EP1417676A2 - Verfahren und vorrichtung zum erzeugen einer kennung für ein audiosignal, zum aufbauen einer instrumentendatenbank und zum bestimmen der art eines instruments - Google Patents
Verfahren und vorrichtung zum erzeugen einer kennung für ein audiosignal, zum aufbauen einer instrumentendatenbank und zum bestimmen der art eines instrumentsInfo
- Publication number
- EP1417676A2 EP1417676A2 EP02785403A EP02785403A EP1417676A2 EP 1417676 A2 EP1417676 A2 EP 1417676A2 EP 02785403 A EP02785403 A EP 02785403A EP 02785403 A EP02785403 A EP 02785403A EP 1417676 A2 EP1417676 A2 EP 1417676A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- amplitude
- identifier
- instrument
- audio signal
- time
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
- G10H—ELECTROPHONIC MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; INSTRUMENTS IN WHICH THE TONES ARE GENERATED BY ELECTROMECHANICAL MEANS OR ELECTRONIC GENERATORS, OR IN WHICH THE TONES ARE SYNTHESISED FROM A DATA STORE
- G10H1/00—Details of electrophonic musical instruments
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
- G10H—ELECTROPHONIC MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; INSTRUMENTS IN WHICH THE TONES ARE GENERATED BY ELECTROMECHANICAL MEANS OR ELECTRONIC GENERATORS, OR IN WHICH THE TONES ARE SYNTHESISED FROM A DATA STORE
- G10H2210/00—Aspects or methods of musical processing having intrinsic musical character, i.e. involving musical theory or musical parameters or relying on musical knowledge, as applied in electrophonic musical tools or instruments
- G10H2210/031—Musical analysis, i.e. isolation, extraction or identification of musical elements or musical parameters from a raw acoustic signal or from an encoded audio signal
- G10H2210/056—Musical analysis, i.e. isolation, extraction or identification of musical elements or musical parameters from a raw acoustic signal or from an encoded audio signal for extraction or identification of individual instrumental parts, e.g. melody, chords, bass; Identification or separation of instrumental parts by their characteristic voices or timbres
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
- G10H—ELECTROPHONIC MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; INSTRUMENTS IN WHICH THE TONES ARE GENERATED BY ELECTROMECHANICAL MEANS OR ELECTRONIC GENERATORS, OR IN WHICH THE TONES ARE SYNTHESISED FROM A DATA STORE
- G10H2240/00—Data organisation or data communication aspects, specifically adapted for electrophonic musical tools or instruments
- G10H2240/121—Musical libraries, i.e. musical databases indexed by musical parameters, wavetables, indexing schemes using musical parameters, musical rule bases or knowledge bases, e.g. for automatic composing methods
- G10H2240/145—Sound library, i.e. involving the specific use of a musical database as a sound bank or wavetable; indexing, interfacing, protocols or processing therefor
Definitions
- the present invention relates to audio signals and in particular to the acoustic identification of musical instruments, the tones of which occur in the audio signal.
- the present invention is based on the recognition that the amplitude-time representation is a tone which is generated from egg nem instrument, a significantly meaningful ⁇ rer fingerprint as the overtone spectrum of an instrument.
- an identifier of an audio signal which comprises a sound generated by an instrument, is therefore extracted from an amplitude-time representation of the audio signal.
- the amplitude-time representation of the audio signal is a discrete representation, the amplitude-time representation having a plurality of successive amplitude values or “samples” for a plurality of successive times, with a time being assigned to each amplitude value.
- the identifiers in the instrument database can be used as reference identifiers for musical instrument identification.
- a test audio signal which comprises a tone of an instrument whose type is to be determined, is processed in order to obtain a test identifier for the test audio signal.
- the test identifier is compared with the reference identifiers available in the database.
- the statement can be made that the instrument from which the test audio signal originates is of the type of instrument from which the reference identification originates which fulfills the predetermined similarity criterion.
- a distance metric may conveniently be introduced by a so-called nearest-Neighbor- search form min ⁇ . ⁇ A 0 i - a 0r efr • ⁇ • / (a n i - a nre f) ⁇ Runaway ⁇ leads can be.
- no polynomial adaptation is used, but the population numbers of the discrete amplitude lines are determined in a time window and used to determine an identifier for the audio signal or for the musical instrument from which the audio signal originates ,
- a compromise between the scope of data of the identifier and the specificity or uniqueness of the identifier for a musical instrument type should be sought.
- An identifier with a large amount of data typically has a better distinctive character or is a more specific fingerprint for an instrument, but brings with it problems in database evaluation due to the large amount of data.
- an identifier with less data content tends to be less distinctive, but enables much more efficient and faster processing with an instrument database.
- a compromise is therefore made between the amount of data in the identifier and the distinctive character of the identifier.
- the user is free to set up very sophisticated databases which, for an arbitrarily large number of instruments, comprise an arbitrarily large number of tones and - optimally - each tone of the tonal range which can be produced by the individual instrument.
- More sophisticated databases can also have their own identifiers for each tone, but with different lengths, i.e. H. whole, half, quarter, eighth, sixteenth or thirty-second.
- Still other, more sophisticated databases can also include identifiers for different game techniques, such as: B. vibrato, etc.
- An advantage of the present invention is that the amplitude profile of a sound played by an instrument includes a very high degree of peculiarity for each instrument, so that a signal identifier based on the amplitude-time representation has a high degree of distinctive character with a reasonable amount of data .
- essentially all tones of musical instruments can be classified into four phases, namely the attack phase, the decay phase, the sustain phase and the release phase, that is to say in a response, decay, endurance and decay , This makes it possible, particularly when polynomial fits are used, to divide or classify the polynomials into these four phases.
- a piano tone has a very short pick-up phase, which is also followed by a very short decay phase, followed by a relatively long sustain and decay phase (when the piano pedal is depressed).
- a wind instrument typically also has a very short pick-up phase, which, depending on the length of the tone played, is followed by a longer sustaining phase, which is concluded by a very short decay phase.
- Similar characteristics See amplitude curves can be derived for a variety of different types of instruments and are either reflected directly in a fitted polynomial or "smeared" over a time window in the population numbers for discrete amplitude lines.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram representation of the inventive concept for generating an identifier for an audio signal
- FIG. 2 shows a detailed illustration of the device for extracting an identifier for the audio signal from FIG. 1 according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 3 shows a detailed illustration of the device for extracting an identifier for the audio signal from FIG. 1 according to another exemplary embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 4 is a block diagram representation of an apparatus for determining the type of an instrument in accordance with the present invention.
- FIG. 5 shows an amplitude-time representation of an audio signal with a polynomial function drawn in, the coefficients of which represent the identifier for the audio signal;
- Fig. 6 shows an amplitude-time representation of a test audio signal to illustrate the amplitude line population numbers
- Fig. 7 is a frequency-time representation of an audio signal to illustrate the frequency line population numbers.
- FIG. 1 shows a block diagram representation of a device or a method for generating an identifier for an audio signal.
- An audio signal comprising a sound played by an instrument is present at an input 12 of the device.
- This discrete amplitude-time representation is generated from the audio signal by means of a device 14 for generating a discrete amplitude-time representation.
- the identifier for the audio signal is then output from this amplitude-time representation of the audio signal at an output 18, with which, as will be explained later, a musical instrument identification is possible.
- the sound field specifically emitted by a musical instrument is preferably converted into an audio PCM signal sequence.
- the signal sequence is then transferred according to the invention into an amplitude / time tuple space and preferably into a frequency / time tuple space.
- Several representations or identifiers are formed from the amplitude / time tuple distribution and the (optional) frequency / time tuple distribution, which are compared with stored representations or identifiers in a musical instrument database. For this purpose, musical instruments are determined with high precision on the basis of their specifically characteristic amplitude characteristics.
- the Hough transformation is preferably used to generate a discrete amplitude / time representation.
- the Hough transformation is described in U.S. Patent No. 3,069,654 to Paul VC Hough.
- the Hough transformation is used for the detection of complex structures and in particular for the automatic detection of complex lines in photographs or other image representations.
- the Hough transform is used to extract signal edges with specified time lengths from the time signal.
- a signal edge is initially specified by its length in time. In the ideal case of a sine wave, a signal edge would be defined by the rising edge of the sine function from 0 to 90 °. Alternatively, the signal edge could also be specified by the increase in the sine function from - 90 ° to + 90 °.
- the time length of a signal edge takes into account the sampling frequency with which the samples were generated, corresponds to a certain number of sample values.
- the length of a signal edge can thus be easily specified by specifying the number of samples that the signal edge is to comprise.
- a signal edge as a signal edge only if the signal edge is continuous and has a monotonous course, that is to say has a monotonically increasing course in the case of a positive signal edge.
- negative signal edges ie monotonically falling signal edges, can also be detected.
- Another criterion for the classification of signal edges is that a signal edge is only detected as a signal edge if it covers a certain level range. In order to suppress noise disturbances, it is preferred to specify a minimum level range or amplitude range for a signal edge, wherein monotonically rising signal edges below this range are not detected as signal edges.
- a sine function with a fixed frequency ⁇ c which is also referred to as center frequency, and a different amplitude A, which depends on the amplitude value yi of the current data point, is obtained.
- the above function is calculated for angles from 0 to ⁇ / 2, and the amplitude values obtained for each angle are entered in a histogram in which the respective bin is increased by 1.
- the start value of all bins is 0. Due to the nature of the Hough transformation, there are bins with many entries or few entries. Bins with multiple entries indicate a signal edge. These bins must now be searched for signal edge detection.
- the graph 1 / A (phi) is plotted for each pair of values yi, ti in the (1 / A, phi) space.
- the (1 / A, phi) space is made up of a discrete rectangular grid of histogram bins. Since the (1 / A, phi) space is rasterized in both 1 / A and phi in bins, the graph is plotted in the discrete representation by incrementing the bins by 1 that are swept by the graph.
- an audio signal is present in a sequence of samples which has a sampling frequency of e.g. B. 44.1 kHz is based.
- the individual samples (samples) are therefore 22.68 ⁇ s apart.
- the center frequency for the above equation is set to 261 Hz in a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
- This frequency f c always remains the same.
- the period of this center frequency f c is 3.83 ms.
- the ratio between the period duration, which is given by the center frequency f c , and the period duration, which is given by the sampling frequency of the audio signal, is thus 168.95.
- the determination equation does not seek complete sine waves, however, but only signal edges that differ from z. B. 0 to ⁇ / 2 extend.
- a signal edge corresponds here to a quarter wave of the sine, with yi at a time t j for each sample value .
- about 42 discrete phase values or phase bins can be calculated.
- the phase progress of The discrete phase value or bin to next is about 2.143 degrees or 0.0374.
- the signal edge detection takes place as follows.
- the first sample of the sequence of samples is started.
- the value yi of the first sample at time ti is inserted into the determination equation together with time ti.
- the phase ⁇ is run through from 0 to ⁇ / 2, using the increment phase described above, so that 42 value pairs result in the (1 / a, ⁇ ) space for the first sample.
- the next sample value and the time (y 2 , t 2 ) assigned to it are taken into the determination equation, in order then to increment the phase ⁇ again from 0 to ⁇ / 2, so that 42 new values are again in the
- Values are offset by a ⁇ value in the positive ⁇ direction. This is carried out gradually for all the sample values under consideration, the 1 / a- ⁇ tuples obtained for each new sample value being entered in the (1 / a, ⁇ ) space increased by one ⁇ increment.
- the two-dimensional histogram thus results in that after an entry phase, which typically relates to the first 42 ⁇ values in the (1 / a, ⁇ ) space, a maximum of 42 1 / a values are assigned to each ⁇ value.
- the (1 / a, ⁇ ) space is rasterized not only in ⁇ but also in 1 / a.
- 31 1 / a bins or halftone dots are preferably used for the halftoning.
- the 42 1 / a values, which are assigned to each phase value in the (1 / a, ⁇ ) space, are distributed depending on the trajectories calculated by the determination equation in
- the ⁇ value following this reference ⁇ value indicates a time increment which is equal to the inverse of the sampling frequency on which the audio signal is based, that is to say 1/44, 1 kHz or 22, 68 ⁇ s.
- the second ⁇ value after the reference ⁇ value then corresponds to a time of 2 x 22.68 ⁇ s or 45.36 ⁇ s etc.
- the 100th ⁇ value after the reference ⁇ value would then be an absolute time (based on the specified time zero) of 2.268 ms.
- the number of signal edges detected from the two-dimensional histogram can be set by selecting the nxm environment differently for the search for a local maximum. If a large neighborhood environment is chosen with regard to the amplitude quantization and the ⁇ quantization, fewer signal edges result than in the case where the neighborhood environment is chosen to be very small.
- FIG. 2 shows a more detailed illustration of block 16 of FIG. 1, ie the device for extracting an identifier for the audio signal.
- a polynomial function is adapted to the amplitude-time representation by means 26a.
- a polynomial is used n-th order, wherein the n polynomial coefficients of the resulting polynomial used by a device 26b to obtain the advertising ⁇ the identifier for the audio signal.
- the order n of the fit polynomial is chosen such that the residuals of the amplitude-time distribution for this polynomial order n become less than a predetermined threshold.
- an order 10 polynomial was used. It can be seen that the polynomial with an order 10 already provides a good adaptation to the amplitude-time representation of the audio signal. A lower-order polynomial would very likely not be as good at the amplitude-time Representation follow, but would be easier to handle in database processing to identify the musical instrument with regard to the calculation in the database search. On the other hand, a polynomial of an even higher degree than degree 10 would span an even higher n-dimensional vector space than the audio signal identifier, which would make the instrument database calculation more complex.
- the concept according to the invention is flexible in that polynomial orders of different heights can be selected for different applications.
- FIG. 3 shows a more detailed block diagram of block 16 of FIG. 1 according to another embodiment of the present invention.
- the population numbers of the discrete amplitude values of the amplitude-time representation are determined in a predetermined time window, in which case the identifier for the audio signal, as shown in a block 36b, is determined using the population numbers supplied by block 36a becomes.
- FIG. 6 shows an amplitude-time representation for the tone ais 4 of an alto saxophone, which is played for a duration of about 0.7 s.
- amplitude-time representation it is preferred to carry out an amplitude quantization.
- Such an amplitude quantization on, for example, 31 discrete amplitude lines results from the selection of the bins in the Hough transformation.
- the amplitude-time representation is obtained in a different way, it is advisable, in order to limit the amount of data for the signal identification, to carry out an amplitude line quantization which goes well beyond the quantization inherent in any digital arithmetic unit. From the diagram shown in FIG. 6, the number of amplitude values lying on this line can easily be calculated for each discrete amplitude line (an imaginary horizontal line through FIG. 6). will hold. This results in the population numbers for each amplitude line.
- the amplitude / time tuples are due to the transformation process on a discrete grid, formed by a plurality of amplitude levels which can be specified as amplitude lines at certain amplitude distances from one another.
- a characteristic of every musical instrument is how many lines are occupied, which lines are occupied, and the respective population numbers.
- the number of populations of each line given by the number of amplitude / time tuples of the same amplitude in a time interval of a certain length, is counted. These population numbers alone could already be used as a signal identifier.
- These population number ratios n0: nl, n0: n2, nl: n2, ... are no longer dependent on the absolute amplitude, but merely provide the relation of the individual amplitude levels to one another.
- the population number ratios are determined in a window of predetermined length. By specifying the window length and dividing the population number ratios by the window length, the population density (number of entries / window length) is formed for each amplitude line.
- the population density is determined over the entire time axis by a sliding window of length h and a step size m.
- the population density numbers are also preferably standardized by relating the numbers to the window length and the pitch. In particular in the case where the amplitude / time tuples are determined on the basis of a signal edge detection by means of the Hough transformation, the higher the pitch, the higher the number of amplitude values in a window of a certain length.
- the population density number normalization to the pitch eliminates this dependency, so that normalized positions Pulse density numbers of different tones can be compared.
- the standard deviation of the amplitude spectrum around the mean amplitude is determined by the amplitude / time tuple space.
- the standard deviation indicates how strongly the amplitudes scatter around the mean amplitude.
- the amplitude standard deviation is a specific measure and therefore a specific identifier for each musical instrument.
- the scatter indicates how strongly the amplitudes scatter around the amplitude standard deviation.
- the amplitude spread is a specific measure and therefore a specific identifier for each musical instrument.
- FIGS. 1 to 3 leads to deriving from an audio signal, which comprises a tone of an instrument, an identifier which is characteristic of the instrument from which the tone originates.
- This identifier can be used for various things, as will be explained with reference to FIG. 4.
- various reference identifiers 40a, 40b can be stored in an instrument database in association with the instrument from which the respective reference identifier originates.
- a test identifier is generated from a test audio signal by a test instrument by means of a device 42, which will in principle be constructed as shown in FIGS. 1 to 3.
- the test identifier is then compared to the reference identifiers using various database algorithms known in the art, for musical instrument identification.
- the instrument database can be equipped in various ways. Basically, the musical instrument database is derived from a collection of tones that have been recorded by various musical instruments. For each musical instrument, a set of tones is recorded in semitone levels starting from a lowest to a highest tone. An amplitude / time tuple space distribution and optionally a frequency / time tuple space distribution is created for each tone of the musical instrument. For each musical instrument, a set of amplitude / time tuple spaces is generated over the entire tonal range of the musical instrument, starting from the lowest tone in semitone steps up to the highest tone.
- the musical instrument database is formed from all the amplitude / time tuple spaces and frequency / time tuple spaces of the recorded musical instruments stored in the database.
- it is preferred to create several identifiers (polynomial coefficients on the one hand or population density sizes on the other hand or both types together) for each tone of a musical instrument namely for a thirty-second note, a sixteenth note, an eighth note, a quarter note, a half note and a whole note, the note lengths being averaged over the duration of the tone for each instrument.
- the set of polynomial curves over the entire pitch and length of an instrument represents the musical instrument in the database.
- various playing techniques for a musical instrument are also optionally stored in the music database.
- a played tone of an initially unknown musical instrument is converted into an amplitude / time tuple distribution in the amplitude / time tuple space and (optionally) a frequency / time tuple distribution in the frequency / time tuple space.
- the pitch of the tone is then preferably determined from the frequency / time tuple space.
- a database comparison is then only carried out using the reference identifiers which relate to the pitch determined for the test audio signal.
- the residual to the test identifier is determined for each of the reference identifiers.
- the residual minimum that results when comparing all reference identifiers with the test identifier is assumed as an indication of the presence of the musical instrument represented by the test identifier.
- the identifier spans an n-dimensional vector space, in particular in the case of the polynomial coefficients, whose n-dimensional distance from the n-dimensional vector space of a reference identifier can be calculated not only qualitatively but also quantitatively.
- a similarity criterion could then be that the residual, ie the n-dimensional distance of the test identifier from the reference identifier, is minimal (in comparison to the other reference identifiers) or that the residual is smaller than a predetermined threshold .
- the polynomial fit is related to a fixed reference starting point. Therefore, the first signal edge of an audio signal is set as the reference start point of the polynomial curve.
- the reference start edge for the polynomial curve is set after a change in pitch and the reference start point is placed in the transition between two pitches. If the change in pitch cannot be determined, the unknown distribution is generally “pulled” over the entire set of all reference identifiers in the instrument database by always shifting the test identifier by a certain step against the reference identifier.
- FIG. 5 shows a polynomial fit of an order 10 polynomial for a vibrato-played flute tone from the standard work McGill's Master Samples Reference CD.
- the tone is ais 5.
- the distance of the polyno minima after the transient process immediately gives the vibrato in Hertz of the instrument.
- a tone-on phase 50, a hold phase 51 and a decay phase 52 are shown for each tone.
- the ringing phase 50 and the ringing phase 52 are relatively short.
- the decay phase of a piano tone would be rather long, which means that the characteristic amplitude profile of a piano tone can be distinguished from the characteristic amplitude profile of a flute.
- a frequency-time representation can also be used in addition to the amplitude-time representation can be used to complement musical instrument recognition.
- 7 shows the frequency population numbers for an alto saxophone, specifically for the tone ais 4 (in American notation), which is played for a duration of 0.7 s, which corresponds to a duration of approximately 34,000 PCM samples with a recording frequency of 44.1 kHz.
- the broad line in Fig. 7 indicates that the ais 4 was played at 466 Hz.
- the frequency-time distribution and the amplitude-time distribution of FIGS. 7 and 6 correspond to one another, ie represent the same tone.
- the frequency-time distribution can also be used to determine the fundamental tone line resulting for each musical instrument, which indicates the frequency of the tone played.
- the fundamental tone line is used to determine whether the tone lies within the range of the tone that can be generated by the musical instrument, and then to select only those representations in the music database at the same pitch.
- the frequency-time distribution can therefore be used to perform a pitch determination.
- frequency-time distribution can also be used to improve musical instrument identification.
- the standard deviation around the fundamental tone line is determined in the frequency / time tuple space.
- the standard deviation indicates how strongly the frequency values scatter around the middle frequency.
- the standard deviation is a specific measure for each musical instrument.
- Bach trumpet and violin have z. B. a high standard deviation.
- the frequency / time tuple space scattering is determined by the Stan ⁇ deviation.
- the scatter indicates how strongly the frequency values scatter around the standard deviation.
- the scatter is a specific measure for each musical instrument.
- the frequency / time tuples are due to the transformation process on a discrete grid, formed by several frequency lines at certain frequency intervals. A characteristic of every musical instrument is how many frequencies are occupied, which lines are occupied and the respective population number. Many musical instruments have characteristic frequency / time tuple distributions. In addition to the fundamental tone line, there are other distinct frequency lines or frequency ranges. Instruments with characteristic frequency lines and frequency ranges are e.g. B. Violin, oboe, trumpet and saxophone.
- a frequency spectrum is formed for each tone by counting the population numbers of the frequency lines.
- the frequency spectrum of the unknown distribution is compared with all frequency spectra. If the comparison yields a maximum agreement, it is assumed that the closest frequency spectrum represents the musical instrument.
- the oboe oscillates in two frequency modes so that two frequency lines are defined at a defined frequency spacing. If these two frequency lines are pronounced, the frequency / time tuple distribution is most likely due to an oboe.
- Several musical instruments have population states in a group of adjacent frequency lines that define a fixed frequency range above the fundamental tone line at a defined frequency spacing.
- the cor accentuate oscillates frequency-modulated cyclically between two opposite frequency arcs.
- the English horn is detected by the cyclic frequency modulation.
- the CD is a sound archive of recorded musical instrument notes over the entire range of an instrument in semitone steps.
- the amplitude-time representation was used, a tuple in the amplitude-time representation representing the amplitude of a signal edge found at time t, preferably of the Hough transformation.
- a frequency-time representation is also used, a tuple in the frequency-time representation indicating the frequency of two successive signal edges at the time of occurrence.
- a frequency amplitude scatter representation can optionally also be used in order to use further information for instrument recognition.
- the scatter representation the amplitude versus frequency scatter is plotted, resulting in a dumbbell or club shape, which is also characteristic of the instrument.
- the attack phase and the decay phase are expanded to strip bands.
- the amplitude-time display shows a typical ADSR envelope with a very short attack phase and a steep-sided, wide decay band.
- the sound recording of Violin Natural Harmonics Ton b5 987 Hz in the analysis shows a greater frequency spread at the beginning and at the end.
- the amplitude-time representation shows a broad attack band, a transition to a broad decay band and a rise again in the sustain phase, with the scatter representation showing a relatively large spread. If the tone g6 is played on a Bach trumpet with a frequency of 1568 Hz, there is a high standard deviation, which is time-dependent at the beginning and at the end and widened at the end.
- the amplitude-time representation shows a typical ADSR curve with a steep attack phase and a modulated decay phase up and down.
- the bassoon shows a typical ADSR envelope for wind instruments with an attack phase and a transition to the sustain phase and an abrupt termination, i.e. H . an abrupt release phase.
- the soprano saxophone shows a small standard deviation with its tone a5 with a frequency of 880 Hz.
- tone With regard to the amplitude-time representation, there is an immediate transition to steady-state (sustain), with the occupation states being time-dependent.
- a piccolo flute is played with a tone g7 at 3136 Hz, the frequency fundamental tone line can be seen, although there are very many subharmonics.
- the amplitude-time representation shows an immediate transition to steady state, with the occupation states being time-dependent.
- the scatter display shows a widely distributed characteristic.
- the bass trombone shows a clear fundamental frequency line when its tone e3 is played at 164 Hz and shows a slow rise to steady state in the amplitude-time representation.
- the bass clarinet, tone c3, 130 Hz again shows a pronounced fundamental frequency line and an additional frequency band between 800 and 1200 Hz.
- the amplitude-time representation shows a steady state with large amplitude fluctuations. Pronounced dumbbells appear in the scatter display.
- the cor accentuate which belongs to the oboe family, does not show a pronounced fundamental frequency line when the tone e5 is played at 659 Hz, but shows frequency modulation between two frequency modes.
- the steady-state phase in the amplitude-time representation is time-dependent. Several secondary lines are shown in the scatter display.
- the tone cis5, 554 Hz, played by a French horn shows two frequency lines, which makes it impossible to determine the fundamental frequency clearly. There is an oscillation between two frequency modes.
- the amplitude-time representation shows a typical attack phase and a typical steady-state for wind instruments.
- the frequency determination is carried out before the amplitude-time representation determination in order to narrow the search space in a database, since before the individual instrument is determined, the sound played per se, i.e. the present pitch is determined. Then all you have to do in the database is search through the group of entries relating to the particular tone.
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
- Multimedia (AREA)
- Auxiliary Devices For Music (AREA)
- Information Retrieval, Db Structures And Fs Structures Therefor (AREA)
- Electrophonic Musical Instruments (AREA)
- Measurement Of Mechanical Vibrations Or Ultrasonic Waves (AREA)
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE10157454 | 2001-11-23 | ||
| DE10157454A DE10157454B4 (de) | 2001-11-23 | 2001-11-23 | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Erzeugen einer Kennung für ein Audiosignal, Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Aufbauen einer Instrumentendatenbank und Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Bestimmen der Art eines Instruments |
| PCT/EP2002/013100 WO2003044769A2 (de) | 2001-11-23 | 2002-11-21 | Verfahren und vorrichtung zum erzeugen einer kennung für ein audiosignal, zum aufbauen einer instrumentendatenbank und zum bestimmen der art eines instruments |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP1417676A2 true EP1417676A2 (de) | 2004-05-12 |
| EP1417676B1 EP1417676B1 (de) | 2005-03-09 |
Family
ID=7706681
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP02785403A Expired - Lifetime EP1417676B1 (de) | 2001-11-23 | 2002-11-21 | VERFAHREN UND VORRICHTUNG ZUM ERZEUGEN EINER KENNUNG FÜR EIN AUDIOSIGNAL, ZUM AUFBAUEN EINER INSTRUMENTENDATENBANK UND ZUM BESTIMMEN DER ART EINES MusikINSTRUMENTS |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US7214870B2 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP1417676B1 (de) |
| AT (1) | ATE290709T1 (de) |
| DE (2) | DE10157454B4 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2003044769A2 (de) |
Families Citing this family (15)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE10232916B4 (de) * | 2002-07-19 | 2008-08-07 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zum Charakterisieren eines Informationssignals |
| DE102004022659B3 (de) * | 2004-05-07 | 2005-10-13 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | Vorrichtung zum Charakterisieren eines Tonsignals |
| US7273978B2 (en) | 2004-05-07 | 2007-09-25 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft Zur Foerderung Der Angewandten Forschung E.V. | Device and method for characterizing a tone signal |
| JP4948118B2 (ja) * | 2005-10-25 | 2012-06-06 | ソニー株式会社 | 情報処理装置、情報処理方法、およびプログラム |
| JP4465626B2 (ja) * | 2005-11-08 | 2010-05-19 | ソニー株式会社 | 情報処理装置および方法、並びにプログラム |
| DE102006014507B4 (de) * | 2006-03-19 | 2009-05-07 | Technische Universität Dresden | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Klassifikation und Beurteilung von Musikinstrumenten gleicher Instrumentengruppen |
| JP4665836B2 (ja) * | 2006-05-31 | 2011-04-06 | 日本ビクター株式会社 | 楽曲分類装置、楽曲分類方法、及び楽曲分類プログラム |
| US20080200224A1 (en) | 2007-02-20 | 2008-08-21 | Gametank Inc. | Instrument Game System and Method |
| US8907193B2 (en) | 2007-02-20 | 2014-12-09 | Ubisoft Entertainment | Instrument game system and method |
| US9120016B2 (en) | 2008-11-21 | 2015-09-01 | Ubisoft Entertainment | Interactive guitar game designed for learning to play the guitar |
| US20110028218A1 (en) * | 2009-08-03 | 2011-02-03 | Realta Entertainment Group | Systems and Methods for Wireless Connectivity of a Musical Instrument |
| JP2011164171A (ja) * | 2010-02-05 | 2011-08-25 | Yamaha Corp | データ検索装置 |
| JP2012226106A (ja) * | 2011-04-19 | 2012-11-15 | Sony Corp | 楽曲区間検出装置および方法、プログラム、記録媒体、並びに楽曲信号検出装置 |
| US11140018B2 (en) * | 2014-01-07 | 2021-10-05 | Quantumsine Acquisitions Inc. | Method and apparatus for intra-symbol multi-dimensional modulation |
| US10382246B2 (en) * | 2014-01-07 | 2019-08-13 | Quantumsine Acquisitions Inc. | Combined amplitude-time and phase modulation |
Family Cites Families (14)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3069654A (en) * | 1960-03-25 | 1962-12-18 | Paul V C Hough | Method and means for recognizing complex patterns |
| US5541354A (en) * | 1994-06-30 | 1996-07-30 | International Business Machines Corporation | Micromanipulation of waveforms in a sampling music synthesizer |
| US5712953A (en) * | 1995-06-28 | 1998-01-27 | Electronic Data Systems Corporation | System and method for classification of audio or audio/video signals based on musical content |
| US5814750A (en) * | 1995-11-09 | 1998-09-29 | Chromatic Research, Inc. | Method for varying the pitch of a musical tone produced through playback of a stored waveform |
| US5872727A (en) * | 1996-11-19 | 1999-02-16 | Industrial Technology Research Institute | Pitch shift method with conserved timbre |
| US6124542A (en) * | 1999-07-08 | 2000-09-26 | Ati International Srl | Wavefunction sound sampling synthesis |
| GR1003625B (el) | 1999-07-08 | 2001-08-31 | Μεθοδος χημικης αποθεσης συνθετων επικαλυψεων αγωγιμων πολυμερων σε επιφανειες κραματων αλουμινιου | |
| US6124544A (en) * | 1999-07-30 | 2000-09-26 | Lyrrus Inc. | Electronic music system for detecting pitch |
| IL151527A0 (en) * | 2000-03-02 | 2003-04-10 | Univ Southern California | Mutated cyclyn g1 protein |
| US6545209B1 (en) * | 2000-07-05 | 2003-04-08 | Microsoft Corporation | Music content characteristic identification and matching |
| DE10109648C2 (de) * | 2001-02-28 | 2003-01-30 | Fraunhofer Ges Forschung | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Charakterisieren eines Signals und Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Erzeugen eines indexierten Signals |
| EP1253529A1 (de) * | 2001-04-25 | 2002-10-30 | Sony France S.A. | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Identifizieren des Informationstyps, z.B. zum Identifizieren des Namensinhalts einer Musikdatei |
| KR100455751B1 (ko) * | 2001-12-18 | 2004-11-06 | 어뮤즈텍(주) | 연주악기의 소리정보를 이용한 음악분석장치 |
| DE10232916B4 (de) * | 2002-07-19 | 2008-08-07 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zum Charakterisieren eines Informationssignals |
-
2001
- 2001-11-23 DE DE10157454A patent/DE10157454B4/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2002
- 2002-11-21 DE DE50202436T patent/DE50202436D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-11-21 WO PCT/EP2002/013100 patent/WO2003044769A2/de not_active Ceased
- 2002-11-21 EP EP02785403A patent/EP1417676B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-11-21 AT AT02785403T patent/ATE290709T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2002-11-21 US US10/496,635 patent/US7214870B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| See references of WO03044769A2 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE10157454B4 (de) | 2005-07-07 |
| HK1062737A1 (en) | 2004-11-19 |
| WO2003044769A3 (de) | 2004-03-11 |
| ATE290709T1 (de) | 2005-03-15 |
| EP1417676B1 (de) | 2005-03-09 |
| US7214870B2 (en) | 2007-05-08 |
| US20040255758A1 (en) | 2004-12-23 |
| WO2003044769A2 (de) | 2003-05-30 |
| DE10157454A1 (de) | 2003-06-12 |
| DE50202436D1 (de) | 2005-04-14 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| DE10117870B4 (de) | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Überführen eines Musiksignals in eine Noten-basierte Beschreibung und Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Referenzieren eines Musiksignals in einer Datenbank | |
| DE69904640T2 (de) | Verfahren zum ändern des oberweyllengehalts einer komplexen wellenform | |
| EP2099024B1 (de) | Verfahren zur klangobjektorientierten Analyse und zur notenobjektorientierten Bearbeitung polyphoner Klangaufnahmen | |
| EP1417676B1 (de) | VERFAHREN UND VORRICHTUNG ZUM ERZEUGEN EINER KENNUNG FÜR EIN AUDIOSIGNAL, ZUM AUFBAUEN EINER INSTRUMENTENDATENBANK UND ZUM BESTIMMEN DER ART EINES MusikINSTRUMENTS | |
| DE69607223T2 (de) | Verfahren zur Tonhöhenerkennung, insbesondere für Zupf- oder Perkussionsinstrumente | |
| EP1371055B1 (de) | Vorrichtung zum analysieren eines audiosignals hinsichtlich von rhythmusinformationen des audiosignals unter verwendung einer autokorrelationsfunktion | |
| WO2004010327A2 (de) | Vorrichtung und verfahren zum charakterisieren eines informationssignals | |
| WO2002073592A2 (de) | Verfahren und vorrichtung zum charakterisieren eines signals und verfahren und vorrichtung zum erzeugen eines indexierten signals | |
| EP1280138A1 (de) | Verfahren zur Analyse von Audiosignalen | |
| EP1388145B1 (de) | Vorrichtung und verfahren zum analysieren eines audiosignals hinsichtlich von rhythmusinformationen | |
| DE19709930A1 (de) | Tonprozessor, der die Tonhöhe und die Hüllkurve eines akustischen Signals frequenzangepaßt nachweist | |
| DE102004028694B3 (de) | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zum Umsetzen eines Informationssignals in eine Spektraldarstellung mit variabler Auflösung | |
| DE19500751A1 (de) | Verfahren zum Erkennen eines Tonbeginns bei geschlagenen oder gezupften Musikinstrumenten | |
| Hinrichs et al. | Classification of guitar effects and extraction of their parameter settings from instrument mixes using convolutional neural networks | |
| DE10117871C1 (de) | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Extrahieren einer Signalkennung, Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Erzeugen einer Datenbank aus Signalkennungen und Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Referenzieren eines Such-Zeitsignals | |
| Kostek | Soft computing-based recognition of musical sounds | |
| WO2006005448A1 (de) | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur rhythmischen aufbereitung von audiosignalen | |
| Forberg | Automatic conversion of sound to the MIDI-format | |
| DE102004022659B3 (de) | Vorrichtung zum Charakterisieren eines Tonsignals | |
| DE112024000624T5 (de) | Verfahren zur verwendung von iir-filtern, um einem audioton die gleichen spektralen eigenschaften eines anderen audiotons zu ermöglichen | |
| EP1743324B1 (de) | Vorrichtung und verfahren zum analysieren eines informationssignals | |
| Hinrichs et al. | Settings from Instrument Mixes Using | |
| da Costa et al. | Artigo de Congresso | |
| de Paula et al. | Timbre representation of a single musical instrument | |
| DE102009029615A1 (de) | Verfahren und Anordnung zur Verarbeitung von Audiodaten sowie ein entsprechendes Computerprogramm und ein entsprechendes computer-lesbares Speichermedium |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PUAI | Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012 |
|
| GRAP | Despatch of communication of intention to grant a patent |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNIGR1 |
|
| 17P | Request for examination filed |
Effective date: 20040225 |
|
| AK | Designated contracting states |
Kind code of ref document: A2 Designated state(s): AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR IE IT LI LU MC NL PT SE SK TR |
|
| RTI1 | Title (correction) |
Free format text: METHOD AND DEVICE FOR GENERATING AN IDENTIFIER FOR AN AUDIO SIGNAL, FOR CREATING A MUSICAL INSTRUMENT DATABASE AND FOR D |
|
| GRAS | Grant fee paid |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNIGR3 |
|
| RIN1 | Information on inventor provided before grant (corrected) |
Inventor name: BRANDENBURG, KARLHEINZ Inventor name: KLEFENZ, FRANK |
|
| REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: HK Ref legal event code: DE Ref document number: 1062737 Country of ref document: HK |
|
| GRAA | (expected) grant |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009210 |
|
| RBV | Designated contracting states (corrected) |
Designated state(s): AT CH DE FR GB LI NL |
|
| RIN1 | Information on inventor provided before grant (corrected) |
Inventor name: KLEFENZ, FRANZ Inventor name: BRANDENBURG, KARLHEINZ |
|
| AK | Designated contracting states |
Kind code of ref document: B1 Designated state(s): AT CH DE FR GB LI NL |
|
| REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: GB Ref legal event code: FG4D Free format text: NOT ENGLISH |
|
| REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: CH Ref legal event code: EP |
|
| REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: IE Ref legal event code: FG4D Free format text: GERMAN |
|
| REF | Corresponds to: |
Ref document number: 50202436 Country of ref document: DE Date of ref document: 20050414 Kind code of ref document: P |
|
| GBT | Gb: translation of ep patent filed (gb section 77(6)(a)/1977) |
Effective date: 20050413 |
|
| REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: HK Ref legal event code: GR Ref document number: 1062737 Country of ref document: HK |
|
| ET | Fr: translation filed | ||
| PLBE | No opposition filed within time limit |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009261 |
|
| STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: NO OPPOSITION FILED WITHIN TIME LIMIT |
|
| 26N | No opposition filed |
Effective date: 20051212 |
|
| PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: AT Payment date: 20091120 Year of fee payment: 8 Ref country code: CH Payment date: 20091124 Year of fee payment: 8 |
|
| PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: NL Payment date: 20091123 Year of fee payment: 8 |
|
| REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: NL Ref legal event code: V1 Effective date: 20110601 |
|
| REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: CH Ref legal event code: PL |
|
| PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: LI Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20101130 Ref country code: CH Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20101130 |
|
| PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: AT Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20101121 Ref country code: NL Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20110601 |
|
| REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: FR Ref legal event code: PLFP Year of fee payment: 14 |
|
| REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: FR Ref legal event code: PLFP Year of fee payment: 15 |
|
| REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: FR Ref legal event code: PLFP Year of fee payment: 16 |
|
| PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: DE Payment date: 20190430 Year of fee payment: 17 |
|
| PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: FR Payment date: 20190521 Year of fee payment: 17 |
|
| PGFP | Annual fee paid to national office [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: GB Payment date: 20190523 Year of fee payment: 17 |
|
| REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: DE Ref legal event code: R119 Ref document number: 50202436 Country of ref document: DE |
|
| GBPC | Gb: european patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee |
Effective date: 20191121 |
|
| PG25 | Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo] |
Ref country code: DE Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20200603 Ref country code: FR Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20191130 Ref country code: GB Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20191121 |