subject the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of the present invention, and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to treat the recurrence of prostate cancer in the subject.
  • a method for treating a dry eye condition in a subject suffering from dry eyes comprising the step of ac_ministering to said subject the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of formulas I-V and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate or N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to treat dry eyes in the subject.
  • a method for preventing a dry eye condition in a subject comprising the step of administering to said subject the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of formulas I-V and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate or N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to prevent dry eyes in the subject.
  • the present invention provides a method of inducing apoptosis in a prostate cancer ceU, comprising the step of contacting the ceU with the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of the present invention, and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metabolite, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to induce apoptosis in the cancer ceU.
  • apoptosis or programmed cell death, is a form of ceU death in which a programmed sequence of events leads to the eUmination of ceUs without releasing harmful substances into the surrounding area. Apoptosis plays a crucial role in developing and maintaining health by eliminating old ceUs, unnecessary ceUs, and unhealthy ceUs.
  • contacting means that the SARM compound of the present invention is introduced into a sample containing the enzyme in a test tube, flask, tissue culture, chip, array, plate, microplate, capiUary, or the like, and incubated at a temperature and time sufficient to permit binding of the SARM to the enzyme.
  • Methods for contacting the samples with the SARM or other specific binding components are known to those skiUed in the art and may be selected depending on the type of assay protocol to be run. Incubation methods are also standard and are known to those skiUed in the art.
  • the term “contacting” means that the SARM compound of the present invention is introduced into a subject receiving treatment, and the SARM compound is aUowed to come in contact with the androgen receptor in vivo.
  • the term “treating” includes preventative as weU as disorder remitative treatment.
  • the terms “reducing”, “suppressing” and “inhibiting” have their commonly understood meaning of lessening or decreasing.
  • progression means increasing in scope or severity, advancing, growing or becoming worse.
  • the term “recurrence” means the return of a disease after a remission.
  • the term “delaying” means stopping, hindering, slowing down, postponing, holding up or setting back.
  • administering refers to bringing a subject in contact with a SARM compound of the present invention.
  • administration can be accomplished in vitro, i.e. in a test tube, or in vivo, i.e. in cells or tissues of Hving organisms, for example humans.
  • the present invention encompasses administering the compounds of the present invention to a subject.
  • erectile means capable of being erected.
  • An erectile tissue is a tissue, which is capable of being greatly dfiated and made rigid by the distension of the numerous blood vessels which it contains.
  • Hypogonadism is a condition resulting from or characterised by abnormaUy decreased functional activity of the gonads, with retardation of growth and sexual development.
  • Oleopenia refers to decreased calcification or density of bone. This is a term which encompasses aU skeletal systems in which such a condition is noted.
  • Osteoporosis refers to a thinning of the bones with reduction in bone mass due to depletion of calcium and bone protein. Osteoporosis predisposes a person to fractures, which are often slow to heal and heal poorly. Unchecked osteoporosis can lead to changes in posture, physical abnormality, and decreased mobiUty.
  • BPH benign prostate hyperplasia
  • BPH occurs in over 75% of men over 50 years of age, reaching 88% prevalence by the ninth decade. BPH frequently results in a gradual squeezing of the portion of the urethra which traverses the prostate (prostatic urethra). This causes patients to experience a frequent urge to urinate because of incomplete emptying of the bladder and urgency of urination.
  • the obstruction of urinary flow can also lead to a general lack of control over urination, including difficulty initiating urination when desired, as well as difficulty in preventing urinary flow because of the inabiHty to empty urine from the bladder, a condition known as overflow urinary incontinence, which can lead to urinary obstruction and to urinary faUure.
  • Cognition refers to the process of knowing, specificaUy the process of being aware, knowing, thinking, learning and judging. Cognition is related to the fields of psychology, linguistics, computer science, neuroscience, mathematics, ethology and phUosophy. The term “mood” refers to a temper or state of the mind. As contemplated herein, alterations means any change for the positive or negative, in cognition and/or mood.
  • depression refers to an illness that involves the body, mood and thoughts, that affects the way a person eats, sleeps and the way one feels about oneself, and thinks about things.
  • the signs and symptoms of depression include loss of interest in activities, loss of appetite or overeating, loss of emotional expression, an empty mood, feelings of hopelessness, pessimism, guUt or helplessness, social withdrawal, fatigue, sleep disturbances, trouble concentrating, remembering, or making decisions, restlessness, irritabiUty, headaches, digestive disorders or chronic pain.
  • hair loss medicaUy known as alopecia
  • alopecia refers to baldness as in the very common type of male-pattern baldness. Baldness typically begins with patch hair loss on the scalp and sometimes progresses to complete baldness and even loss of body hair. Hair loss affects both males and females.
  • Anemia refers to the condition of having less than the normal number of red blood ceUs or less than the normal quantity of hemoglobin in the blood. The oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is, therefore, decreased. Persons with anemia may feel tired and fatigue easUy, appear pale, develop palpitations and become usuaUy short of breath.
  • Anemia is caused by four basic factors: a) hemorrhage (bleeding); b) hemolysis (excessive destruction of red blood ceUs); c) underproduction of red blood ceUs; and d) not enough normal hemoglobin.
  • anemia including aplastic anemia, benzene poisoning, Fanconi anemia, hemolytic disease of the newborn, hereditary spherocytosis, iron deficiency anemia, osteopetrosis, pernicious anemia, sickle ceU disease, thalassemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, and a variety of bone marrow diseases.
  • the SARM compounds of the present invention are useful in preventing and/or treating any one or more of the above-Usted forms of anemia.
  • Olesity refers to the state of being weU above one's normal weight.
  • Type 2 diabetes diabetes
  • high blood pressure hypertension
  • stroke cerebrovascular accident or CVA
  • heart attack myocardial infarction or MI
  • heart failure congestive heart faUure
  • cancer certain forms such as cancer of the prostate and cancer of the colon and rectum
  • gaUstones and gaUbladder disease cholecystitis
  • Gout and gouty arthritis osteoarthritis (degenerative arthritis) of the knees, hips, and the lower back
  • sleep apnea faUure to breath normaUy during sleep, lowering blood oxygen
  • Pickwickian syndrome (obesity, red face, underventilation and drowsiness).
  • the term "obesity” includes any one of the above-Usted obesity-related conditions and diseases.
  • SARM compounds of the present invention are useful in preventing and/or treating obesity and any one or more of the above-Usted obesity-related conditions and diseases.
  • Prostate cancer is one of the most frequently occurring cancers among men in the United States, with hundreds of thousands of new cases diagnosed each year. Over sixty percent of newly diagnosed cases of prostate cancer are found to be pathologicaUy advanced, with no cure and a dismal prognosis. One third of all men over 50 years of age have a latent form of prostate cancer that may be activated into the life- threatening clinical prostate cancer form.
  • the methods of the present invention comprise comprise administering a SARM compound as the sole active ingredient.
  • methods for hormone therapy, for treating prostate cancer, for delaying the progression of prostate cancer, and for preventing and/or treating the recurrence of prostate cancer which comprise administering the SARM compounds in combination with one or more therapeutic agents.
  • LHRH analogs include, but are not Umited to: LHRH analogs, reversible antiandrogens, antiestrogens, anticancer drugs, 5-alpha reductase inhibitors, aromatase inhibitors, progestins, agents acting through other nuclear hormone receptors, selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERM), progesterone, estrogen, PDE5 inhibitors, apomorphine, bisphosphonate, and one or more additional SARMS.
  • SERM selective estrogen receptor modulators
  • the methods of the present invention comprise administering the selective androgen receptor modulator compound, in combination with an LHRH analog.
  • the methods of the present invention comprise administering a selective androgen receptor modulator compound, in combination with a reversible antiandrogen.
  • the methods of the present invention comprise ad ____byakring a selective androgen receptor modulator compound, in combination with an antiestrogen.
  • the methods of the present invention comprise administering a selective androgen receptor modulator compound, in combination with an anticancer drug.
  • the methods of the present invention comprise a selective androgen receptor modulator compound, in combination with a 5-alpha reductase inhibitor.
  • the methods of the present invention comprise administering a selective androgen receptor modulator compound, in combination with an aromatase inhibitor. In another embodiment, the methods of the present invention comprise administering a selective androgen receptor modulator compound, in combination with a progestin. In another embodiment, the methods of the present invention comprise administering a selective androgen receptor modulator compound, in combination with an agent acting through other nuclear hormone receptors. In another embodiment, the methods of the present invention comprise administering a selective androgen receptor modulator compound, in combination with a selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERM). In another embodiment, the methods of the present invention comprise administering a selective androgen receptor modulator compound, in combination with a progesterone.
  • SERM selective estrogen receptor modulators
  • the methods of the present invention comprise admiriistering a selective androgen receptor modulator compound, in combination with an estrogen.
  • the methods of the present invention comprise administering a selective androgen receptor modulator compound, in combination with a PDE5 inhibitor.
  • the methods of the present invention comprise administering a selective androgen receptor modulator compound, in combination with apomorphine.
  • the methods of the present invention comprise administering a selective androgen receptor modulator compound, in combination with a bisphosphonate.
  • the methods of the present invention comprise administering a selective androgen receptor modulator compound, in combination with one or more additional SARMS.
  • the present invention provides a composition comprising the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of the present invention and or its analog, derivative, isomer, metabolite, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, N-oxide or any combination thereof.
  • the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of the present invention and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, N-oxide or any combination thereof; and a suitable carrier or duuent.
  • pharmaceutical composition means therapeuticaUy effective amounts of the SARM together with suitable dUuents, preservatives, solubilizers, emulsifiers, adjuvant and/or carriers.
  • a “therapeuticaUy effective amount” as used herein refers to that amount which provides a therapeutic effect for a given condition and administration regimen.
  • compositions are Uquids or Lyophilized or otherwise dried formulations and include diluents of various buffer content (e.g., Tris- HCL, acetate, phosphate), pH and ionic strength, additives such as albumin or gelatin to prevent absorption to surfaces, detergents (e.g., Tween 20, Tween 80, Pluronic F68, bfle acid salts), solubilizing agents (e.g.; glycerol, polyethylene glycerol), anti-oxidants (e.g., ascorbic acid, sodium metabisulfite), preservatives (e.g., Thimerosal, benzyl alcohol, parabens), bulking substances or tonicity modifiers (e.g., lactose, mannitol), covalent attachment of polymers such as polyethylene glycol to the protein, complexation with metal ions, or incorporation of the material into or onto particulate preparations of polymeric compounds such as polylactic acid, polglycoU
  • compositions coated with polymers e.g., poloxamers or poloxamines.
  • Other embodiments of the compositions of the invention incorporate particulate forms protective coatings, protease inhibitors or permeation enhancers for various routes of acuninistration, including parenteral, pulmonary, nasal and oral.
  • the pharmaceutical composition is administered parenterally, paracancerally, transmucosally, transdermally, intramuscularly, intravenously, intrade ⁇ naUy, subcutaneously, intraperitonealy, intraventricularly, intravaginaUy, intracraniaUy and intratumoraUy.
  • pharmaceuticalaUy acceptable carriers are weU known to those skiUed in the art and include, but are not Umited to, 0.01-O.lM and preferably 0.05M phosphate buffer or 0.8% saline. Additionally, such pharmaceuticaUy acceptable carriers may be aqueous or non-aqueous solutions, suspensions, and emulsions. Examples of non-aqueous solvents are propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, vegetable oUs such as oUve oU, and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate. Aqueous carriers include water, alcohoHc/aqueous solutions, emulsions or suspensions, including saline and buffered media.
  • Parenteral vehicles include sodium chloride solution, Ringer's dextrose, dextrose and sodium chloride, lactated Ringer's and fixed oils.
  • Intravenous vehicles include fluid and nutrient replenishers, electrolyte replenishers such as those based on Ringer's dextrose, and the like. Preservatives and other additives may also be present, such as, for example, antimicrobials, antioxidants, coUating agents, inert gases and the like.
  • ControUed or sustained release compositions include formulation in lipophilic depots (e.g. fatty acids, waxes, oils). Also comprehended by the invention are particulate compositions coated with polymers (e.g. poloxamers or poloxamines) and the compound coupled to antibodies directed against tissue-specific receptors, Ugands or antigens or coupled to Ugands of tissue-specific receptors.
  • lipophilic depots e.g. fatty acids, waxes, oils.
  • particulate compositions coated with polymers e.g. poloxamers or poloxamines
  • compositions of the invention incorporate particulate forms, protective coatings, protease inhibitors or permeation enhancers for various routes of administration, including parenteral, pulmonary, nasal and oral.
  • Such modifications may also increase the compound's solubiUty in aqueous solution, eliminate aggregation, enhance the physical and chemical stabiUty of the compound, and greatly reduce the immunogenicity and reactivity of the compound.
  • the desired in vivo biological activity may be achieved by the administration of such polymer-compound abducts less frequently or in lower doses than with the unmodified compound.
  • the pharmaceutical composition can be deHvered in a controUed release system.
  • the agent may be administered using intravenous infusion, an implantable osmotic pump, a transde ⁇ nal patch, liposomes, or other modes of administration.
  • a pump may be used (see Langer, supra; Sefton, CRC Crit. Ref. Biomed. Eng. 14:201 (1987); Buchwald et al., Surgery 88:507 (1980); Saudek et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 321:574 (1989).
  • polymeric materials can be used.
  • a controUed ⁇ elease system can be placed in proximity to the therapeutic target, i.e., the brain, thus requiring only a fraction of the systemic dose (see, e.g., Goodson, in Medical AppUcations of ControUed Release, supra, vol. 2, pp. 115-138 (1984).
  • Other controUed release systems are discussed in the review by Langer (Science 249:1527-1533 (1990).
  • the pharmaceutical preparation can comprise the SARM agent alone, or can further include a pharmaceuticaUy acceptable carrier, and can be in soUd or Uquid form such as tablets, powders, capsules, peUets, solutions, suspensions, ehxirs, emulsions, gels, creams, or suppositories, including rectal and urethral suppositories.
  • PharmaceuticaUy acceptable carriers include gums, starches, sugars, ceUulosic materials, and mixtures thereof.
  • the pharmaceutical preparation containing the SARMagent can be adn-inistered to a subject by, for example, subcutaneous implantation of a pellet; in a further embodiment, the peUet provides for controUed release of SARM agent over a period of time.
  • the preparation can also be administered by intravenous, intraarterial, or intramuscular injection of a Uquid preparation, oral aclministration of a Uquid or soUd preparation, or by topical appUcation. Administration can also be accomplished by use of a rectal suppository or aurethral suppository.
  • the pharmaceutical preparations of the invention can be prepared by known dissolving, mixing, granulating, or tablet-forming processes.
  • the SARM agents or their physiologicaUy tolerated derivatives such as salts, esters, N-oxides, and the like are mixed with additives customary for this purpose, such as vehicles, stabilizers, or inert diluents, and converted by customary methods into suitable forms for administration, such as tablets, coated tablets, hard or soft gelatin capsules, aqueous, alcohoUc or oUy solutions.
  • suitable inert vehicles are conventional tablet bases such as lactose, sucrose, or cornstarch in combination with binders such as acacia, cornstarch, gelatin, with disintegrating agents such as cornstarch, potato starch, alginic acid, or with a lubricant such as stearic acid or magnesium stearate.
  • binders such as acacia, cornstarch, gelatin
  • disintegrating agents such as cornstarch, potato starch, alginic acid, or with a lubricant such as stearic acid or magnesium stearate.
  • oUy vehicles or solvents examples include vegetable or animal oUs such as svjnflower oU or fish-Uver oU. Preparations can be effected both as dry and as wet granules.
  • SARM agents or their physiologicaUy tolerated derivatives such as salts, esters, N-oxides, and the like are converted into a solution, suspension, or emulsion, if desired with the substances customary and suitable for this purpose, for example, solubilizers or other auxiUaries.
  • Examples are sterile Uquids such as water and oUs, with or without the addition of a surfactant and other pharmaceuticaUy acceptable adjuvants.
  • Illustrative oUs are those of petroleum, animal, vegetable, or synthetic origin, for example, peanut ofl, soybean oU, or mineral oU.
  • water, saline, aqueous dextrose and related sugar solutions, and glycols such as propylene glycols or polyethylene glycol are preferred Uquid carriers, particularly for injectable solutions.
  • compositions which contain an active component are weU understood in the art.
  • TypicaUy such compositions are prepared as aerosols of the polypeptide delivered to the nasopharynx or as injectables, either as liquid solutions or suspensions; however, soUd forms suitable for solution in, or suspension in, liquid prior to injection can also be prepared.
  • the preparation can also be emulsified.
  • the active therapeutic ingredient is often mixed with excipients which are pharmaceuticaUy acceptable and compatible with the active ingredient. Suitable excipients are, for example, water, saline, dextrose, glycerol, ethanol, or the like or any combination thereof.
  • composition can contain minor amounts of auxiUary substances such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering agents which enhance the effectiveness of the active ingredient.
  • auxiUary substances such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering agents which enhance the effectiveness of the active ingredient.
  • An active component can be formulated into the composition as neutralized pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt forms.
  • PharmaceuticaUy acceptable salts include the acid addition salts (formed with the free amino groups of the polypeptide or antibody molecule), which are formed with inorganic acids such as, for example, hydrochloric or phosphoric acids, or such organic acids as acetic, oxaUc, tartaric, mandeUc, and the like.
  • Salts formed from the free carboxyl groups can also be derived from inorganic bases such as, for example, sodium, potassium, ammonium, calcium, or ferric hydroxides, and such organic bases as isopropylamine, trimemylamine, 2- ethylamino ethanol, histidine, procaine, and the like.
  • inorganic bases such as, for example, sodium, potassium, ammonium, calcium, or ferric hydroxides
  • organic bases as isopropylamine, trimemylamine, 2- ethylamino ethanol, histidine, procaine, and the like.
  • the SARM agents or their physiologicaUy tolerated derivatives such as salts, esters, N-oxides, and the like are prepared and appHed as solutions, suspensions, or emulsions in a physiologicaUy acceptable dUuent with or without a pharmaceutical carrier.
  • the active compound can be deUvered in a vesicle, in particular a Uposome (see Langer, Science 249:1527-1533 (1990); Treat et al., in Liposomes in the Therapyof Infectious Disease and Cancer, Lopez- Berestein and Fidler (eds.), Liss, New York, pp. 353-365 (1989); Lopez-Berestein, ibid., pp. 317-327; see generaUy ibid).
  • the salts of the SARM wiU be pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salts. Other salts may, however, be useful in the preparation of the compounds according to the invention or of their pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
  • Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of this invention include acid addition salts which may, for example, be formed by mixing a solution of the compound according to the invention with a solution of a pharmaceuticaUy acceptable acid such as hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, methanesulphonic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, succinic acid, acetic acid, benzoic: acid, oxaHc acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, carbonic acid or phosphoric acid.
  • a pharmaceuticaUy acceptable acid such as hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, methanesulphonic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, succinic acid, acetic acid, benzoic: acid, oxaHc acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, carbonic acid or phosphoric acid.
  • PPC-1, LNCaP, TSU, PC-3, and DU145 were grown in PRMI-1640 medium containing 2 mM L-glutamine supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). CeUs were maintained in a 5% 00 ⁇ 95% air humidified atomosphere at 37°C.
  • the SRB Assay was used to determine ceU number during cytotoxocity experiments.
  • the foUowing protocol was used: 1. CeUs were detached with 0.25% trypsin.
  • the foUowing protocol was used for fixing ceUs : a. 50 uL of 50% TCA (4 °C) were gently layered on the top of growth medium in each well to make a final TCA concentration of 10%. b. Cultures were incubated at 4 °C for 1 hour. c. Cultures were washed 5 times with tap water to remove TCA, growth medium, low-
  • PC-3 Prostatic metastatic bone marrow ceU line are shown in Table 4 and in Figure 4.
  • FoUowing 24 hr treatment the IC 50 s of R-CTF-BA-1, R-CTF-T-CAl, S-NTBA and 5- FU were 22.1 ⁇ M, 5.8 ⁇ M, >50 ⁇ M and 22-50 ⁇ M, respectively.
  • the IC 50 s of R-CTF-BA-1, R-CTF-T-CAl, S-NTBA and 5-FU were 16.8 ⁇ M,

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Abstract

In one embodiment, this invention provides a class of androgen receptor targeting agents (ARTA). The agents define a new subclass of compounds, which are selective androgen receptor modulators (SARM). The SARM compounds have unexpected antiandrogenic activity of a nonsteroidal ligand for the androgen receptor. In one embodiment, the SARM compounds bind irreversibly to the androgen receptor. In another embodiment, the SARM compounds are androgen receptor antagonists which bind irreversibly to the androgen receptor. In another embodiment, the SARM compounds are alkylating agents. The SARM compounds, either alone or as a composition, are useful for a) male contraception; b) treatment of a variety of hormone-related conditions, for example conditions associated with Androgen Decline in Aging Male (ADAM), such as fatigue, depression, decreased libido, sexual dysfunction, erectile dysfunction, hypogonadism, osteoporosis, hair loss, anemia, obesity, sarcopenia, osteopenia, osteoporosis, benign prostate hyperplasia, alterations in mood and cognition and prostate cancer; c) treatment of conditions associated with Androgen Decline in Female (ADIF), such as sexual dysfunction, decreased sexual libido, hypogonadism, sarcopenia, osteopenia, osteoporosis, alterations in cognition and mood, depression, anemia, hair loss, obesity, endometriosis, breast cancer, uterine cancer and ovarian cancer; d) treatment and/or prevention of acute and/or chronic muscular wasting conditions; e) preventing and/or treating dry eye conditions; f) oral androgen replacement therapy; g) decreasing the incidence of, halting or causing a regression of prostate cancer; and/or h) inducing apoptosis in a cancer cell.

Description

ΓRREVERSIBLE SELEC ITVΈ NDROGEN RECEPTOR MODULATORS
AND METHODS OF USE TTTF.ttff.πF
GOVERNMENT INTEREST STATEMENT
[0001] This invention was made in whole or in part with government support under grant number R29 CA068096 awarded by the National Cancer Institute, National
Institute of Health, and under grant number R15 HD35329, awarded by the National
Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institute of Health. The government may have certain rights ύrthe invention.
FIELD OF INVENTION
[0002] The present invention relates to androgen receptor targeting agents (ARTA) which demonstrate antiandrogenic activity of a nonsteroidal ligand for the androgen receptor, and/or which bind irreversibly to the androgen receptor. The agents define a new subclass of compounds, which are selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) useful for a) male contraception; b) treatment of a variety of hormone-related conditions, for example conditions associated with Androgen Decline in Aging Male (ADAM); c) treatment of conditions associated with Androgen Decline in Female (ADIF); d) treatment and/or prevention of acute ^and/or chronic muscular wasting conditions; e) preventing and or treating dry eye conditions; f) oral androgen replacement therapy; g) decreasing the incidence of, halting or causing a regression of prostate cancer; and/or h) inducing apoptosis in a cancer cell.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENΗON
[0003] The androgen receptor ("AR") is a ligand-activated transcriptional regulatory protein that mediates induction of male sexual development and function through its activity with endogenous androgens. Androgens are generally known as the male sex hormones. The androgenic hormones are steroids which are produced in the body by the testes and the cortex of the adrenal gland or can be synthesized in the laboratory. Androgenic steroids play an important role in many physiologic processes, including the development and maintenance of male sexual characteristics such as muscle and bone mass, prostate growth, speπnatogenesis, and the male hair pattern (Matsumoto, Endocrinol. Met. Clin. N. Am. 23:857-75 (1994)). The endogenous steroidal androgens include testosterone and dihydrotestosterone ("DHT"). Testosterone is the principal steroid secreted by the testes and is the primary circulating androgen found in the plasma of males. Testosterone is converted to DHT by the enzyme 5 alpha-reductase in many peripheral tissues. DHT is thus thought to serve as the intracellular mediator for most androgen actions (Zhou, et al., Molec. Endocrinol. 9:208-18 (1995)). Other steroidal androgens include esters of testosterone, such as the cypionate, propionate, phenylpropionate, cyclopentylpropionate, isocarporate, enanthate, and decanoate esters, and other synthetic androgens such as 7-Methyl-Nortestosterone ("MENT") and its acetate ester (Sundaram et al., "7 Alpha-Methyl-Nortestosterone(MENT): The Optimal Androgen For Male Contraception," Ann. Med., 25:199-205 (1993) ("Sundaram")). Because the AR is involved in male sexual development and function, the AR is a likely target for effecting male contraception or other forms of hormone replacement therapy.
[0004] Worldwide population growth and social awareness of family planning have stimulated a great deed of research in contraception. Contraception is a difficult subject under any circumstance. It is fraught with cultural and social stigma, religious implications, and, most certainly, significant health concerns. This situation is only exacerbated when the subject focuses on male contraception. Despite the availability of suitable contraceptive devices, historically, society has looked to women to be responsible for contraceptive decisions and their consequences. Although concern over sexually transmitted diseases has made men more aware of the need to develop safe and responsible sexual habits, women still often bear the brunt of contraceptive choice. Women have a number of choices, from temporary mechanical devices such as sponges and diaphragms to temporary chemical devices such as spermicides. Women also have at their disposal more permanent options, such as physical devices including IUDs and cervical caps as well as more permanent chemical treatments such as birth control pills and subcutaneous implants. However, to date, the only options available for men include the use of condoms and vasectomy. Condom use, however is not favored by many men because of the" reduced sexual sensitivity, the interruption in sexual spontaneity, and the significant possibility of pregnancy caused by breakage or misuse. Vasectomies are also not favored. If more convenient methods of birth control were available to men, particularly long-term methods which require no preparative activity immediately prior to a sexual act, such methods could significantly increase the likelihood that men would take more responsibility for contraception.
[0005] Administration of the male sex steroids (e.g., testosterone and its derivatives) has shown particular promise in this regard due to the combined gonadotropin-suppressing and androgen-substituting properties of these compounds (Steinberger et al., "Effect of Chronic Administration of Testosterone Enanthate on Sperm Production and Plasma Testosterone, Follicle Stimulating Hormone, and Luteinizing Hormone Levels: A Preliminary Evaluation of aPossible Male Contraceptive, Fertility and Sterility 28:1320- 28 (1977)). Chronic adn-iπistration of high doses of testosterone completely abolishes sperm production (azoospeπnia) or reduces it to a very low level (oligospermia). The degree of spermatogenic suppression necessary to produce infertility is not precisely known. However, a recent report by the World Health Organization showed that weekly intramuscular injections of testosterone enanthate result in azoospermia or severe oligospermia (i.e., less than 3 million sperm per ml) and iiifertility in 98% of men receiving therapy (World Health Organization Task Force on Methods And Regulation of Male Fertility, "Contraceptive Efficacy of Testosterone-Induced Azoospermia and OHgospeπnia in Normal Men," Fertility and Sterility 65:821-29 (1996)).
[0006] A variety of testosterone esters have been developed which are more slowly absorbed after intramuscular injection and thus result in greater androgenic effect. Testosterone enanthate is the most widely used of these esters. While testosterone enanthate has been valuable in terms of establishing the feasibility of hormonal agents for male contraception, it has several drawbacks, including the need for weekly injections and the presence of supraphysiologic peak levels of testosterone immediately following intramuscular injection (Wu, "Effects of Testosterone Enanthate in Normal Men: Experience From a Multicenter Contraceptive Efficacy Study," Fertility and Sterility 65:626-36 (1996)).
[0007] Steroidal ligands which bind the AR and act as androgens (e.g. testosterone enanthate) or as antiandrogens (e.g. cyproterone acetate) have been known for many years and are used clinically (Wu 1988). Although nonsteroidal antiandrogens are in clinical use for hormone-dependent prostate cancer, nonsteroidal androgens have not been reported. For this reason, research on male contraceptives has focused solely on steroidal compounds.
[0008] Prostate cancer is one of the most frequently occurring cancers among men in the United States, with hundreds of thousands of new cases diagnosed each year. Unfortunately, over sixty percent of newly diagnosed cases of prostate cancer are found to be pathologically advanced, with no cure and a dismal prognosis. One approach to this problem is to find prostate cancer earlier through screening programs and thereby reduce the number of advanced prostate cancer patients. Another strategy, however, is to develop drugs to prevent prostate cancer. One third of all men over 50 years of age have a latent form of prostate cancer that may be activated into the life-threatening clinical prostate cancer form. The frequency of latent prostatic tumors has been shown to increase substantially with each decade of life from the 50s (5.3-14%) to the 90s (40- 80%). The number of people with latent prostate cancer is the same across all cultures, ethnic groups, and races, yet the frequency of clinically aggressive cancer is markedly different. This suggests that environmental factors may play a role in activating latent prostate cancer. Thus, the development of treatment and preventative strategies against prostate cancer may have the greatest overall impact both medically and economically against prostate cancer.
[0009] Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease, characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue, with a consequent increase in bone fragility and susceptibility to fracture. In the U.S., the condition affects more than 25 million people and causes more than 1.3 million fractures each year, including 500,000 spine, 250,000 hip and 240,000 wrist fractures annually. Hip fractures are the most serious consequence of osteoporosis, with 5-20% of patients dying within one year, and over 50% of survivors being incapacitated. The elderly are at greatest risk of osteoporosis, and the problem is therefore predicted to increase significantly with the aging of the population. Worldwide fracture incidence is forecasted to increase three-fold over the next 60 years, and one study estimated that there will be 4.5 million hip fractures worldwide in 2050. [00010] Women are at greater risk of osteoporosis than men. Women experience a sharp acceleration of bone loss during the five years following menopause. Other factors that increase the risk include smoking, alcohol abuse, a sedentary lifestyle and low calcium intake. However, osteoporosis also occurs frequently in males. It is well established that the bone mineral density of males decrease with age. Decreased amounts of bone mineral content and density correlates with decreased bone strength, and predisposes to fracture. The molecular mechanisms underlying the pleiotropic effects of sex-hormones in non-reproductive tissues are only beginning to be understood, but it is clear that physiologic concentrations of androgens and estrogens play an important role in maintaining bone homeostasis throughout the life-cycle. Consequently, when androgen or estrogen deprivation occurs there is a resultant increase in the rate of bone remodeling that tilts the balance of resorption and formation to the favor of resorption that contributes to the overall loss of bone mass. In males, the natural decline in sex- hormones at maturity (direct decline in androgens as well as lower levels of estrogens derived from peripheral aromatization of androgens) is associated with the frailty of bones. This effect is also observed in males who have been castrated.
[00011] Androgen decline in the aging male (ADAM) refers to a progressive decrease in androgen production, common in males after middle age. The syndrome is characterized by alterations in the physical and intellectual domains that correlate with and can be corrected by manipulation of the androgen milieu. ADAM is characterized biochemically by a decrease not only in serum androgen, but also in other hormones, such as growth hormone, melatonin and dehydroepiandrosterone. Clinical manifestations include fatigue, depression, decreased libido, sexual dysfunction, erectile dysfunction, hypogonadism, osteoporosis, hair loss, obesity, sarcopenia, osteopenia, benign prostate hyperplasia, anemia, alterations in mood and cognition and prostate cancer.
[00012] Androgen Deficiency in Female (ADIF) refers to a variety of hormone-related conditions including, common in females after middle agest. The syndrome is characterized by sexual dysfunction, decreased sexual libido, hypogonadism, sarcopenia, T U 03/03121
osteopenia, osteoporosis, alterations in cognition and mood, anemia, depression, anemia, hair loss, obesity, endometriosis, breast cancer, uterine cancer and ovarian cancer.
[00013] Muscle wasting refers to the progressive loss of muscle mass and/or to the progressive weakening and degeneration of muscles, including the skeletal or voluntary muscles, which control movement, cardiac muscles, which control the heart (cardiomyopathics), and smooth muscles. Chronic muscle wasting is a chronic condition (i.e. persisting over a long period of time) characterized by progressive loss of muscle mass, weakening and degeneration of muscle. The loss of muscle mass that occurs during muscle wasting can be characterized by a muscle protein breakdown or degradation. Protein degradation occurs because of an unusually high rate of protein degradation, an unusually low rate of protein synthesis, or a combination of both. Protein degradation, whether caused by a high degree of protein degradation or a low degree of protein synthesis, leads to a decrease in muscle mass and to muscle wasting. Muscle wasting is associated with chronic, neurological, genetic or infectious pathologies, diseases, illnesses or conditions. These include Muscular Dystrophies such as Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy and Myotonic Dystrophy; Muscle Atrophies such as Post-Polio Muscle Atrophy (PPMA) Cachexias such as Cardiac Cachexia, AIDS Cachexia and Cancer Cachexia, malnutrition, Leprosy, Diabetes, Renal Disease, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), Cancer, end stage Renal failure, Emphysema, Osteomalacia, HTV Infection, AIDS, and Cardiomyopathy, In addition, other circumstances and conditions are linked to and can cause muscle wasting. These include chronic lower back pain, advanced age, central nervous system (CNS) injury, peripheral nerve injury, spinal cord injury, chemical injury, central nervous system (CNS) damage, peripheral nerve damage, spinal cord damage, chemical damage, burns, disuse deconditioning that occurs when a limb is immobilized, long term hospitalization due to illness or injury, and alcoholism. Muscle wasting, if left unabated, can have dire health consequences. For example, the changes that occur during muscle wasting can lead to a weakened physical state that is detrimental to an individual's health, resulting in increased susceptibility to infection, poor performance status and susceptibility to injury. [00014] New innovative approaches are urgently needed at both the basic science and clinical levels to develop compounds which are useful for a) male contraception; b) treatment of a variety of hormone-related conditions, for example conditions associated with Androgen Decline in Aging Male (ADAM), such as fatigue, depression, decreased libido, sexual dysfunction, erectile dysfunction, hypogonadism, osteoporosis, hair loss, anemia, obesity, sarcopenia, osteopenia, osteoporosis, benign prostate hyperplasia, alterations in mood and cognition and prostate cancer; c) treatment of conditions associated with ADIF, such as sexual dysfunction, decreased sexual libido, hypogonadism, sarcopenia, osteopenia, osteoporosis, alterations in cognition and mood, depression, anemia, hair loss, obesity, endometriosis, breast cancer, uterine cancer and ovarian cancer; d) treatment and/or prevention of acute and/or chronic muscular wasting conditions; e) preventing and/or treating dry eye conditions; f) oral androgen replacement therapy; g) decreasing the incidence of, halting or causing a regression of prostate cancer; and or h) inducing apoptosis in a cancer cell.
SUMMARY OF THE VENTION
[00015] In one embodiment, this invention provides androgen receptor targeting agents (ARTA). The agents define a new subclass of compounds, which are selective androgen receptor modulators (SARM). The SARM compounds have unexpected antiandro genie activity of a nonsteroidal Hgand for the androgen receptor. In one embodiment, the SARM compounds bind irreversibly to the androgen receptor. In another embodiment, the SARM compounds are androgen receptor antagonists which bind irreversibly to the androgen receptor. In another embodiment, the SARM compounds are alkylating agents. The SARM compounds, either alone or as a composition, are useful for a) male contraception; b) treatment of a variety of hormone-related conditions, for example conditions associated with Androgen Decline in Aging Male (ADAM), such as fatigue, depression, decreased libido, sexual dysfunction, erectile dysfunction, hypogonadism, osteoporosis, hair loss, anemia, obesity, sarcopenia, osteopenia, osteoporosis, benign prostate hyperplasia, alterations in mood and cognition and prostate cancer; c) treatment of conditions associated with Androgen Decline in Female (ADIF), such as sexual dysfunction, decreased sexual libido, hypogonadism, sarcopenia, osteopenia, osteoporosis, alterations in cognition and mood, depression, anemia, hair loss, obesity, 3121
endometriosis, breast cancer, uterine cancer and ovarian cancer; d) treatment and/or prevention of acute and or chronic muscular wasting conditions; e) preventing and/or treating dry eye conditions; f) oral androgen replacement therapy; g) decreasing the incidence of, halting or causing a regression of prostate cancer; and/or h) inducing apoptosis in a cancer cell.
[00016] In one embodiment, the present invention provides a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) compound represented by the structure of formula I:
I X is a bond, O, CH2, NH, S, Se, PR, NO or NR; G is O or S;
T is OH, OR, -NHCOCH3, orNHCOR; R is alkyl, haloal yl, dihaloalkyl, trihaloalkyl, CH2F, CHF2, CF3)
CF2CF3, aryl, phenyl, halogen, alkenyl or OH;
Ri is CH3, CH2F, CHF2, CF3, CH2CH3, or CF2CF3; R2 is F, Cl, Br, I, CH3, CF3, OH, CN, N02, NHCOCH3, NHCOCF3, NHCOR, alkyl, arylalkyl, OR, NH2, NHR, NR2, SR; R3 is F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO2, COR, COOH, CONHR, CF3, SnR3, or
R3 together with the benzene ring to which it is attached forms a fused ring system represented by the structure:
Z is NO2, CN, COR, COOH, or CONHR; Y is CF3, F, Br, Cl, I, CN, or SnR3;
Q is SCN, NCS, OCN, orNCO; n is an integer of 1-4; and m is an integer of 1-3.
[00017] In another embodiment, the present invention provides an analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate or N-oxide of the compound of formula I, or any combination thereof.
[00018]In one embodiment, G in compound I is O. In another embodiment, X in compound I is O. In another embodiment, T in compound I is OH. In another embodiment, R_ in compound I is CH3- In another embodiment, Z in compound I is NO2. In another embodiment, Z in compound I is CN. In another embodiment, Y in compound I is CF3. In another embodiment, Q in compound I is NCS. In another embodiment, Q in compound I is in the para position. In another embodiment, Z in compound I is in the para position. In another embodiment, Y in compound I is in the meta position. In another embodiment, G in compound I is O, T is OH, Ri is CH3, X is O, Z is NO2, Y is CF3, and Q is NCS.
[00019] In another embodiment, the present invention provides a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) compound represented by the structure of formula II: H wherein X is a bond, O, CH2, NH, S, Se, PR, NO or NR;
G is O or S;
Rx is CH3, CH2F,CHF2,CF3, CH2CH3, or CF2CF3; T is OH, OR, -NHCOCH3, orNHCOR; R is alkyl, haloalkyl, dihaloalkyl, trihaloalkyl, CH2F, CHF2, CF3,
CF2CF3, aryl, phenyl, halogen, alkenyl or OH; A is a ring selected from:
B is a ring selected from: wherein A and B cannot simultan«eous y be a benzene ring; ' Z is NO2, CN, COOH, COR, NHCOR or CONHR;
Y is CF3, F, I, Br, Cl, CN CR3 or Sr_R3; Qx is NCS, SCN, NCO or OCN;
Q2 is a hydrogen, alkyl, halogen, CF3, CN CR3, SnR3, NR , NHCOCH3, NHCOCF3, NHCOR, NHCONHR, NHCOOR, OCONHR, CONHR, NHCSCH3, NHCSCF3, NHCSR NHSO2CH3, NHSO2R, OR, COR,
OCOR, OSO2R, SO2R, SR,
Q3 and Q are independently of each other a hydrogen, alkyl, halogen, CF3, CN CR3, SnR3, NR2, NHCOCH3, NHCOCF3, NHCOR, NHCONHR, NHCOOR, OCONHR, CONHR, NHCSCH3, NHCSCF3,
NHCSR NHSO2CH3, NHSO2R, OR, COR, OCOR, OSO2R, SO2R or SR;
Wi is O, NH, NR, NO or S; and
W2 is N or NO.
[00020] In another embodiment, the present invention provides an analog, derivative, isomer, metabolite, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate or N-oxide of the compound of formula π, or any combination thereof. [00021]In one embodiment, G in compound II is O. In another embodiment, X in compound II is O. In another embodiment, T in compound II is OH. In another embodiment, Ri in compound II is CH3. In another embodiment, Z in compound II is NO2. In another embodiment, Z in compound II is CN. In another embodiment, Y in compound II is CF3. In another embodiment, Qi in compound II is NCS. In another embodiment, Q in compound II is in the para position. In another embodiment, Z in compound II is in the para position. In another embodiment, Y in compound II is in the meta position. In another embodiment, G in compound II is O, T is OH, Ri is CH3, X is O, Z is NO2, Y is CF3, and Qi is NCS.
[00022] In another embodiment, the present invention provides a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) compound represented by the structure of formula HI: m wherein X is a bond, O, CH2, NH, S, Se, PR, NO or NR;
G is O or S;
T is OH, OR, -NHCOCH3, or NHCOR
Z is NO2, CN, COOH, COR, NHCOR or CONHR;
Y is CF3, F, I, Br, Cl, CN, CR3 or SnR3; Q is SCN, NCS, OCN, or NCO;
R is alkyl, haloalkyl, clihaloalkyl, trihaloalkyl, CH2F, CHF2, CF3, CF2CF3, aryl, phenyl, halogen, alkenyl or OH; and
Ri is CH3, CH2F, CHF2, CF3, CH2CH3, or CF2CF3.
[00023] In another embodiment, the present invention provides an analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate or N-oxide of the compound of formula HI, or any combination thereof.
[00024] In one embodiment, G in compound HI is O. In another embodiment, X in compound III is O. In another embodiment, T in compound in is OH. In another embodiment, R in compound HI is CH3. In another embodiment, Z in compound HI is NO2. In another embodiment, Z in compound HI is CN. In another embodiment, Y in compound HI is CF3. In another embodiment, Q in compound HI is NCS. In another embodiment, Q in compound HI is in the para position. In another embodiment, Z in compound IH is in the para position. In another embodiment, Y in compound IH is in the meta position. In another embodiment, G in compound HI is O, T is OH, Ri is CH3, X is O, Z is NO2, Y is CF3, and Q is NCS.
[00025] In another embodiment, the present invention provides a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) compoimd represented by the structure of formula IV:
IV wherein X is a bond, O, CH2, NH, S, Se, PR, NO or NR;
Z is NO2, CN, COOH, COR, NHCOR or CONHR; Y is CF3, F, I, Br, Cl, CN, CR3 or SnR3;
Q is SCN, NCS, OCN, or NCO; and
R is alkyl, haloalkyl, dihaloalkyl, trihaloalkyl, CH2F, CHF2, CF3, CF2CF3, aryl, phenyl, halogen, alkenyl or OH.
[00026] In another embodiment, the present invention provides an analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate or N-oxide of the compound of formula IV, or any combination thereof.
[00027] In one embodiment, X in compound IV is O. In another embodiment, Z in compound IV is NO2. In another embodiment, Z in compound IV is CN. In another embodiment, Y in compound IV is CF3. In another embodiment, Q in compound IV is
NCS. [00028] In another embodiment, the present invention provides a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) compound represented by the structure of formula V, and or an analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, N-oxide, or any combination thereof. v [00029] In one embodiment, the SARM compound of any of formulas I-V is an androgen receptor antagonist. In another embodiment, the SARM compound of any of formulas I- V binds irreversibly to an androgen receptor. In another embodiment, the SARM compound of any of formulas I-V is an androgen receptor antagonist which binds irreversibly to an androgen receptor. In another embodiment, the SARM compound of any of formulas I-V is an alkylating agent.
[00030] In one embodiment, the present invention provides a composition comprising the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of any of formulas I-V and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, N-oxide or any combination thereof.
[00031] In another embodiment, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of any of formulas I-V and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metabolite, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, N-oxide or any combination thereof; and a suitable carrier or diluent.
[00032] In one embodiment, the present invention further provides a method of binding a selective androgen receptor modulator compound to an androgen receptor, comprising the step of contacting the androgen receptor with the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of any of formulas I-V, and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metabolite, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to bind the selective androgen receptor modulator compound to the androgen receptor. T U 03/03121
[00033] In another embodiment, the present invention further provides a method of irreversibly binding a selective andrqgen receptor modulator compound to an androgen receptor, comprising the step of contacting the androgen receptor with the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of any of formulas I-V, and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to irreversibly bind the selective androgen receptor modulator compound to the androgen receptor.
[00034] In another embodiment, the present invention further provides a method of alkylating an androgen receptor, comprising the step of contacting the androgen receptor with the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of any of formulas I-V, and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metabolite, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to al ylate the androgen receptor.
[00035] In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of suppressing spermatogenesis in a subject, comprising the step of contacting an androgen receptor of the subject with the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of any of formulas I-V and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to suppress sperm production.
[00036] In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of contraception in a male subject, comprising the step of administering to the subject the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of any of formulas I-V and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to suppress sperm production in the subject, thereby effecting contraception in the subject.
[00037] In another embodiment, the present invention further provides a method of hormone therapy, comprising the step of contacting an androgen receptor of a subject with the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of any of any of formulas I-V and or its analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to bind the selective androgen receptor modulator compound to the androgen receptor and effect a change in an androgen-dependent condition.
[00038] In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of hormone replacement therapy comprising the step of contacting an androgen receptor of a subject with the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of any of formulas I-V and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to effect a change in an androgen-dependent condition.
[00039] In another embodiment, the present invention further provides a method of treating a subject having a hormone related condition, comprising the step of administering to the subject the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of any of any of formulas I-V and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to bind the selective androgen receptor modulator compound to the androgen receptor and effect a change in an androgen- dependent condition.
[00040] In another embodiment, the present invention further provides a method of treating a subject suffering from prostate cancer, comprising the step of administering to the subject the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of any of formulas I-V, and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metabolite, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to treat prostate cancer in the subject.
[00041]In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of preventing prostate cancer in a subject, comprising the step of administering to the subject the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of formulas I-V and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metabolite, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to prevent prostate cancer in the subject.
[00042] In another embodiment, the present invention further provides a method of delaying the progression of prostate cancer in a subject suffering from prostate cancer, comprising the step of administering to the subject the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of any of any of formulas I-V, and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to delay the progression of prostate cancer in the subject.
[00043] In another embodiment, the present invention further provides a method of preventing the recurrence of prostate cancer in a subject suffering from prostate cancer, comprising the step of administering to the subject the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of any of any of formulas I-V, and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to prevent the recurrence of prostate cancer in the subject.
[00044] In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating the recurrence of prostate cancer in a subject suffering from prostate cancer, comprising the step of administering to the subject the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of any of any of formulas I-V, and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to treat the recurrence of prostate cancer in the subject.
[00045] In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating a dry eye condition in a subject suffering from dry eyes, comprising the step of administering to said subject the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of formulas I-V and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metabolite, pharmaceuticaUy 03 03121
acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate or N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to treat dry eyes in the subject.
[00046] In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of preventing a dry eye condition in a subject, comprising the step of administering to said subject the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of formulas I-V and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate or N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to prevent dry eyes in the subject.
[00047] In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of inducing apoptosis in a prostate cancer ceU, comprising the step of contacting the ceU with the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of any of any of formulas I-V, and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, phaπnaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to induce apoptosis in the cancer ceU.
[00048] In another embodiment, the present invention provides process for preparing a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) compound represented by the structure of formula I:
I wherein X is a O, NH, S, Se, PR, or NR; G is O or S;
T is OH, OR, -NHCOCH3, or NHCOR;
R is alkyl, haloalkyl, dihaloalkyl, trihaloalkyl, CH2F, CHF2, CF3, CF2CF3, aryl, phenyl, halogen, alkenyl or OH;
Ri is CH3, CH2F, CHF , CF3) CH2CH3, or CF2CF3; R2 is F, Cl, Br, I, CH3, CF3, OH, CN, NO2, NHCOCH3, NHCOCF3, NHCOR, alkyl, arylalkyl, OR, NH2, NHR, NR2, SR;
R3 is F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO2, COR, COOH, CONHR, CF3, SnR3, or R3 together with the benzene ring to which it is attached forms a fused ring system represented by the structure:
Z is NO2, CN, COR, COOH, or CONHR Y is CF3, F, Br, Cl, I, CN, or SnR3; Q is SCN, NCS, OCN, or NCO; n is an integer of 1-4; and m is an integer of 1 -3 ;
the process comprising the step of coupling a compound of formula VHI: vm wherein Z, Y, G, Ri, T, R3 and m are as defined above and L is a leaving group, with a compound of formula IX:
DC wherein Q, X R2 and n are as defined above.
[00049] In one embodiment, the coupling step is carried out in the presence of a base. In another embodiment, the leaving group L is Br. In another embodiment, the compound of formula VHI is prepared by i) preparing a compound of formula X by ring opening of a cycUc compound of formula XI
XI X wherein L, Rls G and T are as defined above, and Tj; is O or NH; and ii) reacting an amine of formula XH:
XII wherein Z, Y, R3 and m are as defined above, with the compound of formula X, in the presence of a coupling reagent, to produce the compound of formula VHI.
vm
[00050] In one embodiment, step (a) is carried out in the presence of HBr. In another embodiment, the process further comprises the step of converting the selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) compound to its analog, isomer, metaboUte, derivative, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, N-oxide, hydrate or any combination thereof.
[00051] In another embodiment, the present invention provides process for preparing a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) compound represented by the structure of formula π:
II wherein X is O, NH, S, Se, PR, or NR;
G is O or S;
Ri is CH3, CH2F, CHF2j CF3, CH2CH3, or CF2CF3; T is OH, OR, -NHCOCH3, or NHCOR; R is alkyl, haloalkyl, dihaloalkyl, trihaloalkyl, CH2F, CHF2, CF3,
CF2CF3, aryl, phenyl, halogen, alkenyl or OH; A is a ring selected from:
B is a ring selected from "» « wherein A and B cannot simultaneously be a benzene ring; Z is NO2, CN, COOH, COR, NHCOR or CONHR; Y is CF3, F, I, Br, Cl, CN CR3 or SnR3; Qi is NCS, SCN, NCO or OCN; Q2 is a hydrogen, alkyl, halogen, CF3, CN CR3, SnR3, NR2, NHCOCH3,
NHCOCF3, NHCOR, NHCONHR, NHCOOR, OCONHR, CONHR, NHCSCH3, NHCSCF3, NHCSR1 NHSO2CH3, NHSO∑R, OR, COR, OCOR, OSO2R, SO2R, SR, Q3 and Q4 are independently of each other a hydrogen, alkyl, halogen, CF., CN CR3, SnR3, NR2, NHCOCH3, NHCOCF3, NHCOR, NHCONHR, NHCOOR, OCONHR, CONHR, NHCSCH3, NHCSCF3, NHCSR NHSO2CH3, NHSO2R, OR, COR, OCOR, OSO2R, SO2R or SR; W. is O, NH, NR, NO or S; and W2 is N or NO; the process comprising the step of coupling a compound of formula XEH: xm wherein A, G, Ri and T are as defined above and L is a leaving group, with a compound of formula HX-B wherein B and X are as defined above
[00052] In one embodiment, the coupling step is carried out in the presence of a base. In another embodiment, the leaving group L is Br. In another embodiment, the compound of formula XT is prepared by i) preparing a compound formula X by ring opening of a cycUc compound of formula XI
XI X wherein L, Ri, G and T are as defined above, and Ti is O or NH; and u) reacting an -tmine of formula A-NH2 wherein A is as defined above, with the compound of formula X in the presence of a coupling reagent, to produce the amide of formula Xπi. xm [00053] In one embodiment, step (a) is carried out in the presence of HBr. In another embodiment, the process further comprises the step of converting the selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) compound to its analog, isomer, metaboUte, derivative, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, N-oxide, hydrate or any combination thereof.
[00054] In another embodiment, the present invention provides process for preparing a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) compound represented by the structure of formula HI:
wherein X is O, NH, S, Se, PR or NR;
G is O or S;
T is OH, OR, -NHCOCH3, or NHCOR Z is NO2, CN, COOH, COR, NHCOR or CONHR; Y is CF3, F, I, Br, Cl, CN, CR3 or SnR3; Q is SCN, NCS, OCN, or NCO;
Ris alkyl, haloalkyl, dihaloalkyl, trihaloaUcyl, CH2F, CHF2, CF3, CF2CF3, aryl, phenyl, halogen, alkenyl or OH; and
Rj is CH3, CH2F, CHF2, CF3, CH2CH3, or CF2CF3;
the process comprising the step of coupling a compound of formula XTV:
XIV wherein Z, Y, G Ri and T are as defined above and L is a leaving group, with a compound of formula XV:
XV wherein Q and X are as defined above.
[00055] In one embodiment, the coupling step is carried out in the presence of a base. In another embodiment, the leaving group L is Br. In another embodiment, the compound of formula XIV is prepared by i) preparing a compound formula X by ring opening of a cycUc compound of formula XI
XI X wherein L, Rls and T are as defined above, G is O and Ti is O or NH; and ϋ) reacting an amine of formula XVI xvi with the compound of formula X in the presence of a coupling reagent, to produce the compound of formula XIV.
[00056] In one embodiment, step (a) is carried out in the presence of HBr. In another embodiment, the process further comprises the step of converting the selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) compound to its analog, isomer, metabolite, derivative, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, N-oxide, hydrate or any combination thereof.
[00057] In another embodiment, the present invention provides process for preparing a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) compound represented by the structure of formula IV:
TV wherein X is O, NH, S, Se, PR, or NR;
Z is NO2, CN, COOH, COR, NHCOR or CONHR; Y is CF3, F, I, Br, Cl, CN, CR3 or SnR3; Q is SCN, NCS, OCN, or NCO; and
R is alkyl, haloalkyl, dihaloalkyl, trihaloalkyl, CH2F, CHF2, CF3, CF2CF3, aryl, phenyl, halogen, alkenyl or OH;
the process comprising the step of coupling an amide of formula XVTI: xvπ wherein Z and Y are as defined above and L is a leaving group,
with a compound of formula XVπi: xvm wherein Q and X R2 are as defined above.
[00058] In one embodiment, the coupling step is carried out in the presence of a base. In another embodiment, the leaving group L is Br. In another embodiment, the compound of formula XVH is prepared by i) preparing a compound formula X by ring opening of a cycUc compound of formula XI
XI X wherein L, Ri, and T are as defined above, G is O and Ti is O or NH; and U) reacting an amine of formula XVTX xvix with the compound of formula X in the presence of a coupling reagent, to produce the compound of formula XVH.
XVH In one embodiment, step (a) is carried out in the presence of HBr. In another embodiment, the process further comprises the step of purifying the SARM compound using a mixture of ethanol and water. In another embodiment, the process further comprises the step of converting the selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) compound to its analog, isomer, metaboUte, derivative, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, N-oxide, hydrate or any combination thereof.
[00059] The novel selective androgen receptor modulator compounds of the present invention, either alone or as a pharmaceutical composition, are useful for a) male contraception; b) treatment of a variety of hormone-related conditions, for example conditions associated with ADAM, such as fatigue, depression, decreased Ubido, sexual dysfunction, erectile dysfunction, hypogonadism, osteoporosis, hair loss, obesity, sarcopenia, osteopenia, benign prostate hyperplasia, and alterations in mood and cognition; c) treatment of conditions associated with ADIF, such as sexual dysfunction, decreased sexual Ubido, hypogonadism, sarcopenia, osteopenia, osteoporosis, alterations in cognition and mood, depression, anemia, hair loss, obesity, endometriosis, breast cancer, uterine cancer and ovarian cancer; d) treatment and/or prevention of acute and/or chronic muscular wasting conditions; e) preventing and/or treating dry eye conditions; f) oral androgen replacement therapy; g) decreasing the incidence of, halting or causing a regression of prostate cancer; and or h) inducing apoptosis in a cancer ceU.
[00060] The selective androgen receptor modulator compounds of the present invention offer a significant advance over steroidal androgen treatment because the selective androgen receptor modulator compounds of the present invention have been shown in- vivo to have an androgenic and anabohc activity of a nonsteroidal Hgand for the androgen receptor. Thus, the selective androgen receptor modulator compounds have an androgenic and anaboUc activity of a nonsteroidal Ugand for the androgen receptor and will not be accompanied by serious side effects, inconvenient modes of administration, or high costs and still have the advantages of oral bioavaUabUity, lack of cross-reactivity with other steroid receptors, and long biological half-lives. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[00061] The present invention wiU be understood and appreciated more fuUy from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the appended drawings in which:
Figure 1: Cytotoxicity of SARM compounds in different ceU lines. A) Compound V;
B) S-NTBA; C) R-CTF-T-CA-1; and D) R-CTF-T-BA-1.
Figure 2: Cytotoxicity of SARM compounds in LNCaP prostate cancer ceU line (24 hr and 6 day treatment). A) R-CTF-T-BA-1; B) R-CTF-T-CA-1; C) S-NTBA; and D) Compound V.
Figure 3: Cytotoxicity of SARM compounds in a CV-1 control ceU line (24 hr and 4 day treatment). A) R-CTF-T-BA-1; B) R-CTF-T-CA-1; C) S-NTBA; and D) Compound V.
Figure 4: Cytotoxicity of SARM compounds in PC-3 bone metastatic prostate cancer ceU line (24 hr and 4 day treatment). A) R-CTF-T-BA-1; B) R-CTF-T-CA-
1 ; C) S-NTBA; and D) 5-FU.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[00062] In one embodiment, this invention provides androgen receptor targeting agents (ARTA). The agents define a new subclass of compounds, which are selective androgen receptor modulators (SARM). The SARM compounds have unexpected antiandrogenic activity of a nonsteroidal Ugand for the androgen receptor. In one embodiment, the SARM compoimds bind irreversibly to the androgen receptor. In another embodiment, the SARM compounds are androgen receptor antagonists which bind irreversibly to the androgen receptor. In another embodiment, the SARM compounds are alkylating agents. The SARM compounds, either alone or as a composition, are useful for a) male contraception; b) treatment of a variety of hormone-related conditions, for example 03 03121
conditions associated with Androgen Decline in Aging Male (ADAM), such as fatigue, depression, decreased Ubido, sexual dysfunction, erectile dysfunction, hypogonadism, osteoporosis, hair loss, anemia, obesity, sarcopenia, osteopenia, osteoporosis, benign prostate hyperplasia, alterations in mood and cognition and prostate cancer; c) treatment of conditions associated with Androgen Decline in Female (ADIF), such as sexual dysfunction, decreased sexual Ubido, hypogonadism, sarcopenia, osteopenia, osteoporosis, alterations in cognition and mood, depression, anemia, hair loss, obesity, endometriosis, breast cancer, uterine cancer and ovarian cancer; d) treatment and or prevention of acute and/or chronic muscular wasting conditions; e) preventing and/or treating dry eye conditions; f) oral androgen replacement therapy; g) decreasing the incidence of, halting or causing a regression of prostate cancer; andor h) inducing apoptosis in a cancer ceU.
[00063]In one embodiment, the present invention provides a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) compound represented by the structure of formula I:
I X is a bond, O, CH2, NH, S, Se, PR, NO or NR; G is O or S; T is OH, OR, -NHCOCH3, or NHCOR;
R is alkyl, haloalkyl, dihaloalkyl, trihaloalkyl, CH2F, CHF2, CF3, CF2CF3, aryl, phenyl, halogen, alkenyl or OH;
Ri is CH3, CH2F, CHF2, CF3, CH2CH3, or CF2CF3; R2 is F, Cl, Br, I, CH3, CF3, OH, CN, NO2, NHCOCH3, NHCOCF3, NHCOR, alkyl, arylalkyl, OR, NH2, NHR, NR2, SR;
R3 is F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO2, COR, COOH, CONHR, CF3, SnR3, or R3 together with the benzene ring to which it is attached forms a fused ring system represented by the structure: T U 03/03121
Z is NO2, CN, COR, COOH, or CONHR; Y is CF3, F, Br, Cl, I, CN, or SnR3; Q is SCN, NCS, OCN, or NCO; n is an integer of 1-4; and m is an integer of 1-3.
[00064] In one embodiment, this invention provides an analog of the compound of formula I. In another embodiment, this invention provides a derivative of the compound of formula I. In another embodiment, this invention provides an isomer of the compound of formula I. In another embodiment, this invention provides a metaboUte of the compound of formula I. In another embodiment, this invention provides a pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt of the compound of formula I. In another embodiment, this invention provides a pharmaceutical product of the compound of formula I. In another embodiment, this invention provides a hydrate of the compoimd of formula I. In another embodiment, this invention provides an N-oxide of the compound of formula I. In another embodiment, this invention provides a combination of any of an analog, derivative, metaboUte, isomer, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate or N-oxide of the compound of formula I.
[00065] In one embodiment, G in compound I is O. In another embodiment, X in compound I is O. In another embodiment, T in compound I is OH. In another embodiment, Rx in compound I is CH3. In another embodiment, Z in compound I is NO2. In another embodiment, Z in compound I is CN. In another embodiment, Y in compound I is CF3. In another embodiment, Q in compound I is NCS. In another embodiment, Q in compound I is in the para position. In another embodiment, Z in compound I is in the para position. In another embodiment, Y in compound I is in the meta position. In another embodiment, G in compound I is O, T is OH, Ri is CH3, X is O, Z is NO2, Y is CF3, and Q is NCS. [00066] In another embodiment, the present invention provides a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) compound represented by the structure of formula H: π wherein X is a bond, O, CH2, NH, S, Se, PR, NO or NR
G is O or S;
Ri is CH3, CH2F, CHF2, CF3, CH2CH3, or CF2CF3;
T is OH, OR, -NHCOCH3, or NHCOR;
R is alkyl, haloalkyl, dihaloalkyl, trihaloalkyl, CH2F, CHF2, CF3, CF2CF3, aryl, phenyl, halogen, alkenyl or OH;
A is a ring selected from:
B is a ring selected from: wherein A and B cannot simultaneously be a benzene ring;
Z is NO2, CN, COOH, COR, NHCOR or CONHR; Y is CF3, F, I, Br, Cl, CN CR3 or SnR3; Qi is NCS, SCN, NCO or OCN;
Q2 is a hydrogen, alkyl, halogen, CF3, CN CR3, SnR3, NR2, NHCOCH3, NHCOCF3, NHCOR, NHCONHR, NHCOOR, OCONHR, CONHR,
NHCSCH3, NHCSCF3, NHCSR NHS02CH3, NHS02R, OR, COR, OCOR, OSO2R, SO2R, SR,
Q3 and Q are independently of each other a hydrogen, alkyl, halogen, CF3, CN CR3, SnR3, NR2, NHCOCH3, NHCOCF3, NHCOR, NHCONHR, NHCOOR, OCONHR, CONHR, NHCSCH., NHCSCF3, NHCSR NHSO2CH3, NHS02R, OR, COR, OCOR, OS02R, SO2R or SR;
Wi is O, NH, NR, NO or S; and W2 is N or NO.
[00067] In one embodiment, this invention provides an analog of the compound of formula H. In another embodiment, this invention provides a derivative of the compound of formula H. In another embodiment, this invention provides an isomer of the compound of formula H. In another embodiment, this invention provides a metaboUte of the compound of formula H. In another embodiment, this invention provides a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of formula _3. In another embodiment, this invention provides a pharmaceutical product of the compound of formula H. In another embodiment, this invention provides a hydrate of the compound of formula H.
In another embodiment, this invention provides an N-oxide of the compound of formula
H. In another embodiment, this invention provides a combination of any of an analog, derivative, metaboUte, isomer, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate or N-oxide of the compound of formula H.
[00068]In one embodiment, G in compound H is O. In another embodiment, X in compound H is O. In another embodiment, T in compound H is OH. In another embodiment, Ri in compound H is CH3. In another embodiment, Z in compound H is N02. In another embodiment, Z in compound H is CN. In another embodiment, Y in compound H is CF3. In another embodiment, Oj in compound H is NCS. In another embodiment, Qi in compound H is in the para position. In another embodiment, Z in compound H is in the para position. In another embodiment, Y in compound H is in the meta position. In another embodiment, G in compound^ is O, T is OH, Ri is CH3, X is O, Z is N02, Y is CF3, and Qi is NCS. [00069] In another embodiment, the present invention provides a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) compound represented by the structure of formula HI:
HI wherein X is a bond, O, CH2, NH, S, Se, PR, NO or NR;
G is O or S;
T is OH, OR, -NHCOCH3, or NHCOR
ZisNO2, CN, COOH, COR,NHCORorCONHR;
Y is CF3, F, I, Br, Cl, CN, CR3 or SnR3; Q is SCN, NCS, OCN, or NCO;
R is alkyl, haloalkyl, dihaloalkyl, trihaloalkyl, CH2F, CHF2, CF3, CF2CF3, aryl, phenyl, halogen, alkenyl or OH; and
Ri is CH3, CH2F, CHF2, CF3, CH2CH3, or CF2CF3.
[00070] In one embodiment, this invention provides an analog of the compound of formula IH. In another embodiment, this invention provides a derivative of the compound of formula HI. In another embodiment, this invention provides an isomer of the compound of formula HI. In another embodiment, this invention provides a metabolite of the compound of formula HI. In another embodiment, this invention provides a pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt of the compound of formula HI. In another embodiment, this invention provides a pharmaceutical product of the compound of formula HI. In another embodiment, this invention provides a hydrate of the compound of formula HI. In another embodiment, this invention provides an N-oxide of the compound of formula IH. In another embodiment, this invention provides a combination of any of an analog, derivative, metaboUte, isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate or N-oxide of the compoimd of formula HI.
[00071] In one embodiment, G in compound HI is O. In another embodiment, X in compound IH is O. In another embodiment, T in compound HI is OH. In another embodiment, Ri in compound HI is CH3. In another embodiment, Z in compound HI is NO2. In another embodiment, Z in compound HI is CN. In another embodiment, Y in compound IH is CF3. In another embodiment, Q in compound HI is NCS. In another embodiment, Q in compound HI is in the para position. In another embodiment, Z in compound IH is in the para position. In another embodiment, Y in compound HI is in the meta position. In another embodiment, G in compound HI is O, T is OH, Ri is CH3, X is O, Z is NO2, Y is CF3, and Q is NCS.
[00072] In another embodiment, the present invention provides a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) compound represented by the structure of formula IV: rv wherein X is a bond, O, CH2, NH, S, Se, PR, NO or NR;
Z is N02, CN, COOH, COR, NHCOR or CONHR; Y is CF3, F, I, Br, Cl, CN, CR3 or SnR3;
Q is SCN, NCS, OCN, orNCO; and
R is alkyl, haloaUcyl, dihaloalkyl, trihaloalkyl, CH2F, CHF2, CF3, CF2CF3, aryl, phenyl, halogen, alkenyl or OH.
[00073] In one embodiment, this invention provides an analog of the compound of formula IV. In another embodiment, this invention provides a derivative of the compound of formula IV. In another embodiment, this invention provides an isomer of the compound of formula IV. In another embodiment, this invention provides a metabolite of the compound of formula IV. In another embodiment, this invention provides a pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt of the compound of formula IV. In another embodiment, this invention provides a pharmaceutical product of the compound of formula IV. In another embodiment, this invention provides a hydrate of the compoimd of formula IV. In another embodiment, this invention provides an N-oxide of the compound of formula IV. In another embodiment, this invention provides a combination of any of an analog, derivative, metaboUte, isomer, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate or N-oxide of the compound of formula IV.
[00074] In one embodiment, X in compound IV is O. In another embodiment, Z in compound IV is NO2. In another embodiment, Z in compound IV is CN. In another embodiment, Y in compound IV is CF3. In another embodiment, Q in compound IV is
NCS.
[00075] In another embodiment, the present invention provides a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) compound represented by the structure of formula V:
V [00076] In one embodiment, this invention provides an analog of the compound of formula V. In another embodiment, this invention provides a derivative of the compound of formula V. In another embodiment, this invention provides an isomer of the compound of formula V. In another embodiment, this invention provides a metaboUte of the compound of formula V. In another embodiment, this invention provides a pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt of the compound of formula V. In another embodiment, this invention provides a pharmaceutical product of the compound of formula V. In another embodiment, this invention provides a hydrate of the compound of formula V. In another embodiment, this invention provides an N-oxide of the compound of formula V. In another embodiment, this invention provides a combination of any of an analog, derivative, metabolite, isomer, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate or N-oxide of the compound of formula V.
[00077] As contemplated herein, other specific embodiments of compounds included within the scope of the present invention are compounds VT and VH. It is understood that included within the scope of the present invention are analogs, derivatives, metabolites, isomers, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salts, pharmaceutical products, hydrates, N-oxides or combinations thereof of these compounds:
VI
VH wherein Q is NCS, SCN, NCO or OCN.
[00078] The substituent R is defined herein as an alkyL haloalkyl, dihaloalkyl, trihaloalkyl, CH2F, CHF2, CF3, CF2CF3; aryl, phenyl, halogen, alkenyl, or hydroxyl (OH).
[00079] An "alkyl" group refers to a saturated aUphatic hydrocarbon, including straight- chain, branched-chain and cycUc alkyl groups. In one embodiment, the alkyl group has 1-12 carbons. In another embodiment, the alkyl group has 1-7 carbons. In another embodiment, the alkyl group has 1-6 carbons. In another embodiment, the alkyl group has 1-4 carbons. The alkyl group may be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more groups selected from halogen, hydroxy, alkoxy carbonyl, amido, alkylamido, dialkylamido, nitro, amino, allcylamino, dialkylamino, carboxyl, thio and thioalkyl.
[00080] A "haloalkyl" group refers to an alkyl group as defined above, which is substituted by one or more halogen atoms, e.g. by F, Cl, .Br or I. [00081]An "aryl" group refers to an aromatic group having at least one carbocycUc aromatic group or heterocycUc aromatic group, which may be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more groups selected from halogen, haloalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy carbonyl, amido, alkylamido, dialkylamido, nitro, amino, alkylamino, cUalkyl__αιino, carboxy or thio or thioalkyl. Nonlimiting examples of aryl rings are phenyl, naphthyl, pyranyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridinyl, furanyl, thiophenyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, isoxazolyl, and the like.
[00082] A "hydroxyl" group refers to an OH group. An "alkenyl" group refers to a group having at least one carbon to carbon double bond. A halo group refers to F, Cl, Br or I.
[00083] An "arylalkyl" group refers to an alkyl bound to an aryl, wherein alkyl and aryl are as defined above. An example of an aralkyl group is a benzyl group.
[00084] As contemplated herein, the present invention relates to the use of a SARM compound and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, N-oxide, or combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the invention relates to the use of an analog of the SARM compound. In another embodiment, the invention relates to the use of a derivative of the SARM compound. In another embodiment, the invention relates to the use of an isomer of the SARM compound. In another embodiment, the invention relates to the use of a metaboUte of the SARM compound. In another embodiment, the invention relates to the use of a pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt of the SARM compound. In another embodiment, the invention relates to the use of a pharmaceutical product of the SARM compound. In another embodiment, the invention relates to the use of a hydrate of the SARM compound. In another embodiment, the invention relates to the use of an N- oxide of the SARM compound. In another embodiment, the invention relates to the use of any of a combination of an analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, or N-oxide of the SARM compounds of the present invention. [00085] As defined herein, the term "isomer" includes, but is not limited to, optical isomers and analogs, structural isomers and analogs, conformational isomers and analogs, and the like.
[00086] In one embodiment, this invention encompasses the use of various optical isomers of the SARM compound. It wiU be appreciated by those skiUed in the art that the SARMs of the present invention contain at least one chiral center. Accordingly, the SARMs used in the methods of the present invention may exist in, and be isolated in, opticaUy-active or racemic forms. Some compounds may also exhibit polymorphism. It is to be understood that the present invention encompasses any racemic, opticaUy-active, polymorphic, or stereroisomeric form, or mixtures thereof, which form possesses properties useful in the treatment of androgen-related conditions described herein. In one embodiment, the SARMs are the pure (R)-isomers. In another embodiment, the SARMs are the pure (S)-isomers. In another embodiment, the SARMs are a mixture of the (R) and the (S) isomers. In another embodiment, the SARMs are a racemic mixture comprising an equal amount of the (R) and the (S) isomers. It is weU known in the art how to prepare opticaUy-active forms (for example, by resolution of the racemic form by recrystaUization techniques, by synthesis from opticaUy-active starting materials, by chiral synthesis, or by chromatographic separation using a chiral stationary phase).
[00087] The invention includes pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salts of amino-substituted compounds with organic and inorganic acids, for example, citric acid and hydrochloric acid. The invention also includes N-oxides of the amino substituents of the compounds described herein. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts can also be prepared from the phenolic compounds by treatment with inorganic bases, for example, sodium hydroxide. Also, esters of the phenolic compounds can be made with aUphatic and aromatic carboxylic acids, for example, acetic acid and benzoic acid esters.
[00088] This invention further includes derivatives of the SARM compounds. The term "derivatives" includes but is not limited to ether derivatives, acid derivatives, amide derivatives, ester derivatives and the like. In addition, this invention further includes hydrates of the SARM compounds. The term "hydrate" includes but is not Umited to hemihydrate, monohydrate, dihydrate, trihydrate and the like.
[00089] This invention further includes metaboUtes of the SARM compounds. The term "metaboUte" means any substance produced from another substance by metaboUsm or a metabotic process.
[00090] This invention further includes pharmaceutical products of the SARM compounds. The term "pharmaceutical producf means a composition suitable for pharmaceutical use (pharmaceutical composition), as defined herein.
[00091] In another embodiment, the present invention provides process for preparing the selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) compounds of the present invention.
[00092] The process of the present invention is suitable for large-scale preparation, since aU of the steps give rise to highly pure compounds, thus avoiding compUcated purification procedures which ultimately lower the yield. Thus the present invention provides methods for the synthesis of non-steroidal agonist compounds, that can be used for industrial large-scale synthesis, and that provide highly pure products in high yield.
[00093] In one embodiment, the present invention provides process for preparing the selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) compound represented by the slructure of formula I: wherein X is a O, NH, S, Se, PR, or NR; G is O or S;
T is OH, OR, -NHCOCH3, or NHCOR;
R is alkyl, haloalkyl, dihaloalkyl, trihaloalkyl, CH2F, CHF2, CF3, CF2CF3, aryl, phenyl, halogen, alkenyl or OH;
Ri is CH3, CH2F, CHF2, CF3, CH2CH3, or CF2CF3; R2 is F, Cl, Br, I, CH3, CF3, OH, CN, NO2, NHCOCH3, NHCOCF3, NHCOR, alkyl, arylalkyl, OR, NH2, NHR, NR2, SR;
R3 is F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO2, COR, COOH, CONHR, CF3, S11R3, or R3 together with the benzene ring to which it is attached forms a fused ring system represented by the structure:
Z is NO2, CN, COR, COOH, or CONHR; Y is CF3, F, Br, Cl, I, CN, or SnR3;
Q is SCN, NCS, OCN, orNCO; n is an integer of 1-4; and m is an integer of 1 -3 ;
the process comprising the step of coupling a compound of formula VHI:
VHI wherein Z, Y, G, Rl3 T, R3 and m are as defined above and L is a leaving group,
with a compound of formula IX:
IX wherein Q, X R2 and n are as defined above.
[00094] In one embodiment, the coupling step is carried out in the presence of a base. In another embodiment, the leaving group L is Br. In another embodiment, the compound of formula VET is prepared by i) preparing a compound of formula X by ring opening of a cycUc compound of formula XI
XI X wherein L, Ri, G and T are as defined above, and Ti is O or NH; and u) reacting an amine of formula XH: wherein Z, Y, R3 and m are as defined above, with the compound of formula X, in the presence of a coupling reagent, to produce the compound of formula VTH.
VHI
[00095] In one embodiment, step (a) is carried out in the presence of HBr. In another embodiment, the process further comprises the step of converting the selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) compound to its analog, isomer, metaboUte, derivative, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, N-oxide, hydrate or any combination thereof.
[00096] In another embodiment, the present invention provides process for preparing a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) compound represented by the structure of formula π: π wherein X is O, NH, S, Se, PR, or NR; G is O or S;
Ri is CH3, CH2F,CHF2,CF3, CH2CH3, or CF2CF3; T is OH, OR, -NHCOCH3, or NHCOR;
R is alkyl, haloalkyl, dihaloalkyl, trihaloalkyl, CH2F, CHF2, CF3, CF2CF3, aryl, phenyl, halogen, alkenyl or OH; A is a ring selected from:
B is a ring selected from:
wherein A and B cannot simultaneously be a benzene ring;
ZisNO2, CN, COOH, COR,NHCORorCONHR;
Y is CF3, F, I, Br, Cl, CN CR3 or SnR3;
Qi is NCS, SCN, NCO or OCN;
Q2 is a hydrogen, alkyl, halogen, CF3, CN CR3, SnR3, NR2, NHCOCH3, NHCOCF3, NHCOR, NHCONHR, NHCOOR, OCONHR, CONHR, NHCSCH3, NΗCSCF3, NHCSR NHSO2CH3, NHSO2R, OR, COR, OCOR, OSO2R, SO2R, SR,
Q3 and Q are independently of each other a hydrogen, alkyl, halogen, CF3, CN CR3, SnR3, NR2, NHCOCH3, NHCOCF3, NHCOR,
NHCONHR, NHCOOR, OCONHR, CONHR, NHCSCH3, NHCSCF3,
NHCSR NHSO2CH3, NHSO2R, OR, COR, OCOR, OSO2R, SO2R or SR; Wi is O, NH, NR,NO or S; and
W2 is N or NO; the process comprising the step of coupling a compound of formula XHI: xm wherein A, G, Ri and T are as defined above and L is a leaving group, with a compound of formula HX-B wherein B and X are as defined above. [00097] In one embodiment, the coupling step is carried out in the presence of a base. In another embodiment, the leaving group L is Br. In another embodiment, the compound of formula Xm is prepared by i) preparing a compound formula X by ring opening of a cycUc compound of formula XI
XI X wherein L, Ri, G and T are as defined above, and Ti is O or NH; and U) reacting an amine of formula A-NH2 wherein A is as defined above, with the compound of formula X in the presence of a coupling reagent, to produce the amide of formula X3H. xm
[00098] In one embodiment, step (a) is carried out in the presence of HBr. In another embodiment, the process further comprises the step of converting the selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) compound to its analog, isomer, metabolite, derivative, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, N-oxide, hydrate or any combination thereof.
[00099] In another embodiment, the present invention provides process for preparing a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) compound represented by the structure of formula HI:
wherein X is O, NH, S, Se, PR or NR;
G is O or S;
T is OH, OR, -NHCOCH3, or NHCOR Z is NO2, CN, COOH, COR, NHCOR or CONHR; Y is CF3, F, I, Br, Cl, CN, CR3 or SnR3; Q is SCN, NCS, OCN, or NCO;
R is alkyl, haloalkyl, dihaloalkyl, trihaloalkyl, CH2F, CHF2, CF3, CF2CF3, aryl, phenyl, halogen, alkenyl or OH; and
Ri is CH3, CH2F, CHF2, CF3, CH2CH3, or CF2CF3;
the process comprising the step of coupling a compound of formula XTV:
XTV wherein Z, Y, G Ri and T are as defined above and L is a leaving group,
with a compound of formula XV:
XV wherein Q and X are as defined above. 03 03121
[000100] In one embodiment, the coupling step is carried out in the presence of a base. In another embodiment, the leaving group L is Br. In another embodiment, the compound of formula XIV is prepared by i) preparing a compound formula X by ring opening of a cycUc compound of formula XI
XI X wherein L, R1} and T are as defined above, G is O and Ti is O or NH; and ii) reacting an amine of formula XVI
XVI with the compound of formula X in the presence of a coupling reagent, to produce the compound of formula XIV.
XIV
[000101] In one embodiment, step (a) is carried out in the presence of HBr. In another embodiment, the process further comprises the step of converting the selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) compoimd to its analog, isomer, metaboUte, derivative, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, N-oxide, hydrate or any combination thereof. [000102] In another embodiment, the present invention provides process for preparing a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) compound represented by the structure of formula IV:
IV wherein X is O, NH, S, Se, PR, or NR;
Z is NO2, CN, COOH, COR, NHCOR or CONHR; Y is CF3, F, I, Br, Cl, CN, CR3 or SnR3; Q is SCN, NCS, OCN, or NCO; and
R is alkyl, haloalkyl, dihaloalkyl, trihaloalkyl, CH2F, CHF2, CF3, ' CF2CF3, aryl, phenyl, halogen, alkenyl or OH;
the process comprising the step of coupling an amide of formula XVTI:
XVH wherein Z and Y are as defined above and L is a leaving group, with a compound of formula XVTfl xvm wherein Q and X R2 are as defined above. [000103] In one embodiment, the coupling step is carried out in the presence of a base. In another embodiment, the leaving group L is Br. In another embodiment, the compound of formula XVH is prepared by i) preparing a compound formula X by ring opening of a cyclic compound of formula XI
XI X wherein L, R_, and T are as defined above, G is O and Ti is O or NH; and u) reacting an amine of formula XVTX
XVIX with the compound of formula X in the presence of a coupling reagent, to produce the compound of formula XVH.
XVH
[000104] In one embodiment, step (a) is carried out in the presence of HBr. In another embodiment, the process further comprises the step of converting the selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) compound to its analog, isomer, metaboUte, derivative, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, N-oxide, hydrate or any combination thereof. [000105] As demonstrated herein, Applicants have found that when the purification step of the SARM compounds is carried out in the presence of a nontoxic organic solvent and water, such as ethanol and water, for example by recrystalUzation from a rnixture of ethanol and water, a highly pure product with exceUent crystal stability is obtained in high yields. In addition, the use of a nontoxic organic solvent/water for purification is safe and cheap, and avoids any biological hazards that may arise from the use of toxic organic solvents such as hexane. In one embodiment, the nontoxic organic solvent is ethanol.
[000106] Thus, in one embodiment, the present invention provides a synthetic process for preparing the SARM compounds described herein, which involves a purification step comprising crystallization of the SARM product using a mixture of a nontoxic organic solvent and water. In one embodiment, the nontoxic organic solvent is ethanol. In a particular embodiment, the crystallization step comprises mixing an ethanol solution comprising the SARM compound with water, so as to crystallize the SARM compound. In a further embodiment, the process further comprises the step of coUecting the SARM compound by filtration.
' [000107] The process of the present invention is suitable for large-scale preparation, since ah of the steps give rise to highly pure compounds, thus avoiding comphcated purification procedures which ultimately lower the yield. Thus the present invention provides methods for the synthesis of non-steroidal agonist compounds, that can be used for industrial large-scale synthesis, and that provide highly pure products in high yield. In addition, the methods described by the present invention utilize safe, environmentally friendly and cheap reagents and purification steps, thus avoiding any undesirable toxicological issues that may arise from the use of toxic, environmentaUy unfriendly or biologicaUy unstable reagents.
[000108] It should be apparent to a person skiUed in the art that any nontoxic organic solvent is suitable in the methods of the present invention, for example alcohols such as methanol or ethanol, aromatic compounds such as toluene and xylene, DMSO, THF, cyclohexane and the like. 3121
[000109] In one embodiment, the nontoxic organic solvent is ethanol. Any grade and purity level of ethanol is suitable. In one embodiment, the ethanol is neat ethanol. In another embodiment, the ethanol is an ethanol solution that contains denaturants, such as toluene, methanol and the like.
[000110] It is understood to ta person skiUed in the art that when Ti is O or NH, T is compound VTH is O or NH2. Thus, when T in compound I is OR, the reaction wiU involve a further step of converting the OH to OR by a reaction with, for example, an alkyl hafide R-X. When T in compound I is NHCOR, NHCOCH3, the reaction wiU involve a further step of converting the NH2 to NHCOR orNHCOCH3, by a reaction with, for example, the corresponding acyl chloride C1COR or CICOCH3.
[000111] In one embodiment, the coupling step defined hereinabove is carried out in the presence of a base. Any suitable base that wiU deprotonate the hydrogen of the - XH moiety (for example, a phenol moiety when X is O) and aUow the coupling may be used. No imiting examples of bases are carbonates such as alkaU carbonates, for example sodium carbonate Na2CO3), potassium carbonate (K2CO3) and cesium carbonate (Cs2CO3); bicarbonates such as alkaU metal bicarbonates, for example sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3), alkaU metal hydrides such as sodium hydride (NaH), potassium hydride (KH) and Uthium hydride (LiH), and the like.
[000112] The leaving group L is defined herein as any removable group customarily considered for chemical reactions, as wiU be known to the person skilled in the art. Suitable leaving groups are halogens, for example F, Cl, Br and I; alkyl sulfonate esters (-OSO2R) wherein R is an alkyl group, for example methanesulfonate (mesylate), tiifluoromethanesulfbnate, ethanesulfonate, 2,2,2-trifluoroethanesulfonate, perfluoro butanesulfonate; aryl sulfonate esters (-OSO2Ar) wherein Ar is an aryl group, for example p-toluoylsulfonate (tosylate), benzenesulphonate which may be unsubstituted or substituted by methyl, chlorine, bromine, nitro and the like; NO3, NO2, or sulfate, sulfite, phosphate, phosphite, carboxylate, imino ester, N2 or carbamate. [000113] The reaction is conveniently carried out in a suitable inert solvent or diluent such as, for example, tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether, aromatic amines such as pyridine; aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, and xylene; dimethylsulfbxide (DMSO), dimethylformamide (DMF), and dimethylacetamide (DMAC). The reaction is suitably carried out at a temperature in the range, for example, -20 to 120 C, for example at or near ambient temperature.
[000114] The coupling reagent defined hereinabove is a reagent capable of turning the carboxyUc acid/ thiocarboxyUc acid of formula X into a reactive derivative thereof, thus enabling coupling with the respective amine amine to form an amide/thioamide bond. A suitable reactive derivative of a carboxyUc acid / thiocarboxyUc acid is, for example, an acyl hatide / thioacyl haUde, for example an acyl / thioacyl chloride formed by the reaction of the acid / thioacid and an inorganic acid chloride, for example thionyl chloride; a mixed anhydride, for example an anhydride formed by the reaction of the acid and a chloroformate such as isobutyl chloroformate; an active ester/thioester, for example an ester/thioester formed by the reaction of the acid thioacid and a phenol, an ester/thioester or an alcohol such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, butanol or N- hy roxybenzotriazole; an acyl thioacyl azide, for example an azide formed by the reaction of the acid/thioacid and azide such as diphenylphosphoryl azide; an acyl cyanide/thioacyl cyanide, for example a cyanide formed by the reaction of an acid and a cyanide such as diethylphosphoryl cyanide; or the product of the reaction of the acid thioacid and a carbodiimide such as αrcyclohexylcarbodiimide.
[000115] The reaction is conveniently carried out in a suitable inert solvent or diluent as described hereinabove, suitably in the presence of a base such as triethylamine, and at a temperature in the range, as desribed above.
Biological Activity of Selective Androgen Modulator Compounds
[000116] The SARM compounds provided herein are compounds, which are selective androgen receptor modulators (SARM), which have an unexpected antiandrogenic activity of a nonsteroidal Hgand for the androgen receptor. Furthermore, several of the SARM compounds bind irreversibly to the androgen receptor. Moreover, several of the SARM compounds of the present invention are alkylating agents.
[000117] As contemplated herein, the appropriately substituted SARM compounds of the present invention are useful for a) male contraception; b) treatment of a variety of hormone-related conditions, for example conditions associated with Androgen Decline in Aging Male (ADAM), such as fatigue, depression, decreased Ubido, sexual dysfunction, erectile dysfunction, hypogonadism, osteoporosis, hair loss, anemia, obesity, sarcopenia, osteopenia,osteoporosis, benign prostate hyperplasia, alterations in mood and cognition and prostate cancer; c) treatment of conditions associated with ADIF, such as sexual dysfunction, decreased sexual Ubido, hypogonadism, sarcopenia, osteopenia, osteoporosis, alterations in cognition and mood, depression, anemia, hair loss, obesity, endometriosis, breast cancer, uterine cancer and ovarian cancer; d) treatment and/or prevention of acute and/or chronic muscular wasting conditions; e) preventing and/or treating dry eye conditions; f) oral androgen replacement therapy; g) decreasing the incidence of, halting or causing a regression of prostate cancer; and/or h) inducing apoptosis in a cancer ceU.
[000118] As used herein, receptors for extraceUular signaling molecules are coUectively referred to as "ceU signaling receptors". Many ceU signaling receptors are transmembrane proteins on a cell surface; when they bind an extraceUular signaling molecule (i.e., a tigand), they become activated so as to generate a cascade of intracellular signals that alter the behavior of the ceU. In contrast, in some cases, the receptors are inside the ceU and the signaling Hgand has to enter the ceU to activate them; these signaling molecules therefore must be sufficiently small and hydrophobic to diffuse across the plasma membrane of the ceU.
[000119] Steroid hormones are one example of smaU hydrophobic molecules that diffuse directly across the plasma membrane of target ceUs and bind to intracellular ceU signaling receptors. These receptors are structurally related and constitute the intracellular receptor superfamily (or steroid-hormone receptor superfamily). Steroid hormone receptors include progesterone receptors, estrogen receptors, androgen receptors, glueocorticoid receptors, and mineralocorticoid receptors. In one embodiment, the present invention is directed to androgen receptors.
[000120] In addition to Hgand binding to the receptors, the receptors can be blocked to prevent Ugand binding. When a substance binds to a receptor, the three- dimensional structure of the substance fits into a space created by the three- dimensional structure of the receptor in a baU and socket configuration. The better the baU fits into the socket, the more tightly it is held. This phenomenon is called affinity. If the affinity of a substance is greater than the original hormone, it wiU compete with the hormone and bind the binding site more frequently. Once bound, signals may be sent through the receptor into the ceUs, causing the ceU to respond in some fashion. This is caUed activation. On activation, the activated receptor then directly regulates the transcription of specific genes. But the substance and the receptor may have certain attributes, other than affinity, in order to activate the ceU. Chemical bonds between atoms of the substance and the atoms of the receptors may form. In some cases, this leads to a change in the configuration of the receptor, which is enough to begin the activation process (caUed signal transduction).
[000121] In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to selective androgen receptor modulator compounds, which are antagonist compounds. A receptor agonist is a substance, which binds receptors and activates them. A receptor antagonist is a substance which binds receptors and inactivates them. Thus, in one embodiment, the SARM compounds of the present invention are useful in binding to and inactivating steroidal hormone receptors. In one embodiment, the antagonist compound of the present invention is an antagonist which binds the androgen receptor. In another embodiment, the compoimd has high affinity for the androgen receptor.
[000122] Assays to determine whether the compounds of the present invention are
AR agonists or antagonists are well known to a person skiUed in the art. For example, AR agonistic activity can be determined by monitoring the abUity of the SARM compounds to maintain and or-stimulate the growth of AR containing tissue such as prostate and seminal vesicles, as measured by weight. AR antagonistic activity can be determined by monitoring the abiUty of the SARM compounds inhibit the growth of AR containing tissue.
[000123] An androgen receptor is an androgen receptor of any species, for example a mammal. In one embodiment, the androgen receptor is an androgen receptor of a human.
[000124] The compounds of the present invention bind either reversibly or irreversibly to an androgen receptor. In one embodiment, the SARM compounds bind reversibly to an androgen receptor. In another embodiment, the SARM compounds bind reversibly to an androgen receptor of a mammal. In another embodiment, the SARM compounds bind reversibly to an androgen receptor of a human. Reversible binding of a compound to a receptor means that a compound can detach from the receptor after binding.
[000125] In another embodiment, the SARM compounds bind irreversibly to an androgen receptor. In one embodiment, the SARM compounds bind irreversibly to an androgen receptor of a mammal. In another embodiment, the SARM compounds bind irreversibly to an androgen receptor of a human. Thus, in one embodiment, the compounds of the present invention may contain a functional group (e.g. affinity label) that aUows alkylation of the androgen receptor (i.e. covalent bond formation). Thus, in this case, the compounds are alkylating agents which bind irreversibly to the receptor and, accordingly, cannot be displaced by a steroid, such as the endogenous Hgands DHT and testosterone. An "alkylating agent" is defined herein as an agent which alkylates (forms a covalent bond) with a ceUular component,, such as DNA, RNA or enzyme. It is a highly reactive chemical that introduces alkyl radicals into biologicaUy active molecules and thereby prevents their proper functioning. The alkylating moiety is an electrophiUc group that interacts with nucleophUic moieties in ceUular components. For example, in one embodiment, an alkylating group is an isocyanate moiety, an electrophiUc group which forms covalent bonds with nucleophiUc groups (N, O, S etc.) in ceUular components. In another embodiment, an alkylating group is an isothiocyanate moiety, another electrophiUc group which forms covalent bonds with nucleophUic groups (N, O, S etc.) in ceUular components. In another embodiment, an alkylating group is a haloalkyl (CH2X wherein X is halogen), an electrophiUc group which forms covalent bonds with nucleophiUc groups in ceUular components. In another embodiment, an alkylating group is a haloalkyl-amido (NHCOCH2X wherein X is halogen), an electrophiUc group which forms covalent bonds with nucleophiUc groups in ceUular components.
[000126] In one embodiment, the SARM compounds of the present invention are androgen receptor antagonists which bind irreversibly to the androgen receptor of a mammal, for e.g. a human. In one embodiment, the compounds are alkylating agents.
[000127] Thus, in one embodiment, the present invention further provides a method of binding a selective androgen receptor modulator compound to an androgen receptor, comprising the step of contacting the androgen receptor with the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of the present invention, and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to bind the selective androgen receptor modulator compound to the androgen receptor.
[000128] In another embodiment, the present invention further provides a method of irreversibly binding a selective androgen receptor modulator compound to an androgen receptor, comprising the step of contacting the androgen receptor with the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of the present invention, and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to irreversibly bind the selective androgen receptor modulator compound to the androgen receptor.
[000129] In another embodiment, the present invention further provides a method of alkylating an androgen receptor, comprising the step of contacting the androgen receptor with the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of the present invention, and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to alkylate the androgen receptor.
[000130] In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of suppressing spermatogenesis in a subject, comprising the step of contacting an androgen receptor of the subject the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of the present invention, and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to suppress sperm production.
[000131] In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of contraception in a male subject, comprising the step of adn_ stering to the subject the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of the present invention, and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to suppress sperm production in the subject, thereby effecting contraception in the subject.
[000132] In another embodiment, the present invention further provides a method of hormone therapy, comprising the step of contacting an androgen receptor of a subject with the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of the present invention, and or its analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to bind the selective androgen receptor modulator compound to the androgen receptor and effect a change in an androgen-dependent condition.
[000133] In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of hormone replacement therapy comprising the step of contacting an androgen receptor of a subject with the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of the present invention, and or its analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to effect a change in an androgen-dependent condition. [000134] In another embodiment, the present invention further provides a method of treating a subject having a hormone related condition, comprising the step of administering to the subject the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of the present invention, and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to bind the selective androgen receptor modulator compound to the androgen receptor and effect a change in an androgen-dependent condition.
[000135] Androgen- dependent conditions which may be treated according to the present invention include those conditions which are associated with aging, such as hypogonadism, sarcopenia, erythropoiesis, osteoporosis, and any other conditions later determined to be dependent upon low androgen (e.g., testosterone) levels.
[000136] In another embodiment, the present invention further provides a method of treating a subject suffering from prostate cancer, comprising the step of administering to the subject the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of the present invention, and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to treat prostate cancer in the subject.
[000137] In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of preventing prostate cancer in a subject, comprising the step of administering to the subject the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of the present invention, and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metabolite, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to prevent prostate cancer in the subject.
[000138] In another embodiment, the present invention further provides a method of delaying the progression of prostate cancer in a subject suffering from prostate cancer, comprising the step of administering to the subject selective androgen receptor modulator compound of the present invention, and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metabohte, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to delay the progression of prostate cancer in the subject.
[000139] In another embodiment, the present invention further provides a method of preventing the recurrence of prostate cancer in a subject suffering from prostate cancer, comprising the step of adrninistering to the subject the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of the present invention, and or its analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to prevent the recurrence of prostate cancer in the subject.
[000140] In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating the recurrence of prostate cancer in a subject suffering from prostate cancer, comprising the step of administering to the subject the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of the present invention, and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to treat the recurrence of prostate cancer in the subject.
[000141] Furthermore, stimulation of the Androgen Receptor stimulates the production of tears, and thus the SARM compounds of the present invention may be used to treat dry eye conditions. Therefore, according to another embodiment of the present invention, a method is provided for treating a dry eye condition in a subject suffering from dry eyes, comprising the step of ac_ministering to said subject the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of formulas I-V and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate or N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to treat dry eyes in the subject.
[000142] According to another embodiment of the present invention, a method is provided for preventing a dry eye condition in a subject, comprising the step of administering to said subject the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of formulas I-V and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate or N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to prevent dry eyes in the subject.
[000143] In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of inducing apoptosis in a prostate cancer ceU, comprising the step of contacting the ceU with the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of the present invention, and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metabolite, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to induce apoptosis in the cancer ceU.
[000144] As defined herein, "apoptosis", or programmed cell death, is a form of ceU death in which a programmed sequence of events leads to the eUmination of ceUs without releasing harmful substances into the surrounding area. Apoptosis plays a crucial role in developing and maintaining health by eliminating old ceUs, unnecessary ceUs, and unhealthy ceUs.
[000145] As defined herein, "contacting" means that the SARM compound of the present invention is introduced into a sample containing the enzyme in a test tube, flask, tissue culture, chip, array, plate, microplate, capiUary, or the like, and incubated at a temperature and time sufficient to permit binding of the SARM to the enzyme. Methods for contacting the samples with the SARM or other specific binding components are known to those skiUed in the art and may be selected depending on the type of assay protocol to be run. Incubation methods are also standard and are known to those skiUed in the art.
[000146] In another embodiment, the term "contacting" means that the SARM compound of the present invention is introduced into a subject receiving treatment, and the SARM compound is aUowed to come in contact with the androgen receptor in vivo. [000147] As used herein, the term "treating" includes preventative as weU as disorder remitative treatment. As used herein, the terms "reducing", "suppressing" and "inhibiting" have their commonly understood meaning of lessening or decreasing. As used herein, the term "progression" means increasing in scope or severity, advancing, growing or becoming worse. As used herein, the term "recurrence" means the return of a disease after a remission. As used herein, the term "delaying" means stopping, hindering, slowing down, postponing, holding up or setting back.
[000148] As used herin, the term "administering" refers to bringing a subject in contact with a SARM compound of the present invention. As used herein, administration can be accomplished in vitro, i.e. in a test tube, or in vivo, i.e. in cells or tissues of Hving organisms, for example humans. In one embodiment, the present invention encompasses administering the compounds of the present invention to a subject.
[000149] The term "Ubido, as used herein, means sexual desire.
[000150] The term "erectile", as used herein, means capable of being erected. An erectile tissue is a tissue, which is capable of being greatly dfiated and made rigid by the distension of the numerous blood vessels which it contains.
[000151] "Hypogonadism" is a condition resulting from or characterised by abnormaUy decreased functional activity of the gonads, with retardation of growth and sexual development. "Osteopenia" refers to decreased calcification or density of bone. This is a term which encompasses aU skeletal systems in which such a condition is noted.
[000152] "Osteoporosis" refers to a thinning of the bones with reduction in bone mass due to depletion of calcium and bone protein. Osteoporosis predisposes a person to fractures, which are often slow to heal and heal poorly. Unchecked osteoporosis can lead to changes in posture, physical abnormality, and decreased mobiUty. [000153] "BPH (benign prostate hyperplasia)" is a nonmaUgnant enlargement of the prostate gland, and is the most common non-maHgnant proliferative abnormality found in any internal organ and the major cause of morbidity in the adult male. BPH occurs in over 75% of men over 50 years of age, reaching 88% prevalence by the ninth decade. BPH frequently results in a gradual squeezing of the portion of the urethra which traverses the prostate (prostatic urethra). This causes patients to experience a frequent urge to urinate because of incomplete emptying of the bladder and urgency of urination. The obstruction of urinary flow can also lead to a general lack of control over urination, including difficulty initiating urination when desired, as well as difficulty in preventing urinary flow because of the inabiHty to empty urine from the bladder, a condition known as overflow urinary incontinence, which can lead to urinary obstruction and to urinary faUure.
[000154] "Cognition" refers to the process of knowing, specificaUy the process of being aware, knowing, thinking, learning and judging. Cognition is related to the fields of psychology, linguistics, computer science, neuroscience, mathematics, ethology and phUosophy. The term "mood" refers to a temper or state of the mind. As contemplated herein, alterations means any change for the positive or negative, in cognition and/or mood.
[000155] The term "depression" refers to an illness that involves the body, mood and thoughts, that affects the way a person eats, sleeps and the way one feels about oneself, and thinks about things. The signs and symptoms of depression include loss of interest in activities, loss of appetite or overeating, loss of emotional expression, an empty mood, feelings of hopelessness, pessimism, guUt or helplessness, social withdrawal, fatigue, sleep disturbances, trouble concentrating, remembering, or making decisions, restlessness, irritabiUty, headaches, digestive disorders or chronic pain.
[000156] The term "hair loss", medicaUy known as alopecia, refers to baldness as in the very common type of male-pattern baldness. Baldness typically begins with patch hair loss on the scalp and sometimes progresses to complete baldness and even loss of body hair. Hair loss affects both males and females. [000157] "Anemia" refers to the condition of having less than the normal number of red blood ceUs or less than the normal quantity of hemoglobin in the blood. The oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is, therefore, decreased. Persons with anemia may feel tired and fatigue easUy, appear pale, develop palpitations and become usuaUy short of breath. Anemia is caused by four basic factors: a) hemorrhage (bleeding); b) hemolysis (excessive destruction of red blood ceUs); c) underproduction of red blood ceUs; and d) not enough normal hemoglobin. There are many forms of anemia, including aplastic anemia, benzene poisoning, Fanconi anemia, hemolytic disease of the newborn, hereditary spherocytosis, iron deficiency anemia, osteopetrosis, pernicious anemia, sickle ceU disease, thalassemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, and a variety of bone marrow diseases. As contemplated herein, the SARM compounds of the present invention are useful in preventing and/or treating any one or more of the above-Usted forms of anemia.
[000158] "Obesity" refers to the state of being weU above one's normal weight.
TraditionaUy, a person is considered to be obese if they are more than 20 percent over their ideal weight. Obesity has been more precisely defined by the National Institute of Health (NIH) as a Body to Mass Index (BMTj of 30 or above. Obesity is often multifactorial, based on both genetic and behavioral factors. Overweight due to obesity is a significant contributor to health problems. It increases the risk of developing a number of diseases including: Type 2 (adult-onset) diabetes; high blood pressure (hypertension); stroke (cerebrovascular accident or CVA); heart attack (myocardial infarction or MI); heart failure (congestive heart faUure); cancer (certain forms such as cancer of the prostate and cancer of the colon and rectum); gaUstones and gaUbladder disease (cholecystitis); Gout and gouty arthritis; osteoarthritis (degenerative arthritis) of the knees, hips, and the lower back; sleep apnea (faUure to breath normaUy during sleep, lowering blood oxygen); and Pickwickian syndrome (obesity, red face, underventilation and drowsiness). As contemplated herein, the term "obesity" includes any one of the above-Usted obesity-related conditions and diseases. Thus the SARM compounds of the present invention are useful in preventing and/or treating obesity and any one or more of the above-Usted obesity-related conditions and diseases. [000159] "Prostate cancer" is one of the most frequently occurring cancers among men in the United States, with hundreds of thousands of new cases diagnosed each year. Over sixty percent of newly diagnosed cases of prostate cancer are found to be pathologicaUy advanced, with no cure and a dismal prognosis. One third of all men over 50 years of age have a latent form of prostate cancer that may be activated into the life- threatening clinical prostate cancer form. The frequency of latent prostatic tumors has been shown to increase substantiaUy with each decade of life from the 50s (5.3-14%) to the 90s (40-80%). The number of people with latent prostate cancer is the same across all cultures, ethnic groups, and races, yet the frequency of clinicaUy aggressive cancer is markedly different. This suggests that environmental factors may play a role in activating latent prostate cancer. [000160]
[000161] In one embodiment, the methods of the present invention comprise comprise administering a SARM compound as the sole active ingredient. However, also encompassed within the scope of the present invention are methods for hormone therapy, for treating prostate cancer, for delaying the progression of prostate cancer, and for preventing and/or treating the recurrence of prostate cancer, which comprise administering the SARM compounds in combination with one or more therapeutic agents. These agents include, but are not Umited to: LHRH analogs, reversible antiandrogens, antiestrogens, anticancer drugs, 5-alpha reductase inhibitors, aromatase inhibitors, progestins, agents acting through other nuclear hormone receptors, selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERM), progesterone, estrogen, PDE5 inhibitors, apomorphine, bisphosphonate, and one or more additional SARMS.
[000162] Thus, in one embodiment, the methods of the present invention comprise administering the selective androgen receptor modulator compound, in combination with an LHRH analog. In another embodiment, the methods of the present invention comprise administering a selective androgen receptor modulator compound, in combination with a reversible antiandrogen. In another embodiment, the methods of the present invention comprise ad ____nistering a selective androgen receptor modulator compound, in combination with an antiestrogen. In another embodiment, the methods of the present invention comprise administering a selective androgen receptor modulator compound, in combination with an anticancer drug. In another embodiment, the methods of the present invention comprise a selective androgen receptor modulator compound, in combination with a 5-alpha reductase inhibitor. In another embodiment, the methods of the present invention comprise administering a selective androgen receptor modulator compound, in combination with an aromatase inhibitor. In another embodiment, the methods of the present invention comprise administering a selective androgen receptor modulator compound, in combination with a progestin. In another embodiment, the methods of the present invention comprise administering a selective androgen receptor modulator compound, in combination with an agent acting through other nuclear hormone receptors. In another embodiment, the methods of the present invention comprise administering a selective androgen receptor modulator compound, in combination with a selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERM). In another embodiment, the methods of the present invention comprise administering a selective androgen receptor modulator compound, in combination with a progesterone. In another embodiment, the methods of the present invention comprise admiriistering a selective androgen receptor modulator compound, in combination with an estrogen. In another embodiment, the methods of the present invention comprise administering a selective androgen receptor modulator compound, in combination with a PDE5 inhibitor. In another embodiment, the methods of the present invention comprise administering a selective androgen receptor modulator compound, in combination with apomorphine. In another embodiment, the methods of the present invention comprise administering a selective androgen receptor modulator compound, in combination with a bisphosphonate. In another embodiment, the methods of the present invention comprise administering a selective androgen receptor modulator compound, in combination with one or more additional SARMS.
[000163] In one embodiment, the present invention provides a composition comprising the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of the present invention and or its analog, derivative, isomer, metabolite, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, N-oxide or any combination thereof. [000164] In another embodiment, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of the present invention and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceutical product, hydrate, N-oxide or any combination thereof; and a suitable carrier or duuent.
[000165] As used herein, "pharmaceutical composition" means therapeuticaUy effective amounts of the SARM together with suitable dUuents, preservatives, solubilizers, emulsifiers, adjuvant and/or carriers. A "therapeuticaUy effective amount" as used herein refers to that amount which provides a therapeutic effect for a given condition and administration regimen. Such compositions are Uquids or Lyophilized or otherwise dried formulations and include diluents of various buffer content (e.g., Tris- HCL, acetate, phosphate), pH and ionic strength, additives such as albumin or gelatin to prevent absorption to surfaces, detergents (e.g., Tween 20, Tween 80, Pluronic F68, bfle acid salts), solubilizing agents (e.g.; glycerol, polyethylene glycerol), anti-oxidants (e.g., ascorbic acid, sodium metabisulfite), preservatives (e.g., Thimerosal, benzyl alcohol, parabens), bulking substances or tonicity modifiers (e.g., lactose, mannitol), covalent attachment of polymers such as polyethylene glycol to the protein, complexation with metal ions, or incorporation of the material into or onto particulate preparations of polymeric compounds such as polylactic acid, polglycoUc acid, hydrogels, etc, or onto Hposomes, microemulsions, miceUes, umlameUar or multilameUar vesicles, erythrocyte ghosts, or spheroplasts.) Such compositions wiU influence the physical state, solubiUty, stabiUty, rate of in vivo release, and rate of in vivo clearance. ControUed or sustained release compositions include formulation in UpophiUc depots (e.g., fatty acids, waxes, oUs).
[000166] Also comprehended by the invention are particulate compositions coated with polymers (e.g., poloxamers or poloxamines). Other embodiments of the compositions of the invention incorporate particulate forms protective coatings, protease inhibitors or permeation enhancers for various routes of acuninistration, including parenteral, pulmonary, nasal and oral. In one embodiment the pharmaceutical composition is administered parenterally, paracancerally, transmucosally, transdermally, intramuscularly, intravenously, intradeπnaUy, subcutaneously, intraperitonealy, intraventricularly, intravaginaUy, intracraniaUy and intratumoraUy.
[000167] Further, as used herein "pharmaceuticaUy acceptable carriers" are weU known to those skiUed in the art and include, but are not Umited to, 0.01-O.lM and preferably 0.05M phosphate buffer or 0.8% saline. Additionally, such pharmaceuticaUy acceptable carriers may be aqueous or non-aqueous solutions, suspensions, and emulsions. Examples of non-aqueous solvents are propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, vegetable oUs such as oUve oU, and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate. Aqueous carriers include water, alcohoHc/aqueous solutions, emulsions or suspensions, including saline and buffered media.
[000168] Parenteral vehicles include sodium chloride solution, Ringer's dextrose, dextrose and sodium chloride, lactated Ringer's and fixed oils. Intravenous vehicles include fluid and nutrient replenishers, electrolyte replenishers such as those based on Ringer's dextrose, and the like. Preservatives and other additives may also be present, such as, for example, antimicrobials, antioxidants, coUating agents, inert gases and the like.
[000169] ControUed or sustained release compositions include formulation in lipophilic depots (e.g. fatty acids, waxes, oils). Also comprehended by the invention are particulate compositions coated with polymers (e.g. poloxamers or poloxamines) and the compound coupled to antibodies directed against tissue-specific receptors, Ugands or antigens or coupled to Ugands of tissue-specific receptors.
[000170] Other embodiments of the compositions of the invention incorporate particulate forms, protective coatings, protease inhibitors or permeation enhancers for various routes of administration, including parenteral, pulmonary, nasal and oral.
[000171] Compounds modified by the covalent attachment of water-soluble polymers such as polyethylene glycol, copolymers of polyethylene glycol and polypropylene glycol, carboxymethyl ceUulose, dextran, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylpynolidone or polyproline are known to exhibit substantially longer half-Uves in blood foUowing intravenous injection than do the corresponding unmodified compounds (Abuchowski et al., 1981; Newmark et al., 1982; and Katre et al., 1987). Such modifications may also increase the compound's solubiUty in aqueous solution, eliminate aggregation, enhance the physical and chemical stabiUty of the compound, and greatly reduce the immunogenicity and reactivity of the compound. As a result, the desired in vivo biological activity may be achieved by the administration of such polymer-compound abducts less frequently or in lower doses than with the unmodified compound.
[000172] In yet another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition can be deHvered in a controUed release system. For example, the agent may be administered using intravenous infusion, an implantable osmotic pump, a transdeπnal patch, liposomes, or other modes of administration. In one embodiment, a pump may be used (see Langer, supra; Sefton, CRC Crit. Ref. Biomed. Eng. 14:201 (1987); Buchwald et al., Surgery 88:507 (1980); Saudek et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 321:574 (1989). In another embodiment, polymeric materials can be used. In yet another embodiment, a controUed τelease system can be placed in proximity to the therapeutic target, i.e., the brain, thus requiring only a fraction of the systemic dose (see, e.g., Goodson, in Medical AppUcations of ControUed Release, supra, vol. 2, pp. 115-138 (1984). Other controUed release systems are discussed in the review by Langer (Science 249:1527-1533 (1990).
[000173] The pharmaceutical preparation can comprise the SARM agent alone, or can further include a pharmaceuticaUy acceptable carrier, and can be in soUd or Uquid form such as tablets, powders, capsules, peUets, solutions, suspensions, ehxirs, emulsions, gels, creams, or suppositories, including rectal and urethral suppositories. PharmaceuticaUy acceptable carriers include gums, starches, sugars, ceUulosic materials, and mixtures thereof. The pharmaceutical preparation containing the SARMagent can be adn-inistered to a subject by, for example, subcutaneous implantation of a pellet; in a further embodiment, the peUet provides for controUed release of SARM agent over a period of time. The preparation can also be administered by intravenous, intraarterial, or intramuscular injection of a Uquid preparation, oral aclministration of a Uquid or soUd preparation, or by topical appUcation. Administration can also be accomplished by use of a rectal suppository or aurethral suppository.
[000174] The pharmaceutical preparations of the invention can be prepared by known dissolving, mixing, granulating, or tablet-forming processes. For oral administration, the SARM agents or their physiologicaUy tolerated derivatives such as salts, esters, N-oxides, and the like are mixed with additives customary for this purpose, such as vehicles, stabilizers, or inert diluents, and converted by customary methods into suitable forms for administration, such as tablets, coated tablets, hard or soft gelatin capsules, aqueous, alcohoUc or oUy solutions. Examples of suitable inert vehicles are conventional tablet bases such as lactose, sucrose, or cornstarch in combination with binders such as acacia, cornstarch, gelatin, with disintegrating agents such as cornstarch, potato starch, alginic acid, or with a lubricant such as stearic acid or magnesium stearate.
[000175] Examples of suitable oUy vehicles or solvents are vegetable or animal oUs such as svjnflower oU or fish-Uver oU. Preparations can be effected both as dry and as wet granules. For parenteral administration (subcutaneous, intravenous, intraarterial, or intramuscular injection), the SARM agents or their physiologicaUy tolerated derivatives such as salts, esters, N-oxides, and the like are converted into a solution, suspension, or emulsion, if desired with the substances customary and suitable for this purpose, for example, solubilizers or other auxiUaries. Examples are sterile Uquids such as water and oUs, with or without the addition of a surfactant and other pharmaceuticaUy acceptable adjuvants. Illustrative oUs are those of petroleum, animal, vegetable, or synthetic origin, for example, peanut ofl, soybean oU, or mineral oU. In general, water, saline, aqueous dextrose and related sugar solutions, and glycols such as propylene glycols or polyethylene glycol are preferred Uquid carriers, particularly for injectable solutions.
[000176] The preparation of pharmaceutical compositions which contain an active component is weU understood in the art. TypicaUy, such compositions are prepared as aerosols of the polypeptide delivered to the nasopharynx or as injectables, either as liquid solutions or suspensions; however, soUd forms suitable for solution in, or suspension in, liquid prior to injection can also be prepared. The preparation can also be emulsified. The active therapeutic ingredient is often mixed with excipients which are pharmaceuticaUy acceptable and compatible with the active ingredient. Suitable excipients are, for example, water, saline, dextrose, glycerol, ethanol, or the like or any combination thereof.
[000177] In addition, the composition can contain minor amounts of auxiUary substances such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering agents which enhance the effectiveness of the active ingredient.
[000178] An active component can be formulated into the composition as neutralized pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt forms. PharmaceuticaUy acceptable salts include the acid addition salts (formed with the free amino groups of the polypeptide or antibody molecule), which are formed with inorganic acids such as, for example, hydrochloric or phosphoric acids, or such organic acids as acetic, oxaUc, tartaric, mandeUc, and the like. Salts formed from the free carboxyl groups can also be derived from inorganic bases such as, for example, sodium, potassium, ammonium, calcium, or ferric hydroxides, and such organic bases as isopropylamine, trimemylamine, 2- ethylamino ethanol, histidine, procaine, and the like.
[000179] For topical administration to body surfaces using, for example, creams, gels, drops, and the like, the SARM agents or their physiologicaUy tolerated derivatives such as salts, esters, N-oxides, and the like are prepared and appHed as solutions, suspensions, or emulsions in a physiologicaUy acceptable dUuent with or without a pharmaceutical carrier.
[000180] In another embodiment, the active compound can be deUvered in a vesicle, in particular a Uposome (see Langer, Science 249:1527-1533 (1990); Treat et al., in Liposomes in the Therapyof Infectious Disease and Cancer, Lopez- Berestein and Fidler (eds.), Liss, New York, pp. 353-365 (1989); Lopez-Berestein, ibid., pp. 317-327; see generaUy ibid). [000181] For use in medicine, the salts of the SARM wiU be pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salts. Other salts may, however, be useful in the preparation of the compounds according to the invention or of their pharmaceutically acceptable salts. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of this invention include acid addition salts which may, for example, be formed by mixing a solution of the compound according to the invention with a solution of a pharmaceuticaUy acceptable acid such as hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, methanesulphonic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, succinic acid, acetic acid, benzoic: acid, oxaHc acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, carbonic acid or phosphoric acid.
[000182] The following examples are presented in order to more fully Ulustrate the preferred embodiments of the invention. They should in no way be construed, however, as limiting the broad scope of the invention.
EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS SECTION
Experimental Methods Cell Lines
[000183] The origins of the ceU lines used in the studies described herein are shown in Table 1 below: Table 1
Cell Growth Conditions
[000184] PPC-1, LNCaP, TSU, PC-3, and DU145 were grown in PRMI-1640 medium containing 2 mM L-glutamine supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). CeUs were maintained in a 5% 00^95% air humidified atomosphere at 37°C.
Sulforhodamine B (SRB assay
[000185] The SRB Assay was used to determine ceU number during cytotoxocity experiments. The foUowing protocol was used: 1. CeUs were detached with 0.25% trypsin.
2. Experimental cultures were cultured in 96-weU microtiter plates (200uL growth medium per weU; 1,000-200,000 cells per weU).
3. Cultures were fixed with 50 uL 50% TCA (4 °C). (see ceU fixation protocol for detaUs). 4. Fixed ceUs were stained with 50 uL 0.4%) (wt/vol) SRB in 1% acetic acid for 10 minutes.
5. SRB was removed and and the cultures were quickly* rinsed 5 times with 1% acetic acid to remove unbound dye.**
6. Cultures were air-dried overnight until there is no visible moisture. 7. The cellular protein-bound SRB was dissolved with 200 uL unbuffered Tris base (10 mM, pH 10.5) for 30 minutes on a rocking platform shaker. 8. Absorbance was read at 540 nm. * quickly performing rinsing process is to prevent desorption of protein-bound SRB ** completely remove residual wash solution by sharply flicking plates over sink.
Fixation of cells attached to the plastic substratum
[000186] The foUowing protocol was used for fixing ceUs : a. 50 uL of 50% TCA (4 °C) were gently layered on the top of growth medium in each well to make a final TCA concentration of 10%. b. Cultures were incubated at 4 °C for 1 hour. c. Cultures were washed 5 times with tap water to remove TCA, growth medium, low-
10 molecular-weight metaboUtes, and serum protein. d. Plates were air-dried until there was no visible moisture.
Results EXAMPLE 1
15
CYTOTOXICITY OF COMPOUNDS IN DIFFERENT CELL LINES
[000187] The IC50s of R-CTF-T-CA-1, R-CTF-T-BA-1, S-NTBA, Compound V,
5-FU and Taxol in prostate cancer ceU lines (DU 145, PC-3, TSU, PPC-1 and LNCaP),
20 in other cancer ceU lines (TCCSUP, HT-29) and in a control ceU line (CV-1) are shown in Tables 2A and 2B, and in Figure 1. The results demonstrate that Compound V is highly selective for the AR-expressing LNCaP prostate cancer ceU line, compared with other prostate cancer ceU lines which do not express the AR, and with non-prostate cancer cell Hues. These results demonstrate the potential of Compound V as a useful
25 agent in prostate cancer monotherapy.
TABLE 2A - Prostate Cancer Cell Lines
TABLE 2B - Other Cancer Cell Lines and Control EXAMPLE 2 CYTOTOXICΠY OF COMPOUNDS IN LNCaP CELL LINE
[000188] The IC50s of R-CTF-T-CA-1, R-CTF-T-BA-1, S-NTBA, and Compound
V in AR-expressing LNCaP Prostate Cancer ceU line and in a control cell line (CV-1) are shown in Table 3 and in Figure 2 (LNCaP) and Figure 3 (CV-1). FoUowing 24 hr treatment, the IC50s of R-CTF-BA-1, R-CTF-T-CAl, S-NTBA and Compound V in the LNCaP ceU line were 11.2 μM, 3.5 μM, 4.4 μM and 39.6 μM, respectively. FoUowing a 6 day treatment, the IC50s of R-CTF-BA-1, R-CTF-T-CAl, S-NTBA and Compound V in the LNCaP ceU line were 8.1 μM, 1.7 μM, 2.1 μM and 33.6 μM, respectively. This is compared with the results in a control CV-1 ceU line, in which the IC50S of R-CTF-BA- 1, R-CTF-T-CAl, and S-NTBA foUowing a 4 day treatment were 13.9 μM, 4.2 μM, and 4.9 μM respectively (Compound V - NA). The results demonstrate that Compound V is highly selective for the AR-expressing LNCaP prostate cancer ceU line, compared with a control ceU line. These results demonstrate the potential of Compound V as a useful agent in prostate cancer monotherapy.
TABLE 3- Different Treatment of R-CTFs on LNCaP and CV-1 EXAMPLE 3 CYTOTOXICITY OF COMPOUNDS IN PC-3 CELL LINE
[000189] The IC50S of R-CTF-T-CA-1, R-CTF-T-BA-1, S-NTBA, and 5-FU in
PC-3 Prostatic metastatic bone marrow ceU line are shown in Table 4 and in Figure 4. FoUowing 24 hr treatment, the IC50s of R-CTF-BA-1, R-CTF-T-CAl, S-NTBA and 5- FU were 22.1 μM, 5.8 μM, >50 μM and 22-50 μM, respectively. Following a 4 day treatment, the IC50s of R-CTF-BA-1, R-CTF-T-CAl, S-NTBA and 5-FU were 16.8 μM,
10 4.3 μM, 18.0 μM and 10.9 μM, respectively.
ts- EXAMPLE 4
EXTENDED CYTOTOXICITY STUDIES OF COMPOUNDS IN DD7FERENT
CELL LINES
[000190] The IC50s of DJ 1-31, DJ 1-29, S-NTBA and Compound V in different prostate cancer ceU Unes (DU 145, PC-3, TSU, PPC-1 and LNCaP), in other cancer ceU Unes (TCCSUP, HT-29 and MCF-7) and in a control cell line (CV-1) after 1 and 4 days of incubation with the drug, are shown in Tables 5 A and B. The results demonstrate that Compound V is highly selective for the AR-expressing LNCaP prostate cancer ceU line, compared with other prostate cancer ceU Unes which do not express the AR, and with non-prostate cancer ceU Unes. These results demonstrate the potential of Compound V as a useful agent in prostate cancer monotherapy.
TABLE 5A - Prostate Cancer CeU Lines
TABLE 5B - Other Cancer CeU Lines and Control
EXAMPLE 5 EFFECT OF COMPOUNDS ON APOPTOSIS IN DTFFERENT CELL LINES
[000191] The abiUty of DJ 1-31, DJ 1-29, S-NTBA and Compound V to induce apoptosis in different prostate cancer ceU Unes (DU 145, PC-3, TSU, PPC-1 and LNCaP), in other cancer ceU Unes (TCCSUP, HT-29 and MCF-7) and in a control cell line (CV-1) was determined and the results are shown in Table 6.
TABLE 6: [000192] It wiU be appreciated by a person skiUed in the art that the present invention is not limited by what has been particularly shown and described hereinabove. Rather, the scope of the invention is defined by the claims that foUow:

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:
A selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) compound represented by the structure of formula I:
I X is a bond, O, CH2, NH, S, Se, PR, NO or NR; G is O or S;
T is OH, OR, -NHCOCH3, or NHCOR;
R is alkyl, haloalkyl, dihaloalkyl, trihaloalkyl, CH2F, CHF2, CF3, CF2CF3, aryl, phenyl, halogen, alkenyl or OH;
Ri is CH3, CH2F, CHF2, CF3, CH2CH3, or CF2CF3; R2 is F, Cl, Br, I, CH3, CF3, OH, CN, NO2, NHCOCH3, NHCOCF3, NHCOR, alkyl, arylalkyl, OR, NH2, NHR, NR2, SR;
R3 is F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO2, COR, COOH, CONHR, CF3, SnR3, or R3 together with the benzene ring to which it is attached forms a fused ring system represented by the structure:
Z is N02, CN, COR, COOH, or CONHR; Y is CF3,F, Br, Cl, I, CN, or SnR3; Q is SCN, NCS, OCN, or NCO; n is an integer of 1-4; and m is an integer of 1-3. A selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) compound represented by the structure of formula I:
X is a bond, O, CH2, NH, S, Se, PR, NO or NR;
G is O or S;
T is OH, OR, -NHCOCH3, or NHCOR;
R is alkyl, haloalkyl, dihaloalkyl, trihaloalkyl, CH2F, CHF2, CF3, CF2CF3, aryl, phenyl, halogen, alkenyl or OH;
R. is CH3, CH2F, CHF2, CF3, CH2CH3, or CF2CF3;
R2 is F, Cl, Br, I, CH3, CF3, OH, CN, N02, NHCOCH3, NHCOCF3, NHCOR, alkyl, arylalkyl, OR, NH2, NHR, NR2, SR;
R3 is F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO2, COR, COOH, CONHR, CF3, SnR3, or R3 together with the benzene ring to which it is attached forms a fused ring system represented by the st cture:
Z is NO2, CN, COR, COOH, or CONHR; Y is CF3,F, Br, Cl, I, CN, or SnR3; Q is SCN, NCS, OCN, or NCO; n is an integer of 1-4; and m is an integer of 1-3; or its analog, isomer, metabolite, derivative, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, N-oxide, hydrate or any combination thereof. -). The compound according to claim 1, wherein G is O.
4. The compound according to claim 1, wherein T is OH.
5. The compound according to claim 1 , wherein R is CH3.
6. The compound according to claim 1, wherein X is O.
7. The compound according to claim 1, wherein Z is NO2.
8. The compound according to claim 1 , wherein Z is CN.
9. The compound according to claim 1 , wherein Y is CF3.
10. The compound according to claim 1 , wherein Q is NCS .
11. The compound according to claim 1, wherein G is O, T is OH, Ri is CH3, X is O, Z is NO2, Y is CF3, and Q is NCS.
12. The compound according to claim 1, wherein said compound is an androgen receptor antagonist.
13. The compound according to claim 1, wherein said compounds binds irreversibly to an androgen receptor.
14. The compound according to claim 1, wherein said compound is an androgen receptor antagonist which binds irreversibly to an androgen receptor.
15. A selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) compound represented by the structure of formula II: π wherein X is a bond, O, CH2, NH, S, Se, PR, NO or NR;
Gis O or S; Rt is CH3, CH2F, CHF2, CF3, CH2CH3, or CF2CF3;
T is OH, OR, -NHCOCH3, or NHCOR;
R is alkyl, haloalkyl, dihaloalkyl, trihaloalkyl, CH2F, CHF2, CF3, CF2CF3, aryl, phenyl, halogen, alkenyl or OH; A is a ring selected from: 03 03121
B is a ring selected from: wherein and B cann simultaneousl ϊy beλ a benzene ring; Z is NO2, CN, COOH, COR, NHCOR or CONHR;
Y is CF3, F, I, Br, Cl, CN CR3 or SnR3; Qi is NCS, SCN, NCO or OCN;
Q2 is a hydrogen, alkyl, halogen, CF3, CN CR3, SnR3, NR2, NHCOCH3,
NHCOCF3, NHCOR, NHCONHR, NHCOOR, OCONHR, CONHR, NHCSCH3, NHCSCF3, NHCSR NHSO2CH3, NHSO2R, OR, COR,
OCOR, OSO2R, SO^, SR,
Q3 and Q4 are independently of each other a hydrogen, alkyl, halogen, CF3, CN CR3, SnR3, NR2, NHCOCH3, NHCOCF3, NHCOR, NHCONHR, NHCOOR, OCONHR, CONHR, NHCSCH3, NHCSCF3,
NHCSR NHSO2CH3, NHSO2R, OR, COR, OCOR, OSO2R, S02Ror SR; Wj is O, NH, NR, NO or S; and W2 is N or NO.
16. A selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) compound represented by the structure of formula II: π wherein X is a bond, O, CH2, NH, S, Se, PR, NO or NR;
G is O or S;
Ri is CH3, CH2F, CHF2, CF3, CH2CH3, or CF2CF3; T is OH, OR, -NHCOCH3, or NHCOR;
R is alkyl, haloalkyl, dihaloaU yl, trihaloaUcyl, CH2F, CHF2, CF3, CF2CF3, aryl, phenyl, halogen, alkenyl or OH; A is a ring selected from:
B is a ring selected from: wherein A and B cannot simultaneously be a benzene ring; Z is NO2, CN, COOH, COR, NHCOR or CONHR; Y is CF3, F, I, Br, Cl, CN CR3 or SnR3;
O is NCS, SCN, NCO or OCN;
Q2 is a hydrogen, alkyl, halogen, CF3, CN CR3, SnR3, NR2, NHCOCH3, NHCOCF3, NHCOR, NHCONHR, NHCOOR, OCONHR, CONHR, NHCSCH3, NHCSCF3, NHCSR NHSO2CH3, NHS02R, OR, COR, OCOR, OSO2R, SO2R, SR, Q3 and Q are independently of each other a hydrogen, alkyl, halogen, CF3, CN CR3, SnR3, NR2, NHCOCH3, NHCOCF3, NHCOR, NHCONHR, NHCOOR, OCONHR, CONHR, NHCSCH3, NHCSCF3, NHCSR NHSO2CH3, NHSO2R, OR, COR, OCOR, OSO2R, SO2R or SR ! is O, NH, NR, NO or S; and
W2 is N or NO. or its analog, isomer, metaboUte, derivative, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, N-oxide, hydrate or any combination thereof.
17. The compound according to claim 15, wherein G is O.
18. The compound according to claim 15, wherein T is OH.
19. The compound according to claim 15, wherein Ri is CH3.
20. The compound according to claim 15, wherein X is O.
21. The compound according to claim 15, wherein Z is NO2. 22. The compound according to claim 15, wherein Z is CN.
23. The compound according to claim 15, wherein Y is CF3.
24. The compound according to claim 15, wherein Qi is NCS.
25. The compound according to claim 15, wherein G is 0, T is OH, Ri is CH3, X is O, Z is N02, Y is CF3, and Q! is NCS. 26. The compound according to claim 15, wherein said compound is an androgen receptor antagonist.
27. The compound according to claim 15, wherein said compounds binds irreversibly to an androgen receptor.
28. The compound according to claim 15, wherein said compound is an androgen receptor antagonist which binds ineversibly to an androgen receptor.
29. A selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) compound represented by the structure of formula IU: wherein X is a bond, 0, CH2) NH, S, Se, PR, NO or NR;
G is O or S;
T is OH, OR, -NHCOCH3, or NHCOR Z is NO2, CN, COOH, COR, NHCOR or CONHR; Y is CF3, F, I, Br, Cl, CN, CR3 or SnR3; Q is SCN, NCS, OCN, or NCO;
R is al yl, haloalkyl, dihaloalkyl, trihaloalkyl, CH2F, CHF2, CF3, CF2CF3, aryl, phenyl, halogen, alkenyl or OH; and
Ri is CH3, CH2F, CHF2, CF3, CH2CH3, or CF2CF3. 0. A selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) compound represented by the structure of formula HI: m wherein X is a bond, O, CH2, NH, S, Se, PR, NO or NR;
G is O or S;
T is OH, OR, -NHCOCH3, or NHCOR
Z is NO2, CN, COOH, COR, NHCOR or CONHR;
Y is CF3, F, I, Br, Cl, CN, CR3 or SnR3;
Q is SCN, NCS, OCN, or NCO;
R is alkyl, haloalkyl, dihaloalkyl, trihaloalkyl, CH2F, CHF2, CF3, CF2CF3, aryl, phenyl, halogen, alkenyl or OH; and
Ri is CH3, CH2F, CHF2, CF3, CH2CH3, or CF2CF3; or its analog, isomer, metabolite, derivative, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, N-oxide, hydrate or any combination thereof.
31. The compound according to claim 29, wherein G is O.
32. The compound according to claim 29, wherein T is OH.
33. The compound according to claim 29, wherein Ri is CH3.
34. The compound according to claim 29, wherein X is O.
35. The compound according to claim 29, wherein Z is NO2.
36. The compound according to claim 29, wherein Z is CN.
37. The compound according to claim 29, wherein Y is CF .
38. The compound according to claim 29, wherein Q is NCS. 39. The compound according to claim 29, wherein G is O, T is OH, Ri is CH3, X is O, Z is NO2, Y is CF3, and Q is NCS.
40. The compound according to claim 29, wherein said compound is an androgen receptor antagonist.
41. The compound according to claim 29, wherein said compounds binds irreversibly to an androgen receptor.
42. The compound according to claim 29, wherein said compound is an androgen receptor antagonist which binds irreversibly to an androgen receptor.
43. The compound according to claim 29, represented by the structure of formula V:
V
44. A composition comprising the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of claim 1, 15, 29 or 43 and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate or N-oxide or any combination thereof; and a suitable carrier or diluent. 45. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of claim 1, 15, 29 or 43 and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate or N-oxide or any combination thereof; and a pharmaceuticaUy acceptable carrier, dUuent or salt. 46. A method of binding a selective androgen receptor modulator compound to an androgen receptor, comprising the step of contacting the androgen receptor with the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of claim 1, 15, 29 or 43 and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metabohte, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate or N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to bind the selective androgen receptor modulator compoimd to the androgen receptor. 47. A method of irreversibly binding a selective androgen receptor modulator compound to an androgen receptor, comprising the step of contacting the androgen receptor with the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of claim 1, 15,
29 or 43 and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate or N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to irreversibly bind the selective androgen receptor modulator compound to the androgen receptor. 48. A method of alkylating an androgen receptor, comprising the step of contacting the androgen receptor with the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of claim 1, 15, 29 or 43 and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate or N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to alkylate the androgen receptor. 49. A method of suppressing spermatogenesis in a subject comprising contacting an androgen receptor of the subject with the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of claim 1, 15, 29 or 43 and or its analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate or N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to suppress sperm production.
50. A method of contraception in a male subject, comprising the step of administering to said subject the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of claim 1, 15, 29 or 43 and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate or N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to suppress sperm production in said subject, thereby effecting contraception in said subject.
51. A method of hormone therapy comprising the step of contacting an androgen receptor of a subject with the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of claim 1, 15, 29 or 43 and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate or N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to effect a change in an androgen- dependent condition.
2. A method of hormone replacement therapy comprising the step of contacting an androgen receptor of a subject with the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of claim 1, 15, 29 or 43 and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate or N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to effect a change in an androgen-dependent condition. 3. A method of preventing prostate cancer in a subject, comprising the step of administering to said subject the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of claim 1, 15, 29 or 43 and or its analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate or N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to prevent prostate cancer in said subject. 4. A method of treating a subject having a hormone related condition, comprising the step of administering to said subject the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of claim 1, 15, 29 or 43 and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate or N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to effect a change in an androgen-dependent condition.
55. A method of treating a subject suffering from prostate cancer, comprising the step of administering to said subject the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of claim 1, 15, 29 or 43 and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate or N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to treat prostate cancer in said subject. 56. A method of delaying the progression of prostate cancer in a subject suffering from prostate cancer, comprising the step of administering to said subject the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of claim 1, 15, 29 or 43 and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate or N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to delay the progression of prostate cancer in said subject.
57. A method of preventing the recurrence of prostate cancer in a subject suffering from prostate cancer, comprising the step of adnώiistering to said subject the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of claim 1, 15, 29 or 43 and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate or N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to prevent the recurrence of prostate cancer in said subject. 58. A method of treating the recurrence of prostate cancer in a subject suffering from prostate cancer, comprising the step of administering to said subject the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of claim 1, 15, 29 or 43 and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate or N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to treat the recurrence of prostate cancer in said subject.
59. A method of treating a dry eye condition in a subject suffering from dry eyes, comprising the step of administering to said subject the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of claim 1, 15, 29 or 43 06 and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate or N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to treat dry eyes in the subject.
60. A method of preventing a dry eye condition in a subject, comprising the step of administering to said subject the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of claim 1, 15, 29 or 43 and or its analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate or N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to prevent dry eyes in the subject.
61. A method of inducing apoptosis in a prostate cancer ceU, comprising the step of contacting said ceU with the selective androgen receptor modulator compound of claim 1, 15, 29 or 43 and/or its analog, derivative, isomer, metaboUte, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, hydrate or N-oxide or any combination thereof, in an amount effective to induce apoptosis in said cancer ceU.
62. A process for preparing a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) compound represented by the structure of formula I:
I wherein X is a O, NH, S, Se, PR, or NR; G is O or S;
T is OH, OR, -NHCOCH3, or NHCOR;
R is alkyl, haloalkyl, dihaloalkyl, trihaloalkyl, CH2F, CHF2, CF3, CF2CF3, aryl, phenyl, halogen, alkenyl or OH;
Ri is CH3, CH2F, CHF2, CF3, CH2CH3, or CF2CF3; R2 is F, Cl, Br, I, CH3, CF3, OH, CN, N02, NHCOCH3, NHCOCF3, NHCOR, alkyl, arylalkyl, OR, NH2, NHR, NR2, SR;
R3 is F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NO2, COR, COOH, CONHR, CF3, SnR3, or R3 together with the benzene ring to which it is attached forms a fused ring system represented by the structure:
Z is NO2, CN, COR, COOH, or CONHR; Y is CF3) F, Br, Cl, I, CN, or SnR3; Q is SCN, NCS, OCN, or NCO; n is an integer of 1-4; and m is an integer of 1 -3 ;
said process comprising the step of coupling a compound of formula VIE: vm wherein Z, Y, G, Ri, T, R3 and m are as defined above and L is a leaving group, with a compound of formula IX:
DC wherein Q, X R2 and n are as defined above.
63. The process according to claim 62, wherein G is O, T is OH, Ri is CH3, X is 0, Z is NO2, Y is CF3, and Q is NCS.
64. The process according to claim 62, wherein the compound of formula Viπ is prepared by a) preparing a compound of formula X by ring opening of a cycUc compound of formula XI
XI X wherein L, Rl5 G and T are as defined above, and Ti is O or NH; and b) reacting an amine of formula XH:
XII wherein Z, Y, R3 and m are as defined above, with the compound of formula X, in the presence of a coupling reagent, to produce the compound of formula VHI.
vm The process according to claim 62, further comprising the step of purifying said compound of formula I using a mixture of ethanol and water. The process according to claim 62, further comprising the step of converting said selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) compound to its analog, isomer, metaboUte, derivative, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, N-oxide, hydrate or any combination thereof.
A process for preparing a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) compound represented by the structure of formula II: π wherein X is O, NH, S, Se, PR, or NR;
G is O or S; Ri is CH3, CH2F, CHF2, CF3, CH2CH3, or CF2CF3;
T is OH, OR, -NHCOCH3, or NHCOR;
R is alkyl, haloalkyl, dihaloalkyl, trihaloalkyl, CH2F, CHF2, CF3, CF2CF3, aryl, phenyl, halogen, alkenyl or OH; A is a ring selected from:
B is a ring selected from:
Q2
wherein A and B cannot simultaneousl ϊy beλ a benzen -e ri$ IT ng;
ZisNO2, CN, COOH, COR,NHCORor CONHR;
Y is CF3, F, I, Br, Cl, CN CR3 or SnR3;
Qi is NCS, SCN, NCO or OCN;
Q2 is a hydrogen, alkyl, halogen, CF3, CN CR3, SnR3, NR2, NHCOCH3, NHCOCF3, NHCOR, NHCONHR, NHCOOR, OCONHR, CONHR, NHCSCH3, NHCSCF3, NHCSR NHS02CH3, NHSO2R, OR, COR, OCOR, OSO2R, SO2R, SR,
Q3 and Q are independently of each other a hydrogen, alkyl, halogen, CF3, CN CR3, SnR3, NR2, NHCOCH3, NHCOCF3, NHCOR, NHCONHR, NHCOOR, OCONHR, CONHR, NHCSCH3, NHCSCF3, NHCSR NHSO2CH3, NHS02R, OR, COR, OCOR, OSO2R, S02R or SR; ι is O, NH, NR, NO or S; and 2 is N or NO; said process comprising the step of coupling a compound of formula XH.: xm wherein A, G, Ri and T are as defined above and L is a leaving group, with a compound of formula HX-B wherein B and X are as defined above.
The process according to claim 67, wherein G is O, T is OH, Ri is CH3, X is 0, Z is N02, Y is CF3, and Qi is NCS.
69. The process according to claim 67, wherein the amide of formula XHI is prepared by a) preparing a compound formula X by ring opening of a cycUc compound of formula XI
XT X wherein L, Ri , G and T are as defined above, and Ti is O or NH; and b) reacting an amine of formula A-NH2 wherein A is as defined above, with the compound of formula X in the presence of a coupling reagent, to produce the amide of formula XHI. xm
70. The process according to claim 67, nirther comprising the step of piirifying said compound of formula H using a mixture of ethanol and water
71. The process according to claim 67, further comprising the step of converting said selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) compound to its analog, isomer, metabohte, derivative, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, N-oxide, hydrate or any combination thereof.
72. A process for preparing a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) compound represented by the structure of formula IH:
wherein X is O, NH, S, Se, PR or NR;
Gis O or S;
T is OH, OR, -NHCOCH3, or NHCOR Z is NO2, CN, COOH, COR, NHCOR or CONHR; Y is CF3, F, I, Br, Cl, CN, CR3 or SnR3; Q is SCN, NCS, OCN, or NCO;
R is alkyl, haloalkyl, dihaloalkyl, trihaloalkyl, CH2F, CHF2, CF3, CF2CF3, aryl, phenyl, halogen, alkenyl or OH; and
Ri is CH3, CH2F, CHF2, CF3, CH2CH3, or CF2CF3;
said process comprising the step of coupling a compound of formula XTV:
XIV wherein Z, Y, G Ri and T are as defined above and L is a leaving group,
with a compound of formula XV:
XV wherein Q and X are as defined above.
The process according to claim 72, wherein G is O, T is OH, Ri is CH3, X is O, Z is N02, Y is CF3, and Q is NCS.
74. The process according to claim 72, wherein the compound of formula XTV is prepared by a) preparing a compound formula X by ring opening of a cycUc compound of formula XI
XI X wherein L, Rls and T are as defined above, G is O and Ti is 0 or NH; and b) reacting an amine of formula XVI
XVI with the compound of formula X in the presence of a coupUng reagent, to produce the compound of formula XTV.
XIV
75. The process according to claim 72, further comprising the step of purifying said compound of formula HI using a mixture of ethanol and water
76. The process according to claim 72, further comprising the step of converting said selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) compound to its analog, isomer, metabohte, derivative, pharmaceuticaUy acceptable salt, pharmaceutical product, N-oxide, hydrate or any combination thereof. The process according to claim 72, wherein said SARM is represented by the structure of formula V:
EP03710820A 2002-02-28 2003-02-24 IRREVERSIBLE, SELECTIVE MODULATORS OF THE ANDROGEN RECEPTOR AND METHOD FOR THEIR USE Withdrawn EP1487783A4 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US8467902A 2002-02-28 2002-02-28
US453704P 2002-02-28
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CA2554696C (en) 2004-02-13 2009-06-30 Warner-Lambert Company Llc Androgen receptor modulators
WO2005100305A1 (en) 2004-04-13 2005-10-27 Warner-Lambert Company Llc Androgen modulators
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UA87854C2 (en) 2004-06-07 2009-08-25 Мерк Энд Ко., Инк. N-(2-benzyl)-2-phenylbutanamides as androgen receptor modulators
MXPA06015169A (en) 2004-07-08 2007-08-21 Warner Lambert Co Androgen modulators.
EP1781599A1 (en) * 2004-08-18 2007-05-09 Warner-Lambert Company LLC Androgen modulators
TW200724139A (en) 2005-05-05 2007-07-01 Warner Lambert Co Androgen modulators
NZ720499A (en) * 2013-12-23 2020-04-24 Bcn Peptides Sa Bicalutamide analogs or (s)-bicalutamide as exocytosis activating compounds for use in the treatment of a lysosomal storage disorder or glycogenosis
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US10093613B2 (en) 2015-04-21 2018-10-09 Gtx, Inc. Selective androgen receptor degrader (SARD) ligands and methods of use thereof
US10441570B2 (en) 2015-04-21 2019-10-15 University Of Tennessee Research Foundation Selective androgen receptor degrader (SARD) Ligands and methods of use thereof
US10806720B2 (en) 2015-04-21 2020-10-20 University Of Tennessee Research Foundation Selective androgen receptor degrader (SARD) ligands and methods of use thereof
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US11230523B2 (en) 2016-06-10 2022-01-25 University Of Tennessee Research Foundation Selective androgen receptor degrader (SARD) ligands and methods of use thereof
WO2020051344A1 (en) 2018-09-05 2020-03-12 University Of Tennessee Research Foundation Selective androgen receptor degrader (sard) ligands and methods of use thereof
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WO2025102293A1 (en) * 2023-11-16 2025-05-22 北京脑科学与类脑研究所 Neuroactive androgen receptor modulator and use thereof

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AU2003214971A1 (en) 2003-09-16
JP2005519111A (en) 2005-06-30
KR20040104463A (en) 2004-12-10
WO2003074473A3 (en) 2003-12-18
IL163742A0 (en) 2005-12-18
EP1487783A4 (en) 2006-09-27
CN1646479A (en) 2005-07-27
TW200304806A (en) 2003-10-16
CA2476651A1 (en) 2003-09-12

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