EP1393002B1 - Method and device for low-emission non-catalytic combustion of a liquid fuel - Google Patents

Method and device for low-emission non-catalytic combustion of a liquid fuel Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1393002B1
EP1393002B1 EP02745348A EP02745348A EP1393002B1 EP 1393002 B1 EP1393002 B1 EP 1393002B1 EP 02745348 A EP02745348 A EP 02745348A EP 02745348 A EP02745348 A EP 02745348A EP 1393002 B1 EP1393002 B1 EP 1393002B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
mixing zone
combustion
mixture
fuel
oxidizing agent
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EP02745348A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP1393002A1 (en
Inventor
Miroslaw Weclas
Jochen Volkert
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GVP Gesellschaft zur Vermarktung der Porenbrennertechnik mbH
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GVP Gesellschaft zur Vermarktung der Porenbrennertechnik mbH
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C99/00—Subject-matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass
    • F23C99/006—Flameless combustion stabilised within a bed of porous heat-resistant material
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23D—BURNERS
    • F23D11/00—Burners using a direct spraying action of liquid droplets or vaporised liquid into the combustion space
    • F23D11/36—Details, e.g. burner cooling means, noise reduction means
    • F23D11/40—Mixing tubes or chambers; Burner heads
    • F23D11/402—Mixing chambers downstream of the nozzle
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23D—BURNERS
    • F23D11/00—Burners using a direct spraying action of liquid droplets or vaporised liquid into the combustion space
    • F23D11/36—Details, e.g. burner cooling means, noise reduction means
    • F23D11/44—Preheating devices; Vaporising devices
    • F23D11/441—Vaporising devices incorporated with burners
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C2202/00—Fluegas recirculation
    • F23C2202/30—Premixing fluegas with combustion air
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23D—BURNERS
    • F23D2209/00—Safety arrangements
    • F23D2209/10—Flame flashback

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method and apparatus for low-emission non-catalytic combustion of a liquid fuel.
  • a burner is known from DE 43 22 109 A, in which an ignitable gas / air mixture is passed into a chamber upstream of a porous body.
  • the porosity of the pore body is designed so that a flashback of a flame in the chamber is not possible.
  • it can not be ruled out that, for another reason, an ignition in the chamber and thus the destruction of the burner occur.
  • DE 195 44 417 A1 describes a catalytic burner for combustion of fuel gas, in particular of hydrogen.
  • the fuel gas and the air are introduced separately into a porous catalyst element.
  • the mixture and the combustion take place simultaneously in the catalyst element. In places, no homogeneous mixture between the fuel gas and the air is achieved. The combustion is not always complete.
  • DE 196 46 957 A1 describes a further burner according to the preamble of claim 12, which is suitable for the combustion of liquid fuel.
  • an existing of atomized liquid fuel and air mixture is passed into a porous body.
  • the porosity in its porosity is such that combustion of the mixture can take place therein.
  • the mixture passes through a flame arrester into a further downstream pore body with a Peclet number of> 65 and is burned there.
  • the known burner has a relatively low power dynamics, i. It can only be modulated in a narrow power range.
  • high temperatures occur at the nozzle exit of the atomizing nozzle. There form deposits there, which counteract a uniform atomization of the liquid fuel. This in turn is detrimental to a low-emission combustion possible.
  • the object of the invention is to eliminate the disadvantages of the prior art.
  • a method and a device are to be specified, which enable as far as possible residue-free combustion in a wide power range.
  • the aim of the invention is in particular to provide a highly modulated burner, which enables a particularly low-pollution combustion in each power range.
  • the evaporation of the liquid fuel in the mixing zone makes it possible to produce particularly compact burners. In this case, it is ensured that the fuel produced by evaporation comes into contact with the oxidizing gas only in the mixing zone, so that only there an ignitable mixture can form.
  • the proposed methods allow a low-residue combustion in a wide power range.
  • the separate introduction of the fuel and the gaseous oxidant in a mixing zone allows separate control and regulation of the mass flow of both the gas and the gaseous oxidant. This can be set in any desired power range, a mixture that allows low-emission combustion.
  • fuel in the present case liquid fuel, such as light fuel oil and the like., But also vaporized liquid fuels, such as alcohol, gasoline or Schuöldämpfe understood.
  • the term “fuel” also means mixtures of combustible and non-combustible gases or non-combustible gases and combustible vapors.
  • the mixing zone is formed so that combustion even when reaching the ignition temperature of the mixture within the mixing zone is not possible, the method is particularly safe. Even with damage to the combustion zone, e.g. fulfilling pore body is avoided by the mixing zone a flashback in a fuel feeding line.
  • the mixing zone is spatially well defined. Thus, a homogeneous and complete mixture of the mixture can be achieved. - Both solutions according to the invention have in common that first formed in the mixing zone, the mixture and then the mixture is burned in the remote from the mixing zone combustion zone. There is no simultaneous mixing and combustion in the same zone.
  • the mixing zone expediently has a Peclet number of less than 65 +/- 25, preferably 65, on. Because of the definition of the Peclet number and the criteria for the selection of a suitable Peclet number, reference is made to DE 43 22 109 A1. The proposed method is particularly safe. By the separate and direct introduction of the fuel and the gaseous oxidant in the mixing zone ignition of the same is avoided until complete formation of the mixture.
  • the mixing zone can be formed from a perforated plate, a first porous element or even a narrow gap. It has proved to be advantageous for the mixture to be conducted into a second porous element forming the combustion zone and burned into its pore space to form a flame. Such combustion is particularly homogeneous and low in pollutants.
  • the perforated plate and / or the first and / or the second porous element may be made of a ceramic. However, the first and / or second porous element may also be formed from an open-pore metal foam, metal mesh or a bed of ceramic bodies, preferably spheres.
  • the first and the second porous element can be arranged directly adjacent to each other. In this case, direct heat conduction from the second porous element to the first porous element is possible. The resulting heating of the first porous element further contributes to the formation of a particularly homogeneous mixture.
  • a non-oxidizing gas can be added.
  • the ignitability of the evaporated fuel can be reduced.
  • the mass flow of the fuel passed to the mixing zone and / or the mass flow of the gaseous oxidizing agent are expediently controlled.
  • Each of the two mass flows can be controlled separately or controlled as a function of a given power or a given pollutant emissions.
  • Such a control can be automated using microprocessors according to a predetermined program.
  • the fuel and / or the gaseous oxidizing agent preheated.
  • exhaust gas formed during combustion can be added to the vaporized fuel and / or the gaseous oxidant.
  • the pollutant emissions can be further reduced.
  • it can do that the performance of a burner operating according to the proposed method can be increased.
  • a low-pollutant non-catalytic combustion liquid fuel combustion system having a mixing zone and a combustion zone downstream of the mixing zone, with means being connected to the mixing zone for separately introducing the liquid or vaporized fuel in a non-combustible state and a means for separately introducing a gaseous oxidant, and wherein the mixing zone is formed so that combustion is not possible even when the ignition temperature of the mixture within the mixing zone is reached.
  • the proposed device has an extremely high power dynamics. It can e.g. the power can be varied in the range of 1 kW to 20 kW.
  • a mixer is here e.g. formed from a porous ceramic having a Peclet number of less than 65.
  • the mixer is open to a combustion zone.
  • the mixer is surrounded on all sides by a gas-tight housing.
  • the housing abuts directly against the surface of the porous ceramic.
  • a fan may be turned on.
  • the fuel can be expanded into the mixer immediately from the liquid state. It is also possible to supply a mixture formed from the fuel and a non-flammable gas to the mixer. In the mixer, an ignitable mixture is formed from the fuel and the gaseous oxidizing agent. Combustion of the ignitable mixture in the mixer is due to the selected porosity, i. a Peclet number of less than 65, not possible. The mixture exits the mixer and is burned in the downstream combustion zone.
  • the mass flow of both the gaseous oxidant and the fuel can be regulated separately.
  • the performance of the burner can be modulated in a wide range become. It can also be achieved a low-emission combustion in each selected power range.
  • Fig. 2 shows a burner according to Fig. 1.
  • the fuel is produced here by means for evaporating fuel oil. It is formed from a non-flammable oil vapor.
  • the air ratio ⁇ or oil vapor is chosen so that an ignitability is not given.
  • the heating oil used here can be mixed with preheated oil fuel oil E and the evaporation can be accelerated.
  • the heating oil used can also be preheated, for example, by electrical energy or by the waste heat of the exhaust gases formed during combustion.
  • the gaseous oxidizing agent used for example air, can be preheated with air preheated either electrically or by exhaust gas waste heat. It is also possible to mix both the liquid fuel used and the gaseous oxidizing agent with exhaust gas and feed it to the mixer.
  • Fig. 3 shows a third variant of a device according to the invention.
  • a device for the evaporation of liquid fuel directly coupled to the mixer.
  • Liquid fuel eg light fuel oil
  • the further porous element is heated by the waste heat of combustion.
  • the liquid fuel is vaporized in the further porous element.
  • the formed gas enters the downstream downstream mixer.
  • gaseous oxidizing agent passes into the mixer, which is led separately through the device for evaporation.
  • the mixture forms only in the mixer.
  • FIG. 4 shows a fourth variant of a device according to the invention.
  • the device is similar to the device shown in FIG. It is recirculated exhaust gas here.
  • the recirculated exhaust gas is used for the evaporation of the liquid fuel and the mixture of the steam formed thereby and for preheating and mixing of the gaseous oxidant.
  • Fig. 5 shows a fifth variant of a device according to the invention.
  • liquid fuel e.g. Fuel oil
  • the resulting vapor passes into a narrow gap where it is mixed with supplied gaseous oxidizing agent or air.
  • the gap width is chosen so that ignition within the gap can not take place.
  • the formed premix then passes into the mixer, which in turn may be formed of a porous element having a Peclet number of less than 65. Downstream of the mixer, a combustion zone is again provided, in which the homogeneous mixture emerging from the mixer is burnt.
  • Fig. 6 shows a sixth device according to the invention.
  • gaseous oxidizing agent e.g. Air
  • non-flammable vapor directed separately to a perforated plate.
  • the nozzles of the fuel and gaseous oxidant supply lines are arranged so that ignition can not take place upstream of the mixing zone.
  • the mixing zone itself is in turn designed with respect to their hole diameter so that therein ignition of the mixture formed also can not take place.
  • the mixture is burned in a combustion zone downstream of the mixing zones.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Spray-Type Burners (AREA)
  • Feeding And Controlling Fuel (AREA)

Abstract

A method and device for low-emission, noncatalytic combustion of a liquid fuel. The method includes separately introducing the liquid fuel in a non-ignitable state into a mixing zone, vaporizing the liquid fuel in the mixing zone, separately introducing a gaseous oxidizing agent into the mixing zone, and mixing the fuel and the gaseous oxidizing agent in the mixing zone to create ignitable mixture. The mixing zone is formed so that combustion is not possible even when the ignition temperature of the mixture is reached within the mixing zone. Combustion of the mixture occurs in a combustion zone located down current from the mixing zone.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren und eine Vorrichtung zur schadstoffarmen nicht-katalytischen Verbrennung eines flüssigen Brennstoffs.The invention relates to a method and apparatus for low-emission non-catalytic combustion of a liquid fuel.

Nach dem Stand der Technik ist aus DE 43 22 109 A ein Brenner bekannt, bei dem ein zündfähiges Gas/Luftgemisch in eine einem Porenkörper vorgeordnete Kammer geführt wird. Zwar ist die Porosität des Porenkörpers so ausgebildet, dass ein Rückschlag einer Flamme in die Kammer nicht möglich ist. Es kann aber nicht ausgeschlossen werden, dass es aus einem anderen Grund zu einer Zündung in der Kammer und damit zur Zerstörung des Brenners kommt.According to the prior art, a burner is known from DE 43 22 109 A, in which an ignitable gas / air mixture is passed into a chamber upstream of a porous body. Although the porosity of the pore body is designed so that a flashback of a flame in the chamber is not possible. However, it can not be ruled out that, for another reason, an ignition in the chamber and thus the destruction of the burner occur.

Die nachveröffentlichte DE 100 42 479 A1 offenbart eine Vorrichtung und ein Verfahren zur katalytischen Oxidation von Brennstoffen. Dabei werden Brennstoff und Luft in einen Mischraum geleitet, dem ein Katalysator nachgeordnet ist. Es kann hier z.B. bei einer Beschädigung des Katalysators zu einer unerwünschten Zündung im Mischraum kommen.The subsequently published DE 100 42 479 A1 discloses an apparatus and a method for the catalytic oxidation of fuels. In this case, fuel and air are passed into a mixing chamber, which is arranged downstream of a catalyst. It can be here for example In case of damage to the catalyst to an unwanted ignition in the mixing chamber come.

Die DE 195 44 417 A1 beschreibt einen katalytischen Brenner zur Verbrennung von Brenngas, insbesondere von Wasserstoff. Dabei werden das Brenngas und die Luft separat in ein poröses Katalysatorelement eingeleitet. Die Mischung und die Verbrennung erfolgen gleichzeitig im Katalysatorelement. Es wird stellenweise keine homogene Mischung zwischen dem Brenngas und der Luft erreicht. Die Verbrennung ist nicht immer vollständig.DE 195 44 417 A1 describes a catalytic burner for combustion of fuel gas, in particular of hydrogen. The fuel gas and the air are introduced separately into a porous catalyst element. The mixture and the combustion take place simultaneously in the catalyst element. In places, no homogeneous mixture between the fuel gas and the air is achieved. The combustion is not always complete.

Die DE 196 46 957 A1 beschreibt einen weiteren Brenner nach dem Oberbegriff des Anspruch 12, der zur Verbrennung von Flüssigbrennstoff geeignet ist. Dabei wird ein aus vernebeltem Flüssigbrennstoff und Luft bestehendes Gemisch in einen Porenkörper geleitet. Der Porenkörper ist in seiner Porosität so ausgebildet, dass darin eine verbrennung des Gemischs stattfinden kann. Das Gemisch gelangt über eine Flammensperre in einen stromabwärts nachgeschalteten weiteren Porenkörper mit einer Peclet-Zahl von > 65 und wird dort verbrannt. - Der bekannte Brenner weist eine relativ geringe Leistungsdynamik auf, d.h. er ist nur in einem engen Leistungsbereich modulierbar. Am Düsenaustritt der Zerstäubungsdüse treten im Betrieb hohe Temperaturen auf. Es bilden sich dort Ablagerungen, welche einer gleichförmigen Vernebelung des Flüssigbrennstoffs entgegenwirken. Das wiederum ist einer möglichst schadstoffarmen Verbrennung abträglich.DE 196 46 957 A1 describes a further burner according to the preamble of claim 12, which is suitable for the combustion of liquid fuel. In this case, an existing of atomized liquid fuel and air mixture is passed into a porous body. The porosity in its porosity is such that combustion of the mixture can take place therein. The mixture passes through a flame arrester into a further downstream pore body with a Peclet number of> 65 and is burned there. - The known burner has a relatively low power dynamics, i. It can only be modulated in a narrow power range. During operation, high temperatures occur at the nozzle exit of the atomizing nozzle. There form deposits there, which counteract a uniform atomization of the liquid fuel. This in turn is detrimental to a low-emission combustion possible.

Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es, die Nachteile nach dem Stand der Technik zu beseitigen. Es sollen insbesondere ein Verfahren und eine Vorrichtung angegeben werden, welche eine möglichst rückstandsfreie Verbrennung in einem weiten Leistungsbereich ermöglichen. Ziel der Erfindung ist es insbesondere, einen hoch modulierbaren Brenner anzugeben, der in jedem Leistungsbereich eine besonders schadstoffarme Verbrennung ermöglicht.The object of the invention is to eliminate the disadvantages of the prior art. In particular, a method and a device are to be specified, which enable as far as possible residue-free combustion in a wide power range. The aim of the invention is in particular to provide a highly modulated burner, which enables a particularly low-pollution combustion in each power range.

Diese Aufgabe wird durch die Merkmale der Ansprüche 1 und 12 gelöst. Zweckmäßige Ausgestaltungen der Erfindung ergeben sich aus den Merkmalen der Ansprüche 2 bis 11 und 13 bis 23.This object is solved by the features of claims 1 and 12. Advantageous embodiments of the invention will become apparent from the features of claims 2 to 11 and 13 to 23.

Nach einer ersten erfindungsgemäßen Lösung ist ein Verfahren zur schadstoffarmen nicht-katalytischen Verbrennung eines flüssigen Brennstoffs mit folgenden Schritten vorgesehen:

  • 1.1 separates Einleiten des flüssigen Brennstoffs in einem nicht zündfähigen Zustand in eine Mischzone,
  • 1.2 Verdampfen des flüssigen Brennstoffs in der Mischzone,
  • 1.3 separates Einleiten eines gasförmigen Oxidationsmittels in die Mischzone,
  • 1.4 Mischen des Brennstoffs und des gasförmigen Oxidationsmittels in der Mischzone, so dass ein zündfähiges Gemisch sich bildet, wobei die Mischzone so ausgebildet ist, dass eine Verbrennung auch bei Erreichen der Zünd-temperatur des Gemischs innerhalb der Mischzone nicht möglich ist, und
  • 1.5 Verbrennen des Gemischs in einer der Mischzone stromabwärts nachgeordneten Verbrennungszone.
According to a first solution according to the invention, a method is provided for the low-emission non-catalytic combustion of a liquid fuel, comprising the following steps:
  • 1.1 separately introducing the liquid fuel in a non-flammable state into a mixing zone,
  • 1.2 vaporization of the liquid fuel in the mixing zone,
  • 1.3 separate introduction of a gaseous oxidizing agent into the mixing zone,
  • 1.4 Mixing of the fuel and the gaseous oxidant in the mixing zone, so that an ignitable mixture is formed, wherein the mixing zone is formed so that combustion even when the ignition temperature of the mixture within the mixing zone is not possible, and
  • 1.5 burning the mixture in a downstream of the combustion zone combustion zone.

Die Verdampfung des flüssigen Brennstoffs in der Mischzone ermöglicht die Herstellung besonders kompakter Brenner. Dabei ist sichergestellt, dass der durch Verdampfung hergestellte Brennstoff erst in der Mischzone mit dem oxidierenden Gas in Kontakt kommt, so dass sich dort erst ein zündfähiges Gemisch ausbilden kann.The evaporation of the liquid fuel in the mixing zone makes it possible to produce particularly compact burners. In this case, it is ensured that the fuel produced by evaporation comes into contact with the oxidizing gas only in the mixing zone, so that only there an ignitable mixture can form.

Nach einer zweiten erfindungsgemäßen Lösung ist ein Verfahren zur schadstoffarmen nicht-katalytischen Verbrennung eines flüssigen Brennstoffs mit folgenden Schritten vorgesehen:

  • 2.1 Verdampfen des flüssigen Brennstoffs in einem Verdampfer,
  • 2.2 separates Einleiten des verdampften Brennstoffs in einem nicht zündfähigen Zustand in eine stromabwärts des Verdampfers angeordnete Mischzone,
  • 2.3 separates Einleiten eines gasförmigen Oxidationsmittels in die Mischzone,
  • 2.4 Mischen des Brennstoffs und des gasförmigen Oxidationsmittels in der Mischzone, so dass ein zündfähiges Gemisch sich bildet, wobei die Mischzone so ausgebildet ist, dass eine Verbrennung auch bei Erreichen der Zündtemperatur des Gemischs innerhalb der Mischzone nicht möglich ist, und
  • 2.5 Verbrennen des Gemischs in einer der Mischzone stromabwärts nachgeordneten Verbrennungszone.
According to a second solution according to the invention, a method is provided for the low-emission non-catalytic combustion of a liquid fuel, comprising the following steps:
  • 2.1 vaporizing the liquid fuel in an evaporator,
  • 2.2 separately introducing the vaporized fuel in a non-flammable state into a mixing zone located downstream of the evaporator,
  • 2.3 separately introducing a gaseous oxidizing agent into the mixing zone,
  • 2.4 Mixing of the fuel and the gaseous oxidant in the mixing zone, so that an ignitable mixture is formed, wherein the mixing zone is formed so that combustion even when the ignition temperature of the mixture within the mixing zone is not possible, and
  • 2.5 burning of the mixture in a downstream of the mixing zone combustion zone.

Die vorgeschlagenen Verfahren erlauben eine rückstandsarme Verbrennung in einem weiten Leistungsbereich. Das separate Einleiten des Brennstoffs und des gasförmigen Oxidationsmittels in eine Mischzone ermöglicht eine separate Steuerung und Regelung des Massestroms sowohl des Gases als auch des gasförmigen Oxidationsmittels. Damit kann in jedem gewünschten Leistungsbereich ein Gemisch eingestellt werden, welches eine schadstoffarme Verbrennung ermöglicht. - Unter dem Begriff "Brennstoff" wird vorliegend flüssiger Brennstoff, wie leichtes Heizöl und dgl., aber auch verdampfte Flüssigbrennstoffe, z.B. Alkohol-, Benzin- oder Heizöldämpfe, verstanden. Weiter werden unter dem Bergriff "Brennstoff" auch Gemische aus brennbaren und nicht brennbaren Gasen oder aus nicht brennbaren Gasen und brennbaren Dämpfen verstanden.The proposed methods allow a low-residue combustion in a wide power range. The separate introduction of the fuel and the gaseous oxidant in a mixing zone allows separate control and regulation of the mass flow of both the gas and the gaseous oxidant. This can be set in any desired power range, a mixture that allows low-emission combustion. - The term "fuel" in the present case liquid fuel, such as light fuel oil and the like., But also vaporized liquid fuels, such as alcohol, gasoline or Heizöldämpfe understood. Furthermore, the term "fuel" also means mixtures of combustible and non-combustible gases or non-combustible gases and combustible vapors.

Indem die Mischzone so ausgebildet ist, dass eine Verbrennung auch bei Erreichen der Zündtemperatur des Gemischs innerhalb der Mischzone nicht möglich ist, ist das Verfahren besonders sicher. Auch bei einer Beschädigung eines die Verbrennungszone z.B. erfüllenden Porenkörpers wird durch die Mischzone ein Flammenrückschlag in eine den Brennstoff zuführende Leitung sicher vermieden. Die Mischzone ist räumlich klar definiert. Damit kann eine homogene und vollständige Mischung des Gemischs erreicht werden. - Beiden erfindungsgemäßen Lösungen ist gemeinsam, dass zuerst in der Mischzone das Gemisch gebildet und anschließend das Gemisch in der räumlich von der Mischzone abgesetzten Verbrennungszone verbrannt wird. Es findet keine gleichzeitige Mischung und Verbrennung in derselben Zone statt.By the mixing zone is formed so that combustion even when reaching the ignition temperature of the mixture within the mixing zone is not possible, the method is particularly safe. Even with damage to the combustion zone, e.g. fulfilling pore body is avoided by the mixing zone a flashback in a fuel feeding line. The mixing zone is spatially well defined. Thus, a homogeneous and complete mixture of the mixture can be achieved. - Both solutions according to the invention have in common that first formed in the mixing zone, the mixture and then the mixture is burned in the remote from the mixing zone combustion zone. There is no simultaneous mixing and combustion in the same zone.

Die Mischzone weist zweckmäßigerweise eine Peclet-Zahl von weniger als 65 +/- 25, vorzugsweise 65, auf. Wegen der Definition der Peclet-Zahl und den Kriterien für die Auswahl einer geeigneten Peclet-Zahl wird auf die DE 43 22 109 A1 verwiesen. Das vorgeschlagene Verfahren ist besonders sicher. Durch das separate und unmittelbare Einleiten des Brennstoffs und des gasförmigen Oxidationsmittels in die Mischzone wird eine Zündung desselben bis zur vollständigen Bildung des Gemischs sicher vermieden.The mixing zone expediently has a Peclet number of less than 65 +/- 25, preferably 65, on. Because of the definition of the Peclet number and the criteria for the selection of a suitable Peclet number, reference is made to DE 43 22 109 A1. The proposed method is particularly safe. By the separate and direct introduction of the fuel and the gaseous oxidant in the mixing zone ignition of the same is avoided until complete formation of the mixture.

Die Mischzone kann aus einer Lochplatte, einem ersten porösen Element oder auch einem schmalen Spalt gebildet sein. Es hat sich als vorteilhaft erwiesen, dass das Gemisch in ein die Verbrennungszone bildendes zweites poröses Element geführt und unter Ausbildung einer Flamme in dessen Porenraum verbrannt wird. Eine solche Verbrennung ist besonders homogen und schadstoffarm. Die Lochplatte und/oder das erste und/oder das zweite poröse Element können aus einer Keramik hergestellt sein. Das erste und/oder zweite poröse Element kann aber auch aus einem offenporigen Metallschaum, Metallgeflecht oder einer Schüttung von keramischen Körpern, vorzugsweise Kugeln, gebildet sein.The mixing zone can be formed from a perforated plate, a first porous element or even a narrow gap. It has proved to be advantageous for the mixture to be conducted into a second porous element forming the combustion zone and burned into its pore space to form a flame. Such combustion is particularly homogeneous and low in pollutants. The perforated plate and / or the first and / or the second porous element may be made of a ceramic. However, the first and / or second porous element may also be formed from an open-pore metal foam, metal mesh or a bed of ceramic bodies, preferably spheres.

Das erste und das zweite poröse Element können unmittelbar aneinander liegend angeordnet sein. In diesem Fall ist eine direkte Wärmeleitung vom zweiten porösen Element an das erste poröse Element möglich. Die dadurch bewirkte Erwärmung des ersten porösen Elements trägt weiter zur Bildung eines besonders homogenen Gemischs bei.The first and the second porous element can be arranged directly adjacent to each other. In this case, direct heat conduction from the second porous element to the first porous element is possible. The resulting heating of the first porous element further contributes to the formation of a particularly homogeneous mixture.

Beim Verdampfen kann ein nicht oxidierendes Gas zugemischt werden. So kann die Zündfähigkeit des verdampften Brennstoffs verringert werden.During evaporation, a non-oxidizing gas can be added. Thus, the ignitability of the evaporated fuel can be reduced.

Der Massestrom des zur Mischzone geführten Brennstoffs und/oder der Massestrom des gasförmigen Oxidationsmittels werden zweckmäßigerweise gesteuert. Jeder der beiden Masseströme kann dabei separat gesteuert oder auch in Abhängigkeit einer vorgegebenen Leistung oder eines vorgegebenen Schadstoffausstoßes geregelt werden. Eine solche Regelung kann automatisiert unter Verwendung von Mikroprozessoren nach einem vorgegebenen Programm erfolgen.The mass flow of the fuel passed to the mixing zone and / or the mass flow of the gaseous oxidizing agent are expediently controlled. Each of the two mass flows can be controlled separately or controlled as a function of a given power or a given pollutant emissions. Such a control can be automated using microprocessors according to a predetermined program.

Weiter hat es sich als zweckmäßig erwiesen, dass der Brennstoff und/oder das gasförmige Oxidationsmittel vorgewärmt wird/werden. Zum Vorwärmen kann bei der Verbrennung gebildetes Abgas dem verdampften Brennstoff und/oder dem gasförmigen Oxidationsmittel beigemischt werden. Damit kann der Schadstoffausstoß weiter verringert werden. Außerdem kann damit die Leistung eines nach dem vorgeschlagenen Verfahren arbeitenden Brenners erhöht werden.Furthermore, it has proven expedient for the fuel and / or the gaseous oxidizing agent to be preheated. For preheating, exhaust gas formed during combustion can be added to the vaporized fuel and / or the gaseous oxidant. Thus, the pollutant emissions can be further reduced. Besides, it can do that the performance of a burner operating according to the proposed method can be increased.

Nach weiterer Maßgabe der Erfindung ist eine Vorrichtung zur schadstoffarmen nicht-katalytischen Verbrennung eines flüssigen Brennstoffs mit einer Mischzone und einer der Mischzone stromabwärts nachgeschalteten Verbrennungszone vorgesehen, wobei mit der Mischzone verbunden sind ein Mittel zum separaten Einleiten des flüssigen oder verdampften Brennstoffs in einem nicht zündfähigen Zustand und ein Mittel zum separaten Einleiten eines gasförmigen Oxidationsmittels, und wobei die Mischzone so ausgebildet ist, dass eine Verbrennung auch bei Erreichen der Zündtemperatur des Gemischs innerhalb der Mischzone nicht möglich ist. - Die vorgeschlagene Vorrichtung weist eine extrem hohe Leistungsdynamik auf. Es kann z.B. die Leistung im Bereich von 1 kW bis 20 kW variiert werden.According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a low-pollutant non-catalytic combustion liquid fuel combustion system having a mixing zone and a combustion zone downstream of the mixing zone, with means being connected to the mixing zone for separately introducing the liquid or vaporized fuel in a non-combustible state and a means for separately introducing a gaseous oxidant, and wherein the mixing zone is formed so that combustion is not possible even when the ignition temperature of the mixture within the mixing zone is reached. - The proposed device has an extremely high power dynamics. It can e.g. the power can be varied in the range of 1 kW to 20 kW.

Wegen der vorteilhaften Ausgestaltungen der Vorrichtung wird auf die Beschreibung der vorangegangenen Merkmale verwiesen, welche sinngemäß gleichermaßen anwendbar sind.Because of the advantageous embodiments of the device, reference is made to the description of the preceding features, which are mutatis mutandis equally applicable.

Nachfolgend werden Ausführungsbeispiele der Erfindung anhand der Zeichnung näher erläutert. Es zeigen:

Fig. 1
schematisch die Funktion einer ersten Vorrichtung,
Fig. 2
schematisch die Funktion einer zweiten Vorrichtung,
Fig. 3
schematisch die Funktion einer dritten Vorrichtung,
Fig. 4
schematisch die Funktion einer vierten Vorrichtung,
Fig. 5
schematisch die Funktion einer fünften Vorrichtung und
Fig. 6
schematisch die Funktion einer sechsten Vorrichtung.
Embodiments of the invention will be explained in more detail with reference to the drawing. Show it:
Fig. 1
schematically the function of a first device,
Fig. 2
schematically the function of a second device,
Fig. 3
schematically the function of a third device,
Fig. 4
schematically the function of a fourth device,
Fig. 5
schematically the function of a fifth device and
Fig. 6
schematically the function of a sixth device.

In Fig. 1 ist schematisch die Funktion einer ersten Vorrichtung gezeigt. Ein Mischer ist hier z.B. aus einer porösen Keramik mit einer Peclet-Zahl von weniger als 65 gebildet. Der Mischer ist zu einer Brennzone hin geöffnet. Im Übrigen ist der Mischer allseitig von einem gasdichten Gehäuse umgeben. Das Gehäuse liegt unmittelbar an der Oberfläche der porösen Keramik an. Im Gehäuse sind Anschlüsse für eine Leitung zum Zuführen von Brennstoff und eine Leitung zum Zuführen von gasförmigem Oxidationsmittel, z.B. Luft, vorgesehen. In die Leitung zum Zuführen von gasförmigem Oxidationsmittel kann ein Gebläse eingeschaltet sein.In Fig. 1, the function of a first device is shown schematically. A mixer is here e.g. formed from a porous ceramic having a Peclet number of less than 65. The mixer is open to a combustion zone. Incidentally, the mixer is surrounded on all sides by a gas-tight housing. The housing abuts directly against the surface of the porous ceramic. In the housing are connections for a conduit for supplying fuel and a conduit for supplying gaseous oxidant, e.g. Air, provided. In the conduit for supplying gaseous oxidizing agent, a fan may be turned on.

Der Brennstoff kann in den Mischer unmittelbar aus dem flüssigen Zustand expandiert werden. Es ist auch möglich, ein aus dem Brennstoff und einem nichtzündfähigen Gas gebildetes Gemisch dem Mischer zuzuführen. Im Mischer wird aus dem Brennstoff und dem gasförmigen Oxidationsmittel ein zündfähiges Gemisch gebildet. Eine Verbrennung des zündfähigen Gemischs im Mischer ist wegen der gewählten Porosität, d.h. einer Peclet-Zahl von weniger als 65, nicht möglich. Das Gemisch tritt aus dem Mischer aus und wird in der stromabwärts vorgesehenen Verbrennungszone verbrannt.The fuel can be expanded into the mixer immediately from the liquid state. It is also possible to supply a mixture formed from the fuel and a non-flammable gas to the mixer. In the mixer, an ignitable mixture is formed from the fuel and the gaseous oxidizing agent. Combustion of the ignitable mixture in the mixer is due to the selected porosity, i. a Peclet number of less than 65, not possible. The mixture exits the mixer and is burned in the downstream combustion zone.

Es können der Massestrom sowohl des gasförmigen Oxidationsmittels als auch des Brennstoffs separat geregelt werden. So kann die Leistung des Brenners in einem weiten Bereich moduliert werden. Es kann ferner eine schadstoffarme Verbrennung in jedem gewählten Leistungsbereich erzielt werden.The mass flow of both the gaseous oxidant and the fuel can be regulated separately. Thus, the performance of the burner can be modulated in a wide range become. It can also be achieved a low-emission combustion in each selected power range.

Fig. 2 zeigt einen Brenner gemäß Fig. 1. Der Brennstoff wird hier mittels einer Einrichtung zum Verdampfen von Heizöl hergestellt. Er ist gebildet aus einem nicht zündfähigen Öldampf. Die Luftzahl λ bzw. Öldampfs ist so gewählt, dass eine zündfähigkeit nicht gegeben ist.Fig. 2 shows a burner according to Fig. 1. The fuel is produced here by means for evaporating fuel oil. It is formed from a non-flammable oil vapor. The air ratio λ or oil vapor is chosen so that an ignitability is not given.

Das hier eingesetzte Heizöl kann mit vorgewärmtem Heizöl Eöl gemischt und damit die Verdampfung beschleunigt werden. Das eingesetzte Heizöl kann aber auch z.B. durch elektrische Energie oder durch die Abwärme der bei der Verbrennung gebildeten Abgase vorgewärmt werden. In gleicher Weise kann das eingesetzte gasförmige Oxidationsmittel, z.B. Luft, mit elektrisch oder durch Abgasabwärme vorgewärmter Luft vorgeheizt werden. Es ist auch möglich, sowohl den eingesetzten Flüssigbrennstoff als auch das gasförmige Oxidationsmittel mit Abgas zu mischen und dem Mischer zuzuführen.The heating oil used here can be mixed with preheated oil fuel oil E and the evaporation can be accelerated. However, the heating oil used can also be preheated, for example, by electrical energy or by the waste heat of the exhaust gases formed during combustion. In the same way, the gaseous oxidizing agent used, for example air, can be preheated with air preheated either electrically or by exhaust gas waste heat. It is also possible to mix both the liquid fuel used and the gaseous oxidizing agent with exhaust gas and feed it to the mixer.

Fig. 3 zeigt eine dritte Variante einer erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung. Hier ist eine Einrichtung zur Verdampfung von Flüssigbrennstoff unmittelbar gekoppelt mit dem Mischer. Flüssigbrennstoff, z.B. leichtes Heizöl, wird der aus einem weiteren porösen Element gebildeten Verdampfungseinrichtung zugeführt. Das weitere poröse Element wird durch die Abwärme der Verbrennung beheizt. Der Flüssigbrennstoff wird im Weiteren porösen Element verdampft. Das gebildete Gas gelangt in den stromabwärts nachgeschalteten Mischer. Ferner gelangt in den Mischer gasförmiges Oxidationsmittel, welches separat durch die Einrichtung zur Verdampfung geführt wird. Das Gemisch bildet sich erst im Mischer.Fig. 3 shows a third variant of a device according to the invention. Here is a device for the evaporation of liquid fuel directly coupled to the mixer. Liquid fuel, eg light fuel oil, is supplied to the evaporation device formed from a further porous element. The further porous element is heated by the waste heat of combustion. The liquid fuel is vaporized in the further porous element. The formed gas enters the downstream downstream mixer. Furthermore, gaseous oxidizing agent passes into the mixer, which is led separately through the device for evaporation. The mixture forms only in the mixer.

Fig. 4 zeigt eine vierte Variante einer erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung. Die Vorrichtung ist ähnlich der in Fig. 2 gezeigten Vorrichtung. Es wird hier Abgas zurückgeführt. Das zurückgeführte Abgas dient der Verdampfung des Flüssigbrennstoffs sowie der Mischung des dabei gebildeten Dampfs und zur Vorwärmung und Mischung des gasförmigen Oxidationsmittels.4 shows a fourth variant of a device according to the invention. The device is similar to the device shown in FIG. It is recirculated exhaust gas here. The recirculated exhaust gas is used for the evaporation of the liquid fuel and the mixture of the steam formed thereby and for preheating and mixing of the gaseous oxidant.

Fig. 5 zeigt eine fünfte Variante einer erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung. Dabei wird Flüssigbrennstoff, z.B. Heizöl, in einem weiteren porösen Element verdampft. Der dabei gebildete Dampf gelangt in einen schmalen Spalt und wird dort mit zugeführtem gasförmigen Oxidationsmittel bzw. Luft gemischt. Die Spaltbreite ist so gewählt, dass eine Zündung innerhalb des Spalts nicht stattfinden kann. Das gebildete Vorgemisch gelangt dann in den Mischer, der wiederum aus einem porösen Element gebildet sein kann, welches eine Peclet-Zahl von weniger als 65 aufweist. Stromabwärts des Mischers ist wiederum eine Verbrennungszone vorgesehen, in der das aus dem Mischer austretende homogene Gemisch verbrannt wird.Fig. 5 shows a fifth variant of a device according to the invention. In doing so, liquid fuel, e.g. Fuel oil, evaporated in another porous element. The resulting vapor passes into a narrow gap where it is mixed with supplied gaseous oxidizing agent or air. The gap width is chosen so that ignition within the gap can not take place. The formed premix then passes into the mixer, which in turn may be formed of a porous element having a Peclet number of less than 65. Downstream of the mixer, a combustion zone is again provided, in which the homogeneous mixture emerging from the mixer is burnt.

Fig. 6 zeigt eine sechste erfindungsgemäße Vorrichtung. Dabei wird gasförmiges Oxidationsmittel, z.B. Luft, und nicht zündfähiger Dampf, separat auf eine Lochplatte geleitet. Die Düsen der Zufuhrleitungen für Brennstoff und gasförmiges Oxidationsmittel sind so angeordnet, dass eine Zündung stromaufwärts der Mischzone nicht stattfinden kann. Die Mischzone selbst ist wiederum hinsichtlich ihrer Lochdurchmesser so ausgebildet, dass darin eine Zündung des gebildeten Gemischs ebenfalls nicht stattfinden kann. Das Gemisch wird in einer der Mischzonen nachgeschalteten Verbrennungszone verbrannt.Fig. 6 shows a sixth device according to the invention. Thereby gaseous oxidizing agent, e.g. Air, and non-flammable vapor, directed separately to a perforated plate. The nozzles of the fuel and gaseous oxidant supply lines are arranged so that ignition can not take place upstream of the mixing zone. The mixing zone itself is in turn designed with respect to their hole diameter so that therein ignition of the mixture formed also can not take place. The mixture is burned in a combustion zone downstream of the mixing zones.

Claims (23)

  1. Method for low-emission, non-catalytic combustion of a liquid fuel consisting of the following steps:
    1.1 separate introduction of the liquid fuel in a non-ignitable state into a mixing zone,
    1.2 vaporization of the liquid fuel in the mixing zone,
    1.3 separate introduction of a gaseous oxidizing agent into the mixing zone,
    1.4 mixing the fuel and the gaseous oxidizing agent in the mixing zone so that an ignitable mixture is created, wherein the mixing zone is formed so that combustion is not possible even when the ignition temperature of the mixture is reached within the mixing zone, and
    1.5 combustion of the mixture in a combustion zone located down current from the mixing zone.
  2. Method for low-emission, non-catalytic combustion of a liquid fuel consisting of the following steps:
    2.1 vaporization of the liquid fuel in a vaporizer,
    2.2 separate introduction of the vaporized fuel in a non-ignitable state into a mixing zone located down current from the vaporizer,
    2.3 separate introduction of a gaseous oxidizing agent into the mixing zone,
    2.4 mixing the fuel and the gaseous oxidizing agent in the mixing zone so that an ignitable mixture is formed, wherein the mixing zone is formed so that combustion is not possible even when the ignition temperature of the mixture is reached within the mixing zone, and
    2.5 combustion of the mixture in a combustion zone located down current from the mixing zone.
  3. Method as defined in claim 1 or 2, wherein the mixing zone has a Péclet number of less than 65.
  4. Method as defined in one of the claims 1 to 3, wherein the mixing zone is formed from a perforated plate, a first porous element or a narrow slit.
  5. Method as defined in one of the preceding claims, wherein the mixture is fed to a second porous element which forms the combustion zone and is burned in its pore volume under formation of a flame.
  6. Method as defined in one of the preceding claims, wherein the first and the second porous element are arranged lying directly next to each other.
  7. Method as defined in one of the preceding claims, wherein the perforated plate and/or the first and/or second porous element is/are made of a ceramic.
  8. Method as defined in one of the preceding claims 2 to 7, wherein a non-oxidizing gas is added during vaporization in the vaporizer.
  9. Method as defined in one of the preceding claims, wherein the mass flow of the fuel fed to the mixing zone and/or the mass flow of the gaseous oxidizing agent is/are controlled.
  10. Method as defined in one of the preceding claims, wherein the fuel and/or the gaseous oxidizing agent is/are preheated.
  11. Method as defined in claim 10, wherein exhaust formed during combustion is added to the vaporized fuel and/or the gaseous oxidizing agent for preheating.
  12. Device for low-emission, non-catalytic combustion of a liquid fuel with a mixing zone and a combustion zone located down current from the mixing zone, wherein connected with the mixing zone are a means for separate introduction of the liquid or vaporized fuel in a non-ignitable state and a means for separate introduction of a gaseous oxidizing agent, characterized in that the mixing zone is formed so that combustion is not possible even when the ignition temperature of the mixture is reached within the mixing zone.
  13. Device as defined in claim 12, wherein the mixing zone has a Péclet number of less than 65.
  14. Device as defined in claim 12 or 13, wherein the mixing zone is formed from a perforated plate, a first porous element or a narrow slit.
  15. Device as defined in one of the claims 12 to 14, wherein the combustion zone is formed from a second porous element which permits combustion of the mixture.
  16. Device as defined in one of the claims 12 to 15, wherein the perforated plate and/or the first and/or second porous element is/are made from a ceramic.
  17. Device as defined in one of the claims 12 to 16, wherein the first and the second porous element are arranged lying directly next to each other.
  18. Device as defined in one of the claims 12 to 17, wherein a device for vaporizing the liquid fuel is provided up current from the mixing zone.
  19. Device as defined in claim 18, wherein a device for adding a further non-oxidizing gas is connected with the device for vaporizing.
  20. Device as defined in claim 18 or 19, wherein the device for vaporization of the liquid fuel is part of the mixing zone.
  21. Device as defined in one of the claims 12 to 20, wherein means are provided for control of the mass flow of the gas fed to the mixing zone and/or of the mass flow of the gaseous oxidizing agent fed to the mixing zone.
  22. Device as defined in one of the claims 12 to 21, wherein a device for preheating of the gas and/or a device for preheating the gaseous oxidizing agent is/are provided.
  23. Device as defined in claim 22, wherein a device for adding exhaust is provided for preheating the gas and/or the gaseous oxidizing agent.
EP02745348A 2001-06-02 2002-06-03 Method and device for low-emission non-catalytic combustion of a liquid fuel Expired - Lifetime EP1393002B1 (en)

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DE10127043 2001-06-02
DE10127043 2001-06-02
PCT/EP2002/006063 WO2002099334A1 (en) 2001-06-02 2002-06-03 Method and device for low-emission non-catalytic combustion of a liquid fuel

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CA2449205C (en) 2010-05-18
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US20040170936A1 (en) 2004-09-02
US6932594B2 (en) 2005-08-23
CA2449205A1 (en) 2002-12-12
ATE319964T1 (en) 2006-03-15
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CN1539069A (en) 2004-10-20
WO2002099334A1 (en) 2002-12-12

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