EP1364001A2 - Procedes et compositions de traitement des dechets - Google Patents

Procedes et compositions de traitement des dechets

Info

Publication number
EP1364001A2
EP1364001A2 EP01273915A EP01273915A EP1364001A2 EP 1364001 A2 EP1364001 A2 EP 1364001A2 EP 01273915 A EP01273915 A EP 01273915A EP 01273915 A EP01273915 A EP 01273915A EP 1364001 A2 EP1364001 A2 EP 1364001A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
yeast cells
composition
range
field strength
mhz
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP01273915A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Ling Yuk Cheung
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Ultra Biotech Ltd
Original Assignee
Ultra Biotech Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US09/797,371 external-priority patent/US6391617B1/en
Priority claimed from US09/797,381 external-priority patent/US6436695B1/en
Priority claimed from US09/797,437 external-priority patent/US6391619B1/en
Priority claimed from US09/797,382 external-priority patent/US20020123129A1/en
Priority claimed from US09/797,372 external-priority patent/US20020123127A1/en
Priority claimed from US09/797,493 external-priority patent/US6440713B1/en
Priority claimed from US09/797,377 external-priority patent/US20020123130A1/en
Priority claimed from US09/797,378 external-priority patent/US6391618B1/en
Application filed by Ultra Biotech Ltd filed Critical Ultra Biotech Ltd
Publication of EP1364001A2 publication Critical patent/EP1364001A2/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N13/00—Treatment of microorganisms or enzymes with electrical or wave energy, e.g. magnetism, sonic waves
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N63/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi, animals or substances produced by, or obtained from, microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi or animals, e.g. enzymes or fermentates
    • A01N63/30—Microbial fungi; Substances produced thereby or obtained therefrom
    • A01N63/32—Yeast
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
    • B09C—RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
    • B09C1/00—Reclamation of contaminated soil
    • B09C1/10—Reclamation of contaminated soil microbiologically, biologically or by using enzymes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/50—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by addition or application of a germicide or by oligodynamic treatment
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N1/00—Microorganisms, e.g. protozoa; Compositions thereof; Processes of propagating, maintaining or preserving microorganisms or compositions thereof; Processes of preparing or isolating a composition containing a microorganism; Culture media therefor
    • C12N1/14—Fungi; Culture media therefor
    • C12N1/16—Yeasts; Culture media therefor
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N1/00—Microorganisms, e.g. protozoa; Compositions thereof; Processes of propagating, maintaining or preserving microorganisms or compositions thereof; Processes of preparing or isolating a composition containing a microorganism; Culture media therefor
    • C12N1/14—Fungi; Culture media therefor
    • C12N1/16—Yeasts; Culture media therefor
    • C12N1/18—Baker's yeast; Brewer's yeast
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N1/00—Microorganisms, e.g. protozoa; Compositions thereof; Processes of propagating, maintaining or preserving microorganisms or compositions thereof; Processes of preparing or isolating a composition containing a microorganism; Culture media therefor
    • C12N1/26—Processes using, or culture media containing, hydrocarbons
    • C12N1/28—Processes using, or culture media containing, hydrocarbons aliphatic
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
    • C12P1/00—Preparation of compounds or compositions, not provided for in groups C12P3/00 - C12P39/00, by using microorganisms or enzymes
    • C12P1/02—Preparation of compounds or compositions, not provided for in groups C12P3/00 - C12P39/00, by using microorganisms or enzymes by using fungi
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
    • C12P13/00—Preparation of nitrogen-containing organic compounds

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the use of yeast compositions in liquid waste treatment. These yeast compositions can be obtained by growth in electromagnetic fields with specific frequencies and field strengths.
  • complex, high molecular weight, polymeric compQunds in particular, polysaccharides (e.g., starch or cellulose), lignin, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride and polystyrene; complex, high molecular weight, nitrogen-containing compounds, such as proteins, polypeptides, amino acids, vitamins, lipids, and polynucleic acids; environmentally harmful toxins, e.g., antibiotics, undesirable chemicals, such as phenols, sulfur-containing compounds, alkanes, and tricholomethane, and chemical additives commonly found in fertilizers and detergents; water-soluble nitrogen compounds, such as ammonium salts, nitrates, nitrites, and amino acids; biologically available phosphates, such as HPO 4 2' and H 2 PO 4 " ; odorous materials, such as ammonium salts, such as HPO 4 2' and H 2 PO 4 " ; odorous materials, such as ammonium salts, such as HPO 4 2
  • Coli Salmonella, bacteria, fungi, actinomyces, and different viruses; and algae, such as green algae, blue algae, and red algae.
  • algae such as green algae, blue algae, and red algae.
  • the most common methods for large-scale water treatment include the activated sludge technology and the biomembrane technology. These technologies rely on the innate abilities of myriad natural microorganisms, such as fungi, bacteria and protozoa, to degrade pollutants.
  • the compositions of these natural microbial components are difficult to control, affecting the reproducibility and quality of water treatment.
  • Eutrophication is usually caused by sewage, industrial waste water, fertilizers and the like. It refers to waters (e.g., a lake or pond) rich in mineral and organic nutrients that promote a proliferation of plant life, especially algae, which reduces the dissolved oxygen content or otherwise deteriorates water quality. Eutrophication often results in the extinction of other organisms.
  • compositions comprising these activated yeast cells can therefore be useful for waste treatment, for example, treatment of sewage, industrial waste water, surface water, drinking water, sediment, soil, garbage, and manure. Waste treatment methods using the compositions are more effective, efficient and economical than conventional methods.
  • This invention embraces a composition
  • a composition comprising a plurality of yeast cells that have been cultured in an alternating electric field having a frequency in the range of about 4230 to 4260 MHz (e.g., 4240-4260 MHz), and a field strength in the range of about 0.5 to 360 mV/cm (e.g., 80-320, 80-300, 60-270, 90- 320, 70-350, or 60-260 mV/cm).
  • the yeast cells are cultured in the alternating electric field for a period of time sufficient to substantially increase the capability of said plurality of yeast cells to degrade polymeric compounds in a culture medium.
  • An exemplary period of time is about 12 to 400 hours, e.g., 220-360, 190-370, 160-280, 140-280, 222-382, 220-380, or 230-380 hours.
  • Yeast species useful in this composition include, but are not limited to, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces carlsbergensis, and Hansenula subpelliculosa.
  • the yeast cells can be of the strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen AS2.11, AS2.53, AS2.56, AS2.70, AS2.98, AS2.101, AS2.168, AS2.374, AS2.406, AS2.409, AS2.430, AS2.453, AS2.463, AS2.467, AS2.502, AS2.516, AS2.536, AS2.541 , or IFFI1331 ; Saccharomyces carlsbergensis AS2.443 or AS2.459; or Hansenula subpelliculosa Bedford AS2.738 or AS2.740.
  • This invention embraces a composition
  • a composition comprising a plurality of yeast cells that have been cultured in an alternating electric field having a frequency in the range of about 5520 to 5540 MHz (e.g., 5521-5538 MHz) and a field strength in the range of about 0.5 to 360 mV/cm (e.g., 90-360 or 120-340 mV/cm).
  • the yeast cells are cultured in the alternating electric field for a period of time sufficient to substantially increase the capability of said plurality of yeast cells to degrade nitrogen-containing compounds in a culture medium.
  • An exemplary period of time is about 12-450 hours, e.g., 228-424 or 208-320 hours.
  • yeast species useful in this composition include, but are not limited to, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces carlsbergensis.
  • the yeast cells can be of the strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen AS2.93, AS2.98, AS2.152, AS2.423, AS2.452, AS2.458, AS2.502, AS2.535, or AS2.561; or Saccharomyces carlsbergensis AS2.440 or AS2.595.
  • Embraced within this invention is also a composition comprising a plurality of yeast cells that have been cultured in an alternating electric field having a frequency in the range of about 70 to 100 MHz (e.g., 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, or 100 MHz) and a field strength in the range of about 0.5 to 350 mV/cm (e.g., 30-220, 30-230, 30-250, 90-280, 80-280, 100-200, 110-280, 100-220, 116-225, 120-280, 90-190, 100-190, 160-300, 120-300, 200-300, or 130-310 mV/cm).
  • a field strength in the range of about 0.5 to 350 mV/
  • the yeast cells are cultured in the alternating electric field for a period of time sufficient to substantially increase the capability of said plurality of yeast cells to degrade environmental toxins, such as antibiotics and organic solvents, in a culture medium.
  • An exemplary period of time is about 12-400 hours, e.g., 180-328, 114- 244, 80-380, 80-365, 120-350, 90-330, 130-330, 100-280, 110-330, 130-290, 80- 290, 110-360, or 110-340 hours.
  • This invention also embraces a composition
  • a composition comprising a plurality of yeast cells that have been cultured in an alternating electric field having a frequency in the range of about 126 to 142 MHz (e.g., 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, or 142 MHz) and a field strength in the range of about 0.5 to 350 mV/cm (e.g., 90-280 mV/cm) for a period of time sufficient to substantially increase the capability of said plurality of yeast cells to degrade trichloromethane in a culture medium.
  • a frequency in the range of about 126 to 142 MHz (e.g., 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, or 142 MHz) and a field strength
  • This invention also embraces a composition
  • a composition comprising a plurality of yeast cells that have been cultured in an alternating electric field having a frequency in the range of about 52 to 70 MHz (e.g., 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, or 70 MHz) and a field strength in the range of about 0.5 to 350 mV/cm (e.g., 80-280 mV/cm) for a period of time sufficient to substantially increase the capability of said plurality of yeast cells to degrade toluene or ethylbenzene in a culture medium.
  • mV/cm e.g. 80-280 mV/cm
  • This invention also embraces a composition
  • a composition comprising a plurality of yeast cells that have been cultured in an alternating electric field having a frequency in the range of about 30 to 50 MHz (e.g., 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50 MHz) and a field strength in the range of about 0.5 to 350 mV/cm (e.g., 80-280 mV/cm) for a period of time sufficient to substantially increase the capability of said plurality of yeast cells to degrade p-xylene in a culture medium.
  • mV/cm e.g. 80-280 mV/cm
  • This invention embraces yet another composition
  • a plurality of yeast cells that have been cultured in an alternating electric field having a frequency in the range of about 200 to 220 MHz (e.g., 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, or 220 MHz) and a field strength in the range of about 0.5 to 350 mV/cm (e.g., 80-280 mV/cm) for a period of time sufficient to substantially increase the capability of said plurality of yeast cells to degrade furazolidonum in a culture medium.
  • mV/cm e.g. 80-280 mV/cm
  • This invention embraces another composition
  • a composition comprising a plurality of yeast cells that have been cultured in an alternating electric field having a frequency in the range of about 213 to 229 MHz (e.g., 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, or 229 MHz) and a field strength in the range of about 0.5 to 350 mV/cm (e.g., 90-280 mV/cm) for a period of time sufficient to substantially increase the capability of said plurality of yeast cells to degrade decoquinate in a culture medium.
  • mV/cm e.g. 90-280 mV/cm
  • This invention also embraces a composition
  • a composition comprising a plurality of yeast cells that have been cultured in an alternating electric field having a frequency in the range of about 133 to 151 MHz (e.g., 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, or 151 MHz) and a field strength in the range of about 0.5 to 350 mV/cm (e.g., 120-280 mV/cm) for a period of time sufficient to substantially increase the capability of said plurality of yeast cells to degrade benzaldehyde in a culture medium.
  • a frequency in the range of about 133 to 151 MHz (e.g., 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149
  • This invention also embraces a composition
  • a composition comprising a plurality of yeast cells that have been cultured in an alternating electric field having a frequency in the range of about 145 to 162 MHz (e.g., 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, or 162 MHz) and a field strength in the range of about 0.5 to 350 mV/cm (e.g., 100-200 mV/cm) for a period of time sufficient to substantially increase the capability of said plurality of yeast cells to degrade propylaldehyde in a culture medium.
  • a frequency in the range of about 145 to 162 MHz (e.g., 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, or 16
  • This invention also embraces a composition
  • a composition comprising a plurality of yeast cells that have been cultured in an alternating electric field having a frequency in the range of about 156 to 176 MHz (e.g., 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, or 176 MHz) and a field strength in the range of about 0.5 to 350 mV/cm (e.g., 110-280 mV/cm) for a period of time sufficient to substantially increase the capability of said plurality of yeast cells to degrade enanthaldehyde in a culture medium.
  • a frequency in the range of about 156 to 176 MHz
  • a field strength in the range of about 0.5 to 350 mV/cm (e.g., 110-280 mV/cm) for a period of time sufficient to substantially increase the capability of said
  • This invention also embraces a composition
  • a composition comprising a plurality of yeast cells that have been cultured in an alternating electric field having a frequency in the range of about 163 to 183 MHz (e.g., 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, or 183 MHz) and a field strength in the range of about 0.5 to 350 mV/cm (e.g., 100-220 mV/cm) for a period of time sufficient to substantially increase the capability of said plurality of yeast cells to degrade m-dichlorobenzene in a culture medium.
  • a frequency in the range of about 163 to 183 MHz
  • a field strength in the range of about 0.5 to 350 mV/cm (e.g., 100-220 mV/cm) for a period of time sufficient to substantially increase the capability
  • This invention embraces yet another composition
  • a plurality of yeast cells that have been cultured in an alternating electric field having a frequency in the range of about 175 to 191 MHz (e.g., 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, or 191 MHz) and a field strength in the range of about 0.5 to 350 mV/cm (e.g., 116-225 mV/cm) for a period of time sufficient to substantially increase the capability of said plurality of yeast cells to degrade acetophenone in a culture medium.
  • mV/cm e.g., 116-225 mV/cm
  • This invention also embraces a composition
  • a composition comprising a plurality of yeast cells that have been cultured in an alternating electric field having a frequency in the range of about 183 to 205 MHz (e.g., 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, or 205 MHz) and a field strength in the range of about 0.5 to 350 mV/cm (e.g., 90-190 mV/cm) for a period of time sufficient to substantially increase the capability of said plurality of yeast cells to degrade arsanilic acid in a culture medium.
  • a frequency in the range of about 183 to 205 MHz
  • a field strength in the range of about 0.5 to 350 mV/cm (e.g., 90-190 mV/cm) for a period of time sufficient to
  • This invention also embraces a composition
  • a composition comprising a plurality of yeast cells that have been cultured in an alternating electric field having a frequency in the range of about 114 to 128 MHz (e.g., 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, or 128 MHz) and a field strength in the range of about 0.5 to 350 mV/cm (e.g., 100-190 mV/cm) for a period of time sufficient to substantially increase the capability of said plurality of yeast cells to degrade roxarsone in a culture medium.
  • a frequency in the range of about 114 to 128 MHz (e.g., 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, or 128 MHz) and a field strength in the range of about 0.5 to
  • This invention embraces another composition
  • a composition comprising a plurality of yeast cells that have been cultured in an alternating electric field having a frequency in the range of about 244 to 264 MHz (e.g., 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, or 264 MHz) and a field strength in the range of about 0.5 to 350 mV/cm (e.g., 160-300 mV/cm) for a period of time sufficient to substantially increase the capability of said plurality of yeast cells to degrade dodecane in a culture medium.
  • mV/cm e.g. 160-300 mV/cm
  • This invention also embraces a composition
  • a composition comprising a plurality of yeast cells that have been cultured in an alternating electric field having a fi-equency in the range of about 252 to 278 MHz (e.g., 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, or 278 MHz) and a field strength in the range of about 0.5 to 350 mV/cm (e.g., 120-300 mV/cm) for a period of time sufficient to substantially increase the capability of said plurality of yeast cells to degrade nonadecane or octacosane in a culture medium.
  • mV/cm e.g., 120-300 mV/cm
  • This invention also embraces a composition
  • a composition comprising a plurality of yeast cells that have been cultured in an alternating electric field having a frequency in the range of about 220 to 250 MHz (e.g., 220, 222, 224, 226, 228, 230, 232, 234, 236, 238, 240, 242, 244, 246, 248, or 250 MHz) and a field strength in the range of about 0.5 to 350 mV/cm (e.g., 200-300 mV/cm) for a period of time sufficient to substantially increase the capability of said plurality of yeast cells to degrade trichlorphonum in a culture medium.
  • mV/cm e.g. 200-300 mV/cm
  • This invention embraces yet another composition
  • a plurality of yeast cells that have been cultured in an alternating electric field having a frequency in the range of about 220 to 250 MHz (e.g., 220, 222, 224, 226, 228, 230, 232, 234, 236, 238, 240, 242, 244, 246, 248, or 250 MHz) and a field strength in the range of about 0.5 to 350 mV/cm (e.g., 130-310 mV/cm) for a period of time sufficient to substantially increase the capability of said plurality of yeast cells to degrade dinitomidum or zoalene in a culture medium.
  • mV/cm e.g., 130-310 mV/cm
  • yeast species useful in the above seventeen compositions include, but are not limited to, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces carlsbergensis, Saccharomyces rouxii, and Candida utilis.
  • the yeast cells can be of the strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae AS2.4, AS2.14, AS2.416, AS2.430, AS2.593, IFFI1002, IFFI1006, IFFI1043, IFFI1045, IFFI1048, IFFI1063, IFFI1059, IFFI1206, IFFI1209, IFFI1210, L FI1211, IFFI1213, IFFI1215, IFFI1220, IFFI1221, 1FFI1224, IFFI1248, IFFI1270, IFFI1290, EFFI1291, IFFI1293, IFFI1297, IFFI1301, IFFI1302, IFFI1310, 1FFI1311, IFFI1331, TFFI1335, IFFI1336,
  • This invention further includes a composition comprising a plurality of yeast cells that have been cultured in an alternating electric field having a frequency in the range of about 660 to 680 MHz (e.g, 660, 661, 662, 663, 664, 665, 666, 667, 668, 669, 670, 671, 672, 673, 674, 675, 676, 677, 678, 679, or 680 MHz) and a field strength in the range of about 0.1 to 350 mV/cm (e.g., 140-320 or 120- 290 mV/cm).
  • the yeast cells are cultured for a period of time sufficient to substantially increase the capability of said plurality of yeast cells to convert biologically available nitrogen in a culture medium into intracellular nitrogen.
  • An exemplary period of time is about 12-420 hours (e.g., 192-304 or 226-412 hours).
  • This invention also includes a composition
  • a composition comprising a plurality of yeast cells that have been cultured in an alternating electric field having a frequency in the range of about 2160 to 2190 MHz (e.g, 2170 to 2185 MHz) and a field strength in the range of about 0.1 to 350 mV/cm (e.g., 140-320 mV/cm) for a period of time sufficient to substantially increase the capability of said plurality of yeast cells to convert ammonium in a culture medium into intracellular nitrogen.
  • Yeast species useful in these compositions include, but are not limited to, Saccharomyces cerevisiae,
  • yeast cells can be of the strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae AS2.196, AS2.336, AS2.400, AS2.416, AS2.423, or AS2.982; Saccharomyces willianus Saccardo AS2.152 or AS2.614; Candida tropicalis AS2.1387; or Geotrichum candidum AS2.498.
  • This invention also embraces a composition comprising a plurality of yeast cells that have been cultured in an alternating electric field having a frequency in the range of about 80 MHz to 440 MHz (e.g., 86-120 or 410-430 MHz) and a field strength in the range of about 0.5 to 350 mV (e.g., 60-260 mV/cm).
  • the yeast cells are cultured for a period of time sufficient to substantially increase the capability of said plurality of yeast cells to convert biologically available phosphorus in a culture medium into intracellular phosphorus.
  • An exemplary period of time is about 12-400 hours, e.g., 228-368 hours.
  • Yeast species useful in this composition include, but are not limited to, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces carlsbergensis.
  • the yeast cells can be of the strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae AS2.346, AS2.423, AS2.430, AS2.451, AS2.558, AS2.620, AS2.628, or IFFI1203; or Saccharomyces carlsbergensis AS2.189.
  • This invention embraces a composition
  • a composition comprising a plurality of yeast cells that have been cultured in an alternating electric field having a frequency in the range of about 2160 to 2380 MHz (e.g., 2160-2250 or 2280-2380 MHz) and a field strength in the range of about 0.5 to 320 mV/cm (e.g., 40-260, 70-260, 80- 250, 90-260, or 140-300 mV/cm).
  • the yeast cells are cultured for a period of time sufficient to substantially increase the capability of said plurality of yeast cells to reduce odor in malodorous materials.
  • An exemplary period of time is about 12 to 350 hours (e.g., 70-220, 70-320, 80-310, 85-220, 110-230, or 120-300 hours).
  • Yeast species useful in this composition include, but are not limited to, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces carlsbergensis.
  • the yeast cells can be of the strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen AS2.53,
  • Embraced within this invention is also a composition
  • a composition comprising a plurality of yeast cells that have been cultured in an alternating electric field having a frequency in the range of about 30 to 50 MHz (e.g., 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50 MHz) and a field strength in the range of about 0.5 to 200 mV/cm (e.g., about 10 to 180 mV/cm).
  • the yeast cells are cultured in the presence of the alternating electric field for a period of time sufficient to substantially increase the capability of said plurality of yeast cells to suppress the proliferation of pathogenic microorganisms.
  • An exemplary period of time is about 12-300 hours (e.g., 144-272 hours).
  • Yeast species useful in this composition include, but are not limited to, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces carlsbergensis, Saccharomyces uvarum, and Saccharomyces willianus.
  • the yeast cells can be of the strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen ACCC2034, ACCC2043, AS2.70, AS2.369, AS2.408, AS2.451, AS2.562, AS2.607, TFFI1021, FI1037, IFFI1211, IFFI1221, IFFI1251, IFFI1301, IFFI1307, IFFI1308, LFFI1331, or IFFI1345; Saccharomyces carlsbergensis Hansen AS2.200; Saccharomyces uvarum Beijer IFFI1023, IFFI1032, or IFFI1205; or Saccharomyces willianus Saccardo AS2.119 or AS2.152.
  • Embraced within this invention is also a composition
  • a composition comprising a plurality of yeast cells that have been cultured in an alternating electric field having a frequency in the range of about 6340 to 6380 MHz (e.g., 6352-6370 MHz) and a field strength in the range of about 0.5 to 400 mV/cm (e.g., 70-310, 100-330, or 120-360 mV/cm).
  • the yeast cells are cultured for a period of time sufficient to substantially increase the capability of said plurality of yeast cells to suppress the growth of algae.
  • An exemplary period of time is about 12-450 hours (e.g., 256-432 hours).
  • This invention also embraces a composition
  • a composition comprising a plurality of yeast cells that have been cultured in an alternating electric field having a frequency in the range of about 4440 to 4470 MHz (e.g., 4452-4470 MHz) and a field strength in the range of about 0.5 to 400 mV/cm (e.g., 50-280 mV/cm).
  • the yeast cells are cultured for a period of time sufficient to substantially increase the capability of said plurality of yeast cells to decompose algae.
  • An exemplary period of time is about 12-600 hours (e.g., 320-576 hours).
  • Yeast species useful in these compositions include, but are not limited to, Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
  • the yeast cells can be of the strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen
  • the frequency and/or the field strength of the alternating electric field can be altered within the aforementioned ranges during said periods of time.
  • the yeast cells can be exposed to a series of electromagnetic fields.
  • Yeast cells that can be included in this invention are available from the China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center ("CGMCC"), a depository recognized under the Budapest Treaty (China Committee for Culture Collection of Microorganisms, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haidian, P.O. Box 2714, Beijing, 100080, China).
  • This invention further embraces a composition
  • a composition comprising a plurality of yeast cells, wherein said plurality of yeast cells have been activated such that they have a substantially increased capability (1) to degrade polymeric compounds, (2) to degrade nitrogen-containing compounds, (3) to degrade environmental toxins, such as antibiotics and other organic compounds of interests, (4) to convert biologically available nitrogen in a culture medium into intracellular nitrogen, (5) to convert biologically available phosphorus in a culture medium into intracellular phosphorus, (6) to reduce odor in malodorous materials, (7) to suppress the proliferation of pathogenic microorganisms, or (8) to suppress the growth of algae or decompose algal debris, as compared to unactivated yeast cells. Included in this invention are also methods of making these compositions. A composition comprising two or more of the above-described compositions is also within the scope of this invention.
  • compositions described herein can be used for waste water treatment. Two or more of these compositions can also be mixed in accordance with the types of pollutants in the waste water to achieve optimal water treatment results. For convenience, each of the compositions in such a mixture is called herein a "yeast component.”
  • a “substantially increase” means an increase of more than 10 (e.g., 10 2 , 10 3 , 10 4 , 10 5 , or 10 6 ) fold.
  • a "culture medium” refers to a medium used in a laboratory for selecting and growing a given yeast strain, or to liquid or solid waste in need of treatment.
  • Polymeric compounds refer to high molecular weight organic compounds consisting of repeated, linked subunits.
  • Exemplary polymeric compounds include, but are not limited to, polysaccharides (e.g., starch or cellulose), lignin, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride and polystyrene.
  • Nonrogen-containing compounds refer to complex, high molecular weight, nitrogen-containing compounds, including but not limited to proteins, peptides, lipids, and nucleic acids.
  • Antibiotics degradable by the yeast compositions of the invention include, but are not limited to, beta-lactams, tetracyclines, polypeptides, glycopeptides, aminoglycosides, and macrolides.
  • Specific examples of antibiotics are penicillin, aureomycin, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, doxycycline, tetracycline, streptomycin, kanamycin, erythromycin, spiramycin, and bacitracin.
  • Organic solvents degradable by the yeast compositions of this invention include, but are not limited to, trichloromethane, toluene, ethylbenzene, p-xylene, furazolidonum, decoquinate, benzaldehyde, propylaldehyde, enanthaldehyde, m- dichlorobenzene, acetophenone, arsanilic acid, roxarsone, dodecane, nonadecane, octacosane, trichlorophonum, dinitomidum and zoalene.
  • Bio-available refers to nitrogen that is readily available, useable, or assimilable by living organisms for survival and/or growth.
  • Exemplary bio- available or bio-assimilable nitrogen includes, but is not limited to, NH , NO 3 " and NO 2 " , other water-soluble inorganic nitrogen-containing compounds, and organic nitrogen-containing compounds.
  • Bio-available or biologicalcally assimilable” phosphorus refers to phosphorus that is readily available, useable, or assimilable by living organisms for survival and/or growth.
  • Exemplary biologically available or assimilable phosphorus includes, but is not limited to, PO 4 3 , HPO 4 2 ⁇ H 2 PO 4 " , other water-soluble inorganic phosphorus-containing compounds, and organic phosphorus-containing compounds.
  • “Reducing odor” or “deodorizing” refers to a process which results in a lower concentration of one or more odorous compounds.
  • Odorous compounds include, but are not limited to, hydrogen sulfide, ammonium sulfide, other sulfur- containing compounds, ammonia, indole, methylindoles, p-cresol, amines such as methylamine, dimethylamine and trimethylamine, and odorous organic acids, such as carboxylic acids, e.g., formic acid, acetic acid, propanoic acid and butyric acid, and other volatile fatty acids.
  • "Suppressing the growth of pathogenic microbes” means preventing the increase in, or even decreasing, the number of pathogenic microorganisms.
  • Pathogenic microorganisms include, but are not limited to, bacteria such as those belonging to the Escherichia, Salmonella, Shigella, Myco bacterium, Staphylococcus , Bacillus, Streptococcus and Diplococcus genera.
  • “Suppressing the growth of algae” means preventing the increase in or even reducing the proliferation rate of algae. “Decomposing algae” means breaking down debris of algae into harmless products. It is to be understood that in the absence of yeast cells of this invention, the number of algae will increase naturally over a period of time. Algae include, but are not limited to, green, blue, and red algae.
  • Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram showing an exemplary apparatus for activating yeast cells using electromagnetic fields.
  • 1 yeast culture; 2: container; 3: power supply.
  • This invention is based on the discovery that certain yeast strains can be activated by electromagnetic fields ("EMF") having specific frequencies and field strengths to become highly efficient in (1) degrading polymeric compounds such as polysaccharides and plastics, (2) degrading nitrogen-containing compounds such as proteins and nucleic acids, (3) degrading environmental toxins, e.g., certain toxic chemicals such as organic solvents and antibiotics used in fodder and organic pesticides, (4) converting biologically available nitrogen in a culture medium into intracellular nitrogen (i.e., the yeast cells incorporate biologically available nitrogen in their environs into their own biomass), (5) converting biologically available phosphorus in a culture medium into intracellular phosphorus (i.e., the yeast cells incorporate biologically available phosphorus in their environs into their own biomass), (6) reducing foul odor of malodorous materials, (7) suppressing the proliferation of pathogenic microorganisms, and/or (8) suppressing the growth of harmful algae or decomposing algal debris.
  • EMF electromagnetic fields
  • yeast cells with one of the above eight functions are defined herein as belonging to the same “function” or “functional group.” Compositions containing these activated yeast cells, either of the same function or of two or more different functions, are useful in waste treatment, in particular, waste water treatment.
  • yeasts useful in this invention include, but are not limited to, yeasts of the genera of Saccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces, Sporobolomyces, Torulopsis, Trichosporon, Wickerhamia, Ashbya, Blastomyces, Candida, Citeromyces, Crebrothecium, Cryptococcus, Debaryomyces , Endomycopsis, Eremothecium, Geotrichum, Hansenula, Kloeckera, Lipomyces, Pichia, Rhodosporidium, and Rhodotorula.
  • Exemplary species within the above-listed genera include, but are not limited to, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces bailii, Saccharomyces carlsbergensis, Saccharomyces chevalieri, Saccharomyces delbrueckii, Saccharomyces exiguus, Saccharomyces fermentati, Saccharomyces logos, Saccharomyces mellis, Saccharomyces microellipsoides, Saccharomyces oviformis, Saccharomyces rosei, Saccharomyces rouxii, Saccharomyces sake, Saccharomyces uvarum, Saccharomyces willianus, Saccharomyces sp., Saccharomyces ludwigii, Saccharomyces sinenses, Saccharomyces bailii, Saccharomyces carlsbergensis, Schizosaccharomyces octosporus, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Spo
  • Yeast strains useful in this invention can be obtained from laboratory cultures, or from publically accessible culture depositories, such as
  • non-limiting examples of useful strains are Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen AS2.11 , AS2.53, AS2.56, AS2.70, AS2.98, AS2.101, AS2.168, AS2.374, AS2.406, AS2.409, AS2.430, AS2.453, AS2.463, AS2.467, AS2.502, AS2.516, AS2.536, AS2.541, and IFFI1331; Saccharomyces carlsbergensis AS2.443 and AS2.459; and Hansenula subpelliculosa Bedford AS2.738 and AS2.740.
  • yeast strains useful in this invention are Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen AS2.93, AS2.98, AS2.152, AS2.423, AS2.452, AS2.458, AS2.502, AS2.535, and AS2.561; and Saccharomyces carlsbergensis AS2.440 and AS2.595.
  • non- limiting examples of useful strains are Saccharomyces cerevisiae AS2.4, AS2.14, AS2.416, AS2.430, AS2.593, IFFI1002, IFFI1006, IFFI1043, DFFI1045, 1FFI1048, IFFI1063, IFFI1059, IFFI1206, IFFI1209, IFFI1210, IFFI1211, TFFI1213, IFFI1215, IFFI1220, IFFI1221, IFFI1224, IFFI1248, IFFI1270, IFFI1290, IFFI1291, IFFI1293, IFFI1297, IFFI1301, IFFI1302, IFFI1310, IFFI1311, IFFI1331, IFFI1335, IFFI1336, IFFI1338, IFFI1339, IFFI1340, IFFI1345,
  • IFFI1396, IFFI1399, IFFI1411, and IFFI1413 Saccharomyces willianus Saccardo AS2.293; Saccharomyces carlsbergensis AS2.377 and AS2.444; Saccharomyces rouxii AS2.178; and Candida utilis AS2.120.
  • non-limiting examples of useful strains are Saccharomyces cerevisiae AS2.196, AS2.336, AS2.400, AS2.416, AS2.423 and AS2.982; Saccharomyces willianus Saccardo AS2.152 and AS2.614; Candida tropicalis AS2.1387; and Geotrichum candidum AS2.498.
  • non-limiting examples of useful strains are Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen AS2.346, AS2.423, AS2.430, AS2.451, AS2.558, AS2.620, AS2.628, and IFFI1203; and Saccharomyces carlsbergensis AS2.189.
  • non-limiting examples of useful strains are Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen AS2.53, AS2.163, AS2.396, AS2.397, AS2.423, AS2.452, AS2.502, AS2.516, AS2.541, AS2.558, AS2.559, AS2.560, AS2.561, AS2.562, AS2.607, AS2.612, IFFI 1052, IFFI 1202, IFFI 1213, IFFI 1247, and EFFI 1397; and Saccharomyces carlsbergensis Hansen AS2.605.
  • non-limiting examples of useful strains are Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen ACCC2034, ACCC2043, AS2.70, AS2.369, AS2.408, AS2.451 , AS2.562,
  • non-limiting examples of useful strains are Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen AS2.408, AS2.414, AS2.416, AS2.422, AS2.453, AS2.486, AS2.558, AS2.562, and IFFI1292.
  • the preparation of the yeast compositions of this invention is not limited to starting with a pure strain of yeast for each water treatment function.
  • a yeast composition of a particular water treatment function may be produced by culturing a mixture of yeast cells belonging to different species or strains that have the same water treatment function. The ability of any species or strain of yeast to perform these desired functions can be readily tested by methods known in the art. See also discussions below.
  • yeast species that can be activated according to the present invention are known to be pathogenic to human and/or other living organisms. These yeast species include, for example, Ashbya gossypii, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Candida albicans, Candida parakrusei, Candida tropicalis, Citeromyces matritensis, Crebrothecium ashbyii, Cryptococcus laurentii,
  • An electromagnetic field useful in this invention can be generated and applied by various means well known in the art. For instance, the EMF can be generated by applying an alternating electric field or an oscillating magnetic field.
  • Alternating electric fields can be applied to cell cultures through electrodes in direct contact with the culture medium, or through electromagnetic induction. See, e.g., Fig. 1. Relatively high electric fields in the medium can be generated using a method in which the electrodes are in contact with the medium. Care must be taken to prevent electrolysis at the electrodes from introducing undesired ions into the culture and to prevent contact resistance, bubbles, or other features of electrolysis from dropping the field level below that intended.
  • Electrodes should be matched to their environment, for example, using Ag-AgCl electrodes in solutions rich in chloride ions, and run at as low a voltage as possible.
  • Ag-AgCl electrodes in solutions rich in chloride ions, and run at as low a voltage as possible.
  • the EMFs useful in this invention can also be generated by applying an oscillating magnetic field.
  • An oscillating magnetic field can be generated by oscillating electric currents going through Helmholtz coils. Such a magnetic field in turn induces an electric field.
  • the frequencies of EMFs useful in this invention range from 5 MHz to 10000 MHz.
  • the field strength of the electric field useful in this invention ranges from about 0.1 to 400 mV/cm. The preferred frequency and field strength ranges for each water treatment function are described in detail below.
  • the yeast culture can remain in the same container while the same set of EMF generator and emitters is used to change the frequency and/or field strength.
  • the EMFs in the series can each have a different frequency or a different field strength; or a different frequency and a different field strength. Such frequencies and field strengths are preferably within the above-described ranges.
  • an EMF at the beginning of the series has a field strength identical to or lower than that of a subsequent EMF, such that the yeast cell culture is exposed to EMFs of progressively increasing field strength.
  • any practical number of EMFs can be used in a series, it may be preferred that the yeast culture be exposed to a total of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 EMFs in a series.
  • Fig. 1 illustrates an exemplary apparatus for generating alternating electric fields.
  • An electric field of a desired frequency and intensity is generated by an AC source (3) capable of generating an alternating electric field, preferably in a sinusoidal wave form, in the frequency range of 5 to 10,000 MHz.
  • Signal generators capable of generating signals with a narrower frequency range can also be used. If desirable, a signal amplifier can also be used to increase the output.
  • the alternating electric field can be applied to the culture by a variety of means including placing the yeast culture in close proximity to the signal emitters. In one embodiment, the electric field is applied by electrodes submerged in the culture (1).
  • one of the electrodes can be a metal plate placed on the bottom of the container (2), and the other electrode can comprise a plurality of electrode wires evenly distributed in the culture (1) so as to achieve even distribution of the electric field energy.
  • the number of electrode wires used depends on the volume of the culture as well as the diameter of the wires. In a preferred embodiment, for a culture having a volume up to 5000 ml, one electrode wire having a diameter of 0.1 to 1.2 mm can be used for each 100 ml of culture. For a culture having a volume greater than 1000 L, one electrode wire having a diameter of 3 to 30 mm can be used for each 1000 L of culture.
  • the frequencies of EMFs useful for degrading polymeric compounds range from 5 MHz to 5000 MHz, e.g., from 4230 MHz to 4260 MHz.
  • Exemplary frequencies are 4240, 4241, 4242, 4243, 4244, 4245, 4246, 4247, 4248, 4249, 4250, 4251, 4252, 4253, 4254, 4255, 4256, 4257, 4258, 4259 and 4260 MHz.
  • the field strength of the electric field useful for this water treatment function ranges from about 0.5 mV/cm to 360 mV/cm, for example, from about 50 to 360 mV/cm (e.g., 80-320, 80-300, 60-270, 90-320, 70-350, or 60-260 mV/cm).
  • Exemplary field strengths are 78, 82, 87, 90, 95, 108, 110, 240, 245, 250, 280, and 300 mV/cm.
  • the yeast cells can be cultured in a first series of alternating electric fields each having a frequency in the range of 4240 to 4260 MHz and a field strength in the range of 50 to 360 mV/cm.
  • the yeast cells are exposed to each EMF for about 10 to 30 hours.
  • the resultant yeast cells are further incubated in a second series of altemating electric fields for a total of 20 to 140 hours. It may be preferred that the frequencies in the second series of alternating electric fields are identical to those of the first series in sequence and the field strengths in the second series are increased to a higher level within the range of 50 to 360 mV/cm.
  • the yeast cells can be activated after even a few hours of culturing in the presence of an EMF, it may be preferred that the activated yeast cells be allowed to multiply and grow in the presence of the EMF(s) for a total of 220-360, 190-370, 160-280, 140-280, 222-382, 220-380, or 230-380 hours.
  • the frequencies of EMFs useful for degrading nitrogen-containing compounds range from 10 MHz to 10,000 MHz, e.g., from 5520 MHz to 5540 MHz (e.g., 5521 to 5538 MHz). Exemplary frequencies are 5521, 5522, 5523, 5524, 5525, 5526, 5527, 5528, 5529, 5530, 5531, 5532, 5533, 5534, 5535, 5536, 5537, 5538, 5539, and 5540 MHz.
  • the field strength of the electric field useful for this water treatment function ranges from about 0.5 to 360 mV/cm, for example, from 90-360 mV/cm or 120-340 mV/cm. Exemplary field strengths are 125, 148, 326, and 350 mV/cm.
  • the yeast cells can be cultured in a first series of alternating electric fields each having a frequency in the range of 5521 to 5538 MHz and a field strength in the range of 90 to 360 mV/cm.
  • the yeast cells are exposed to each EMF for about 25 hours.
  • the resultant yeast cells are further incubated in a second series of alternating electric fields for a total of 30 to 128 hours. It may be preferred that the frequencies in the second series of alternating electric fields are identical to those of the first series in sequence and the field strengths in the second series are increased to a higher level within the range of 90 to 360 mV/cm.
  • yeast cells can be activated after even a few hours of culturing in the presence of an EMF, it may be preferred that the activated yeast cells be allowed to multiply and grow in the presence of the EMF(s) for a total of 228-424 or 208-320 hours.
  • the frequencies of EMFs useful for degrading environmental toxins range from 5 MHz to 1000 MHz, e.g., 70-100, 126-142, 52-70, 30-50, 200-220, 213-229, 133-151, 145-162, 156-176, 163-183, 175-191, 183-205, 114-128, 244- 264, 252-278, or 220-250 MHz.
  • Exemplary frequencies are 70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, or 100 MHz.
  • the field strength of the electric field useful for this water treatment function ranges from about 0.5 to 350 mV/cm, for example, from about 20-320 mV/cm (e.g., 30-220, 30-230, 30-250, 90-280, 80- 280, 100-200, 110-280, 100-220, 116-225, 120-280, 90-190, 100-190, 160-300, 120-300, 200-300, or 130-310 mV/cm).
  • Exemplary field strengths are 48, 89, 93, 98, 103, 107, 110, 112, 124, 126, 130, 133, 138, 168, 200, 202, 213, 219, and 274 mV/cm.
  • the yeast cells can be first cultured in a series of alternating electric fields each having a frequency in the range of 70 to 100 MHz and a field strength in the range of 20 to 320 mV/cm.
  • the yeast cells are exposed to each EMF for about 10 to 25 hours.
  • the resultant yeast cells are further incubated in a second series of alternating electric fields for a total of 30 to 120 hours. It may be preferred that the frequencies in the second series of alternating electric fields are identical to those of the first series in sequence and the field strengths in the second series are increased to a higher level within the range of 20 to 320 mV/cm.
  • the yeast cells can be cultured in a series of alternating electric fields each having a frequency in the range of 70 to 100 MHz and a field strength in the range of 20 to 320 mV/cm.
  • the yeast cells are exposed to each EMF for about 20 to 40 hours.
  • the field strength remains the same in the series whereas the frequency progressively increases.
  • the yeast cells can be cultured in a first series of alternating electric fields each having a frequency in the range of 126-142, 52-70, 30-50, 200-220, 213-229, 133-151, 145-162, 156-176, 163-183, 175-191, 183-205, 114-128, 244-264, 252-278, or 220-250 MHz and a field strength in the range of 90-280, 80-280, 120-280, 100-200, 110-280, 100-220, 116-225, 90-190, 100-190, 160-300, 120-300, 200-300, or 130-310 mV/cm.
  • the yeast cells are exposed to each EMF for about 10 to 25 hours.
  • the resultant yeast cells are further incubated in a second series of altemating electric fields for a total of 30 to 120 hours. It may be preferred that the electric field frequencies in this second series are identical to those in the first series while the field strengths in the second series are increased to a higher level within the above-described ranges.
  • the yeast cells can be cultured in a series of alternating electric fields each having a frequency in the range of 126- 142, 52-70, 30-50, 200-220, 213-229, 133-151, 145-162, 156-176, 163-183, 175- 191, 183-205, 114-128, 244-264, 252-278, or 220-250 MHz and a field strength in the range of 90-280, 80-280, 120-280, 100-200, 110-280, 100-220, 116-225, 90- 190, 100-190, 160-300, 120-300, 200-300, or 130-310 mV/cm.
  • the yeast cells are exposed to each EMF for about 20 to 40 hours.
  • the field strength remains the same in the series whereas the frequency progressively increases.
  • yeast cells can be activated after even a few hours of culturing in the presence of an EMF, it may be preferred that the activated yeast cells be allowed to multiply and grow in the presence of the EMF(s) for a total of 180-328, 114-244, 80-380, 80-365, 120-350, 90-330, 130-330, 100-280, 110-330, 130-290, 80-290, 110-360, or 110-340 hours.
  • the frequencies of EMFs useful for converting bio-available nitrogen in a culture medium to intracellular nitrogen range from about 5 MHz to 5000 MHz, e.g., from about 600 to 700 MHz (e.g., 660 to 680 MHz) or 2160 to 2190 MHz (e.g., 2170 to 2185 MHz) .
  • Exemplary frequencies are 662, 664, 666, 668, 670, 672, 674, 676, 678, 2170, 2171, 2172, 2173, 2174, 2175, 2176, 2177, 2178, 2179, 2180, 2181, 2182, 2183, 2184, and 2185 MHz.
  • the field strength of the electric field useful for this water treatment function ranges from about 0.1 to 350 mV/cm, e.g., from 100-350 mV/cm (e.g., 140-320 or 120-290 mV/cm).
  • Exemplary field strengths are 126, 152, 196 and 310 mV/cm.
  • the yeast cells can be cultured in a first series of alternating electric fields each having a frequency in the range of 660 to 680 MHz and a field strength in the range of 100 to 350 mV/cm. The yeast cells are exposed to each EMF for about 18 to 25 hours.
  • the resultant yeast cells are further incubated in a second series of alternating electric fields for a total of 25 to 130 hours. It may be preferred that the electric field frequencies of the second series are identical to those of the first series in sequence while the field strengths in the second series are increased to a higher level within the range of 100 to 350 mV/cm.
  • the yeast cells can be cultured in a first series of alternating electric fields each having a frequency in the range of 2170 to 2185 MHz and a field strength in the range of 140 to 320 mV/cm. The yeast cells are exposed to each EMF for about 18 to 25 hours.
  • the resultant yeast cells are further incubated in a second series of alternating electric fields for a total of 25 to 130 hours. It may be preferred that the frequencies in the second series of alternating electric fields are identical to those of the first series in sequence while the field strengths in the second series are increased to a higher level within the range of 140 to 320 mV/cm.
  • yeast cells can be activated after even a few hours of culturing in the presence of an EMF, it may be preferred that the activated yeast cells be allowed to multiply and grow in the presence of the EMF(s) for a total of 192-304 or 226-412 hours.
  • Intracellular Phosphorus The frequencies of EMFs useful for converting bio-available phosphorus in a culture medium to intracellular phosphorus range from about 5 to 5000 MHz, e.g., from 80 to 440 MHz (e.g., 86-120 MHz or 410-430 MHz).
  • Exemplary frequencies are 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112, 114, 116, 118, 120, 410, 411, 412, 413, 414, 415, 416, 417, 418, 419, 420, 421, 422, 423, 424, 425, 426, 427, 428, 429, and 430 MHz.
  • the field strength of the electric field useful for this water treatment function ranges from about 0.5 to 350 mV/cm, e.g., from about 60 to 260 mV/cm.
  • Exemplary field strengths are 68 and 240 mV/cm.
  • the yeast cells can be cultured in a first series of alternating electric fields each having a frequency in the range of 86 to 120 MHz and a field strength in the range of 60 to 260 mV/cm.
  • the yeast cells are exposed to each EMF for about 24 hours.
  • the resultant yeast cells are further incubated in a second series of alternating electric fields for a total of 24 to 132 hours. It may be preferred that the frequencies in the second series of alternating electric fields are identical to those of the first series in sequence and the field strengths in the second series are increased to a higher level within the range of 60 to 260 mV/cm.
  • yeast cells can be activated after even a few hours of culturing in the presence of an EMF, it may be preferred that the activated yeast cells be allowed to multiply and grow in the presence of the EMF(s) for a total of 228-368 hours.
  • the frequencies of EMFs useful for reducing odor range from 5 to 5000 MHz, e.g., from 2160 MHz to 2380 MHz (e.g., 2160-2250 MHz or 2280- 2380 MHz).
  • Exemplary frequencies are 2160, 2165, 2170, 2175, 2180, 2185, 2190, 2195, 2200, 2205, 2210, 2215, 2220, 2225, 2230, 2235, 2240, 2245, 2250, 2280, 2285, 2290, 2295, 2300, 2305, 2310, 2315, 2320, 2325, 2330, 2335, 2340, 2345, 2350, 2355, 2360, 2365, 2370, 2375, and 2380 MHz.
  • the field strength of the electric field useful for this water treatment function ranges from about 0.5 to 320 mV/cm, e.g. from 30 to 310 mV/cm (e.g., 40-260, 70-260, 80-250, 90-260, or 140-300 mV/cm).
  • Exemplary field strengths are 98, 240, 250, and 290 mV/cm.
  • the yeast cells can be cultured in a series of alternating electric fields each having a frequency in the range of 2160 to 2250 MHz or 2280 to 2380 MHz and a field strength in the range of 30 to 310 mV/cm.
  • the yeast cells are exposed to each EMF for about 10 to 40 hours.
  • the field strength remains the same in the series whereas the frequency progressively increases.
  • the yeast cells can be cultured in a first series of alternating electric fields each having a frequency in the range of 2280 to 2380 MHz and a field strength in the range of 90 to 260 mV/cm.
  • the yeast cells are exposed to each EMF for about 15 to 20 hours.
  • the resultant yeast cells are further incubated in a second series of alternating electric fields for a total of 20 to 50 hours. It may be preferred that the frequencies in the second series of alternating electric fields are identical to those of the first series in sequence and the field strengths in the second series are increased to a higher level within the range of 90 to 260 mV/cm.
  • the yeast cells can be activated after even a few hours of culturing in the presence of an EMF, it may be preferred that the activated yeast cells be allowed to multiply and grow in the presence of the EMF(s) for a total of 70-220, 70-320, 80-310, 85-220, 110-230, or 120-300 hours. 7.
  • the frequencies of EMFs useful for suppressing the growth of pathogenic microbes range from 30 MHz to 50 MHz. Exemplary frequencies are 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, and 50 MHz.
  • the field strength of the electric field useful for this water treatment function ranges from about 0.5 to 200 mV/cm, e.g., 10 to 180 mV/cm. Exemplary field strengths are 26 and 150 mV/cm.
  • the yeast cells can be cultured in a first series of alternating electric fields each having a frequency in the range of 30 to 50 MHz and a field strength in the range of 10 to 180 mV/cm.
  • the yeast cells are exposed to each EMF for about 12 hours.
  • the resultant yeast cells are further incubated under substantially the same conditions in a second series of alternating electric fields for a total of 24 to 96 hours. It may be preferred that the frequencies in the second series of alternating electric fields are identical to those of the first series in sequence and the field strengths in the second series are increased to a higher level within the range of 10 to 180 mV/cm.
  • yeast cells can be activated after even a few hours of culturing in the presence of an E1V ⁇ F, it may be preferred that the activated yeast cells be allowed to multiply and grow in the presence of the EMF(s) for a total of 144-272 hours.
  • the frequencies of EMFs useful for suppressing the growth of algae range from about 10 to 10,000 MHz, e.g., from about 6340 MHz to 6380 MHz (e.g., 6352-6370 MHz).
  • Exemplary frequencies are 6352, 6353, 6354, 6355, 6356, 6357, 6358, 6359, 6360, 6361, 6362, 6363, 6364, 6365, 6366, 6367, 6368, 6369, and 6370 MHz.
  • the field strength of the electric field useful for this water treatment function ranges from about 0.5 to 400 mV/cm, e.g., from about 60 to 380 mV/cm (e.g., 70 to 310, 100 to 330, or 120 to 360 mV/cm).
  • Exemplary field strengths are 85, 112, 136, 250, 290, and 337 mV/cm.
  • the frequencies of EMFs useful in this invention range from about 4440 to 4470 MHz (e.g., 4452-4470 MHz).
  • Exemplary frequencies are 4452, 4453, 4454, 4455, 4456, 4457, 4458, 4459, 4460, 4461, 4462, 4463, 4464, 4465, 4466, 4467, 4468, 4469, and 4470 MHz.
  • the field strength of the electric field useful in this invention ranges from about 0.5 to 400 mV/cm, e.g., from about 50 to 280 mV/cm.
  • Exemplary field strengths are 127 and 268 mV/cm.
  • the yeast cells can be cultured in a first series of alternating electric fields each having a frequency in the range of 6352 to 6370 MHz and a field strength in the range of 60 to 380 mV/cm.
  • the yeast cells are exposed to each EMF for about 24 hours.
  • the resultant yeast cells are further incubated in a second series of alternating electric fields for a total of 56 to 160 hours. It may be preferred that the frequencies in the second series of alternating electric fields are identical to those of the first series in sequence and the field strengths in the second series are increased to a higher level within the range of 60 to 380 mV/cm.
  • the yeast cells can be cultured in a first series of alternating electric fields each having a frequency in the range of 4452 to 4470 MHz and a field strength in the range of 50 to 280 mV/cm.
  • the yeast cells are exposed to each EMF for about 32 hours.
  • the resultant yeast cells are further incubated in a second series of alternating electric fields for a total of 32 to 192 hours. It may be preferred that the frequencies in the second series of alternating electric fields are identical to those of the first series in sequence and the field strengths in the second series are increased to a higher level within the range of 50 to 280 mV/cm.
  • the yeast cells can be activated after even a few hours of culturing in the presence of an EMF, it may be preferred that the activated yeast cells be allowed to multiply and grow in the presence of the EMF(s) for a total of 256-432 hours.
  • Culture Media Culture media useful in this invention contain sources of nutrients assimilable by yeast cells.
  • a culture medium refers to a laboratory culture medium, or liquid or solid waste in need of treatment.
  • Complex carbon- containing substances in a suitable form such as carbohydrates (e.g., sucrose, glucose, fructose, dextrose, maltose, xylose, cellulose, starches, etc.) and coal, can be the carbon sources for yeast cells.
  • carbohydrates e.g., sucrose, glucose, fructose, dextrose, maltose, xylose, cellulose, starches, etc.
  • coal can be the carbon sources for yeast cells.
  • the exact quantity of the carbon sources utilized in the medium can be adjusted in accordance with the other ingredients of the medium.
  • the amount of carbohydrates varies between about 0.1% and 5% by weight of the medium and preferably between about 0.1% and 2%, and most preferably about 1%.
  • inorganic salts which can be added to the culture medium are the customary salts capable of yielding sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphate, sulfate, carbonate, and like ions.
  • nutrient inorganic salts are (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 , KH 2 PO 4 , K 2 HPO 4 , CaCO 3 , MgSO 4 , KNO 3 , NaCl, and CaSO 4 .
  • Electromagnetic Activation of Yeast Cells 1. Yeast Strains Characterized By A Substantial Increase In Their
  • Ca yeasts of the invention convert complex, high molecular weight organic polymers into simple molecules such as pentoses and hexoses.
  • a water treatment composition contains yeast cells of multiple functional groups
  • the simple molecules produced by the Ca yeasts can then be utilized by yeasts of other functional groups, e.g., as nutrients.
  • yeasts of this degradation capability are called herein "Ca yeasts.”
  • Organic polymers degradable by these Ca yeasts include, but are not limited to, polysaccharides (e.g., cellulose and hemicellulose), fatty acid, lignin, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride and polystyrene.
  • yeast cells can be cultured in an appropriate medium under sterile conditions at 25°C-30°C (e.g., 28°C) for a sufficient amount of time, e.g., 12-400 hours (e.g., 220-360, 190-370, 160-280, 140-280, 222-382, 220-380, or 230-380 hours), in an alternating electric field or a series of alternating electric fields as described in Section 11(1).
  • An exemplary set-up of the culture process is depicted in Fig. 1.
  • An exemplary culture medium contains in per 1000 ml of sterile water the following: 3 g of lignin (no smaller than 120 ⁇ m), 3 g of cellulose (no smaller than 120 mesh), 5 g of crude oil-contaminated water, 0.2 g of NaCl, 0.2 g of MgSO 4 « 7H 2 O, 0.5 g of CaCO 3 » 5H 2 O, 0.2 g of CaSO 4 « 2H 2 O, and 0.5 g of K 2 HPO 4 .
  • the yeast cells can be measured for their ability to degrade polymers such as polysaccharides using standard methods.
  • 1 ml of the prepared yeast culture is inoculated into 30 ml of an appropriate medium.
  • the culture is incubated at room temperature for 24-72 hours.
  • the amount of simple carbohydrates in the culture can then be determined by any methods known in the art, including but not limited to chromatography.
  • the amount of simple carbohydrates in the culture is increased by at least 10 mg for each gram of yeast dry weight.
  • wood pulp from paper mills with a chemical oxygen demand (“COD") level no less than 50,000 mg/L and typically containing lignin, cellulose, and polysaccharides, is used as a substrate.
  • COD chemical oxygen demand
  • the wood pulp is diluted to the following COD concentrations: (1) 100-1,000 mg/L; (2) 1,000-5,000 mg/L; (3) 5,000-10,000 mg/L; and (4) 10,000-50,000 mg/L.
  • the wood pulp solutions are then inoculated with a dry yeast cell preparation at a concentration of 0.2-0.5 g/L, and cultured for 24-120 hours at 10-40°C.
  • the COD levels of the solutions are then measured using standard techniques. The difference between the COD levels before and after 24-120 hours indicates the carbohydrate- degrading activity of the yeast cells.
  • Other methods for determining the polymer- degrading abilities of the activated cells are described below in the working examples.
  • Certain activated yeasts of this invention can degrade complex nitrogen-containing compounds (e.g., proteins, peptides, lipids, and nucleic acids) into simple molecules. Such simple molecules can then be utilized by other yeast cells to support their growth and activities. Yeasts of this degradation capability are called herein "Ni yeasts.” Nitrogen-containing compounds degradable by these yeasts include, but are not limited to, proteins, peptides, lipids, and nucleic acids.
  • yeast cells can be cultured in an appropriate medium under sterile conditions at 25°C-30°C (e.g., 28°C) for a sufficient amount of time, e.g., 12-450 hours (e.g., 228-424 or 208-320 hours) in an alternating electric field or a series of alternating electric fields as described in Section II (2).
  • 25°C-30°C e.g., 28°C
  • 12-450 hours e.g., 228-424 or 208-320 hours
  • An exemplary set-up of the culture process is depicted in Fig. 1.
  • An exemplary medium contains in per 1000 ml of sterile water: 12 g of soluble starch, 1.2 g of beef protein, 1.2 g of lecithin, 1.2 g of NaCl, 0.2 g of MgSO 4 *7H 2 O, 3 g of CaCO 3 » 5H 2 O, 0.3 g of CaSO 4 '2H 2 O, and 0.2 g of K 2 HPO 4 .
  • the yeast cells can be measured for their ability to degrade nitrogen-containing compounds using standard methods.
  • beef protein and plant protein are used as substrates for the yeast cells.
  • the proteins are added to sterile water to obtain solutions with the following COD concentrations: (1) 100-1,000 mg/L; (2) 1,000-5,000 mg/L; (3) 5,000-10,000 mg/L; and (4) 10,000-50,000 mg/L.
  • the protein solutions are then inoculated with a dry yeast cell preparation at a concentration of 0.3-0.5 g/L, and cultured for 24-72 hours at 10-40°C.
  • the COD levels of the solutions are then measured using standard techniques. The difference between the COD levels before and after 24- 72 hours indicates the yeast cells' ability to degrade the nitrogen-containing compounds. Other methods for determining the activated yeast cells' ability to degrade the nitrogen-containing compounds are described below in the working examples. 3. Yeast Strains Characterized By A Substantial Increase In Their Capability To Degrade Environmental Toxins
  • Certain activated yeasts of this invention can degrade environmentally harmful toxins, e.g., chemical compounds such as fertilizers, organic solvents, detergents, and antibiotics, into harmless simple molecules. Such yeasts are called herein "Ch yeasts.” These compositions are most efficient in degrading compounds having a molecular weight of 180 to 28,000 daltons.
  • the cells can be cultured in an appropriate medium under sterile conditions at 25°C-30°C (e.g., 28°C) for a sufficient amount of time, e.g., 12-400 hours (e.g., 180-328, 114-244, 80-380, 80-365, 120-350, 90-330, 130-330, 100-280, 110-330, 130-290, 80-290, 110-360, or 110-340 hours), in an alternating electric field or a series of altemating electric fields as described in Section II (3).
  • 25°C-30°C e.g., 28°C
  • time e.g., 180-328, 114-244, 80-380, 80-365, 120-350, 90-330, 130-330, 100-280, 110-330, 130-290, 80-290, 110-360, or 110-340 hours
  • alternating electric field or a series of altemating electric fields as described in Section II (3).
  • An exemplary medium contains in per 400 ml of sterile water: 8 g of sludge, 0.2 g of NaCl, 0.2 g of MgSO 4 »7H 2 O, 0.5 g of CaCO 3 » 5H 2 O, 0.2 g of CaSO 4 » 2H 2 O, 0.5 g of K 2 HPO 4 , 1.5 g of peptone, and 600 ml of sludge extract.
  • the sludge extract is prepared as follows: 500 g of sludge known to be polluted by harmful chemicals is mixed and incubated with 600 ml of sterile water at 30-37°C for 24 hours. The sludge mix is then filtered to obtain sludge extract. Subsequently, the yeast cells can be measured for their ability to degrade the various chemicals using standard methods.
  • yeasts of this invention can convert biologically available or assimilable nitrogen in a culture medium, such as waste water, into their own biomass, i.e., intracellular nitrogen. Such yeasts are called herein "N-C yeasts.”
  • N-C yeasts Biologically available nitrogen convertible by these yeasts includes, but is not limited to, NH 4 + , NO 3 " and NO 2 " , other water-soluble inorganic nitrogen- containing compounds, and organic nitrogen-containing compounds.
  • Biologically available nitrogen in waste water causes undesired eutrophication of water bodies in the world.
  • the cells can be cultured in an appropriate medium under sterile conditions at 25°C- 30°C (e.g., 28°C) for a sufficient amount of time, e.g., 12-420 hours (e.g., 192-304 or 226-412 hours), in an alternating electric field or a series of alternating electric fields as described in Section II (4).
  • 25°C- 30°C e.g., 28°C
  • 12-420 hours e.g., 192-304 or 226-412 hours
  • alternating electric field or a series of alternating electric fields as described in Section II (4).
  • An exemplary medium contains in per 1000 ml of sterile water: 12 g of sucrose, 4 g of NH 4 NO 2 , 0.25 g of NaCl, 0.25 g of MgSO 4 -7H 2 O, 3.5 g of CaCO 3 « 5H 2 O, 0.5 g of CaSO 4 » 2H 2 O, and 0.2 g of K 2 HPO 4 .
  • the yeast cells can be measured for their ability to convert available nitrogen to intracellular nitrogen using standard methods.
  • waste water from a nitrogen fertilizer manufacturer containing high levels of ammonium salts and/or nitrate or nitride salts is mixed with distilled water to achieve the following COD concentrations: (1) 100-1,000 mg/L; (2) 1,000-5,000 mg/L; (3) 5,000-10,000 mg/L; and (4) 10,000-50,000 mg/L.
  • the solutions are then inoculated with dry yeast cell preparation, at a concentration of 0.2-0.6 g/L, and cultured for 24-48 hours at 10-40°C.
  • the COD levels of the solutions are then measured using standard techniques. The difference between the COD levels before and after 24-48 hours indicates the nitrogen-converting ability of the yeast cells.
  • Another method for determining nitrogen compound levels in a culture medium is described below in the working examples.
  • Certain activated yeasts of this invention convert biologically available or assimilable phosphorus in a culture medium, such as waste water, into their own biomass, i.e., intracellular phosphorus. Such yeasts are called herein "P- C yeasts.”
  • Biologically available phosphorus convertible by these yeasts includes, but is not limited to, PO 4 3" , H 3 PO 4 , HPO 4 2" , H 2 PO 4 " , other water-soluble inorganic phosphorus-containing compounds, and organic phosphorus-containing compounds.
  • Biologically available phosphorus in waste water causes undesired eutrophication of water bodies in the world.
  • yeast cells can be cultured in an appropriate medium under sterile conditions at 25°C-30°C, e.g., 28°C, for a sufficient amount of time, e.g., 12-400 hours (for example, 228-368 hours) in an alternating electric field or a series of alternating electric fields as described in Section II (5).
  • An exemplary culture medium contains in per 1000 ml of sterile water: 10 g of sucrose, 3 g of (NH 4 )H 2 PO 4 (or other biologically available phosphorus), 1.2 g of NaCl, 0.2 g of MgSO 4 « 7H 2 O, 3 g of CaCO 3 '5H 2 O, 0.3 g of CaSO 4 « 2H 2 O, 0.3 g of KNO 3 , and 0.5 g of yeast extract. Subsequently, the yeast cells can be measured for their ability to convert biologically available phosphorus to intracellular phosphorus using standard methods, such as using ultraviolet spectrophotometry or the chemical oxygen demand (“COD”) method.
  • COD chemical oxygen demand
  • waste water from a phosphorus fertilizer manufacturer containing high levels of HPO 4 2" , H 2 PO 4 " , and/or H 3 PO 4 is mixed with distilled water to achieve the following COD concentrations: (1) 100-1,000 mg/L; (2) 1,000-5,000 mg/L; (3) 5,000-10,000 mg/L; and (4) 10,000- 50,000 mg/L.
  • the solutions are then inoculated with a dry yeast cell preparation at a concentration of 0.2-0.6 g/L, and cultured for 24-48 hours at 10-40°C.
  • the COD levels of the solutions are then measured using standard techniques. The difference between the COD levels before and after 24-48 hours indicates the phosphorus converting activity of the yeast cells.
  • Another method for determining the phosphorus-converting abilities of the activated cells is described in the working examples, infra.
  • Certain activated yeasts of this invention reduce odor by lowering the concentration of malodorous materials. These yeasts are called "O" yeasts herein.
  • Malodorous materials include, but are not limited to, hydrogen sulfide, ammonium sulfide, other sulfur-containing compounds, ammonia, indole, methylindoles, p-cresol, amines such as methylamine, dimethylamine and trimethylamine, and odorous organic acids, such as carboxylic acids, e.g., formic acid, acetic acid, propanoic acid and butyric acid, and other volatile fatty acids.
  • yeast cells can be cultured in an appropriate medium under sterile conditions at 25°C-30°C, e.g., 28°C, for a sufficient amount of time, e.g., 12-350 hours (for example, 70-220, 70-320, 80-310, 85-220, 110-230, or 120-300 hours), in an alternating electric field or a series of alternating electric fields as described in Section II (6).
  • An exemplary culture medium contains in per 1000 ml of sewage water (containing malodorous materials): 0.2 g of NaCl, 0.2 g of MgSO 4 7H 2 O, 0.5 g of CaCO 3 '5H 2 O, 0.2 g of CaSO 4 *2H 2 O, and 0.5 g of K 2 HPO 4 .
  • the yeast cells can be measured for their ability to reduce odor.
  • Various methods and techniques are known to measure the intensity of an odor, including but not limited to gas chromatography, HPLC, and mass spectrometry. A reduction of the intensity of the odor of malodorous materials can also be determined subjectively.
  • One subjective measurement of odor intensity is to measure the dilution necessary so that the odor is imperceptible or doubtful to a human or animal test panel. Any methods and techniques for objectively or subjectively determining the intensity of an odor can be used to monitor the ability of the yeast compositions to reduce odor.
  • sewage water containing about 2 g/L methylamine/dimethylamine/trimethylamine, 1 g/L indole, 2 g/L p-cresol, 1 g/L hydrogen sulfide, 2 g/L acetic acid and/or 1 g/L ammonia is used as a substrate.
  • the sewage is inoculated with a dry yeast cell preparation, at a concentration of 0.2-0.6 g/L, and cultured for 24 hours at 10-35°C.
  • the level of the malodorous chemical is measured by gas chromatography. The difference between the levels of the above-mentioned malodorous components before and after 24 hours indicates the odor-reducing ability of the yeast cells.
  • Certain activated yeasts of this invention can suppress the natural proliferation of pathogenic microbes. Such yeasts are called herein "Pa yeasts.” Normally, in the presence of ample nutrients, the number of pathogenic microbes would increase naturally over a period of time. These pathogenic microbes include, but are not limited to, bacteria such as those belonging to the Escherichia, Salmonella, Shigella, Mycobacterium, Staphylococcus, Bacillus, Streptococcus and Diplococcus genera.
  • yeast cells can be cultured in an appropriate medium under sterile conditions at 25°C-30°C, e.g., 28°C, for a sufficient amount of time, e.g., 12-300 hours (for example, 144-272 hours), in an alternating electric field or a series of alternating electric fields as described in Section II (7).
  • An exemplary culture medium is made by mixing 400 ml of sterile water, 8 g of soluble starch, 5 g of sucrose, 0.2 g of NaCl, 0.2 g of MgSO 4 *7H 2 O, 0.5 g of CaCO 3 «5H 2 O, 0.2 g of CaSO 4 «2H 2 O, 0.5 g of K 2 HPO 4 , 1.5 g of peptone, and 600 ml of sludge extract containing pathogenic microbes.
  • yeast cells can be measured for their ability to suppress the growth of pathogenic microbes using standard methods known in the art for counting microorganisms, such as optical density, plating out dilutions on solid media for counting, or counting individual cells under a microscope. Stains may be applied to distinguish or identify different strains or species of microorganisms present in a sample, or to determine their viability. In one exemplary method, sewage containing more than 10 9 cells/ml
  • Gram-positive Escherichia coli 10 9 cells/ml Salmonella, and 10 8 cells/ml Shigella dysenteriae is used as a substrate.
  • the sewage is inoculated with a dry yeast cell preparation at a concentration of 0.3-0.6 g/L, and cultured for 24 hours at 10-40°C.
  • the difference between the numbers of the above-mentioned live bacteria before and after 24 hours indicates the pathogen-suppressing capacity of the yeast cells. 8. Yeast Strains Characterized By A Substantial Increase In Their
  • Algal Debris Eutrophication causes overgrowth of harmful algae, which dramatically decrease the level of dissolved oxygen in water and adversely affect the aquatic ecosystem.
  • debris of these algae deposit on sediment, where oxygen levels are low, and thus cannot be effectively decomposed by natural microorganisms.
  • Non-decomposed algal debris provide nutrients for further algal growth, generating a vicious cycle of algal pollution.
  • Certain activated yeasts of this invention can prevent or reduce such pollution by inhibiting the proliferation of algae and/or by decomposing algal debris. Such yeasts are called herein "Al yeasts.”
  • Algae of this invention include, but are not limited to, green, blue, and red algae.
  • the yeast cells can be cultured in an appropriate medium under sterile conditions at 25°C-30°C, e.g., 28°C, for a sufficient amount of time, e.g., 12-450 hours (for example, 256-432 hours), in an alternating electric field or a series of alternating electric fields as described in Section II (8).
  • An exemplary culture medium is made by mixing 1000 ml of distilled water with 6 g of dehydrated algal debris, 0.2 g of NaCl, 0.2 g of MgSO 4 « 7H 2 O, 0.5 g of CaCO 3 » 5H 2 O, 0.2 g of CaSO 4 » 2H 2 O, and 0.5 g of K 2 HPO 4 .
  • the dehydrated algae debris is prepared by centrifuging surface water (e.g., from a pond) containing a large amount of blue and green algae at 1000 g for 20 minutes, and placing the pellet under vacuum for 48 hours.
  • the yeast cells can be measured for their ability to suppress the growth of algae or decompose algal debris using standard methods known in the art, such as counting individual cells.
  • surface water from e.g., a river, pond, or lake
  • a dry yeast cell preparation at a concentration of 0.2-0.6 g/L, and cultured for 24-72 hours at 15-42°C.
  • the difference between the numbers of the above-mentioned live algae before and after 24-72 hours indicates the algae-suppressing or - decomposing capacity of the yeast cells.
  • the culturing process of the yeast cells of the present invention may preferably be conducted under conditions in which the concentration of dissolved oxygen is between 0.025 to 0.8 mol/m 3 , preferably 0.4 mol/m 3 .
  • the oxygen level can be controlled by, for example, stirring and/or bubbling.
  • each 100 ml of culture medium is inoculated with the activated yeast cells at a density of 10 -10 6 cells/ml, preferably 10 5 -10 6 cells/ml, most preferably 3 x 10 5 cells/ml.
  • the culturing process is carried out at about 20-40°C, preferably about 25-28°C, for 48-96 hours.
  • the process can be scaled up or down according to needs. For an industrial scale of production, seventy-five liters of a sterile culture medium are inoculated with the yeast cells.
  • This culture medium consists of 10 L of the culture medium described above for this particular yeast functional group, 30 kg of starch, and 65 L of distilled water.
  • the yeast cells may preferably reach a concentration of 2 xlO 10 cells/ml.
  • the cells are recovered from the culture by various methods known in the art, and stored at about 15-20°C. The yeast should be dried within 24 hours and stored in powder form.
  • the activated yeast cells may also be cultured under certain conditions so as to acclimatize the cells to a particular type of waste.
  • This process can be applied to each yeast cell component separately or to a mixture of yeast cell components.
  • This acclimatization process results in better growth and survival of the yeasts in a particular waste environment.
  • the yeast cells of a given function are mixed with waste from a particular source at 10 6 to 10 8 cells (e.g., 10 7 cells) per 1000 ml.
  • the yeast cells are then exposed to an alternating electric field having a frequency specific for this function as described in Sections II and IV, supra.
  • the strength of the electric field can be about 100 to 400 mV/cm (e.g., 120-250 mV/cm).
  • the culture is incubated at temperatures that cycle between about 5°C to about 45°C at a 5°C increment.
  • the temperature of the culture may start at 5°C and be kept at this temperature for about 1-2 hours, then adjusted up to 10°C and kept at this temperature for 1-2 hours, then adjusted to 15°C and kept at this temperature for about 1-2 hours, and so on and so forth, until the temperature reaches 45°C.
  • the temperature is brought down to 40°C and kept at this temperature for about 1-2 hours, and then to 35°C and kept at this temperature for about 1-2 hours, and so on and so forth, until the temperature returns to 5°C.
  • the cycles are repeated for about 48-96 hours.
  • the resulting yeast cells are then dried and stored at 0-4°C.
  • the yeast cells of this invention can be mixed with an appropriate filler, such as rock powder and coal ash at the following ratio: 600 L of mixed yeast cell culture at 2 xlO 10 cells/ml and 760 kg of filler materials.
  • the mixture is quickly dried at a temperature below 65 °C for 10 minutes in a dryer, and then further dried at a temperature below 70°C for no more than 30 minutes, so that the water content is less than 7%.
  • the dried composition is then cooled to room temperature for packaging.
  • These dried yeast compositions may be used to treat polluted surface water, sewage, or any other type of liquid or solid waste.
  • a yeast solution may be prepared by adding 1 kg of the dried yeast composition to 30 L of clean water. The yeast solution is then sprayed onto the polluted surface water at about 1-3 L of the solution per square meter of the polluted surface water.
  • a yeast solution may be prepared by adding about 1 kg of the dried yeast composition to 10-30 L of clean water. The yeast solution is incubated at 10-35 °C for 24-48 hours. The resultant yeast solution is then added to the waste water at about 3-20 L of the solution per liter of waste water.
  • Example 1 Degradation of Lignin
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen AS2.502 cells were cultured in the presence of a series of alternating electric fields in the following sequence: the yeast cells were exposed to (1) an alternating electric field having a frequency of 4243 MHz and a field strength of 95 mV/cm for 10 hours; (2) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 4246 MHz and a field strength of 95 mV/cm for 10 hours; (3) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 4253 MHz and a field strength of 95 mV/cm for 30 hours; (4) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 4256 MHz and a field strength of 95 mV/cm for 30 hours; (5) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 4243 MHz and a field strength of 300 mV/cm for 20 hours; (6) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 4246 MHz and a field strength of 300 mV/cm for 20 hours; (7) then to an alternating
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen AS2.516 cells were cultured in the presence of a series of alternating electric fields in the following sequence: the yeast cells were exposed to (1) an alternating electric field having a frequency of 4243 MHz and a field strength of 110 mV/cm for 25 hours; (2) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 4248 MHz and a field strength of 110 mV/cm for 25 hours; (3) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 4253 MHz and a field strength of 110 mV/cm for 25 hours; (4) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 4258 MHz and a field strength of 110 mV/cm for 25 hours; (5) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 4243 MHz and a field strength of 280 mV/cm for 20 hours; (6) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 4248 MHz and a field strength of 280 mV/cm for 30 hours; (7) then to an
  • waste water containing cellulose was supplemented with additional cellulose to reconstitute a solution containing cellulose at 200 mg/L.
  • 0.1 ml of the EMF-treated AS2.516 cells at a concentration higher than 10 8 cells/ml was added to 100 L of the cellulose solution and cultured at 28°C for 48 hours (solution A).
  • solution B One hundred liters of the cellulose solution containing the same number of non-treated AS2.516 cells (solution B) or containing no cells (solution C) were used as controls.
  • the COD levels of the solutions were measured.
  • the solutions were examined using HPLC. The results showed that after 48 hours of incubation, the cellulose concentration in solution A decreased more than 22%> relative to solution C. In contrast, the cellulose concentration of solution B showed no significant change relative to solution C.
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen AS2.409 cells were cultured in the presence of a series of alternating electric fields in the following sequence: the yeast cells were exposed to (1) an alternating electric field having a frequency of 4245 MHz and a field strength of 87 mV/cm for 15 hours; (2) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 4250 MHz and a field strength of 87 mV/cm for 15 hours; (3) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 4255 MHz and a field strength of 87 mV/cm for 15 hours; (4) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 4260 MHz and a field strength of 87 mV/cm for 15 hours; (5) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 4245 MHz and a field strength of 250 mV/cm for 25 hours; (6) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 4250 MHz and a field strength of 250 mV/cm for 25 hours; (7) then
  • waste water was supplemented with hemicellulose to reconstitute a solution containing hemicellulose at 200 mg/L.
  • 0.1 ml of the EMF-treated AS2.409 cells at a concentration higher than 10 8 cells/ml was added to 100 L of the hemicellulose solution and cultured at 28°C for 48 hours (solution A).
  • solution B One hundred liters of the hemicellulose solution containing the same number of non-treated AS2.409 cells (solution B) or containing no cells (solution C) were used as controls.
  • the COD levels of the solutions were measured.
  • the solutions were examined using HPLC. The results showed that after 48 hours of incubation, the hemicellulose concentration in solution A decreased more than 24%> relative to solution C. In contrast, the hemicellulose concentration of solution B showed no significant change relative to solution C.
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen AS2.430 cells were cultured in the presence of a series of alternating electric fields in the following sequence: the yeast cells were exposed to (1) an alternating electric field having a frequency of 4244 MHz and a field strength of 78 mV/cm for 15 hours; (2) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 4247 MHz and a field strength of 78 mV/cm for 15 hours; (3) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 4254 MHz and a field strength of 78 mV/cm for 15 hours; (4) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 4258 MHz and a field strength of 78 mV/cm for 15 hours; (5) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 4244 MHz and a field strength of 250 mV/cm for 20 hours; (6) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 4247 MHz and a field strength of 250 mV/cm for 20 hours; (7) then
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen AS2.453 cells were cultured in the presence of a series of alternating electric fields in the following sequence: the yeast cells were exposed to (1) an alternating electric field having a frequency of 4242 MHz and a field strength of 108 mV/cm for 25 hours; (2) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 4248 MHz and a field strength of 108 mV/cm for 25 hours; (3) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 4253 MHz and a field strength of 108 mV/cm for 25 hours; (4) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 4259 MHz and a field strength of 108 mV/cm for 25 hours; (5) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 4242 MHz and a field strength of 300 mV/cm for 36 hours; (6) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 4248 MHz and a field strength of 300 mV/cm for 36 hours; (7) then
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen AS2.463 cells were cultured in the presence of a series of alternating electric fields in the following sequence: the yeast cells were exposed to (1) an alternating electric field having a frequency of 4246 MHz and a field strength of 90 mV/cm for 30 hours; (2) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 4250 MHz and a field strength of 90 mV/cm for 30 hours; (3) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 4256 MHz and a field strength of 90 mV/cm for 30 hours; (4) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 4260 MHz and a field strength of 90 mV/cm for 30 hours; (5) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 4246 MHz and a field strength of 240 mV/cm for 25 hours; (6) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 4250 MHz and a field strength of 240 mV/cm for 25 hours; (7) then to an
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen AS2.467 cells were cultured in the presence of a series of alternating electric fields in the following sequence: the yeast cells were exposed to (1) an alternating electric field having a frequency of 4243 MHz and a field strength of 82 mV/cm for 25 hours; (2) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 4246 MHz and a field strength of 82 mV/cm for 25 hours; (3) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 4251 MHz and a field strength of 82 mV/cm for 25 hours; (4) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 4257 MHz and a field strength of 82 mV/cm for 25 hours; (5) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 4243 MHz and a field strength of 245 mV/cm for 45 hours; (6) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 4246 MHz and a field strength of 245 mV/cm for 45 hours;
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen AS2.452 cells were cultured in the presence of a series of alternating electric fields in the following sequence: the yeast cells were exposed to (1) an alternating electric field having a frequency of 5521 MHz and a field strength of 148 mV/cm for 25 hours; (2) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 5526 MHz and a field strength of 148 mV/cm for 25 hours; (3) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 5533 MHz and a field strength of 148 mV/cm for 25 hours; (4) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 5536 MHz and a field strength of 148 mV/cm for 25 hours; (5) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 5521 MHz and a field strength of 350 mV/cm for 32 hours; (6) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 5526 MHz and a field strength of 350 mV/cm for 32 hours; (7) then
  • Example 9 Degradation of Plant Protein Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen AS2.423 cells were cultured in the presence of a series of alternating electric fields in the following sequence: the yeast cells were exposed to (1) an alternating electric field having a frequency of 5524 MHz and a field strength of 125 mV/cm for 24 hours; (2) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 5528 MHz and a field strength of 125 mV/cm for 24 hours; (3) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 5532 MHz and a field strength of 125 mV/cm for 24 hours; (4) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 5538 MHz and a field strength of 125 mV/cm for 24 hours; (5) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 5524 MHz and a field strength of 326 mV/cm for 28 hours; (6) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 5528 MHz and a field strength of 326 mV
  • Saccharomyces willianus Saccardo AS2.293 cells were cultured in the presence of a series of alternating electric fields in the following sequence: the yeast cells were exposed to (1) an alternating electric field having a frequency of 77 MHz and a field strength of 48 mV/cm for 15 hours; (2) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 83 MHz and a field strength of 48 mV/cm for 15 hours; (3) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 90 MHz and a field strength of 48 mV/cm for 15 hours; (4) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 96 MHz and a field strength of 48 mV/cm for 15 hours; (5) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 77 MHz and a field strength of 200 mV/cm for 30 hours; (6) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 83 MHz and a field strength of 200 mV/cm for 30 hours; (7) then to an alternating electric field
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen IFFI1063 cells were cultured in the presence of a series of alternating electric fields in the following sequence: the yeast cells were exposed to (1) an alternating electric field having a frequency of 70 MHz and a field strength of 48 mV/cm for 15 hours; (2) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 73 MHz and a field strength of 48 mV/cm for 15 hours; (3) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 88 MHz and a field strength of 48 mV/cm for 15 hours; (4) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 98 MHz and a field strength of 48 mV/cm for 15 hours; (5) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 70 MHz and a field strength of 200 mV/cm for 30 hours; (6) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 73 MHz and a field strength of 200 mV/cm for 30 hours; (7) then to an alternating
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen IFFIl 211 cells were cultured in the presence of a series of alternating electric fields in the following sequence: the yeast cells were exposed to (1) an alternating electric field having a frequency of 70 MHz and a field strength of 48 mV/cm for 15 hours; (2) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 74 MHz and a field strength of 48 mV/cm for 15 hours; (3) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 88 MHz and a field strength of 44 mV/cm for 15 hours; (4) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 98 MHz and a field strength of 48 mV/cm for 15 hours; (5) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 70 MHz and a field strength of 200 mV/cm for 30 hours; (6) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 74 MHz and a field strength of 200 mV/cm for 30 hours; (7) then to an
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen IFFIl 340 cells were cultured in the presence of a series of alternating electric fields in the following sequence: the yeast cells were exposed to (1) an altemating electric field having a frequency of 71 MHz and a field strength of 48 mV/cm for 15 hours; (2) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 73 MHz and a field strength of 48 mV/cm for 15 hours; (3) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 77 MHz and a field strength of 48 mV/cm for 15 hours; (4) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 88 MHz and a field strength of 48 mV/cm for 15 hours; (5) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 71 MHz and a field strength of 200 mV/cm for 30 hours; (6) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 73 MHz and a field strength of 200 mV/cm for 30 hours; (7) then
  • Example 14 Degradation of Tetracvcline Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen IFFI1215 cells were cultured in the presence of a series of alternating electric fields in the following sequence: the yeast cells were exposed to (1) an alternating electric field having a frequency of 70 MHz and a field strength of 48 mV/cm for 15 hours; (2) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 75 MHz and a field strength of 48 mV/cm for 15 hours; (3) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 82 MHz and a field strength of 48 mV/cm for 15 hours; (4) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 85 MHz and a field strength of 48 mV/cm for 15 hours; (5) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 70 MHz and
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen IFFI1213 cells were cultured in the presence of a series of alternating electric fields in the following sequence: the yeast cells were exposed to (1) an altemating electric field having a frequency of 70 MHz and a field strength of 48 mV/cm for 15 hours; (2) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 73 MHz and a field strength of 48 mV/cm for 15 hours; (3) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 80 MHz and a field strength of 48 mV/cm for 15 hours; (4) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 96 MHz and a field strength of 48 mV/cm for 15 hours; (5) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 70 MHz and a field strength of 200 mV/cm for 30 hours; (6) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 73 MHz and a field strength of 200 mV/cm for 30 hours; (7) then to an alternating
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen IFFI 1206 cells were cultured in the presence of a series of alternating electric fields in the following sequence: the yeast cells were exposed to (1) an alternating electric field having a frequency of 71 MHz and a field strength of 48 mV/cm for 15 hours; (2) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 78 MHz and a field strength of 48 mV/cm for 15 hours; (3) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 86 MHz and a field strength of 48 mV/cm for 15 hours; (4) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 98 MHz and a field strength of 48 mV/cm for 15 hours; (5) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 71 MHz and a field strength of 200 mV/cm for 30 hours; (6) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 78 MHz and a field strength of 200 mV/cm for 30 hours; (7) then to an
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen EFFI1211 cells were cultured in the presence of a series of alternating electric fields in the following sequence: the yeast cells were exposed to (1) an alternating electric field having a frequency of 73 MHz and a field strength of 48 mV/cm for 15 hours; (2) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 79 MHz and a field strength of 48 mV/cm for 15 hours; (3) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 88 MHz and a field strength of 48 mV/cm for 15 hours; (4) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 98 MHz and a field strength of 48 mV/cm for 15 hours; (5) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 73 MHz and a field strength of 200 mV/cm for 30 hours; (6) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 79 MHz and a field strength of 200 mV/cm for 30 hours; (7) then to an
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen IFFI1210 cells were cultured in the presence of a series of alternating electric fields in the following sequence: the yeast cells were exposed to (1) an alternating electric field having a frequency of 70 MHz and a field strength of 48 mV/cm for 15 hours; (2) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 77 MHz and a field strength of 48 mV/cm for 15 hours; (3) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 84 MHz and a field strength of 48 mV/cm for 15 hours; (4) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 93 MHz and a field strength of 48 mV/cm for 15 hours; (5) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 70 MHz and a field strength of 200 mV/cm for 30 hours; (6) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 77 MHz and a field strength of 200 mV/cm for 30 hours; (7) then to an alternating
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen IFFI 1290 cells were cultured in the presence of a series of alternating electric fields in the following sequence: the yeast cells were exposed to (1) an alternating electric field having a frequency of 75 MHz and a field strength of 48 mV/cm for 15 hours; (2) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 78 MHz and a field strength of 48 mV/cm for 15 hours; (3) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 81 MHz and a field strength of 48 mV/cm for 15 hours; (4) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 95 MHz and a field strength of 48 mV/cm for 15 hours; (5) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 75 MHz and a field strength of 200 mV/cm for 30 hours; (6) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 78 MHz and a field strength of 200 mV/cm for 30 hours; (7) then to an alternating electric
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen IFFIl 413 cells were cultured in the presence of a series of alternating electric fields in the following sequence: the yeast cells were exposed to (1) an alternating electric field having a frequency of 82 MHz and a field strength of 98 mV/cm for 25 hours; (2) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 90 MHz and a field strength of 98 mV/cm for 25 hours; (3) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 82 MHz and a field strength of 274 mV/cm for 32 hours; and (4) finally to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 90 MHz and a field strength of 274 mV/cm for 32 hours.
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen IFFIl 399 cells were cultured in the presence of a series of alternating electric fields in the following sequence: the yeast cells were exposed to (1) an alternating electric field having a frequency of 76 MHz and a field strength of 89 mV/cm for 20 hours; (2) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 80 MHz and a field strength of 89 mV/cm for 20 hours; (3) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 86 MHz and a field strength of 89 mV/cm for 20 hours; and (4) finally to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 96 MHz and a field strength of 89 mV/cm for 20 hours.
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen IFFI1336 cells were cultured in the presence of a series of alternating electric fields in the following sequence: the yeast cells were exposed to (1) an alternating electric field having a frequency of 72 MHz and a field strength of 93 mV/cm for 20 hours; (2) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 80 MHz and a field strength of 93 mV/cm for 20 hours; (3) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 88 MHz and a field strength of 93 mV/cm for 20 hours; and (4) finally to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 98 MHz and a field strength of 93 mV/cm for 20 hours.
  • Example 23 Degradation of Benzaldehyde Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen IFFIl 331 cells were cultured in the presence of a series of alternating electric fields in the following sequence: the yeast cells were exposed to (1) an alternating electric field having a frequency of 78 MHz and a field strength of 130 mV/cm for 30 hours; (2) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 86 MHz and a field strength of 130 mV/cm for 30 hours; (3) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 94 MHz and a field strength of 130 mV/cm for 30 hours; and (4) finally to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 96 MHz and a field strength of 130 mV/cm for 30 hours.
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen IFFI1396 cells were cultured in the presence of a series of alternating electric fields in the following sequence: the yeast cells were exposed to (1) an alternating electric field having a frequency of 76 MHz and a field strength of 103 mV/cm for 20 hours; (2) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 88 MHz and a field strength of 103 mV/cm for 20 hours; (3) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 96 MHz and a field strength of 103 mV/cm for 20 hours; and (4) finally to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 98 MHz and a field strength of 103 mV/cm for 30 hours.
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen IFFI1310 cells were cultured in the presence of a series of alternating electric fields in the following sequence: the yeast cells were exposed to (1) an alternating electric field having a frequency of 74 MHz and a field strength of 126 mV/cm for 40 hours; (2) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 82 MHz and a field strength of 126 mV/cm for 20 hours; (3) then to an altemating electric field having a frequency of 90 MHz and a field strength of 126 mV/cm for 30 hours; and (4) finally to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 98 MHz and a field strength of 126 mV/cm for 40 hours.
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen IFFIl 331 cells were cultured in the presence of a series of alternating electric fields in the following sequence: the yeast cells were exposed to (1) an alternating electric field having a frequency of 72 MHz and a field strength of 107 mV/cm for 20 hours; (2) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 80 MHz and a field strength of 107 mV/cm for 10 hours; (3) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 90 MHz and a field strength of 107 mV/cm for 30 hours; and (4) finally to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 94 MHz and a field strength of 107 mV/cm for 40 hours.
  • Example 27 Degradation of Acetophenone Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen IFFIl 311 cells were cultured in the presence of a series of alternating electric fields in the following sequence: the yeast cells were exposed to (1) an alternating electric field having a frequency of 76 MHz and a field strength of 124 mV/cm for 20 hours; (2) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 82 MHz and a field strength of 124 mV/cm for 30 hours; (3) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 90 MHz and a field strength of 124 mV/cm for 40 hours; and (4) finally to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 98 MHz and a field strength of 124 mV/cm for 20 hours.
  • Example 28 Degradation of Arsanilic Acid Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen IFFIl 336 cells were cultured in the presence of a series of alternating electric fields in the following sequence: the yeast cells were exposed to (1) an alternating electric field having a frequency of 78 MHz and a field strength of 133 mV/cm for 30 hours; (2) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 88 MHz and a field strength of 133 mV/cm for 40 hours; (3) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 92 MHz and a field strength of 133 mV/cm for 30 hours; and (4) finally to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 96 MHz and a field strength of 133 mV/cm for 30 hours.
  • Example 29 Degradation of Roxarsone Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen IFFIl 338 cells were cultured in the presence of a series of alternating electric fields in the following sequence: the yeast cells were exposed to (1) an alternating electric field having a frequency of 78 MHz and a field strength of 110 mV/cm for 10 hours; (2) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 92 MHz and a field strength of 110 mV/cm for 10 hours; (3) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 78 MHz and a field strength of 213 mV/cm for 30 hours; and (4) finally to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 92 MHz and a field strength of 213 mV/cm for 30 hours.
  • Example 30 Degradation of Furazolidonum Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen IFFIl 413 cells were cultured in the presence of a series of alternating electric fields in the following sequence: the yeast cells were exposed to (1) an alternating electric field having a frequency of 74 MHz and a field strength of 98 mV/cm for 30 hours; (2) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 76 MHz and a field strength of 98 mV/cm for 20 hours; (3) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 86 MHz and a field strength of 98 mV/cm for 30 hours; and (4) finally to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 94 MHz and a field strength of 98 mV/cm for 30 hours.
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen IFFIl 411 cells were cultured in the presence of a series of alternating electric fields in the following sequence: the yeast cells were exposed to (1) an alternating electric field having a frequency of 78 MHz and a field strength of 112 mV/cm for 30 hours; (2) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 82 MHz and a field strength of 112 mV/cm for 30 hours; (3) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 86 MHz and a field strength of 112 mV/cm for 30 hours; and (4) finally to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 94 MHz and a field strength of 112 mV/cm for 20 hours.
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen IFFIl 211 cells were cultured in the presence of a series of alternating electric fields in the following sequence: the yeast cells were exposed to (1) an alternating electric field having a frequency of 74 MHz and a field strength of 219 mV/cm for 30 hours; (2) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 86 MHz and a field strength of 219 mV/cm for 20 hours; (3) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 96 MHz and a field strength of 219 mV/cm for 30 hours; and (4) finally to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 98 MHz and a field strength of 219 mV/cm for 20 hours.
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen IFFIl 063 cells were cultured in the presence of a series of alternating electric fields in the following sequence: the yeast cells were exposed to (1) an alternating electric field having a frequency of 76 MHz and a field strength of 202 mV/cm for 30 hours; (2) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 82 MHz and a field strength of 202 mV/cm for 30 hours; (3) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 90 MHz and a field strength of 202 mV/cm for 20 hours; and (4) finally to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 96 MHz and a field strength of 202 mV/cm for 20 hours.
  • Example 34 Degradation of Dodecane Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen IFFI1213 cells were cultured in the presence of a series of alternating electric fields in the following sequence: the yeast cells were exposed to (1) an alternating electric field having a frequency of 72 MHz and a field strength of 168 mV/cm for 30 hours; (2) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 80 MHz and a field strength of 168 mV/cm for 20 hours; (3) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 90 MHz and a field strength of 168 mV/cm for 30 hours; and (4) finally to an altemating electric field having a frequency of 98 MHz and a field strength of 168 mV/cm for 30 hours.
  • waste water was supplemented with dodecane to reconstitute a solution containing the chemical at 100 mg/L.
  • 0.1 ml of the EMF-treated IFFI1213 cells at a concentration higher than 10 8 cells/ml was added to 100 L of the dodecane solution and cultured at 28°C for 24 hours (solution A).
  • solution B One hundred liters of the dodecane solution containing the same number of non-treated cells
  • solution C were used as controls. After 24 hours of incubation, the dodecane solutions were examined using gas chromatography or HPLC.
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen IFFIl 270 cells were cultured in the presence of a series of alternating electric fields in the following sequence: the yeast cells were exposed to (1) an alternating electric field having a frequency of 80 MHz and a field strength of 138 mV/cm for 30 hours; (2) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 82 MHz and a field strength of 138 mV/cm for 20 hours; (3) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 94 MHz and a field strength of 138 mV/cm for 24 hours; and (4) finally to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 98 MHz and a field strength of 138 mV/cm for 30 hours.
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen IFFI1293 cells were cultured in the presence of a series of alternating electric fields in the following sequence: the yeast cells were exposed to (1) an alternating electric field having a frequency of 76 MHz and a field strength of 138 mV/cm for 24 hours; (2) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 84 MHz and a field strength of 138 mV/cm for 24 hours; (3) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 96 MHz and a field strength of 138 mV/cm for 20 hours; and (4) finally to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 98 MHz and a field strength of 138 mV/cm for 40 hours.
  • waste water was supplemented with octacosane to reconstitute a solution containing the chemical at 100 mg/L.
  • 0.1 ml of the EMF-treated IFFI1293 cells at a concentration higher than 10 8 cells/ml was added to 100 L of the octacosane solution and cultured at 28°C for 24 hours (solution A).
  • solution B One hundred liters of the octacosane solution containing the same number of non-treated cells
  • solution C were used as controls.
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen AS2.614 were cultured in the presence of a series of alternating electric fields in the following sequence: the yeast cells were exposed to (1) an alternating electric field having a frequency of 662 MHz and a field strength of 152 mV/cm for 18 hours; (2) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 666 MHz and a field strength of 152 mV/cm for 18 hours; (3) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 672 MHz and a field strength of 152 mV/cm for 18 hours; (4) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 678 MHz and a field strength of 152 mV/cm for 18 hours; (5) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 662 MHz and a field strength of 310 mV/cm for 25 hours; (6) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 666 MHz and a field strength of 310 mV/cm for 25 hours; (7)
  • waste water was supplemented with ammonium sulfate to reconstitute a solution containing ammonium sulfate at 200 mg/L.
  • 0.1 ml of the EMF-treated AS2.614 cells at a concentration higher than 10 8 cells/ml was added to 100 L of the ammonium sulfate solution and cultured at 28°C for 48 hours (solution A).
  • solution B One hundred liters of the ammonium sulfate solution containing the same number of non-treated cells
  • solution C were used as controls.
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen AS2.982 were cultured in the presence of a series of alternating electric fields in the following sequence: the yeast cells were exposed to (1) an alternating electric field having a frequency of 661 MHz and a field strength of 126 mV/cm for 25 hours; (2) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 665 MHz and a field strength of 126 mV/cm for 25 hours; (3) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 672 MHz and a field strength of 126 mV/cm for 25 hours; (4) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 676 MHz and a field strength of 126 mV/cm for 25 hours; (5) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 661 MHz and a field strength of 196 mV/cm for 25 hours; (6) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 665 MHz and a field strength of 196 mV/cm for 25 hours; (7)
  • waste water was supplemented with sodium nitrate and sodium nitrite to reconstitute a solution containing sodium nitrate/sodium nitrite at a total concentration of 200 mg/L.
  • 0.1 ml of the EMF-treated AS2.982 cells at a concentration higher than 10 8 cells/ml was added to 100 L of the sodium nitrate/sodium nitrite solution and cultured at 28°C for 48 hours (solution A).
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen AS2.620 cells were cultured in the presence of a series of alternating electric fields in the following sequence: the yeast cells were exposed to (1) an alternating electric field having a frequency of 98 MHz and a field strength of 68 mV/cm for 24 hours; (2) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 112 MHz and a field strength of 68 mV/cm for 24 hours; (3) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 108 MHz and a field strength of 68 mV/cm for 24 hours; (4) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 118 MHz and a field strength of 68 mV/cm for 24 hours; (5) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 98 MHz and a field strength of 240 mV/cm for 24 hours; (6) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 112 MHz and a field strength of 240 mV/cm for 24 hours;
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen Var. ellipsoideus (Hansen) Dekker AS2.559 cells were cultured in the presence of a series of alternating electric fields in the following sequence: the yeast cells were exposed to (1) an alternating electric field having a frequency of 2165 MHz and a field strength of 240 mV/cm for 20 hours; (2) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 2175 MHz and a field strength of 240 mV/cm for 20 hours; (3) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 2200 MHz and a field strength of 240 mV/cm for 20 hours; and (4) finally to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 2235 MHz and a field strength of 240 mV/cm for 20 hours.
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen AS2.423 cells were cultured in the presence of a series of alternating electric fields in the following sequence: the yeast cells were exposed to (1) an alternating electric field having a frequency of 2160 MHz and a field strength of 250 mV/cm for 20 hours; (2) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 2175 MHz and a field strength of 250 mV/cm for 20 hours; (3) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 2210 MHz and a field strength of 250 mV/cm for 20 hours; and (4) finally to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 2245 MHz and a field strength of 250 mV/cm for 10 hours.
  • Dekker AS2.612 cells were cultured in the presence of a series of alternating electric fields in the following sequence: the yeast cells were exposed to (1) an alternating electric field having a frequency of 2165 MHz and a field strength of 240 mV/cm for 40 hours; (2) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 2180 MHz and a field strength of 240 mV/cm for 20 hours; (3) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 2200 MHz and a field strength of 240 mV/cm for 40 hours; and (4) finally to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 2220 MHz and a field strength of 240 mV/cm for 20 hours.
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen Var. ellipsoideus (Hansen) Dekker AS2.541 cells were cultured in the presence of a series of alternating electric fields in the following sequence: the yeast cells were exposed to (1) an alternating electric field having a frequency of 2160 MHz and a field strength of 250 mV/cm for 20 hours; (2) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 2190 MHz and a field strength of 250 mV/cm for 10 hours; (3) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 2210 MHz and a field strength of 250 mV/cm for 40 hours; and (4) finally to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 2250 MHz and a field strength of 250 mV/cm for 40 hours.
  • methylamine, dimethylamine or trimethylamine solution containing the same number of non- treated yeast cells (solution B) or containing no yeast cells (solution C) were used as controls. After 24 hours of incubation, the solutions were examined using mass spectrometry (MAS-nose, manufactured by VG). The results showed that after 24 hours of incubation, the methylamine, dimethylamine or trimethylamine concentration of solution A decreased more than 23% relative to solution C. In contrast, the methylamine, dimethylamine, or trimethylamine concentration of solution B had no significant change relative to solution C.
  • Dekker AS2.53 cells were cultured in the presence of a series of alternating electric fields in the following sequence: the yeast cells were exposed to (1) an alternating electric field having a frequency of 2315 MHz and a field strength of 290 mV/cm for 30 hours; (2) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 2335 MHz and a field strength of 290 mV/cm for 10 hours; (3) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 2355 MHz and a field strength of 290 mV/cm for 20 hours; and (4) finally to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 2375 MHz and a field strength of 290 mV/cm for 10 hours.
  • Dekker AS2.163 cells were cultured in the presence of a series of alternating electric fields in the following sequence: the yeast cells were exposed to (1) an alternating electric field having a frequency of 2300 MHz and a field strength of 98 mV/cm for 20 hours; (2) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 2370 MHz and a field strength of 98 mV/cm for 15 hours; (3) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 2300 MHz and a field strength of 250 mV/cm for 20 hours; and (4) finally to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 2370 MHz and a field strength of 250 mV/cm for 30 hours.
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen IFFIl 037 cells were cultured in the presence of a series of alternating electric fields in the following sequence: the yeast cells were exposed to (1) an alternating electric field having a frequency of 30 MHz and a field strength of 26 mV/cm for 12 hours; (2) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 36 MHz and a field strength of 26 mV/cm for 12 hours; (3) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 43 MHz and a field strength of 26 mV/cm for 12 hours; (4) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 47 MHz and a field strength of 26 mV/cm for 12 hours; (5) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 30 MHz and a field strength of 150 mV/cm for 24 hours; (6) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 36 MHz and a field strength of 150 mV/cm for 24 hours; (7) then to an alternating electric field having
  • Staphylococcus aures solution containing the same number of non-treated yeast cells (solution B) or containing no yeast cells (solution C) was used as controls. After 24 hours of incubation, the solutions were examined using a flow cytometer. The results showed that after 24 hours of incubation, the number of live Staphylococcus aures in solution A decreased more than 2.7%> relative to solution C. In contrast, the number of live Staphylococcus aures in solution B showed no significant change relative to solution C.
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen IFFIl 021 cells were cultured in the presence of a series of alternating electric fields in the following sequence: the yeast cells were exposed to (1) an alternating electric field having a frequency of 30 MHz and a field strength of 26 mV/cm for 12 hours; (2) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 36 MHz and a field strength of 26 mV/cm for 12 hours; (3) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 42 MHz and a field strength of 26 mV/cm for 12 hours; (4) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 49 MHz and a field strength of 26 mV/cm for 12 hours; (5) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 30 MHz and a field strength of 150 mV/cm for 24 hours; (6) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 36 MHz and a field strength of 150 mV/cm for 24 hours; (7) then to an alternating electric field having
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen IFFIl 251 cells were cultured in the presence of a series of alternating electric fields in the following sequence: the yeast cells were exposed to (1) an alternating electric field having a frequency of 35 MHz and a field strength of 26 mV/cm for 12 hours; (2) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 39 MHz and a field strength of 26 mV/cm for 12 hours; (3) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 43 MHz and a field strength of 26 mV/cm for 12 hours; (4) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 47 MHz and a field strength of 26 mV/cm for 12 hours; (5) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 35 MHz and a field strength of 150 mV/cm for 24 hours; (6) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 39 MHz and a field strength of 150 mV/cm for 24 hours; (7) then to an alternating electric field having
  • Example 49 Suppression of the Growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen IFFIl 331 cells were cultured in the presence of a series of alternating electric fields in the following sequence: the yeast cells were exposed to (1) an alternating electric field having a frequency of 33 MHz and a field strength of 26 mV/cm for 12 hours; (2) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 36 MHz and a field strength of 26 mV/cm for 12 hours; (3) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 45 MHz and a field strength of 26 mV/cm for 12 hours; (4) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 47 MHz and a field strength of 26 mV/cm for 12 hours; (5) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 33 MHz and a field strength of 150 mV/cm for 24 hours; (6) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 36 MHz and a field strength of 150
  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis solution containing the same number of non- treated yeast cells (solution B) or containing no yeast cells (solution C) was used as controls. After 24 hours of incubation, the solutions were examined using a flow cytometer. The results showed that after 24 hours of incubation, the number of live Mycobacterium tuberculosis in solution A decreased more than 2.9%> relative to solution C. In contrast, the number of live Mycobacterium tuberculosis in solution B showed no significant change relative to solution C.
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen IFFIl 345 cells were cultured in the presence of a series of alternating electric fields in the following sequence: the yeast cells were exposed to (1) an alternating electric field having a frequency of 30 MHz and a field strength of 26 mV/cm for 12 hours; (2) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 34 MHz and a field strength of 26 mV/cm for 12 hours; (3) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 38 MHz and a field strength of 26 mV/cm for 12 hours; (4) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 49 MHz and a field strength of 26 mV/cm for 12 hours; (5) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 30 MHz and a field strength of 150 mV/cm for 24 hours; (6) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 34 MHz and a field strength of 150 mV/cm for 24 hours; (7) then to an alternating electric field having
  • EMF-treated IFFIl 345 cells To test the ability of the EMF-treated IFFIl 345 cells to suppress the growth of E. Coli, waste water or filtrate from animal manure or garbage containing E. Coli was incubated under routine conditions to reconstitute a solution containing E. Coli at more than 10 10 cells/ml.
  • One milliliter of the EMF-treated IFFIl 345 cells at a concentration of 2 x 10 8 - 5 x 10 8 cells/ml was added to 1 L of the E. Coli solution and cultured at 30°C for 24 hours (solution A).
  • solution B One liter of the E. Coli solution containing the same number of non- treated yeast cells (solution B) or containing no yeast cells (solution C) was used as controls.
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen IFFIl 211 cells were cultured in the presence of a series of alternating electric fields in the following sequence: the yeast cells were exposed to (1) an alternating electric field having a frequency of 30 MHz and a field strength of 26 mV/cm for 12 hours; (2) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 33 MHz and a field strength of 26 mV/cm for 12 hours; (3) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 36 MHz and a field strength of 26 mV/cm for 12 hours; (4) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 38 MHz and a field strength of 26 mV/cm for 12 hours; (5) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 30 MHz and a field strength of 150 mV/cm for 24 hours; (6) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 33 MHz and a field strength of 150 mV/cm for 24 hours; (7) then to an alternating electric field having
  • Example 52 Suppression of the Growth of Green Algae Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen AS2.408 cells were cultured in the presence of a series of alternating electric fields in the following sequence: the yeast cells were exposed to (1) an alternating electric field having a frequency of 6353 MHz and a field strength of 112 mV/cm for 24 hours; (2) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 6357 MHz and a field strength of 112 mV/cm for 24 hours; (3) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 6364 MHz and a field strength of 112 mV/cm for 24 hours; (4) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 6368 MHz and a field strength of 112 mV/cm for 24 hours; (5) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 6353 MHz and a field strength of 290 mV/cm for 56 hours; (6) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 6357
  • Example 53 Suppression of the Growth of Blue Algae Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen AS2.414 cells were cultured in the presence of a series of alternating electric fields in the following sequence: the yeast cells were exposed to (1) an alternating electric field having a frequency of 6355 MHz and a field strength of 85 mV/cm for 24 hours; (2) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 6360 MHz and a field strength of 85 mV/cm for 24 hours; (3) then to an altemating electric field having a frequency of 6364 MHz and a field strength of 85 mV/cm for 24 hours; (4) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 6367 MHz and a field strength of 85 mV/cm for 24 hours; (5) then to an an alternating electric field having a frequency of 6367 MHz and a field strength of 85 mV/cm for 24 hours; (5) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 6367 MHz and a
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen AS2.416 cells were cultured in the presence of a series of alternating electric fields in the following sequence: the yeast cells were exposed to (1) an alternating electric field having a frequency of 6352 MHz and a field strength of 136 mV/cm for 24 hours; (2) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 6359 MHz and a field strength of 136 mV/cm for 24 hours; (3) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 6363 MHz and a field strength of 136 mV/cm for 24 hours; (4) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 6370 MHz and a field strength of 136 mV/cm for 24 hours; (5) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 6352 MHz and a field strength of 337 mV/cm for 56 hours; (6) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 6359 MHz and a field strength of 337 mV/cm
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen AS2.422 cells were cultured in the presence of a series of alternating electric fields in the following sequence: the yeast cells were exposed to (1) an alternating electric field having a frequency of 4452 MHz and a field strength of 127 mV/cm for 32 hours; (2) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 4456 MHz and a field strength of 127 mV/cm for 32 hours; (3) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 4462 MHz and a field strength of 127 mV/cm for 32 hours; (4) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 4464 MHz and a field strength of 127 mV/cm for 32 hours; (5) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 4452 MHz and a field strength of 268 mV/cm for 32 hours; (6) then to an alternating electric field having a frequency of 4456 MHz and a field strength of 268 mV/cm for 32 hours;

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Abstract

L'invention concerne des compositions contenant une ou plusieurs pluralités de cellules de levure, les cellules de levure étant caractérisées en ce qu'elles présentent une augmentation sensible de leur capacité (1) à dégrader des composés polymères comme les polysaccharides et les plastiques ; (2) à dégrader des composés azotés comme les protéines et les acides nucléiques ; (3) à dégrader des produits toxiques pour l'environnement, ex : certains produits chimiques toxiques comme les solvants organiques et les antibiotiques utilisés dans le fourrage et les biopesticides ; (4) à convertir l'azote biodisponible d'un milieu de culture en leur propre biomasse : (5) à convertir le phosphore biodisponible d'un milieu de culture en leur propre biomasse ; (6) à réduire la mauvaise odeur des matières malodorantes ; (7) à empêcher la prolifération de micro-organismes pathogènes ; et/ou (8) à empêcher la croissance d'algues ou décomposer les débris d'algues, en conséquence d'un procédé consistant à les cultiver en présence d'un champ électrique alternatif présentant une fréquence spécifique et une intensité de champ spécifique, par comparaison à des cellules de levure n'ayant pas été cultivées ainsi. L'invention concerne en outre des procédés de production de telles compositions et des procédés de traitement des eaux usées au moyen desdites compositions.
EP01273915A 2001-03-01 2001-12-11 Procedes et compositions de traitement des dechets Withdrawn EP1364001A2 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (17)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US797371 1997-02-07
US09/797,371 US6391617B1 (en) 2001-03-01 2001-03-01 Yeast compositions for converting bio-available nitrogen in a culture medium to intracellular nitrogen
US09/797,381 US6436695B1 (en) 2001-03-01 2001-03-01 Yeast compositions for converting bio-available phosphorus in a culture medium to intracellular phosphorus
US797372 2001-03-01
US09/797,437 US6391619B1 (en) 2001-03-01 2001-03-01 Methods and compositions for suppressing growth of algae
US797378 2001-03-01
US797381 2001-03-01
US797377 2001-03-01
US09/797,382 US20020123129A1 (en) 2001-03-01 2001-03-01 Methods and compositions for degrading nitrogen-containing compounds
US797493 2001-03-01
US797437 2001-03-01
US09/797,372 US20020123127A1 (en) 2001-03-01 2001-03-01 Methods and compositions for reducing odor
US797382 2001-03-01
US09/797,493 US6440713B1 (en) 2001-03-01 2001-03-01 Methods and compositions for suppressing growth of pathogenic microbes
US09/797,377 US20020123130A1 (en) 2001-03-01 2001-03-01 Methods and compositions for degrading polymeric compounds
US09/797,378 US6391618B1 (en) 2001-03-01 2001-03-01 Methods and compositions for degrading environmental toxins
PCT/GB2001/005439 WO2002070682A2 (fr) 2001-03-01 2001-12-11 Procedes et compositions de traitement des dechets

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EP02702521A Withdrawn EP1368463A2 (fr) 2001-03-01 2002-03-01 Compositions biologiques pour le traitement des dechets solides

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US7223401B2 (en) 2003-06-11 2007-05-29 Ultra Biotech Limited Method to prepare compositions comprising yeast treated with electromagnetic energy
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US7204987B2 (en) 2003-06-11 2007-04-17 Ultra Biotech Limited Biological compositions and methods for treatment of prostate cancer
US7223402B2 (en) 2003-06-11 2007-05-29 Ultra Biotech Limited Method to prepare compositions comprising yeast treated with electromagnetic energy
CN100487104C (zh) * 2005-06-27 2009-05-13 北京合百意生态能源科技开发有限公司 用于处理有机固体废物的复合菌剂及其制备方法
CN101225379B (zh) * 2008-01-25 2010-10-13 东北农业大学 生物吸附废水中重金属的非活性固定化酵母填料及其制备方法
CN103230659A (zh) * 2013-03-22 2013-08-07 宋生 一种处理β-内酰胺环类抗生素滤渣的工艺
CN104164371A (zh) * 2014-07-30 2014-11-26 驻马店华中正大有限公司 一种利用金霉素发酵废液生产酵母粉的方法
CN107308586A (zh) * 2017-05-10 2017-11-03 贵州欧瑞信环保科技有限责任公司 一种分解垃圾有机物的微生物菌剂的制备方法
CN107142209B (zh) * 2017-06-29 2021-01-08 史新义 一种含酚废水生物降解液
CN107998871A (zh) * 2017-12-13 2018-05-08 深圳易普乐环保科技有限公司 一种优势微生物处理杆菌肽锌废气的系统及方法
CN109055288B (zh) * 2018-06-30 2020-06-23 浙江工业大学 一种重组枯草芽孢杆菌及其应用
CN108949597B (zh) * 2018-08-28 2021-05-07 云南中烟工业有限责任公司 一种酿酒酵母菌kmly1-2及其分离方法和应用
CN109593663B (zh) * 2018-12-27 2021-12-07 山东海景天环保科技股份公司 一种高效生物脱硫菌剂及其应用方法
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