EP1411592B1 - Electrical connector with the configuration of a socket contact with special shaping of lamellae - Google Patents
Electrical connector with the configuration of a socket contact with special shaping of lamellae Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1411592B1 EP1411592B1 EP03014370A EP03014370A EP1411592B1 EP 1411592 B1 EP1411592 B1 EP 1411592B1 EP 03014370 A EP03014370 A EP 03014370A EP 03014370 A EP03014370 A EP 03014370A EP 1411592 B1 EP1411592 B1 EP 1411592B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- contact
- spring
- laminations
- section
- electrical connector
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 title 1
- 230000013011 mating Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000003475 lamination Methods 0.000 claims 7
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
- H01R13/00—Details of coupling devices of the kinds covered by groups H01R12/70 or H01R24/00 - H01R33/00
- H01R13/02—Contact members
- H01R13/15—Pins, blades or sockets having separate spring member for producing or increasing contact pressure
- H01R13/18—Pins, blades or sockets having separate spring member for producing or increasing contact pressure with the spring member surrounding the socket
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
- H01R13/00—Details of coupling devices of the kinds covered by groups H01R12/70 or H01R24/00 - H01R33/00
- H01R13/02—Contact members
- H01R13/10—Sockets for co-operation with pins or blades
- H01R13/11—Resilient sockets
- H01R13/113—Resilient sockets co-operating with pins or blades having a rectangular transverse section
Definitions
- Connectors of the above type are widely known. These connectors are usually made of two components, namely a contact inner part and a spring element, wherein the spring element is designed as a so-called over-spring, which is the inner contact part at least partially encloses.
- the electrical plug-in connector is plugged onto a so-called knife, with the inner contact part coming into contact with the knife.
- the inner contact part itself is divided into several areas, namely a fastening part, to which a stripped end of an electrical connector is preferably crimped.
- the inner contact part has a central portion, which is preferably formed like a waist, at the waist of a fastener is provided, which is designed for fixing the inner contact part and a contact portion with a contact part, which makes electrical contact with the opposite knife.
- the contact parts are usually designed as contact blades.
- a contact inner part has two or more opposing fins which are arranged at a distance which is smaller than the thickness of the knife. By inserting the knife, the contact blades are forced to spring. As a result, a corresponding deformation occurs, which achieves a defined normal force at the contact blades and the blade brought about contact point.
- contact blades There are also different embodiments of the configuration of the contact blades known. On the one hand, it is provided to form contact lamellae exposed, so that they can spring open when plugged onto a knife. Another embodiment shows a bracket which clasps the contact blades, wherein the bracket is supported on the over-spring. Furthermore, an embodiment is known in which the contact blades are welded to the over-spring.
- an electrical connector which consists as a socket contact of a contact inner part and an over-spring which surrounds the contact inner part partially.
- the contact inner part consists of an attachment portion for an electrical line, from a central portion and at its free end of a contact portion having a plurality of contact blades which are anchored on one side to the central portion.
- the free ends of the contact blades which are bent in an arc outward to facilitate the introduction of so-called knives of a mating connector, lie with a bias on the inside of the over-spring.
- the insertion force is low by the initially still auspeakunpcityen free ends of the contact blades, so that the correct positioning of the connector can be detected on the mating connector.
- an electrical connector 1 which consists essentially of two components, namely a contact inner part 2 and an over-spring 3, wherein the over-spring 3 at least partially surrounds a part of the inner contact part 2.
- the contact inner part 2 is divided into preferably three areas, namely a first area in the form of a fastening part 4, a middle section 5 and a contact section 6. In the area of the contact section 6, the over-spring 3 preferably also extends.
- the contact section 6 has three or more contact blades 7. In the embodiment shown in Figures 1 and 2, four contact blades are provided which differ from The middle section 5 extend freely away and between the individual contact blades 7 each have a free space 8 is provided.
- the contact blades 7 have a contact region 9, which serves to enter into an electrical connection with a knife not shown in the drawings.
- the contact region 9 of the respective contact blades 7 is designed such that a contact point 10 is formed between the blade, not shown here, and the respective contact blade 7.
- the over-spring 3 In the assembled state, the over-spring 3 is arranged in the contact portion 6 such that it is held in the region of the central portion 5 via fixing elements 11.
- the spatial dimension of the over-spring 3 is designed such that in the unassembled state, the contact blades 7 can move freely within the over-spring 3.
- the insertion process of the electrical connector 1 according to the invention is as follows:
- the contact blades 7 When a knife is inserted into the electrical connector 1, the contact blades 7 widen in such a way, at most up to the position up to which they rest against the inside of the over-spring 3. When obliquely plugging the electrical connector 1 on a knife, it is possible that individual contact blades 7 dodge, so that a wide opening for receiving the blade is generated. Due to the concern of the contact blades 7 on the overspring 3 further expansion of the contact blade spacing, the free ends of the contact blades 7 in the direction of the inlet opening for the knife to deform under deformation of the contact blades 7, which is possible only with increased effort, before it on the boundary elements of the inlet opening accumulate the over-spring 3, which stop any further deformation. This construction has the consequence that the insertion force increases suddenly.
Landscapes
- Connector Housings Or Holding Contact Members (AREA)
- Coupling Device And Connection With Printed Circuit (AREA)
- Manufacturing Of Electrical Connectors (AREA)
- Details Of Connecting Devices For Male And Female Coupling (AREA)
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft einen elektrischen Steckverbinder in der Ausgestaltung eines Buchsenkontakts, bestehend aus einem Kontaktinnenteil und einem Federelement, das über das Kontaktinnenteil stülpbar ist, wobei das Kontaktinnenteil aus
- einem Befestigungsteil zur Aufnahme eines abisolierten Endes einer elektrischen Leitung,
- einem Mittelabschnitt,
- einem Kontaktabschnitt mit einem Kontaktteil besteht.
- a fixing member for receiving a stripped end of an electric wire,
- a middle section,
- a contact portion consists of a contact part.
Steckverbinder der vorstehenden Art sind vielfach bekannt. Diese Steckverbinder bestehen in der Regel aus zwei Bauteilen, nämlich einem Kontaktinnenteil und einem Federelement, wobei das Federelement als sogenannte Überfeder ausgebildet ist, die das Kontaktinnenteil zumindest teilweise umschließt. Zur Herstellung einer elektrischen Steckverbindung wird der elektrische Steckverbinder auf ein sogenanntes Messer aufgesteckt, wobei das Kontaktinnenteil mit dem Messer in Kontakt tritt. Das Kontaktinnenteil selbst ist in mehrere Bereiche aufgeteilt, nämlich ein Befestigungsteil, an dem ein abisoliertes Ende einer elektrischen Steckverbindung vorzugsweise angecrimpt wird. Ferner weist das Kontaktinnenteil einen Mittelabschnitt auf, der vorzugsweise taillenartig ausgebildet ist, an dessen Taille ein Befestigungselement vorgesehen ist, das zum Fixieren des Kontaktinnenteils ausgebildet ist und einen Kontaktabschnitt mit einem Kontaktteil, das einen elektrischen Kontakt mit dem gegenüberliegenden Messer herstellt.Connectors of the above type are widely known. These connectors are usually made of two components, namely a contact inner part and a spring element, wherein the spring element is designed as a so-called over-spring, which is the inner contact part at least partially encloses. To produce an electrical plug-in connection, the electrical plug-in connector is plugged onto a so-called knife, with the inner contact part coming into contact with the knife. The inner contact part itself is divided into several areas, namely a fastening part, to which a stripped end of an electrical connector is preferably crimped. Further, the inner contact part has a central portion, which is preferably formed like a waist, at the waist of a fastener is provided, which is designed for fixing the inner contact part and a contact portion with a contact part, which makes electrical contact with the opposite knife.
Die Kontaktteile sind in der Regel als Kontaktlamellen ausgebildet. Ein Kontaktinnenteil weist zwei oder mehr gegenüberliegende Lamellen auf, die in einem Abstand zueinander angeordnet sind, der kleiner als die Dicke des Messers ist. Durch das Einführen des Messers werden die Kontaktlamellen zum Auffedern gezwungen. Dadurch tritt eine entsprechende Verformung ein, die eine definierte Normalkraft an den Kontaktlamellen und dem Messer herbeigeführten Kontaktpunkt erzielt.The contact parts are usually designed as contact blades. A contact inner part has two or more opposing fins which are arranged at a distance which is smaller than the thickness of the knife. By inserting the knife, the contact blades are forced to spring. As a result, a corresponding deformation occurs, which achieves a defined normal force at the contact blades and the blade brought about contact point.
Es sind auch unterschiedliche Ausführungsformen der Ausgestaltung der Kontaktlamellen bekannt. Zum einen ist vorgesehen, Kontaktlamellen freiliegend auszubilden, so dass diese frei beim Aufstecken auf ein Messer auffedern können. Eine andere Ausführungsform zeigt einen Bügel, der die Kontaktlamellen umklammert, wobei der Bügel sich auf der Überfeder abstützt. Ferner ist ein Ausführungsbeispiel bekannt, bei dem die Kontaktlamellen an der Überfeder angeschweißt sind.There are also different embodiments of the configuration of the contact blades known. On the one hand, it is provided to form contact lamellae exposed, so that they can spring open when plugged onto a knife. Another embodiment shows a bracket which clasps the contact blades, wherein the bracket is supported on the over-spring. Furthermore, an embodiment is known in which the contact blades are welded to the over-spring.
Durch die US-A-5 685 746 ist ein elektrischer Steckverbinder bekannt, der als Buchsenkontakt aus einem Kontaktinnenteil und einer Überfeder besteht, die das Kontaktinnenteil teilweise umschließt. Das Kontaktinnenteil besteht aus einem Befestigungsabschnitt für eine elektrische Leitung, aus einem Mittelabschnitt und an seinem freien Ende aus einem Kontaktabschnitt, der mehrere Kontaktlamellen aufweist, die einseitig an dem Mittelabschnitt verankert sind.By the US-A-5 685 746 an electrical connector is known which consists as a socket contact of a contact inner part and an over-spring which surrounds the contact inner part partially. The contact inner part consists of an attachment portion for an electrical line, from a central portion and at its free end of a contact portion having a plurality of contact blades which are anchored on one side to the central portion.
Die freien Enden der Kontaktlamellen, die bogenförmig nach außen aufgebogen sind, um die Einführung von sogenannten Messern eines Gegensteckverbinder zu erleichtern, liegen mit einer Vorspannung innenseitig an der Überfeder an.The free ends of the contact blades, which are bent in an arc outward to facilitate the introduction of so-called knives of a mating connector, lie with a bias on the inside of the over-spring.
Mit dem Einführen des jeweiligen Messers in die zugeordneten Kontaktlamellen werden diese bei ständiger Abstützung an der Überfeder in sich verformt. Daraus ergibt sich schon zu Beginn des Aufsteckens des Steckverbinders auf den Gegensteckverbinder eine relativ große Steckkraft, die bei dem Fügevorgang die Unsicherheit hervorruft, ob die Überwindung dieser großen Steckkraft möglicherweise durch eine nicht zielgenaue Positionierung von dem Steckverbinder zu dem Gegensteckverbinder vorliegt. Dies erschwert in nachteiliger Weise die Fertigungssicherheit.With the introduction of the respective knife in the associated contact blades they are deformed in constant support to the over-spring in itself. This results in the beginning of plugging the connector on the mating connector, a relatively large insertion force that causes the uncertainty in the joining process, whether the overcoming of this large insertion force may be due to an inaccurate positioning of the connector to the mating connector. This disadvantageously complicates the manufacturing security.
Die Nachteile des Stands der Technik sind durch einen Steckverbinder nach Anspruch 1 vermieden.The disadvantages of the prior art are avoided by a connector according to
Durch die erfindungsgemäße Ausbildung des Steckverbinders ist die Steckkraft durch die anfangs noch außchnabelunpfähigen freien Enden der Kontaktlamellen gering, so dass die richtige Positionierung des Steckverbinders auf dem Gegensteckverbinder erkannt werden kann.Due to the inventive design of the connector, the insertion force is low by the initially still auspeakunpfähigen free ends of the contact blades, so that the correct positioning of the connector can be detected on the mating connector.
Erst im weiteren Verlauf des Aufsteckens kommen die freien Enden der Kontaktlamellen an der Überfeder zur Anlage und es ergibt sich eine deutlich vergrößerte Steckkraft, die dann jedoch ohne Zweifel an der Positionierung des Steckverbinders auf dem Gegensteckverbinder überwunden werden kann. Dadurch ist eine hohe Fertigungssicherheit bei geringen Fertigungskosten erzielt.Only in the further course of Aufsteckens the free ends of the contact blades come to the over-spring to the plant and there is a significantly increased insertion force, which can then be overcome without doubt in the positioning of the connector on the mating connector. As a result, high production reliability is achieved with low production costs.
Weitere vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen gehen aus der nachfolgenden Beschreibung sowie den Zeichnungen hervor.Further advantageous embodiments will become apparent from the following description and the drawings.
- Figur 1FIG. 1
- Eine perspektivische Ansicht auf den erfindungsgemäßen elektrischen Steckverbinder, bestehend aus einem Kontaktinnenteil und einer Überfeder;A perspective view of the electrical connector according to the invention, consisting of a contact inner part and an over-spring;
- Figur 2FIG. 2
- Eine perspektivische Ansicht auf einen Teil des Kontaktinnenteils gemäß Figur 1, jedoch gegenüber Figur 1 ohne Überfeder.A perspective view of a part of the inner contact part according to Figure 1, but with respect to Figure 1 without overspring.
In Fig. 1 ist ein elektrischer Steckverbinder 1 dargestellt, der im wesentlichen aus zwei Bauteilen besteht, nämlich einem Kontaktinnenteil 2 und einer Überfeder 3, wobei die Überfeder 3 zumindest teilweise einen Teil des Kontaktinnenteils 2 umschließt.In Fig. 1, an
Das Kontaktinnenteil 2 teilt sich in vorzugsweise drei Bereiche auf, nämlich einen ersten Bereich in Form eines Befestigungsteils 4, einem Mittelabschnitt 5 und einem Kontaktabschnitt 6. Im Bereich des Kontaktabschnitts 6 erstreckt sich vorzugsweise auch die Überfeder 3.The contact
Der Kontaktabschnitt 6 weist erfindungsgemäß drei oder mehr Kontaktlamellen 7 auf. Bei dem in Figur 1 und 2 dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiel sind vier Kontaktlamellen vorgesehen, die sich von dem Mittelabschnitt 5 frei weg erstrecken und zwischen den einzelnen Kontaktlamellen 7 ist jeweils ein Freiraum 8 vorgesehen. Die Kontaktlamellen 7 weisen einen Kontaktbereich 9 auf, der dazu dient, mit einem in den Zeichnungen nicht näher dargestellten Messer eine elektrische Verbindung einzugehen. Der Kontaktbereich 9 der jeweiligen Kontaktlamellen 7 ist derart gestaltet, dass zwischen dem hier nicht dargestellten Messer und der jeweiligen Kontaktlamelle 7 ein Kontaktpunkt 10 entsteht.According to the invention, the
Im montierten Zustand ist die Überfeder 3 im Kontaktabschnitt 6 derart angeordnet, dass diese im Bereich des Mittelabschnitts 5 über Fixierelemente 11 gehalten wird. Die räumliche Abmessung der Überfeder 3 ist derart ausgestaltet, dass sich im nicht montierten Zustand die Kontaktlamellen 7 innerhalb der Überfeder 3 frei bewegen können.In the assembled state, the
Der Einsteckvorgang des erfindungsgemäßen elektrischen Steckverbinders 1 gestaltet sich wie folgt:The insertion process of the
Bei der Einführung eines Messers in den elektrischen Steckverbinder 1 weiten sich die Kontaktlamellen 7 derart auf, maximal bis zu der Position, bis zu der sie sich an der Innenseite der Überfeder 3 anlegen. Beim schrägen Aufstecken des elektrischen Steckverbinders 1 auf ein Messer ist es möglich, dass einzelne Kontaktlamellen 7 ausweichen, so dass eine weite Öffnung zur Aufnahme des Messers erzeugt wird. Aufgrund des Anliegens der Kontaktlamellen 7 an der Überfeder 3 müssen bei weiterem Aufweiten des Kontaktlamellenabstands die freien Enden der Kontaktlamellen 7 in Richtung Eintrittsöffnung für das Messer unter Verformung der Kontaktlamellen 7 ausweichen, was nur mit erhöhtem Kraftaufwand möglich ist, bevor sie auf die Begrenzungselemente der Eintrittsoffnung der Überfeder 3 auflaufen, die jede weitere Verformung abstoppen. Diese Konstruktion hat zur Folge, dass die Steckkraft sprunghaft ansteigt.When a knife is inserted into the
Claims (3)
- Electrical plug connector in the form of a socket contact, comprising a contact inner part (2) and a surrounding spring (3) which at least partially surrounds the contact inner part (2), with the contact inner part (2) comprising a securing part (4) for holding a stripped end of an electrical line, a middle section (5), and a contact section (6), with the contact section (6) having at least three contact laminations (7) which point away from the middle section (5), with each of the contact laminations (7) having at least one contact point (10) for producing a electrical plug connection with a blade of a mating plug connector, characterized in that the free ends of the contact laminations (7) can spring up freely within the surrounding spring (3) as the blade begins to be inserted into the contact section (6), and the free ends of the contact laminations (7) come to bear against the surrounding spring (3) only as the blade continues to be inserted, and the contact laminations (7) are then deformed.
- Electrical plug connector according to Claim 1, characterized in that the contact laminations (7) are in the form of fingers and are connected to one another only at the ends which point towards the middle section (5).
- Electrical plug connector according to Claim 2, characterized in that the surrounding spring (3) almost completely surrounds the contact section (6) and thus forms limiting elements for the contact laminations (7).
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE10248809 | 2002-10-19 | ||
DE10248809A DE10248809A1 (en) | 2002-10-19 | 2002-10-19 | Electrical connector in the form of a socket contact with a special lamella design |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1411592A1 EP1411592A1 (en) | 2004-04-21 |
EP1411592B1 true EP1411592B1 (en) | 2006-06-07 |
Family
ID=32038774
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP03014370A Expired - Lifetime EP1411592B1 (en) | 2002-10-19 | 2003-06-26 | Electrical connector with the configuration of a socket contact with special shaping of lamellae |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7556542B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1411592B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP4395351B2 (en) |
DE (2) | DE10248809A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (25)
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US7101215B2 (en) * | 2004-03-31 | 2006-09-05 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | Cable plug retention clip |
US7402089B1 (en) * | 2007-05-04 | 2008-07-22 | Tyco Electronics Corporation | Contact with enhanced transition region |
DE102007029968A1 (en) | 2007-06-28 | 2009-01-08 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Electrical connector as fuel injector contact for non-shearing applications |
US8021200B2 (en) * | 2008-08-04 | 2011-09-20 | Tyco Electronics Corporation | Socket contact |
US20100029146A1 (en) * | 2008-08-04 | 2010-02-04 | Tyco Electronics Corporation | Socket contact |
WO2011077190A1 (en) | 2009-12-23 | 2011-06-30 | Fci Automotive Holding | Power contact |
DE102010048698B4 (en) * | 2010-10-19 | 2014-12-18 | Wago Verwaltungsgesellschaft Mbh | Electrical connection terminal |
DE102012017949A1 (en) * | 2011-09-28 | 2013-03-28 | Sumitomo Wiring Systems, Ltd. | Terminal fitting |
US8992270B2 (en) * | 2012-09-26 | 2015-03-31 | Lear Corporation | Electrical terminal |
US9437974B2 (en) | 2012-10-19 | 2016-09-06 | Lear Corporation | Electrical terminal |
DE102014009208B4 (en) | 2013-06-21 | 2018-08-09 | Lear Corporation | ELECTRICAL CONNECTION ARRANGEMENT |
EP2866306B1 (en) * | 2013-10-23 | 2020-07-29 | Aptiv Technologies Limited | Contact socket for an electric plug |
JP2015159094A (en) * | 2014-02-25 | 2015-09-03 | 矢崎総業株式会社 | connection terminal |
US9444205B2 (en) | 2014-03-25 | 2016-09-13 | Lear Corporation | Electric connector with contact protection |
US10128602B2 (en) | 2014-05-13 | 2018-11-13 | Lear Corporation | Electric connector with a terminal interface |
US9847591B2 (en) | 2014-07-22 | 2017-12-19 | Lear Corporation | Electric terminal assembly |
DE102014214366A1 (en) | 2014-07-23 | 2016-02-11 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | contact element |
DE102017001166A1 (en) * | 2017-01-31 | 2018-08-02 | Kostal Kontakt Systeme Gmbh | Contact blade for a socket-like connector part and female connector part |
DE112018001099T5 (en) * | 2017-03-01 | 2019-12-19 | Molex, Llc | Electrical connection and connector arrangement |
KR102478092B1 (en) | 2017-10-17 | 2022-12-16 | 현대자동차주식회사 | Female terminal |
CN112350092B (en) * | 2019-08-08 | 2023-07-18 | 上海莫仕连接器有限公司 | Connector and terminal |
JP7281087B2 (en) | 2019-11-01 | 2023-05-25 | 株式会社オートネットワーク技術研究所 | Terminal connection structure |
CN113221293B (en) * | 2021-06-16 | 2022-03-29 | 浙江理工大学 | Method and system for optimally designing contact reliability of wire spring hole type electric connector |
DE102021211027B3 (en) | 2021-09-30 | 2023-02-02 | Robert Bosch Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung | connector |
DE102021211016B3 (en) | 2021-09-30 | 2023-02-02 | Robert Bosch Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung | connector |
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DE19841216C2 (en) * | 1998-09-09 | 2001-02-15 | Framatome Connectors Int | Female connector for electrical connectors with coding rib |
DE19944280C1 (en) * | 1999-09-15 | 2001-02-01 | Framatome Connectors Int | Electric plug pin socket contact has insertion guides provided on same side as spring contact arms each divided into 2 parts by elongate slit |
-
2002
- 2002-10-19 DE DE10248809A patent/DE10248809A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
2003
- 2003-06-26 DE DE50303661T patent/DE50303661D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-06-26 EP EP03014370A patent/EP1411592B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-09-29 US US10/674,578 patent/US7556542B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-10-14 JP JP2003354289A patent/JP4395351B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP4395351B2 (en) | 2010-01-06 |
EP1411592A1 (en) | 2004-04-21 |
JP2004139986A (en) | 2004-05-13 |
DE50303661D1 (en) | 2006-07-20 |
US7556542B2 (en) | 2009-07-07 |
DE10248809A1 (en) | 2004-04-29 |
US20040127107A1 (en) | 2004-07-01 |
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