EP1407255A2 - Sensor for detecting particles and method for controlling the function thereof - Google Patents

Sensor for detecting particles and method for controlling the function thereof

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Publication number
EP1407255A2
EP1407255A2 EP02754270A EP02754270A EP1407255A2 EP 1407255 A2 EP1407255 A2 EP 1407255A2 EP 02754270 A EP02754270 A EP 02754270A EP 02754270 A EP02754270 A EP 02754270A EP 1407255 A2 EP1407255 A2 EP 1407255A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
sensor
electrodes
measuring electrodes
particles
substrate
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP02754270A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Joachim Berger
Thomas Schulte
Ralf Wirth
Bernd Schumann
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Robert Bosch GmbH
Original Assignee
Robert Bosch GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Robert Bosch GmbH filed Critical Robert Bosch GmbH
Publication of EP1407255A2 publication Critical patent/EP1407255A2/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume, or surface-area of porous materials
    • G01N15/06—Investigating concentration of particle suspensions
    • G01N15/0656—Investigating concentration of particle suspensions using electric, e.g. electrostatic methods or magnetic methods
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume, or surface-area of porous materials
    • G01N15/06—Investigating concentration of particle suspensions
    • G01N15/0606—Investigating concentration of particle suspensions by collecting particles on a support
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2560/00—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics
    • F01N2560/05—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics the means being a particulate sensor
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume, or surface-area of porous materials
    • G01N2015/0042—Investigating dispersion of solids
    • G01N2015/0046—Investigating dispersion of solids in gas, e.g. smoke

Definitions

  • the invention is based on a sensor for detecting particles in a gas stream, in particular soot particles in an exhaust gas stream, in accordance with the type defined in the preamble of claim 1 and a method for checking the function of the sensor in accordance with the type defined in the preamble of claim 10 ,
  • the sensor for the detection of particles in a gas stream, in particular of soot particles in exhaust gas, with the features according to the preamble of claim 1, in which the measuring electrodes are at least partially covered by a collecting sleeve, has the advantage that particles contained in a gas stream by means of the Catching sleeve can be captured so that they can not be affected by currents in the gas stream after deposition on the substrate. Furthermore, the collecting sleeve protects the electrodes from the abrasive effects of the gas flows. The collecting sleeve also serves to calm the gas flow and thus to preferentially deposit particles on the substrate.
  • the sensor according to the invention can be designed, for example, to be arranged in an exhaust line of a motor vehicle with a diesel engine or also for use in the field of domestic engineering in the case of an oil heater.
  • the measuring electrodes are designed as interdigital comb electrodes.
  • Comb electrodes offer favorable measuring behavior and can be easily printed on a plate-shaped substrate, for example.
  • the measuring electrodes are advantageously partially covered by a dielectric. It is thus possible to use the measuring electrodes as a capacitor and to determine the goodness of the electrodes by measuring the capacitance of this capacitor. If no or a significantly changed capacitance is measured compared to an initial value, it can be concluded from this that at least one of the two electrodes has been partially or completely detached from the substrate and the sensor is therefore unusable.
  • a plate capacitor can be formed on the measuring electrodes.
  • a plate capacitor which serves to check the function of the sensor in accordance with the above statements and whose plates are formed parallel to the preferably plate-shaped substrate, can be used to implement capacities which are easily accessible for measurement.
  • the capacitance of the plate capacitor can be, for example, in the range between 100 pF and 200 pF.
  • the plate capacitor is expediently formed with a dielectric, it being possible for the dielectric to be formed, for example, from aluminum oxide.
  • the plates of the plate capacitor and the dielectric are arranged one above the other on the plate-shaped substrate.
  • the plate capacitor is covered with a protective layer.
  • a dielectric arranged over the comb area of the comb electrodes can be covered with a protective layer.
  • it can have a heating element for this purpose.
  • the substrate is made of a highly insulating material, for example a ceramic such as aluminum oxide.
  • the capture sleeve can be, for example, mt on the substrate.
  • the catch sleeve is advantageously made from a sheet with resilient properties.
  • the capture sleeve can also be made of the material from which the substrate is made. In this case, the catch sleeve can be firmly connected to the substrate. It is then also made from a ceramic, for example.
  • the shape of the catch sleeve is fundamentally not tied to specific requirements, but in a preferred embodiment it is box-shaped, with at least one side of such a box tapering in a wedge shape.
  • the substrate can be inserted into an opening in the box.
  • the invention also relates to a method for checking the function of the sensor.
  • a capacitor is assigned to the measuring electrodes, the capacitance of this capacitor being determined.
  • the measurement setup consisting of electrodes and capacitor is regarded as an RC element with a measurement behavior typical of an RC element.
  • the capacitance is advantageously measured at frequencies greater than 5 kHz, for example at 500 kHz.
  • the particle concentration in the medium to be measured can be inferred from the resistance between the measuring electrodes. This can be done by determining the temporal change in the resistance component of the RC element.
  • the resistance is determined here, for example, at frequencies below 5 kHz.
  • the sensor is preferably baked out in order to free it of attached particles. After baking, it can then be determined whether the measuring arrangement of the sensor has a behavior typical of an RC element. If this is the case, the quality of the insulation resistance between the electrodes can be concluded. If the determined quality is too low, the sensor must be replaced. This can be determined by a control unit to which the sensor is connected. If necessary, the sensor can also be be heated for a longer period of time in order to remove soot deposits that are still present.
  • the insulation resistance measured after the sensor has been baked out can advantageously be used as a correction variable for the operation of the sensor.
  • this can only be done provided that the electrodes themselves are fully functional. As described above, this can be determined via a capacitance measurement.
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic, perspective illustration of a soot sensor
  • FIG. 2 shows a sensor element of the soot sensor according to FIG. 1,
  • FIG. 3 shows a schematic, perspective view of an alternative embodiment of a sensor
  • FIG. 4 shows a sensor element of the sensor according to FIG. 3.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 show a sensor for the detection of particles in a gas stream, which is used for installation in an exhaust line of a motor vehicle and is preferably arranged after a soot filter of a motor vehicle with a diesel internal combustion engine.
  • the sensor 1 comprises a plate-like carrier layer 2 made of a highly insulating material, for example made of a ceramic such as aluminum oxide.
  • a heating element 3 is integrated into the carrier layer, which can be connected to a suitable voltage source via contacts 4 and 5 and is used to burn off the sensor 1 from any deposited particles, such as soot particles.
  • a second plate-like layer 6 made of aluminum oxide is arranged on the carrier layer, on which a structure of two interdigital comb electrodes 7 and 8 is printed, which can be connected to a measuring and control unit via contacts 9 and 10.
  • the two comb electrodes 7 and 8 are partially covered by a dielectric 11, so that the comb electrodes 7 and 8 can serve as electrodes of a capacitor with a measurable capacitance.
  • the dielectric 11 is in turn provided with a protective layer 12 so that it is separated from the surrounding medium, so that degeneration of the dielectric 11 is excluded.
  • the sensor 1 is provided with a collecting sleeve 13, which is designed in the shape of a box, in a position above the comb electrodes 7 and 8. area is provided with an opening 14 and serves to calm a gas stream flowing in the exhaust line, so that soot particles or other particles contained in the gas stream are preferably deposited in the area of the comb electrodes 7 and 8.
  • the catch sleeve 13 in question consists of several ceramic layers and is integrated in the ceramic material of the second layer 6 or the carrier layer 2. The two layers 2 and 6 protrude from the catch sleeve.
  • FIGS. 3 and 4 show an alternative embodiment of a soot sensor 20 for installation in an exhaust system of a motor vehicle.
  • the senor 20 comprises a carrier layer 2 with an integrated heating element 3 and a second layer 6, on which two interdigital comb electrodes 7 and 8 are printed, which can be connected to a measuring and control unit via contacts 9 and 10 are and used to determine a soot concentration in an exhaust gas flowing in the exhaust line by resistance measurement.
  • the electrode 8 is connected to a first electrode plate 16.
  • the comb electrode 7 is connected to a second electrode plate 17 at the end facing away from the contact 10.
  • the electrode plates 16 and 17 form a plate capacitor which is provided with a dielectric 18 arranged between the two plates 16 and 17.
  • the first electrode plate 16 is further provided with a protective layer 19, so that the capacitor consisting of the plates 16 and 17 and the dielectric 18 is protected from the environment.
  • the electrode plates 16 and 17, the dielectric 18 and the protective layer 19 lie outside the area of the interdigital comb structure of the two electrodes 7 and 8 and are arranged one above the other on the layer 6.
  • the sensor 20 is provided with a catch sleeve 21 with an inlet opening 22.
  • the catch sleeve 21 consists of sheet metal and is clamped onto the structure consisting of the layers 2 and 6.
  • soot or other electrically conductive particles are deposited on the second layer 6, the electrical resistance between the two comb electrodes 7 and 8 is reduced. Measuring the impedance between the two electrodes 7 and 8 results in a so-called RC Link typical behavior. This means that the soot or particle concentration in the exhaust gas in question can be determined on the basis of the change over time in the resistance component of the RC element.
  • the deposited particles are burned off after a certain time by means of the heating element 3 integrated in the layer 2. If sensor 1 or 20 is in working order, called baking the resistance between electrodes 7 and 8 go to infinity.
  • the resistance is preferably measured at low frequencies, for example at a frequency of 100 kHz. It should only be possible to measure the capacitance of the electrodes 7 and 8 serving as a capacitor for the sensor 1 and of the capacitor consisting of the electrode plates 16 and 17 for the sensor 20. This measurement takes place at high frequencies, for example at a frequency of 500 kHz.
  • the capacitance of the respective capacitor is in the range between 100 pF and 200 pF.
  • the quality of the insulation resistance between the two comb electrodes 7 and 8 can be concluded. If the insulation resistance is too low, the sensor is considered to have aged too much. It needs to be replaced. This condition is detected by the measuring and control unit.
  • the bakeout time can be extended.
  • the insulation resistance can change due to the deposition of conductive corrosion products.
  • This variable can be used as a correction variable when operating the sensor 1 or 20. For this, however, it must be ensured that the electrodes 7 and 8 are fully functional. This information is obtained by measuring the capacitance of the respective capacitor. This can be done using the method already described above.

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  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
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  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
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  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analyzing Materials By The Use Of Electric Means (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a sensor for detecting particles in a gaseous stream, in particular soot particles in an exhaust gas stream. Said sensor comprises at least two measuring electrodes (7, 8), which are located on a substrate (6) consisting of an insulating material. The measuring electrodes (7,8) are at least partially covered by a retaining shell (13; 21).

Description

Sensor zur Detektion von Teilchen und Verfahren zu dessen FunktionskontrolleParticle detection sensor and method for checking its function
Stand der TechnikState of the art
Die Erfindung geht von einem Sensor zur Detektion von Teilchen in einem Gasstrom, insbesondere von Rußpartikeln in einem Abgasstrom, gemäß der im Oberbegriff des Patentanspruches 1 näher definierten Art sowie von einem Verfahren zur Funktionskontrolle des Sensors gemäß der im Oberbegriff des Patentanspruches 10 näher definierten Art aus.The invention is based on a sensor for detecting particles in a gas stream, in particular soot particles in an exhaust gas stream, in accordance with the type defined in the preamble of claim 1 and a method for checking the function of the sensor in accordance with the type defined in the preamble of claim 10 ,
Es ist aus der Praxis bekannt, mittels zweier Elektroden, die auf einer Keramik angeordnet sind, eine Konzentration von Teilchen, wie beispielsweise Ruß- oder Staubpartikeln, in einem Abgas zu messen. Dies kann beispielsweise durch eine Messung des elektrischen Widerstandes des die beiden Elektroden trennenden keramischen Werkstoffs erfolgen. Vorteile der ErfindungIt is known from practice to use two electrodes, which are arranged on a ceramic, to measure a concentration of particles, such as soot or dust particles, in an exhaust gas. This can be done, for example, by measuring the electrical resistance of the ceramic material separating the two electrodes. Advantages of the invention
Der Sensor zur Detektion von Teilchen in einem Gasstrom, insbesondere von Rußpartikeln in Abgas, mit den Merkmalen nach dem Oberbegriff des Patentanspruches 1, bei dem die Meßelektroden zumindest teilweise von einer Fanghülse überdeckt sind, hat den Vorteil, daß in einem Gasstrom enthaltene Teilchen mittels der Fanghülse derart eingefangen werden können, daß sie durch in dem Gasstrom herrschende Strömungen nach der Ablagerung auf dem Substrat nicht beeinträchtigt werden können. Des weiteren schützt die Fanghülse die Elektroden vor abrasiven Wirkungen der Strömungen des Gases. Die Fanghülse dient auch der Beruhigung des Gasstroms und damit zur bevorzugten Ablagerung von Teilchen auf dem Substrat.The sensor for the detection of particles in a gas stream, in particular of soot particles in exhaust gas, with the features according to the preamble of claim 1, in which the measuring electrodes are at least partially covered by a collecting sleeve, has the advantage that particles contained in a gas stream by means of the Catching sleeve can be captured so that they can not be affected by currents in the gas stream after deposition on the substrate. Furthermore, the collecting sleeve protects the electrodes from the abrasive effects of the gas flows. The collecting sleeve also serves to calm the gas flow and thus to preferentially deposit particles on the substrate.
Der Sensor nach der Erfindung kann beispielsweise zur Anordnung in einem Abgasstrang eines Kraftfahrzeuges mit einem Dieselmotor oder auch zum Einsatz im Bereich der Haustechnik bei einer Ölheizung ausgelegt sein.The sensor according to the invention can be designed, for example, to be arranged in an exhaust line of a motor vehicle with a diesel engine or also for use in the field of domestic engineering in the case of an oil heater.
Nach einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform des Sensors nach der Erfindung sind die Meßelektrodεn als interdigitale Kammelektroden ausgebildet. Kammelektroden bieten ein günstiges Meßverhalten und können auf einfache Weise auf ein beispielsweise plattenförmiges Substrat aufgedruckt werden.According to a preferred embodiment of the sensor according to the invention, the measuring electrodes are designed as interdigital comb electrodes. Comb electrodes offer favorable measuring behavior and can be easily printed on a plate-shaped substrate, for example.
Zur Funktionsüberprüfung des Sensors sind die Meßelektroden vorteilhaft teilweise von einem Dielektrikum überdeckt. Es ist so möglich, die Meßelektroden als Kondensator zu nutzen und über eine Messung der Kapazität dieses Kondensators die Gute der Elektroden zu ermitteln. Wenn keine oder eine gegenüber einem Ausgangswert deutlich veränderte Kapazität gemessen wird, so kann hieraus geschlossen werden, daß zumindest eine der beiden Elektroden teilweise oder vollständig von dem Substrat abgelost ist und der Sensor somit unbrauchbar ist.To check the function of the sensor, the measuring electrodes are advantageously partially covered by a dielectric. It is thus possible to use the measuring electrodes as a capacitor and to determine the goodness of the electrodes by measuring the capacitance of this capacitor. If no or a significantly changed capacitance is measured compared to an initial value, it can be concluded from this that at least one of the two electrodes has been partially or completely detached from the substrate and the sensor is therefore unusable.
Nach einer vorteilhaften Ausfuhrungsform des Sensors kann an den Meßelektroden ein Plattenkondensator ausgebildet sein. Mittels eines derartigen Plattenkondensators, der entsprechend den vorstehenden Ausfuhrungen zur Funktions- kontrolle des Sensors dient und dessen Platten parallel zu dem vorzugsweise plattenformigen Substrat ausgebildet sind, sind Kapazitäten realisierbar, die einer Messung leicht zugänglich sind. Die Kapazitäten des Plattenkondensators können beispielsweise im Bereich zwischen 100 pF und 200 pF liegen.According to an advantageous embodiment of the sensor, a plate capacitor can be formed on the measuring electrodes. Such a plate capacitor, which serves to check the function of the sensor in accordance with the above statements and whose plates are formed parallel to the preferably plate-shaped substrate, can be used to implement capacities which are easily accessible for measurement. The capacitance of the plate capacitor can be, for example, in the range between 100 pF and 200 pF.
Der Plattenkondensator ist zweckmaßigerweise mit einem Dielektrikum ausgebildet, wobei das Dielektrikum beispielsweise aus Aluminiumoxid gebildet sein kann. Bei dieser Ausfuhrungsform sind die Platten des Plattenkondensators und das Dielektrikum übereinander liegend auf dem plattenformigen Substrat angeordnet.The plate capacitor is expediently formed with a dielectric, it being possible for the dielectric to be formed, for example, from aluminum oxide. In this embodiment, the plates of the plate capacitor and the dielectric are arranged one above the other on the plate-shaped substrate.
Des weiteren ist es vorteilhaft, wenn der Plattenkondensator mit einer Schutzschicht abgedeckt ist. Entsprechend kann ein über dem Kammbereich der Kammelektroden angeordnetes Dielektrikum mit einer Schutzschicht abgedeckt sein. Um den Sensor von Teilchenablagerungen befreien zu können, kann dieser in einer vorteilhaften Weiterbildung zu diesem Zweck ein Heizelement aufweisen.Furthermore, it is advantageous if the plate capacitor is covered with a protective layer. Correspondingly, a dielectric arranged over the comb area of the comb electrodes can be covered with a protective layer. In order to be able to free the sensor from particle deposits, in an advantageous further development it can have a heating element for this purpose.
Bezüglich der Materialauswahl ist es vorteilhaft, wenn das Substrat aus einem hochisolierenden Werkstoff, beispielsweise einer Keramik wie Aluminiumoxid, gefertigt ist .With regard to the choice of material, it is advantageous if the substrate is made of a highly insulating material, for example a ceramic such as aluminum oxide.
Die Fanghülse kann beispielsweise auf das Substrat aufgekle mt sein. In einem solchen Fall ist die Fanghülse vorteilhaft aus einem Blech mit federelastischen Eigenschaften gefertigt .The capture sleeve can be, for example, mt on the substrate. In such a case, the catch sleeve is advantageously made from a sheet with resilient properties.
Die Fanghülse kann aber auch aus dem Werkstoff gefertigt sein, aus dem das Substrat besteht. In diesem Falle kann die Fanghülse mit dem Substrat in fester Verbindung stehen. Sie ist dann beispielsweise ebenfalls aus einer Keramik gefertigt .The capture sleeve can also be made of the material from which the substrate is made. In this case, the catch sleeve can be firmly connected to the substrate. It is then also made from a ceramic, for example.
Die Form der Fanghülse ist grundsätzlich nicht an bestimmte Vorgaben gebunden, sie ist aber bei einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform schachteiförmig, wobei zumindest eine Seite einer solchen Schachtel keilförmig zulaufen kann. Das Substrat kann in einer Öffnung der Schachtel eingeschoben sein.The shape of the catch sleeve is fundamentally not tied to specific requirements, but in a preferred embodiment it is box-shaped, with at least one side of such a box tapering in a wedge shape. The substrate can be inserted into an opening in the box.
Die Erfindung hat auch ein Verfahren zur Funktionskontrolle des Sensors zum Gegenstand. Bei diesem Verfahren ist den Meßelektroden ein Kondensator zugeordnet, wobei die Kapazität dieses Kondensators ermittelt wird. Bei dem Verfahren wird der aus Elektroden und Kondensator bestehende Meßaufbau als RC-Glied mit einem für ein RC- Glied typischen Meßverhalten angesehen. Die Messung der Kapazität erfolgt hierbei vorteilhaft bei Frequenzen größer als 5 kHz, beispielsweise bei 500 kHz.The invention also relates to a method for checking the function of the sensor. In this method, a capacitor is assigned to the measuring electrodes, the capacitance of this capacitor being determined. In the method, the measurement setup consisting of electrodes and capacitor is regarded as an RC element with a measurement behavior typical of an RC element. The capacitance is advantageously measured at frequencies greater than 5 kHz, for example at 500 kHz.
Zweckmäßigerweise wird bei Abweichung der Kapazität vom Sollwert, welcher dem Wert von einwandfrei arbeitenden Elektroden entspricht, eine Fehlermeldung generiert.If the capacitance deviates from the target value, which corresponds to the value of electrodes working properly, an error message is expediently generated.
Über den zwischen den Meßelektroden herrschenden Widerstand kann auf die Teilchenkonzentration in dem zu messenden Medium geschlossen werden. Dies kann durch die Ermittlung der zeitlichen Änderung des Widerstandsanteils des RC-Gliedes erfolgen. Der Widerstand wird hier beispielsweise bei Frequenzen kleiner 5 kHz ermittelt.The particle concentration in the medium to be measured can be inferred from the resistance between the measuring electrodes. This can be done by determining the temporal change in the resistance component of the RC element. The resistance is determined here, for example, at frequencies below 5 kHz.
Alternativ oder in Ergänzung hierzu ist es auch möglich, die Impedanz zu messen, um noch genauere Informationen hinsichtlich der Spezifizierung der Rußtypen zu gewinnen.Alternatively or in addition to this, it is also possible to measure the impedance in order to obtain more precise information regarding the specification of the soot types.
Der Sensor wird bevorzugt ausgeheizt, um ihn von angelagerten Teilchen zu befreien. Nach dem Ausheizen kann dann ermittelt werden, ob die Meßanordnung des Sensors ein für ein RC-Glied typisches Verhalten aufweist. Ist dies der Fall, kann auf die Güte des Isolationswiderstandes zwischen den Elektroden geschlossen werden. Wenn die ermittelte Güte zu gering ist, ist der Sensor zu ersetzen. Dies kann von einer Steuereinheit, mit der der Sensor verbunden ist, ermittelt werden. Gegebenenfalls kann der Sensor auch über einen län- geren Zeitraum ausgeheizt werden, um noch vorhandene Rußablagerungen zu entfernen.The sensor is preferably baked out in order to free it of attached particles. After baking, it can then be determined whether the measuring arrangement of the sensor has a behavior typical of an RC element. If this is the case, the quality of the insulation resistance between the electrodes can be concluded. If the determined quality is too low, the sensor must be replaced. This can be determined by a control unit to which the sensor is connected. If necessary, the sensor can also be be heated for a longer period of time in order to remove soot deposits that are still present.
Vorteilhaft kann der nach dem Ausheizen des Sensors gemessene Isolationswiderstand als Korrekturgröße für den Betrieb des Sensors herangezogen werden. Dies kann natürlich nur unter der Voraussetzung erfolgen, daß die Elektroden an sich voll funktionsfähig sind. Dies kann, wie oben beschrieben, über eine Kapazitätsmessung ermittelt werden.The insulation resistance measured after the sensor has been baked out can advantageously be used as a correction variable for the operation of the sensor. Of course, this can only be done provided that the electrodes themselves are fully functional. As described above, this can be determined via a capacitance measurement.
Weitere Vorteile und vorteilhafte Weiterbildungen des Gegenstandes nach der Erfindung ergeben sich aus der Beschreibung, der Zeichnung und den Patentansprüchen.Further advantages and advantageous developments of the object according to the invention result from the description, the drawing and the patent claims.
Zeichnungdrawing
Zwei Ausführungsbeispiele des Sensors nach der Erfindung sind in der Zeichnung schematisch vereinfacht dargestellt und werden in der nachfolgenden Beschreibung näher erläutert. Es zeigenTwo embodiments of the sensor according to the invention are shown schematically simplified in the drawing and are explained in more detail in the following description. Show it
Figur 1 eine schematische, perspektivische Darstellung eines Rußsensors,FIG. 1 shows a schematic, perspective illustration of a soot sensor,
Figur 2 ein Sensorelement des Rußsensors nach Figur 1,FIG. 2 shows a sensor element of the soot sensor according to FIG. 1,
Figur 3 eine schematische, perspektivische Ansicht einer alternativen Ausführungsform eines Sensors, undFIG. 3 shows a schematic, perspective view of an alternative embodiment of a sensor, and
Figur 4 ein Sensorelement des Sensors nach Figur 3.FIG. 4 shows a sensor element of the sensor according to FIG. 3.
Beschreibung der Ausführungsbeispiele In den Figuren 1 und 2 ist ein Sensor zur Detektion von Teilchen in einem Gasstrom dargestellt, der zum Einbau in einen Abgasstrang eines Kraftfahrzeuges dient und bevorzugt nach einem Rußfilter eines Kraftfahrzeuges mit einem Dieselverbrennungsmotor angeordnet ist.Description of the embodiments FIGS. 1 and 2 show a sensor for the detection of particles in a gas stream, which is used for installation in an exhaust line of a motor vehicle and is preferably arranged after a soot filter of a motor vehicle with a diesel internal combustion engine.
Der Sensor 1 umfaßt eine plattenartige Trägerschicht 2 aus einem hochisolierenden Werkstoff, beispielsweise aus einer Keramik wie Aluminiumoxid. In die Trägerschicht ist ein Heizelement 3 integriert, das über Kontaktierungen 4 und 5 mit einer geeigneten Spannungsquelle verbindbar ist und zum Freibrennen des Sensors 1 von gegebenenfalls abgelagerten Teilchen, wie Rußpartikeln, dient.The sensor 1 comprises a plate-like carrier layer 2 made of a highly insulating material, for example made of a ceramic such as aluminum oxide. A heating element 3 is integrated into the carrier layer, which can be connected to a suitable voltage source via contacts 4 and 5 and is used to burn off the sensor 1 from any deposited particles, such as soot particles.
Auf der Trägerschicht ist eine zweite plattenartige Schicht 6 aus Aluminiumoxid angeordnet, auf welcher eine Struktur aus zwei interdigitalen Kammelektroden 7 und 8 aufgedruckt ist, die über Kontaktierungen 9 und 10 mit einer Meß- und Steuereinheit verbindbar sind.A second plate-like layer 6 made of aluminum oxide is arranged on the carrier layer, on which a structure of two interdigital comb electrodes 7 and 8 is printed, which can be connected to a measuring and control unit via contacts 9 and 10.
Im Kammbereich sind die beiden Kammelektroden 7 und 8 teilweise von einem Dielektrikum 11 überdeckt, so daß die Kammelektroden 7 und 8 als Elektroden eines Kondensators mit meßbarer Kapazität dienen können. Das Dielektrikum 11 ist wiederum mit einer Schutzschicht 12 versehen, so daß es gegenüber dem umgebenden Medium abgetrennt ist, womit eine Degeneration des Dielektrikums 11 ausgeschlossen ist .In the comb area, the two comb electrodes 7 and 8 are partially covered by a dielectric 11, so that the comb electrodes 7 and 8 can serve as electrodes of a capacitor with a measurable capacitance. The dielectric 11 is in turn provided with a protective layer 12 so that it is separated from the surrounding medium, so that degeneration of the dielectric 11 is excluded.
Im Bereich der Kammelektroden 7 und 8 ist der Sensor 1 mit einer Fanghülse 13 versehen, die schachteiförmig ausgebildet ist, in einem oberhalb der Kammεlektroden 7 und 8 lie- genden Bereich mit einer Öffnung 14 versehen ist und zur Beruhigung eines in dem Abgasstrang strömenden Gasstroms dient, so daß sich Rußpartikel bzw. sonstige in dem Gasstrom enthaltene Teilchen bevorzugt im Bereich der Kammelektroden 7 und 8 ablagert. Die vorliegende Fanghülse 13 besteht aus mehreren keramischen Schichten und ist in den keramischen Werkstoff der zweiten Schicht 6 bzw. der Trägerschicht 2 integriert. Die beiden Schichten 2 und 6 ragen aus der Fanghülse heraus.In the area of the comb electrodes 7 and 8, the sensor 1 is provided with a collecting sleeve 13, which is designed in the shape of a box, in a position above the comb electrodes 7 and 8. area is provided with an opening 14 and serves to calm a gas stream flowing in the exhaust line, so that soot particles or other particles contained in the gas stream are preferably deposited in the area of the comb electrodes 7 and 8. The catch sleeve 13 in question consists of several ceramic layers and is integrated in the ceramic material of the second layer 6 or the carrier layer 2. The two layers 2 and 6 protrude from the catch sleeve.
In den Figuren 3 und 4 ist eine alternative Ausführungsfor eines Rußsensors 20 zum Einbau in einen Abgasstrang eines Kraftfahrzeuges dargestellt.FIGS. 3 and 4 show an alternative embodiment of a soot sensor 20 for installation in an exhaust system of a motor vehicle.
Entsprechend dem Ausführungsbeispiel nach den Figuren 1 und 2 umfaßt der Sensor 20 eine Trägerschicht 2 mit integriertem Heizelement 3 sowie eine zweite Schicht 6, auf der zwei interdigitale Kammelektroden 7 und 8 aufgedruckt sind, die über Kontaktierungen 9 und 10 mit einer Meß- und Steuereinheit verbindbar sind und zur Bestimmung einer Rußkonzentration in einem in dem Abgasstrang strömenden Abgas durch Widerstandsmessung dienen.According to the exemplary embodiment according to FIGS. 1 and 2, the sensor 20 comprises a carrier layer 2 with an integrated heating element 3 and a second layer 6, on which two interdigital comb electrodes 7 and 8 are printed, which can be connected to a measuring and control unit via contacts 9 and 10 are and used to determine a soot concentration in an exhaust gas flowing in the exhaust line by resistance measurement.
An dem der Kontaktierung 9 abgewandten Ende ist die Elektrode 8 mit einer ersten Elektrodenplatte 16 verbunden. Die Kammelektrode 7 ist an dem der Kontaktierung 10 abgewandten Ende mit einer zweiten Elektrodenplatte 17 verbunden. Die Elektrodenplatten 16 und 17 bilden einen Plattenkondensator, der mit einem zwischen den beiden Platten 16 und 17 angeordneten Dielektrikum 18 versehen ist. Die erste Elektrodenplatte 16 ist des weiteren mit einer Schutzschicht 19 versehen, so daß der aus den Platten 16 und 17 und dem Dielektrikum 18 bestehende Kondensator gegenüber der Umgebung geschützt ist. Die Elektrodenplatten lβ und 17, das Dielektrikum 18 und die Schutzschicht 19 liegen außerhalb des Bereiches der interdigitalen Kammstruktur der beiden Elektroden 7 und 8 und sind übereinan- derliegend auf der Schicht 6 angeordnet.At the end facing away from the contact 9, the electrode 8 is connected to a first electrode plate 16. The comb electrode 7 is connected to a second electrode plate 17 at the end facing away from the contact 10. The electrode plates 16 and 17 form a plate capacitor which is provided with a dielectric 18 arranged between the two plates 16 and 17. The first electrode plate 16 is further provided with a protective layer 19, so that the capacitor consisting of the plates 16 and 17 and the dielectric 18 is protected from the environment. The electrode plates 16 and 17, the dielectric 18 and the protective layer 19 lie outside the area of the interdigital comb structure of the two electrodes 7 and 8 and are arranged one above the other on the layer 6.
Der Sensor 20 ist mit einer Fanghülse 21 mit einer Eintrittsöffnung 22 versehen. Die Fanghülse 21 besteht aus Blech und ist auf die aus den Schichten 2 und 6 bestehende Struktur aufgeklemmt.The sensor 20 is provided with a catch sleeve 21 with an inlet opening 22. The catch sleeve 21 consists of sheet metal and is clamped onto the structure consisting of the layers 2 and 6.
Die Rußsensoren nach den Figuren 1 und 2 bzw. 3 und 4 arbeiten in nachfolgend beschriebener Weise.The soot sensors according to FIGS. 1 and 2 or 3 and 4 operate in the manner described below.
Wenn sich auf der zweiten Schicht 6 Ruß bzw. sonstige, elektrisch leitende Teilchen ablagern, so reduziert sich der elektrische Widerstand zwischen den beiden Kammelektroden 7 und 8. Durch Messung der Impedanz zwischen den beiden Elektroden 7 und 8 ergibt sich ein für ein sogenanntes RC- Glied typisches Verhalten. Dies bedeutet, daß die Ruß- bzw. Teilchenkonzentration in dem betreffenden Abgas anhand der zeitlichen Änderung des Widerstandsanteils des RC-Gliedes bestimmt werden kann.If soot or other electrically conductive particles are deposited on the second layer 6, the electrical resistance between the two comb electrodes 7 and 8 is reduced. Measuring the impedance between the two electrodes 7 and 8 results in a so-called RC Link typical behavior. This means that the soot or particle concentration in the exhaust gas in question can be determined on the basis of the change over time in the resistance component of the RC element.
Zur Regeneration des Sensors 1 bzw. 20 werden die angelagerten Teilchen nach gewisser Zeit mittels des in die Schicht 2 integrierten Heizelements 3 abgebrannt. Bei funktionstüchtigem Sensor 1 bzw. 20 sollte nach diesem söge- nannten Ausheizen der Widerstand zwischen den Elektroden 7 und 8 gegen Unendlich gehen.To regenerate the sensor 1 or 20, the deposited particles are burned off after a certain time by means of the heating element 3 integrated in the layer 2. If sensor 1 or 20 is in working order, called baking the resistance between electrodes 7 and 8 go to infinity.
Die Messung des Widerstands erfolgt bevorzugt bei niedrigen Frequenzen, beispielsweise bei einer Frequenz von 100 kHz. Es sollte nur noch die Kapazität der als Kondensator dienenden Elektroden 7 und 8 bei dem Sensor 1 bzw. des aus den Elektrodenplatten 16 und 17 bestehenden Kondensators bei dem Sensor 20 gemessen werden können. Diese Messung erfolgt bei hohen Frequenzen, beispielsweise bei einer Frequenz von 500 kHz. Die Kapazität des jeweiligen Kondensators liegt in dem Bereich zwischen 100 pF und 200 pF.The resistance is preferably measured at low frequencies, for example at a frequency of 100 kHz. It should only be possible to measure the capacitance of the electrodes 7 and 8 serving as a capacitor for the sensor 1 and of the capacitor consisting of the electrode plates 16 and 17 for the sensor 20. This measurement takes place at high frequencies, for example at a frequency of 500 kHz. The capacitance of the respective capacitor is in the range between 100 pF and 200 pF.
Wird nach dem Abbrennen der Teilchen in dem Kammbereich der interdigitalen Kammelektroden 7 und 8 keine oder eine deutlich geänderte Kapazität gemessen, so kann hieraus geschlossen werden, daß zumindest eine der beiden Kammelektroden 7 bzw. 8 zerstört ist. In diesem Falle wird an einer Meß- und Steuereinheit eine Fehlermeldung generiert.If no or a significantly changed capacitance is measured in the comb area of the interdigital comb electrodes 7 and 8 after the particles have burned off, it can be concluded that at least one of the two comb electrodes 7 and 8 has been destroyed. In this case, an error message is generated on a measuring and control unit.
Wird nach dem Ausheizen des Sensors ein für ein RC-Glied typisches Verhalten gemessen, so kann auf die Güte des Isolationswiderstandes zwischen den beiden Kammelektroden 7 und 8 geschlossen werden. Wenn der Isolationswiderstand zu gering ist, wird der Sensor als zu stark gealtert gewertet. Er muß ersetzt werden. Dieser Zustand wird von der Meß- und Steuereinheit detektiert.If a behavior typical of an RC element is measured after the sensor has been baked out, the quality of the insulation resistance between the two comb electrodes 7 and 8 can be concluded. If the insulation resistance is too low, the sensor is considered to have aged too much. It needs to be replaced. This condition is detected by the measuring and control unit.
Alternativ zum Austausch des Sensors kann auch die Ausheizzeit verlängert werden. Gegebenen alls kann sich der Isolationswiderstand durch Ablagerung leitfähiger Korrosionsprodukte verändern. Diese Größe kann als Korrekturgröße beim Betrieb des Sensors 1 bzw. 20 eingehen. Hierzu muß jedoch gewährleistet sein, daß die Elektroden 7 und 8 voll funktionsfähig sind. Diese Information wird durch Messung der Kapazität des jeweiligen Kondensators gewonnen. Dies kann nach dem oben bereits beschriebenen Verfahren erfolgen. As an alternative to replacing the sensor, the bakeout time can be extended. The insulation resistance can change due to the deposition of conductive corrosion products. This variable can be used as a correction variable when operating the sensor 1 or 20. For this, however, it must be ensured that the electrodes 7 and 8 are fully functional. This information is obtained by measuring the capacitance of the respective capacitor. This can be done using the method already described above.

Claims

Ansprüche Expectations
1. Sensor zur Detektion von Teilchen in einem Gasstrom, insbesondere von Rußpartikeln in einem Abgasstrom, mit mindestens zwei Meßelektroden (7, 8), die auf einem Substrat (6) aus einem isolierenden Werkstoff angeordnet sind, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Meßelektroden1. Sensor for the detection of particles in a gas stream, in particular of soot particles in an exhaust gas stream, with at least two measuring electrodes (7, 8) which are arranged on a substrate (6) made of an insulating material, characterized in that the measuring electrodes
(7, 8) zumindest teilweise von einer Fanghülse (13; 21) überdeckt sind.(7, 8) are at least partially covered by a catch sleeve (13; 21).
2. Sensor nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Meßelektroden als interdigitale Kammelektroden (7, 8) ausgebildet sind.2. Sensor according to claim 1, characterized in that the measuring electrodes are designed as interdigital comb electrodes (7, 8).
3. Sensor nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Meßelektroden (7, 8) teilweise von einem Dielektrikum (11) überdeckt sind.3. Sensor according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the measuring electrodes (7, 8) are partially covered by a dielectric (11).
4. Sensor nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß an den Meßelektroden (7, 8) ein Plattenkondensator (16, 17) ausgebildet ist. 4. Sensor according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that a plate capacitor (16, 17) is formed on the measuring electrodes (7, 8).
5. Sensor nach Anspruch 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Plattenkondensator (16, 17) mit einem Dielektrikum (18) ausgebildet ist.5. Sensor according to claim 4, characterized in that the plate capacitor (16, 17) is formed with a dielectric (18).
6. Sensor nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, gekennzeichnet durch ein Heizelement (3) .6. Sensor according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized by a heating element (3).
7. Sensor nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Substrat (6) aus Aluminiumoxid gefertigt ist.7. Sensor according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the substrate (6) is made of aluminum oxide.
8. Sensor nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Fanghülse (21) auf das Substrat (6) aufgeklemmt ist.8. Sensor according to one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the catch sleeve (21) is clamped onto the substrate (6).
9. Sensor nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Fanghülse (13) aus dem Werkstoff des Substrats (6) gefertigt ist.9. Sensor according to one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the catch sleeve (13) is made of the material of the substrate (6).
10. Verfahren zur Funktionskontrolle eines Sensors (1; 20) zur Detektion von Teilchen, insbesondere von Ruß r welcher Sensor mindestens zwei Meßelektroden (6, 7) aufweist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß den Meßelektroden10. Method for checking the function of a sensor (1; 20) for the detection of particles, in particular soot r, which sensor has at least two measuring electrodes (6, 7), characterized in that the measuring electrodes
(6, 7) ein Kondensator zugeordnet ist und die Kapazität dieses Kondensators ermittelt wird.(6, 7) a capacitor is assigned and the capacitance of this capacitor is determined.
11. Verfahren nach Anspruch 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß bei Abweichung der Kapazität vom Sollwert eine Fehlermeldung generiert wird. 11. The method according to claim 10, characterized in that an error message is generated when the capacity deviates from the target value.
12. Verfahren nach Anspruch 9 oder 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Sensor (1; 20) ausgeheizt wird.12. The method according to claim 9 or 10, characterized in that the sensor (1; 20) is heated.
13. Verfahren nach Anspruch 12, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß nach dem Ausheizen des Sensors (1; 20) der Isolationswiderstand zwischen den Meßelektroden (6, 7) gemessen wird.13. The method according to claim 12, characterized in that after the heating of the sensor (1; 20), the insulation resistance between the measuring electrodes (6, 7) is measured.
14. Verfahren nach Anspruch 13, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der nach dem Ausheizen des Sensors gemessene Isolationswiderstand als Korrekturgröße für den Betrieb des Sensors (1; 20) herangezogen wird. 14. The method according to claim 13, characterized in that the insulation resistance measured after heating the sensor is used as a correction variable for the operation of the sensor (1; 20).
EP02754270A 2001-07-10 2002-06-26 Sensor for detecting particles and method for controlling the function thereof Withdrawn EP1407255A2 (en)

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