EP1398744B1 - Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Verwalten eines Alarmsystems - Google Patents

Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Verwalten eines Alarmsystems Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1398744B1
EP1398744B1 EP20030292090 EP03292090A EP1398744B1 EP 1398744 B1 EP1398744 B1 EP 1398744B1 EP 20030292090 EP20030292090 EP 20030292090 EP 03292090 A EP03292090 A EP 03292090A EP 1398744 B1 EP1398744 B1 EP 1398744B1
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Prior art keywords
video
tcp
station
alarm
images
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP1398744A1 (de
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Patrick c/f Groupe SCUTUM S.A. Launay
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Groupe Scutum Sas
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Groupe Scutum Sas
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G08—SIGNALLING
    • G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
    • G08B13/00—Burglar, theft or intruder alarms
    • G08B13/18—Actuation by interference with heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength; Actuation by intruding sources of heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength
    • G08B13/189—Actuation by interference with heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength; Actuation by intruding sources of heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength using passive radiation detection systems
    • G08B13/194—Actuation by interference with heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength; Actuation by intruding sources of heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength using passive radiation detection systems using image scanning and comparing systems
    • G08B13/196—Actuation by interference with heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength; Actuation by intruding sources of heat, light, or radiation of shorter wavelength using passive radiation detection systems using image scanning and comparing systems using television cameras

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method and a device for managing an alarm system. It applies in particular, but not exclusively, to remote outdoor video surveillance, also called remote video surveillance, sensitive sites from a station or a central station.
  • guarding budgets are often very expensive compared to the risks actually incurred.
  • the 1st level of equipment is sometimes enough.
  • the 2 nd level of equipment is required when part of the risk is located outdoors, for example in storage areas, or when early detection, for example when crossing the property line, is necessary to organize a reaction before the intruders enter the buildings.
  • An alternative to intervention costs is to perform an alarm check by surveillance cameras whose fields of vision cover the detection areas.
  • US Patent 6400265 which describes a device comprising a monitoring system providing images (photos, images, videos, etc.), when an alarm situation is detected by comparison of images. When a change occurs, i.e. motion detection, an alarm may be reported or another user-defined response may be performed.
  • the image and other relevant data can be transmitted to a central station.
  • the user can also view the images, for example a video clip, remotely via the Internet.
  • This device is certainly interesting, but it is only intended to solve the problem of the internal surveillance of sites and telemonitoring defined by users via a telecommunication network, in this case the Internet.
  • the method according to may comprise a subsequent step of analyzing the video sequence, by the central station operator possibly assisted by an automated image processing, intended to define the appropriate response. such as the sending of an intervener on the zone or the call to the public forces.
  • the video sequence will be stored in independent storage means specific to the aforesaid central station and / or in a storage means accessible from the outside via a telecommunication network.
  • an authorized user for example having entered a personal code, can access the video sequence via a telecommunication network such as for example the Internet, from a computer or a mobile phone.
  • the authorized user will also have access to a report relating to the triggering event.
  • the method according to the invention may comprise a subsequent video connection step by an operator, intended to carry out a video round or a direct video surveillance.
  • An authorized user may, from a computer or a mobile phone, manage the alarm device almost identically to the central station to define in particular the video rounds, that is to say the scrolling video images on a same display screen, live view the location or the area covered by a local station, analyze the aforesaid video sequences, remote control the local station and / or the detection means.
  • the video sequence will comprise an identification code able to define the central station recipient of the alarm, a site code (monitored site), a number to identify the local station that made this video sequence and an index to order the images forming this sequence, for example a timestamp to the second , or the sequences themselves in the case of transmissions of a plurality of video sequences.
  • this method may include a subsequent step of analyzing the video recordings, for example to determine the inputs / outputs of personnel.
  • the transmissions between the above-mentioned local station and the central station will be carried out on a TCP / IP network.
  • the aforesaid video control unit will include at least one TCP / IP main link and possibly a secondary link of another nature, for example of the "GSM DATA" type.
  • the device according to the invention will comprise least means for controlling the local station, for example telemetric commands capable of moving said local station in site / azimuth / zoom in / zoom out.
  • the control means may consist of a command superimposed superimposed in the live received images, independent of the telemetry protocol programmed in the aforesaid local station.
  • the device will also include means for changing the resolution at the source, that is to say the coding of the image, whose resolution effect depends on the compression means of the video images transmitted from the station local.
  • the local station may include a fixed camera, for example a TCP / IP camera.
  • the video sequence will consist of 5 ⁇ 1 images before the alarm, 1 ⁇ 1 image of the alarm, 5 ⁇ 1 images after the alarm.
  • the TCP / IP camera will include the following elements / functionalities: at least one TCP / IP video server, which can for example be integrated into the camera in the case of TCP / IP cameras, at least one TCP / IP controller IP, which can be integrated in the TCP / IP video server, possibly a receiver corresponding to the emitters of the wireless infrared detectors and, if necessary, infrared barriers without wires, possibly a timed lighting switching equipment with a twilight cell, possibly a wireless network station with at least one 2.4 GHz antenna depending on the distances with the video controller and possibly at least one wireless network station, a plurality of low voltage supplies for the different elements, possibly at least one battery, possibly a waterproof box as well as supports and fixings for the camera, the antenna and the box.
  • the video control unit will comprise at least one or more computers possibly with software for receiving alarms and control domes / cameras with at least some of the functionalities of the operator stations and software for recording video sources (digital recorder ) and supervision of the domes and cameras, at least one TCP / IP router, one or more TCP / IP controllers with inputs / outputs, possibly an alarm transmitter on a secondary link (telephone, GSM Data 7), possibly a "Hub” or "switch", at least one inverter, possibly at least one wireless network access point and an antenna for example 2.4 GHz.
  • computers possibly with software for receiving alarms and control domes / cameras with at least some of the functionalities of the operator stations and software for recording video sources (digital recorder ) and supervision of the domes and cameras, at least one TCP / IP router, one or more TCP / IP controllers with inputs / outputs, possibly an alarm transmitter on a secondary link (telephone, GSM Data 7), possibly a "Hub” or "sw
  • the main objective of the present invention concerns the removal of doubt following the triggering of an alarm.
  • video round for example, will be defined as monitoring to check, at a specific time on a daily or weekly basis, whether the outside gates of any place are closed and also to check a number of key points. of a site.
  • This objective allows an operator to qualify the alarm given for example by an intrusion detector 1.
  • an intrusion detector 1 In the examples chosen to illustrate the invention, the case of an intrusion of an unauthorized person into the detection field of the detector 1 has been considered. This intrusion constitutes an event triggering the alarm because in this case the Detector 1 triggers the alarm when it detects movement in the location or zone 3 it is monitoring.
  • This triggering event as well as the detectors 1 used, may, of course, be of a different nature, but the operation of the method according to the invention will remain substantially the same.
  • the triggering event may also consist of a fire, the passage of a small animal or simply the fall of a tree branch.
  • the device according to the invention comprises at least one local station 2, and in the appended figures a plurality of local stations 2, each comprising a 360 ° mobile camera, that is to say able to cover a complete turn of the field of vision.
  • the removal of doubt consists here in associating with a set of detectors a local station 2, in this case a dome, whose pre-recorded or pre-positioned fields of vision cover the detection fields of the detectors 1, to be enslaved the prepositions of the dome to the detector 1, to enslave the recording of the images to the alarm information and to record a sequence of images of the triggering event.
  • a local station 2 in this case a dome, whose pre-recorded or pre-positioned fields of vision cover the detection fields of the detectors 1, to be enslaved the prepositions of the dome to the detector 1, to enslave the recording of the images to the alarm information and to record a sequence of images of the triggering event.
  • the local stations 2 are ideally placed to cover, in a minimum number, the entire perimeter of the location, or zone, to monitor 3 and to be able to view the part covered by each detector 1 of triggering event.
  • the detectors 1 As soon as one of the detectors 1 detects a triggering event, it alerts the appropriate local station 2, here the dome, which directs, or rotates so that its camera can view and record a video sequence of the aforesaid part of the area to be monitored by detector 1 having reported the triggering event.
  • the appropriate local station 2 here the dome, which directs, or rotates so that its camera can view and record a video sequence of the aforesaid part of the area to be monitored by detector 1 having reported the triggering event.
  • All transmissions / transmissions between the different equipment and installations of the device according to the invention will ideally be carried out by non-wire link.
  • the aforesaid infrared detectors used are infrared detectors intended for external surveillance, that is to say that they are particularly adapted to the detection of persons. In this case, the low consumption of this type of detector allows its power supply via batteries.
  • the detectors 1 used in the present invention are provided with a radio transmitter / receiver transmitting on the authorized FM radio frequencies and bands, for example with a minimum free-field range of about 200 meters, so that to alert the nearest local station or station able to turn so as to direct its camera on the aforesaid part of the area to be monitored 3 where the triggering event has been identified.
  • the images should ideally contain inlaid information type "site name”, “camera number”, “date / time / minute / second", the time stamp being for example that of the device of recording or that of the central station.
  • the device and the method of the invention use a so-called main connection between the local station 2 of the monitored site 3 and the central station or stations and possibly another, so-called secondary connection.
  • the main link is a "TCP / IP” link, that is to say that the transmissions between the local station 2 and the central station are carried out on a "TCP / IP” network, while the activation of the "TCP / IP” link said secondary link results from the implementation of a type of alarm telephone transmitter equipment using switched networks or cellular networks, for example of the "GSM DATA" type.
  • the aforesaid video controller comprises at least one TCP / IP main link and possibly a secondary link of a different nature, for example of the "GSM DATA" type.
  • the shutdown of a local station causes the monitoring to stop on the parts monitored by the detectors covered by local station 2.
  • One of the functions of the video control is to constantly monitor local stations 2 by the technique of "polling", well known to those skilled in the art.
  • two notifications are transmitted to the central station of remote monitoring: by means of the TCP / IP link as a specific file, for example a black image containing "NO VIDEO" or a video sequence, reduced to a single image, generated for the local station n ° X of the site n ° Y, and by the secondary link in the form of an alarm "supervision failure of local station No. X of site No. Y".
  • the analysis of the received video sequence must allow the operators to qualify the alarm, according to the operating instructions of the site 3 given by the customer.
  • the operator must be able to connect live on the site 3, either to follow the evolution of an intrusion diagnosed to the analysis of the video sequence, or in the framework of contractual missions of the video round type, direct video control, deferred video control, that is to say control of recent recordings of the site, remote controls.
  • a client may be provided with an authorization code enabling him, from a computer or a mobile phone, to have direct access to a user interface capable of conferring on him the command of the local station 2 and the management of the video recording, depending for example on the date and time or the field of view of said station 2.
  • the live connection to the site 3 for the operator of the central station can be done via the button "connection” after possible information field "site".
  • the operator will also be able to choose the exit point of the private network of the local stations 2, according to the availability of the links or the desired transmission speed (choice of PROXY).
  • the operator also has the possibility of switching his link with a local station 2 on another local station 2 in case of non-response, or lack of response, the first local station 2 contacted.
  • the direct video control of the location or the area to be monitored 3 makes it possible, for example, to verify that a person who has to enter a sensitive building alone is not accompanied by a third person threatening him or to secure a person working alone in premises at risk.
  • This direct control also allows an operator to control equipment on the site, for example to control lighting or remote control the opening of a portal to receive an external intercom call.
  • the device according to the invention will comprise at least one control means of the local station 2, for example telemetric commands capable of effecting the displacement of said local station in site / azimuth / zoom in / zoom out.
  • the control means may consist of a command superimposed superimposed in the images in the live received images, independent of the telemetry protocol programmed in the aforesaid local station.
  • An example of a user interface is shown on the figure 2 .
  • the device according to the invention may comprise means for changing the resolution at the source, that is to say the coding of the image, the resolution effect of which depends on the compression equipment of the images. video recorded and broadcast from the local station.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Closed-Circuit Television Systems (AREA)
  • Alarm Systems (AREA)

Claims (23)

  1. Verfahren zum Verwalten eines Alarmsystems, mit den folgenden Schritten:
    - Videoüberwachung wenigstens eines Raumes oder einer Zone (3) mithilfe wenigstens einer autonomen lokalen Station (2), mit wenigstens einer fixierten oder mobilen Kamera, wobei die Station (2) über eine Drahtlosverbindung mit einer Videosteuerung verbunden ist,
    - Erfassung eines vordefinierten auslösenden Ereignisses mithilfe einer Erfassungseinrichtung (1), die über eine Drahtlosverbindung mit der lokalen Station (2) verbunden ist, und nach dem Erfassungsschritt mit den folgenden Schritten:
    - Ausrichtung und Fokussierung der wenigstens einen Kamera in Richtung des auslösenden Ereignisses, wenn die wenigstens eine Kamera beweglich ist,
    - Videoaufzeichnung durch die Videosteuerung von durch die Kamera gelieferten Bildern
    - und Extraktion einer Videosequenz mit dem auslösenden Ereignis, wobei die Sequenz ferner abdeckt, während einer vorbestimmten Zeitspanne, eine Phase vor dem auslösenden Ereignis sowie eine Phase nach dem Ereignis, wobei das unterschiedlich geregelt ist, je nachdem, ob die Kamera fixiert oder mobil ist,
    - Alarm bei wenigstens einer Zentralstation durch die Videosteuerung,
    - Senden der Videosequenz an die Zentralstation über eine TCP/IP Verbindung, und
    - Analyse der Videosequenz durch automatisierte Bildbearbeitungsmittel.
  2. Verfahren zur Verwaltung eines Alarmsystems nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Videosequenz an der besagten Zentralstation in einer geeigneten unabhängigen Speichereinrichtung gespeichert wird und/oder in einer von außen über ein Telekommunikationsnetz zugreifbaren Speichereinrichtung.
  3. Verfahren zur Verwaltung eines Alarmsystems nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass ein befugter Benutzer mithilfe eines Computers oder eines tragbaren Telefons über ein Telekommunikationsnetz durch Sicherheitsmittel auf die Videosequenz zugreift.
  4. Verfahren zur Verwaltung eines Alarmsystems nach Anspruch 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der befugte Benutzer ferner auf eine Anzeige in Bezug auf das auslösende Ereignis zugreift.
  5. Verfahren zur Verwaltung eines Alarmsystems nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass dieses einen weiteren Schritt eines Videoanschlusses durch einen Bediener umfasst, der dazu bestimmt ist, eine Videorunde oder eine direkte Videoüberwachung durchzuführen.
  6. Verfahren zur Verwaltung eines Alarmsystems nach Anspruch 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass ein befugter Benutzer von einem Computer oder einem tragbaren Telefon aus die Verwaltung der Alarmeinrichtung quasi identisch wie die Zentralstation sicherstellen kann, um insbesondere die Videorunden zu definieren, das heißt, den Ablauf der Videobilder auf ein und demselben Sichtschirm, dem Raum oder die Zone (3), die durch eine lokale Station (2) abgedeckt wird, visualisieren kann, die besagten Videosequenzen analysieren kann, die lokale Station (2) und/oder die Erfassungseinrichtung (1) fernsteuern kann.
  7. Verfahren zur Verwaltung eines Alarmsystems nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Videosequenz einen Identifikationscode umfasst, der so ausgelegt ist, dass dieser definiert die für den Alarm als Ziel bestimmte Zentralstation, eine Codestelle (überwachte Stelle), eine Zahl, die es erlaubt, die lokale Station (2) zu identifizieren, die diese Videosequenz ausgeführt hat, sowie einen Index, der es erlaubt, die Bilder dieser Sequenz zu ordnen, zum Beispiel einen Zeitstempel in der Sekunde, oder die Sequenzen selbst im Falle von Ausgaben einer Mehrzahl von Videosequenzen.
  8. Verfahren zur Verwaltung eines Alarmsystems nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass dieses einen weiteren Schritt der Analyse von Videoaufzeichnungen umfasst.
  9. Vorrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens zur Verwaltung eines Alarmsystems nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 8, bestehend darin, eine Videoüberwachung von Bildern durchzuführen, die durch wenigstens eine lokale Station (2) geliefert werden, einer Erfassung eines vordefinierten auslösenden Ereignisses, eines Alarms bei wenigstens einer Zentralstation, einer Videoaufzeichnung der Überwachung des Raumes oder der Zone (3) sowie einer Extraktion einer Videosequenz mit dem auslösenden Ereignis; wobei die Sequenz ferner während einer vorbestimmen Zeitspanne eine Phase vor dem auslösenden Ereignis sowie eine Phase nach dem auslösenden Ereignis umfasst, mit:
    - einer Mehrzahl von autonomen Erfassungseinrichtungen (1) eines auslösenden Ereignisses, die über eine Drahtlosverbindung mit der lokalen Station (2) verbunden ist,
    - wenigstens einer lokalen Station, mit wenigstens einer fixierten oder beweglichen Kamera, die so ausgelegt ist, dass diese die drahtlose Übertragung/Empfang von Sendungen gewährleistet;
    - wenigstens einer Zentralstation, welche die zentralisierte Überwachung der Gesamtheit der Vorrichtung sicherstellt und eine Kommunikationseinrichtung und automatisierte Bildbearbeitungseinrichtung umfasst;
    - wenigstens einer Videosteuerung, insbesondere so ausgelegt, dass diese die Überwachung, die Verwaltung von Übertragungen/Empfängen zwischen der lokalen Station (2), der zentralen Station, den Detektoren und der Videosteuerung sowie die Videoaufzeichnung der vorgenannten Kamera sicherstellt.
  10. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Sendungen zwischen der vorgenannten lokalen Station (2) und der Zentralstation über ein TCP/IP Netz ausgeführt werden.
  11. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die vorgenannten Videosteuerung wenigstens eine TCP/IP Hauptverbindung umfasst.
  12. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 11, mit einer Sekundärverbindung einer anderen Art, des Typs GSM Daten.
  13. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass diese wenigstens eine Steuereinrichtung der lokalen Station (2) umfasst, zum Beispiel Telemetriesteuerungen, die so ausgelegt sind, dass diese die Verstellung der lokalen Station (2) hinsichtlich Ort/Azimut/Zoom voraus/Zoom zurück zu bewirken.
  14. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 13, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Steuermittel in einem als Überlagerung in den unabhängig vom in der lokalen Station (2) programmierten Telemetrieprotokoll direkt empfangenen Bildern besteht.
  15. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass diese ein Veränderungsmittel der Auflösung an der Quelle umfasst, das heißt, eine Codierung des Bildes, mit dem Effekt einer Auflösung abhängig von Kompressionsmitteln der Videobilder, die von der lokalen Station (2) gesendet werden.
  16. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die lokale Station Aufzeichnungsmittel einer Videosequenz umfasst.
  17. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 16, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Videosequenz gebildet wird durch 5 ± 1 Bilder vor dem Alarm, 1 ± 1 Bild des Alarms, 5 ± 1 Bilder nach dem Alarm.
  18. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 12, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Videosequenz gebildet wird durch 1 ± 1 Bilder vor dem Alarm, 1 ± 1 Bild des Alarms, 9 ± 1 Bilder nach dem Alarm.
  19. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 12, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die mobile Station eine TCP/IP Einrichtung ist.
  20. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 19, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die TCP/IP Einrichtung von mehreren Einrichtungen auf ein und derselben Plattform gemeinsam benutzte Ausstattungen umfasst:
    • TCP/IP Videoserver, wenn dieser mit mehreren Videoeingängen versehen ist,
    • gegebenenfalls die drahtlose und antennenlose Netzstation, zum Beispiel mit 2,4 GHz,
    • TCP/IP Automat für Anhangsinformationen (Autoprotektion, tiefe Stapel ...), gegebenenfalls integriert in den Videoserver,
    • Versorgungen mit Niedrigspannungen und gegebenenfalls Batterien,
    • dichtes Gehäuse, bestimmt zum Schutz der elektronischen Einrichtungen.
  21. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 16, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die fixierte Kamera eine TCP/IP Kamera ist.
  22. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 21, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die TCP/IP Kamera auch umfasst insbesondere Elemente/Funktionalitäten wie folgt: wenigstens eine TCP/IP Videoserver, der zum Beispiel im Falle von TCP/IP Kameras in die Kamera integriert sein kann, wenigstens einen TCP/IP Automat, welcher in den TCP/IP Server integriert sein kann, gegebenenfalls einen mit den Sendern der drahtlosen Infrarotdetektoren korrespondierenden Empfänger und gegebenenfalls drahtlose Infrarotbarrieren, gegebenenfalls eine Einrichtung zur zeitweisen Beleuchtungsumschaltung mit Dämmerungszelle, gegebenenfalls eine drahtlosen Netzstation mit wenigstens einer 2,4 GHz Antenne, die mit der Videosteuerung und eventuell wenigstens einer drahtlosen Netzstation über Distanzen funktioniert, einer Mehrzahl von Niedrigspannungsversorgungen für die verschiedenen Elemente, eventuell wenigstens eine Batterie, eventuell einen dichten Koffer sowie Halterungen und Befestigungen für die Kamera, die Antenne und das Gehäuse.
  23. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Videosteuerung umfasst wenigstens ein oder mehrere Rechner mit eventuell einer Alarm- und Kontroll-Empfangslogik für Einrichtungen/Kameras mit wenigstens einem Funktionalitätsbereich für Bedienerposten und einer Aufzeichnungslogik für Videoquellen (numerischer Aufzeichner) und einer Überlagerung von Einrichtungen und Kameras, wenigstens einen TCP/IP Router, ein oder mehrere TCP/IP Automaten mit Eingängen/Ausgängen, eventuell einen Alarmsender über eine Sekundärverbindung (Telefon, GSM Daten ...), eventuell einen "Hub" oder einen "Switch", wenigstens einen Wellenformer, eventuell wenigstens einen drahtlosen Netzzugangspunkt und eine Antenne, zum Beispiel 2,4 GHz.
EP20030292090 2002-09-06 2003-08-25 Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Verwalten eines Alarmsystems Expired - Lifetime EP1398744B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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FR0211076A FR2844376B1 (fr) 2002-09-06 2002-09-06 Procede et dispositif de gestion d'un systeme d'alarme
FR0211076 2002-09-06

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EP1398744B1 true EP1398744B1 (de) 2012-07-04

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CN105704427A (zh) * 2014-11-24 2016-06-22 国网河南省电力公司平顶山供电公司 一种用于高压输电线路的智能视频监控系统

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JP2004341565A (ja) * 1999-11-12 2004-12-02 Future Amenity Line Co Ltd インターネット利用による警備システム
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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US11158174B2 (en) 2019-07-12 2021-10-26 Carrier Corporation Security system with distributed audio and video sources
US11282352B2 (en) 2019-07-12 2022-03-22 Carrier Corporation Security system with distributed audio and video sources

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EP1398744A1 (de) 2004-03-17
FR2844376B1 (fr) 2006-12-08
FR2844376A1 (fr) 2004-03-12

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