EP1371108B1 - Über öffnungen in der massefläche des wellenleiters abstimmbarer phasenschieber - Google Patents

Über öffnungen in der massefläche des wellenleiters abstimmbarer phasenschieber Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1371108B1
EP1371108B1 EP02726106A EP02726106A EP1371108B1 EP 1371108 B1 EP1371108 B1 EP 1371108B1 EP 02726106 A EP02726106 A EP 02726106A EP 02726106 A EP02726106 A EP 02726106A EP 1371108 B1 EP1371108 B1 EP 1371108B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
ground plane
apertures
phase shifting
transmission line
shifting element
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Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP02726106A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP1371108A1 (de
Inventor
Fransisco Javier Vasquez Sanchez
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ERA Patents Ltd
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ERA Patents Ltd
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Publication of EP1371108A1 publication Critical patent/EP1371108A1/de
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
    • H01Q3/26—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture
    • H01Q3/30—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture varying the relative phase between the radiating elements of an array
    • H01Q3/34—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture varying the relative phase between the radiating elements of an array by electrical means
    • H01Q3/36—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture varying the relative phase between the radiating elements of an array by electrical means with variable phase-shifters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01P—WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
    • H01P1/00—Auxiliary devices
    • H01P1/18—Phase-shifters
    • H01P1/182—Waveguide phase-shifters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01P—WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
    • H01P1/00—Auxiliary devices
    • H01P1/18—Phase-shifters
    • H01P1/184—Strip line phase-shifters

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a technique for creating a variable phase shift in a transmission line and to the use of such a technique in an antenna array.
  • Ferrite phase shifters are well known and come in a variety of different types. Ferrite phase shifters use plates, rods and other shapes of ferromagnetic material inside a waveguide or transmission line. The magnetic permeability of the material defines the propagation constant of such lines which can be controlled by an external magnetic field. Ferrite phase shifters can be operated at high speed (in the order of milliseconds for a 360° phase shift) and can be integrated into the feeding network of antennas.
  • ferrite phase shifters are too expensive for low cost applications such as base station antenna technology, and personal mobile satellite based systems.
  • ferrite phase shifters require a relatively high level of DC power for operation and introduce typical losses of around 1dB per 360° phase shift. Bandwidth is also limited for these devices to 5-10%.
  • Mechanical phase shifters are based on the mechanical displacement of a structure inside a transmission line or waveguide in order to change the propagation constant.
  • the mechanical displacement may be achieved, for example, by using piezoelectric, electrostatic or electrical motor devices. They are potentially low cost, broadband devices, with low DC power consumption and are well suited to mass production. However, these devices have some practical limitations.
  • FR-A-2581255 discloses a metallic waveguide having a movable conductive plane parallel to one of its sides.
  • a piece of piezoelectric material carries the plane so as to move the plane with respect to the guide.
  • the waveguide may have slots formed in a wall of the guide.
  • the plane is movable into an aperture formed by the slots in order to promote a phase shift of a wave in the waveguide by an internal electromagnetic disturbance.
  • the invention consists in a phase shifting element comprising a transmission line segment adapted to support the propagation of an electromagnetic wave and including a ground plane or wall, a conductor and a substrate disposed between the ground plane or wall and the conductor, the ground plane or wall having at least one aperture, an electrically conductive plate adjacent the ground plane or wall, movable external to the transmission line segment, and displacement means connected to the electrically conductive plate and adapted to adjustably alter the distance between the electrically conductive plate and the ground plane or wall thereby adjusting the amount of phase shift introduced to the electromagnetic wave as it passes through the transmission line segment.
  • a plurality of apertures are arranged periodically in the ground plane or wall in a series.
  • the shape, pitch and/or size of individual ones of the periodically arranged aperture series are varied in order to improve the impedance match between the transmission line segment and a connected transmission line.
  • the apertures are rectangular and the lengths of the apertures at either end of the periodically arranged series are reduced as compared to the length of the apertures in the middle of the aperture series.
  • the transmission line segment is a microstrip line or stripline segment on a printed circuit board and the series of apertures are provided in the ground plane, directly beneath and aligned with the microstrip line or stripline.
  • the transmission line segment is a segment of ridge, rectangular or circular waveguide and the apertures are provided in one of the walls of the waveguide.
  • the width of the apertures in a direction parallel to the transmission line is less than or equal to about ⁇ /10, where ⁇ is the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave at the operating frequency.
  • the electrically conducting plate is covered with a dielectric or ferrite layer on the surface of the ground plane or wall of the transmission line segment.
  • the transmission line segment and series of apertures follow the same, meandering path.
  • the meandering path comprises a plurality of straight paths series connected at angles to one another.
  • the invention consists in a control system for an antenna array including a phase shifting element according to the first aspect.
  • control system incorporates a plurality of phase shifting elements connected together and share a common electrically conductive plate.
  • phase shifter will initially be described using a microstrip transmission line, it should be noted that the same principle may be directly implemented using, waveguide structures (for example rectangular or ridge) and other transmission line technologies including conventional or suspended stripline or triplate structures.
  • waveguide structures for example rectangular or ridge
  • other transmission line technologies including conventional or suspended stripline or triplate structures.
  • a phase shifting element consists of a transmission line segment (or waveguide) 10, the ground plane (or wall) 2 of which is perforated with small apertures 3 (for example, 7 slots are shown in the example of Figure 1).
  • the apertures 3 are periodically distributed parallel to the direction of propagation of the wave.
  • An electromagnetic wave is launched from one end of the transmission line and received at the other end with a certain amount of phase shift.
  • the transmission line comprising a microstrip line
  • the apertures may be rectangular slots on the ground plane of a printed circuit board 6, however other aperture shapes can be used, such as circular or square holes.
  • the ground plane may be a solid metal plate or may be a mesh.
  • the apertures 3 are preferably much smaller than the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave at the operating frequencies (for example, having a width of less than or equal to about ⁇ /10 where ⁇ is the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave at the operating frequency) to avoid leakage of energy by radiation.
  • the apertures should be able to store a considerable amount of electromagnetic energy. This is achieved by locating the apertures in regions where the electric and/or magnetic fields have maximum strength. For the microstrip line, maximum field strength occurs just beneath the line conductor 1.
  • a tuning electrically conductive plate 4 for example a metal plate, is placed adjacent and close to the apertures 3 to control the propagation constant of the line.
  • the propagation constant is identical to the propagation constant of the un-slotted transmission line segment.
  • the propagation constant changes gradually towards the propagation constant of the line loaded by the apertures.
  • the phase of the electromagnetic wave at the end of the transmission line segment is controlled by the movement of the tuning place.
  • displacement of the tuning plate will be between 0 to 2mm from the ground plane 2.
  • the tuning plate 4 is suspended parallel to che slotted ground plane 2 and does not require any electrical connection to the transmission line.
  • the geometry of the phase shifting element is identical to a conventional transmission line or waveguide, ensuring simple interfacing to other transmission lines.
  • the apertures 3 on the ground plane 2 are tunable impedance loads on the transmission line. If the apertures are periodically distributed (as shown in Figures 1a and 1b), the line can be seen as periodically loaded. Typically, the pitch between the apertures is smaller than about a quarter wavelength. In this case, the loaded line behaves as a new transmission line, with a new effective characteristic impedance and propagation constant. The amount of impedance loading is modified by the proximity of the ground plane 2.
  • the effect of the apertures in the transmission line segment may alternatively be explained using the concept of artificial dielectric.
  • Small apertures in a metallic wall have an associated magnetic dipolar moment. If the apertures are much smaller than the wavelength (typically around ⁇ /10) they produce an average magnetic moment per surface unit that contributes to the effective magnetic polarisability of the substrate 6 in a similar way to the magnetic dipolar moment from atoms and molecules of the substrate. As a result, the apparent magnetic permeability of the substrate 6 is increased by the magnetic field induced into the apertures.
  • the metallic tuning place 4 is placed close to the apertures 3 on the transmission line.
  • the tuning plate 4 alters the induced magnetic dipolar moment of the apertures and therefore the propagation constant of the transmission line segment. If the distance between the tuning plate 4 and the apertures 3 is varied, the propagation constant of the line is also changed accordingly and, as a consequence, the phase of the electromagnetic wave is also changed.
  • the phase shifting element may be provided with an integrated impedance matching structure wherein the size, pitch and/or shape of the apertures can be varied to match the aperture-loaded line to the connected input/output standard lines.
  • a gradual change of the aperture sizes can provide a good broadband impedance match, provided that the phase shifting element is at least one wavelength long.
  • tapered apertures 5 having varying, shorter lengths are provided at either end of a series of uniform length apertures.
  • a particular advantage of this integrated matching structure is that the return loss is low for all displacements of the tuning plate 4 (and therefore all phase shift settings within the range of the device). This happens because when the ground plane is at zero distance from the apertures the transmission line appears unloaded and the return loss is extremely low. As the tuning plate 4 is separated from the apertures 3, a relative phase shift is produced, but the taper of the apertures always ensures a smooth transition from the input lines. As a result, the phase shifting element is matched in an adaptable way. This flexible behaviour saves space and increases performance in comparison to rigid matching structures designed to cope with a broad range of propagation constant.
  • the taper of the apertures can, for example, be linear (as shown in Figure 2), parabolic or any other custom profile to obtain the lowest reflection.
  • the taper will be optimised for the maximum separation of the cubing plate 4 from the apertures 3 since very low reflection is expected for the minimum (zero) separation.
  • the apertures can form blocks of different sizes rather than a continuous taper. These blocks are typically ⁇ /4 sections that can match the device over a narrowband.
  • a planar phase shifter may be implemented using simple manufacturing procedures, typically in a physically planar form (for example microstrip line).
  • An example is shown in Figure 3 which is suitable for mass production of low cost phase shifting devices.
  • the sensitivity of the device with respect to displacements of the tuning plate is very high (typically enabling phase shifts of up to 250° per mm of displacement in the microstrip implementation) depending upon design.
  • piezoelectric and electrostatic or other low cost displacement mechanisms 7 can be employed to produce accurate vertical displacement of the tuning plate 4, keeping a low profile and low power consumption.
  • conventional electrical motors can also be used as a low cost displacement mechanism in some cases.
  • the apertures 3 may be etched or mould cut in the ground plane 2 (or a flat electrically conductive wall of the transmission line or waveguide in alternative implementations).
  • the amount of phase shift achieved per unit of length can be enhanced by coating the tuning plate 4 with a dielectric of ferrite material.
  • a single control compact scanning array antenna is possible by coupling together a plurality of phase shifting elements according to the present invention.
  • Figure 4 shows an example layout of four series coupled phase shifting elements, each of which share a single tuning plate 4 and which combine to form a microstrip array. Because each of the phase shifting elements share a common tuning plate 4, all of the phase shifting elements are electromagnetically coupled. This arrangement can be used to implement a scanning array that requires a single control for all of the phase shifters of a corporate or series feeding network having multiple input/output ports 8.
  • the tuning plate 4 can be slightly inclined or shaped (for example curved) to produce an initial phase distribution in the array, which may then be varied globally as the place displacement is altered.
  • the array can be configured to scan a beam of a linear, planar or conformal array for example, in a single plane and, if appropriately configured, in arbitrary scan directions.
  • Figure 5 shows a further embodiment of a phase shifting element wherein the microstrip line 1 follows a meandering path over selected apertures 3 in a ground plane 2.
  • the apertures shown in Figure 5 are square shaped and include tapered apertures 5 having gradually reduced sizes to achieve the above described impedance matching benefits.
  • This embodiment allows a relatively long length of transmission line segment to be used in a reduced space and therefore improves the compactness of the device incorporating the phase shifter.
  • the apertures could of course be other shapes, such as rectangular or circular, and the microstrip line 1 could be replaced with other transmission line types such as waveguide structures.

Landscapes

  • Waveguide Switches, Polarizers, And Phase Shifters (AREA)
  • Networks Using Active Elements (AREA)
  • Variable-Direction Aerials And Aerial Arrays (AREA)

Claims (11)

  1. Phasenverschiebungselement mit:
    einem Übertragungsleitungssegment (10), welches dazu angepasst ist, die Ausbreitung einer elektromagnetischen Welle zu unterstützen und welches eine Massefläche bzw. -wand (2), einen Leiter (1) und ein zwischen der Massefläche bzw. -wand (2) und dem Leiter (1) angeordnetes Substrat (6) aufweist, wobei die Massefläche bzw. -wand (2) wenigstens eine Öffnung (3) aufweist;
    einer neben der Massefläche bzw. -wand (2) angeordneten, außerhalb des Übertragungsleitungssegmentes (10) bewegbaren, elektrisch leitenden Platte (4); und
    einem mit der elektrisch leitenden Platte (4) verbundenen Verschiebemittel (7), welches zum einstellbaren Verändern des Abstandes zwischen der elektrisch leitenden Platte (4) und der Massefläche bzw. -wand (2), wodurch der Grad der bei der elektromagnetischen Welle, wenn diese das Übertragungsleitungssegment durchläuft, erzeugten Phasenverschiebung eingestellt wird, eingerichtet ist.
  2. Phasenverschiebungselement nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß eine Vielzahl von Öffnungen (3, 5) in der Massefläche bzw. -wand (2) periodisch hintereinander angeordnet sind.
  3. Phasenverschiebungselement nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Form, der Abstand und/oder die Größe einzelner der periodisch angeordneten Öffnungen variiert sind, um die Impedanzanpassung zwischen dem Übertragungsleitungssegment (10) und einer angeschlossenen Übertragungsleitung zu verbessern.
  4. Phasenverschiebungselement nach einem der Ansprüche 2 oder 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Öffnungen (3, 5) rechteckig, und die Längen der Öffnungen (5) an jedem Ende der periodisch angeordneten Reihen verglichen mit den Längen der Öffnungen (3) in der Mitte der Öffnungsreihen verringert sind.
  5. Phasenverschiebungselement nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Übertragungsleitungssegment (10) eine Mikrostreifenleitung oder ein Streifenleitungssegment auf einer Leiterplatte ist und daß die Reihen von Öffnungen (3, 5) in der Massefläche (2) direkt unterhalb der und ausgerichtet zu der Mikrostreifenleitung bzw. Streifenleitung (1) vorgesehen sind.
  6. Phasenverschiebungselement nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Breite der Öffnungen (3, 5) in einer Richtung parallel zu der Übertragungsleitung etwa gleich λ/10 beträgt, wobei λ die Wellenlänge der elektromagnetischen Welle bei der Betriebsfrequenz ist.
  7. Phasenverschiebungselement nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die elektrisch leitende Platte (4) mit einer dielektrischen oder Ferritschicht auf der Oberfläche der Massefläche bzw. -wand (2) des Übertragungsleitungssegmentes (10) bedeckt ist.
  8. Phasenverschiebungselement nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Übertragungsleitungssegment (10) und die Reihe von Öffnungen (3, 5) demselben, gewundenen Pfad folgen.
  9. Phasenverschiebungselement nach Anspruch 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der gewundene Pfad eine Vielzahl von geraden Pfadabschnitten enthält, die in Winkeln miteinander verbunden sind.
  10. Steuersystem für ein Antennenarray mit einem Phasenverschiebungselement nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche.
  11. Steuersystem für ein Antennenarray nach Anspruch 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß eine Vielzahl von Phasenverschiebungselementen miteinander verbunden sind und sich eine gemeinsame elektrisch leitende Platte (4) teilen.
EP02726106A 2001-02-14 2002-02-12 Über öffnungen in der massefläche des wellenleiters abstimmbarer phasenschieber Expired - Lifetime EP1371108B1 (de)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP02726106A EP1371108B1 (de) 2001-02-14 2002-02-12 Über öffnungen in der massefläche des wellenleiters abstimmbarer phasenschieber

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP01301238 2001-02-14
EP01301238A EP1235296A1 (de) 2001-02-14 2001-02-14 Phasenschieber abstimmbar über Öffnungen in der Massefläche des Wellenleiters
PCT/EP2002/001428 WO2002073733A1 (en) 2001-02-14 2002-02-12 Phase shifter tunable via apertures in the ground plane of the wave guide
EP02726106A EP1371108B1 (de) 2001-02-14 2002-02-12 Über öffnungen in der massefläche des wellenleiters abstimmbarer phasenschieber

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EP1371108A1 EP1371108A1 (de) 2003-12-17
EP1371108B1 true EP1371108B1 (de) 2005-06-15

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EP01301238A Withdrawn EP1235296A1 (de) 2001-02-14 2001-02-14 Phasenschieber abstimmbar über Öffnungen in der Massefläche des Wellenleiters
EP02726106A Expired - Lifetime EP1371108B1 (de) 2001-02-14 2002-02-12 Über öffnungen in der massefläche des wellenleiters abstimmbarer phasenschieber

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EP (2) EP1235296A1 (de)
AT (1) ATE298134T1 (de)
DE (1) DE60204672T2 (de)
WO (1) WO2002073733A1 (de)

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