Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02N—ELECTRIC MACHINES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H02N11/00—Generators or motors not provided for elsewhere; Alleged perpetua mobilia obtained by electric or magnetic means
  • H02N11/002—Generators
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02N—ELECTRIC MACHINES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H02N1/00—Electrostatic generators or motors using a solid moving electrostatic charge carrier
  • H02N1/06—Influence generators
  • H02N1/08—Influence generators with conductive charge carrier, i.e. capacitor machines
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02N—ELECTRIC MACHINES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H02N11/00—Generators or motors not provided for elsewhere; Alleged perpetua mobilia obtained by electric or magnetic means
  • H02N11/008—Alleged electric or magnetic perpetua mobilia

Definitions

• the invention relates to a source of electrical energy.
• the object of the invention is to provide an electrical energy source, a generator, the performance of which is exceptional.
• the generator is of the type with discharge capacitors, in particular with repeated discharges.
• the efficiency is a function of the discharge frequency of the capacitor and of a number of charge cycles carried out.
• the source of the invention is intended to equip fixed or mobile devices, the generator being easily transportable and also being autonomous.
• This operation can be carried out symmetrically using, in FIG. 1, an assembly with two capacitors CP1 and CP2.
• the two capacitors CP1 and CP2 are plate capacitors. They are mounted in series using an electrical connection. These capacitors CP1 and CP2 have external plates, turned towards the outside of the assembly, and internal plates, turned towards the inside of the assembly. The internal plates of the two capacitors are electrically connected to each other by the electrical connection. The external plates are fixed and located at a great distance from each other with respect to the distance which separates the internal plates from the external plates in each capacitor.
• a switch S1 makes it possible to conditionally connect the external plates to a continuous supply HT1.
• the internal plates are mobile.
• the structure of the Breaux document has been modified by replacing the internal plates with two plasma enclosures glued inside the external faces of a second type flat capacitor. Consequently, the internal metal plates of the two capacitors mounted in series in FIG. 1 are replaced by enclosures containing a gas which can be ionized by applying a high voltage. Alternatively, a single plasma enclosure extends from one internal plate to the other, at the same time forming the electrical connection.
• a second configuration using four plasma chambers is possible. This second configuration simply increases the output energy of the system by a factor of two. We will show later how this structure reduces the work to be done to load the external plates and therefore to increase the output in an exceptional way.
• the invention therefore relates to a source of electrical energy comprising: - a capacitor with two plates connected to two terminals of the source,
• the two-plate capacitor can be connected to a DC voltage source.
• the subject of the invention is also a source of electrical energy comprising:
• FIG. 2 shows a source of electrical energy according to the invention.
• This source comprises a capacitor 1 with two metal plates 2 and 3, for example made of aluminum.
• the two plates 2 and 3 are connected to two terminals respectively 4 and 5 of the source.
• the two plates are also normally electrically polarized by a DC power supply 6 connected to terminals 4 and 5.
• the plates 2 and 3 are spaced 30 cm apart and the polarization voltage supplied by the continuous supply 6 is 1000 volts.
• the electric field prevailing in the capacitor is then 3333 volts per meter.
• a conduction device 7 is interposed between the two plates 2 and 3.
• the conduction device comprises a first plasma tube 8 and a second plasma tube 9. These tubes 8 and 9 are for example filled tubes of an inert gas after vacuuming it.
• the gas in the tubes is neon, argon, or any other rare gas or mixture of rare gases of this type.
• the pressure is low, for example of the order of 150 Torrs.
• the tubes are made of an insulating material, for example glass.
• the tubes have electrodes at their ends.
• the tube 8 has electrodes 10 and 11 and the tube 9 has electrodes 12 and 13. The electrodes emerge from the tubes and make it possible to subject the gases contained in the tubes to voltage differences.
• the electrodes 11 and 12 are connected together by a connection 14, while the electrodes 10 and 13 are connected to the two poles of a source 15 of electrical polarization.
• the electrical bias source 15 is a DC voltage source 16, connected on demand to the electrodes 10 and 13 by a schematic switch 17, or by a set of switches.
• the voltage produced by the DC voltage source 16 is for example 15000 volts.
• the continuous supply 6 is also connected to the plates 2 and 3 by a schematic switch 18.
• the operation of the invention is as follows. With the switch 17 open, in the absence of voltage, the gas contained in the chambers 8 and 9 behaves as a dielectric medium, that is to say as an insulator.
• this gas becomes a conductive medium when it is ionized by the application of a high voltage, produced by the source 16 and applied using the switch 17.
• the conduction circuit of the invention is thus formed by the tubes 8 and 9 and by the connection 14.
• the circuit for making the conduction circuit conductive is thus formed by the source 16 and by the switch 17.
• ⁇ 0 is the permittivity of the vacuum and is equal to 10 "9 / 36 ⁇ r in units of the international system
• a m represents an average thickness which has for expression a formula 2
• the relative permittivity of a non-ionized gas is that of air.
• each capacitor is formed of a plate, 2 or 3, of the capacitor 1 and of a sheet. conductive resulting from the presence of the ionized gas in a tube, respectively 8 and 9.
• Each internal reinforcement of the capacitor of FIG. 1 is thus replaced by an enclosure of parallelepipedal shape with surface S according to the arrangement of FIG. 2.
• the thickness of the enclosure glass is a. This thickness forms the distance between the conductive layers since the tubes 8 and 9 are pressed against the plates 2 and 3.
• the capacitance C of each capacitor 19 or 20 (assuming that they are constructed identically) has for expression:
• ⁇ r 4
• V2 ⁇ . V1 formula 8 confirming the rise in voltage.
• the transformation leads to an increase in the initial voltage V1 applied to the two capacitors 19 and 20 connected in series.
• the value of the electric field between the armatures of the capacitors does not change when the plasma is transformed from a conducting medium into an insulating medium.
• the electric field is now deployed throughout the space between the two tubes 8 and 9, whereas previously a zero electric field was observed there.
• the switching time for the change of medium is very short, of the order of a few microseconds.
• V1 - C1.
• V2 2 - Q 2 / C2
• the source 6 must have an internal impedance adapted to that of the load constituted by the capacitor C1 so that the charging efficiency is optimal. In this case, such an optimal yield is half.
• the energy at the end of the transformation is given by the energy present in the capacitor
• the power required to ionize the plasma in the chambers is 50 W.
• an energy of Es 0.050 Joule is consumed which is supplied by an external source.
• the yield of the entire system is then 338%. If we discharge the capacitor over a period of time
• the electrical power supplied by the system is 175 W.
• This theoretical efficiency results from the energy provided by the surrounding magnetic ether. It is established on the basis of a theoretical ⁇ at 200, or even 590. However, due to the existence of complementary threshold (offset), dielectric leakage, skin and other phenomena, a result may appear. much lower real, for example a ⁇ resulting from 10. In this case, the overall yield may become less than one.
• Such a process can quickly lead to a voltage across C2 which exceeds the disruptive potential in air, of the order of 30,000 volts per cm. In this case, either the entire device must be enclosed in an enclosure where an insulating gas prevails under pressure, or the energy available at terminals 4 and 5 must be consumed. Note that such a device is similar to an electrostatic generator Van de Graff whose mode of operation is purely electronic.
• FIG 3 shows the elements of Figure 2 specifying on the one hand the structure of the tubes 8 and 9, and on the other hand a circuit for consuming the energy produced.
• the tubes 8 and 9 are thus in the form of coils with meanders such as 21 and 22. These meanders are preferably contiguous and distributed opposite the surfaces of the plates 2 and 3 so as to cover all of these surfaces.
• each tube 8 or 9 is thus formed by 21 meanders such as 21.
• the preceding calculations have been carried out on this assumption. Therefore, the plasma panel located opposite each plate is formed by a stack of plasma bars, continuously connected to each other by a plasma duct.
• the two plasma panels 8 and 9 can be connected to each other by an electrical connection 14, or by a link 23 in plasma tube.
• the tube extends from electrode 10 to electrode 13, the electrodes 11 and 12 being absent.
• the meanders can be replaced by a succession of tubes in series, each with a set of electrodes, an output electrode of a tube being electrically connected to an input electrode of a next tube. Any other arrangement of meanders and bars is possible. It is dictated by the ionization voltage of the gases and the voltage available on the source 16.
• all the meanders of the two capacitors can be replaced by two sets of tubes in parallel, the two games being in series by a connection such that 14, or 23
• the circuit includes a resistive load 24 or a transformer connected via a spark gap 25 to terminals 4 and 5 of the capacitor.
• the the role of the spark gap is twofold. On the one hand, it serves as a protective device in order to prevent overvoltages liable to cause an electric arc in the space between the two plates 2 and 3 or between the two tubes 8 and 9.
• Such a spark gap (called spark gap in Anglo-Saxon literature) allows a current flow when the voltage difference across the terminals is greater than a calibrated threshold.
• the spark gap serves as a circuit for recovering the electrostatic energy stored in the capacitor.
• ⁇ For the adjustment of the apparatus, one chooses first of all ⁇ and one causes a certain number of cycles of ignition and extinction of the plasma tubes, using the switch 17, to raise the tension at terminals 4 and 5, and to collect corresponding energy. If ⁇ is strong, a reduced number of cycles of the switch 17 is sufficient. If ⁇ is low, the number of cycles can be higher, and growth slower, therefore easier to control.
• the choice of ⁇ , the switching frequency of the switch 17, and the voltage of the spark gap are thus factors which make it possible to adapt the power consumed in the load. When this voltage reaches a predetermined threshold (lower than a general breakdown threshold) the spark gap conducts for a short time.
• This conduction ensures on the one hand the consumption of the energy produced in the load 24.
• the latter can be a simple resistance, or a motor, in particular an engine of a vehicle.
• the alternating nature of the conduction produced by the spark gap can indeed be used to replace the load with a transformer in connection with an alternating current electric motor. If necessary, part of the energy produced can be used to recharge a battery serving as source 6 and or as source 16, before using it in the load.
• the end of the conduction preferably occurs before all the charges are removed from the plates. In this way, the recharging of the capacitor with subsequent cycles of switching the plasma tubes on and off can be reproduced without needing to recharge the plates 2 and 3 with the source 6.
• a circuit 26 for opening or closing the switch 17 can be a simple alternating voltage generator with variable frequency driving a relay 17.
• this circuit 26 will include a microprocessor controlled as required, or as a function of a measure of the power consumed in the load.
• Figure 4 shows time diagrams of electrical signals encountered in the device of the invention.
• a first diagram 117 presents the dates t1 to t14 and following ones at which the switch 1 is closed (odd indices) then open (even indices).
• the signal represented is for example the signal produced by the circuit 26.
• a diagram PL shows in correspondence at the same dates of the ionizations and deionization of the plasma in the tubes 8 and 9.
• a diagram 118 shows the closing then the opening on the dates t1b and t2b of switch 18.
• the date t1b is close to or simultaneous with the date t1, for example it is later (not earlier) than the date t1 by a few microseconds.
• This quasi-simultaneity can be calibrated using a microprocessor 26 clocked at a given frequency, for example greater than one MHz, and which excites the switch 18 after the switch 17.
• the opposite would however be possible: there would only have a higher energy consumption at startup (unfavorable to efficiency).
• the date t2b on which the switch 18 is open can be postponed over time. In this case the switch can even remain permanently closed thereafter. With a switch 18 permanently closed, the presence of diodes such as 27 and 28 acting as unidirectional electric valves in series is essential to isolate the source 6 from the high voltage which will arise between terminals 4 and 5.
• a diagram V45 shows the voltage present between the plates 2 and 3. At the date t1 b, this voltage V45 rises to the value of the voltage supplied by the continuous source 6. The rise is of exponential type due to the internal resistances of the source 6 and electrical connection connections. At the date t2, the voltage amplification phenomenon occurs suddenly. In one example, the voltage V45 thus goes from 1000 volts to 10,000 volts. The rise is immediate, almost without detectable time constant.
• Figure 4 shows in fact two types of use: a use with immediate energy consumption, and a preferred use with progressive amplification. In the first case, an immediate use of the energy stored in the capacitor C2 is brought about on a date t2u, later, but very little, on the date t2.
• the spark gap 25 is replaced by a switch, and this switch is closed at the instant t2u.
• the voltage of the capacitor C2 drops in the load 24, with a time constant T depending on the value of this load and the value of the capacitor C2.
• the energy efficiency is not greater than one.
• the switch 17 is regularly clocked to be alternately closed and open.
• the closing of the switch 17 causes the ionization of the tubes as at the date t1.
• Opening on date t4 causes the voltage to rise as on date t2. It will be noted that this phenomenon occurs if a residual voltage is still available in the capacitor C1, after its discharge. This availability can naturally be ensured by a spark gap 25 which stops driving when the voltage across its terminals is below a threshold which is not zero.
• a switch inserted in series between the spark gap 25 and a connection to a terminal 4 or 5 of this spark gap, can be momentarily opened.
• this opening can be controlled by the microprocessor 26.
• the ionization and then the deionization of the tubes 8 and 9 cause an additional rise in voltage 29.
• the voltage obtained can then be sufficient for the stored energy to be greater than the charge energy of the various capacitors and tubes, so that the efficiency becomes greater than one.
• this very high voltage is available, either the spark gap is triggered or a switch allows the load 24 to be switched on. In this case, this is subjected to a voltage pulse 30 of a pulse signal V24 .
• This latter signal V24 can be introduced into a transformer for use in order to control any equipment, in particular mobile equipment.
• the frequency of the pulses ionization deionization is in a range from 1 to 10 kHz. It will also be noted that the duty cycle of the pulses applied to the tubes 8 and 9 need not be a half. Only from this point of view, essentially, counts the intrinsic qualities of the gas used in the tubes and the nature of these tubes.
• the efficiency can be affected by the speed with which ionization and deionization are carried out. It has thus been able to demonstrate that the phenomenon occurs suddenly when the switching frequency of the switch 17 was of the order of or greater than 1 kHz.
• the circuit for making the conduction device conductive has a circuit 26 to be switched periodically for one or more cycles after charging the capacitor.
• the switched voltage generator comprises the switch 18 for disconnecting the DC source 16 for charging the capacitor after having charged it a first time, at least between each group of periodic switching cycles.
• FIG. 5 shows an alternative embodiment in which the tubes 8 and 9 are split to each comprise a set of tubes 31 and 32 and 33 and 34 sandwiching the plates 2 and 3 respectively. It can easily be shown that this solution makes it possible to double the output energy for equal efficiency.
• the optimization possibilities of the invention lie in improving the efficiency of the capacitors by choosing an adequate dielectric, by maximizing the distance L separating the two plates 2 and 3, and by minimizing the energy required for the ionization of the plasma, which involves optimizing the tubes and the pressure of the gas retained for filling the tubes.
• FIGS. 6 and 7 A first idea involved making the plasma plates, FIGS. 6 and 7, in the form of a hollow cylindrical crown of plasma 35 surrounding a tube, a hollow plasma mast 36.
• the cylinder 35 and the glass mast 36 or ceramic, or preferably comprising barium titanate, are respectively covered on their surfaces facing each other, each with a film metal 37 and 38.
• the cylinder 35 and the mast 36 form, by their surfaces facing these films, the plasma plates of the invention.
• these metallic films 37 and 38 can be aluminum sheets bonded directly to the glass of the cylinder 35 or of the mast 36.
• the enclosure formed by the cylinder 35 comprises two circular electrodes 39 and 40, mounted on either side.
• the films 37 and 36 form electrical sleeves closed on themselves.
• the film 37 is surmounted by a roof 43.1, conductive, connected to the film 37 near the electrode 39, and forming a Faraday cage.
• the crown electrode 40 is connected to a floor 43.2 also forming a Faraday cage.
• FIG. 6 the invention was implemented by loading the plasma plates with a balanced supply 44, connected by its plus pole 45 and by a switch 46 in series with the electrode 40. By its pole minus 47 and a switch 48 in series, it is connected to electrode 42, electrode 39 being also connected to electrode 41. The available energy was then available at the output: between connections 5 and 4 connected to films 37 and 38. This energy was recovered at the rate of switching of switches 46 and 48.
• the main advantage of the structure thus created is to reduce the voltage required to ionize the plasma plates (here the cylinder and the mast). In fact, this voltage is higher the longer the length to be ionized, which was the case with the coils. However, this reduction in voltage is compensated by a greater ionization current. Furthermore, due to voltage increases, starting from a low voltage, the risks of electrical breakdowns are reduced. It was then found that when these switches 46 and 48 were open, the plasma in the cylinder 35 and the mast 36 remained ionized, in particular at a high voltage, of the order of 2000 volts. The second idea was then to dispense with the power supply 49 (that shown in dashes in FIG.
• the device of the invention can be analyzed as an arrangement of capacitors organized by a switching interrupt device (46, 48, K1, K'1) forming either a capacitor with two metal plates or a series of capacitors. at least two capacitors of which include one of these plasma plates and one of these metal plates. Indeed, it is not prohibited to provide other arrangements, in series and or in parallel, of more than two of these plasma plates and of more than two of these two metal plates.
• the invention relates to a source of electrical energy comprising a capacitor with at least two metal plates in screw screw and connected to two terminals of the source, and means for charging this capacitor at a high voltage, characterized in that the means for charging at high voltage this capacitor with metal plates comprise a set of plasma plates arranged opposite these metal plates, these plasma plates being connected to an interrupt or switching circuit to periodically form a set of at least two capacitors in series each comprising a metal plate and a plasma plate.
• the load connected to the output terminals 4 and 5 of the source includes in this experiment a very high voltage probe THT 50, which in one example is worth 1G ⁇ .
• a voltmeter 51 is connected between a measurement output of this charge 50 and a terminal (terminal 5 here) of the source. It can be checked in FIG. 8 that the voltage measured by the voltmeter 51 undergoes a considerable increase in its voltage, thus passing from 500 volts to 1750 volts when the switch K1 is open, and when the system changes from Cmax to Cmin .
• the discharge of Cmin, of the order of several hundred milliseconds is much slower than the phenomenon of voltage increase which is not perceptible, less than a millisecond.
• the plasma de-excitation occurs as soon as the switches 46 are opened.
• the plasma plates 35 and 36 are no longer directly excited at the start by applying high voltages to the electrodes 40 and 42. They are excited by induction from a high-voltage source 52 connected by switches K2 and K3 directly at outputs 4 and 5. It can be shown that the voltage of supply 52, in an example of 2000 volts, is half of what was necessary with supply 49 to obtain the same result . With this improvement, we completely do without food 49. It can be seen, only with the drawing in FIG. 8, that an additional dissipated energy is available. Indeed, the energy dissipated in the probe 50 corresponds directly to the integral of the surface located under the discharge curve 53. This dissipable energy comprises the area 54 which results only from the opening of the switch K1, without energy supply.
• switches K2 and K3 With diodes 55 and 56 respectively ( Figure 7).
• a commissioning switch K2K3 can be maintained.
• These diodes 55 and 56 are used to maintain an acceptable starting voltage (2000 volts in the example).
• the diodes act as a switch.
• the system is even simpler, there is no need to order these switches K2 K3.
• an attenuator circuit is shown, shown as a load 57 in FIG. 7.
• This circuit 57 comprises an inductor 58 in series with a capacitive voltage divider formed by two capacitors 59 and 60.
• the real charge 50 is connected across the capacitor 60, between terminal 5 and the midpoint 61 of the capacitive divider.
• the power supply 52 may only be necessary for starting.
• the source of the invention is supplied at the factory with a voltage already preloaded and suitable for an instantaneous flow on demand.
• the basic device would therefore not necessarily include this power supply 52 (or 49).
• the switch K1 (and or K'1) is controlled by a circuit 26 producing an alternating signal.
• the control signal produced by the circuit 26 takes account of the power requirement. For example, a voltmeter is mounted across the load. If the voltage across the voltmeter drops, circuit 26 provides that the frequency must be increased and more energy produced, otherwise it lowers the frequency. The relationship between voltage and frequency may also not be linear.
• the circuit 26 preferably contains a microprogrammed microprocessor which establishes this relationship.
• FIGS. 6 and 7 can be considerably simplified by eliminating the supply to the plasma tubes and by using the external electric field to ionize the plasma when the capacitor is charged. In this case, it is enough to put a switch between the wires which connect the internal and external tubes to produce the variation in capacity.
• the system for shaping and recovering energy to supply an external load comprises a capacitive divider delayed by the presence of an inductor 58.
• the system R, L, C, respectively 61, 58, and 59-60, of this capacitive divider is tuned under critical control in such a way that during the charging of Cmax and the modification of the capacity of

Landscapes

• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Power Engineering (AREA)
• Plasma Technology (AREA)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Publications (1)

Family

ID=8861597

Family Applications (1)

Country Status (4)

Family Cites Families (9)

• 2001
  • 2001-03-21 FR FR0104130A patent/FR2822590B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
• 2002
  • 2002-03-20 WO PCT/FR2002/000982 patent/WO2002075912A1/fr not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 2002-03-20 US US10/472,714 patent/US20050057116A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 2002-03-20 EP EP02753585A patent/EP1389360A1/de not_active Withdrawn

Non-Patent Citations (1)

Also Published As

Similar Documents

Legal Events