Classifications

• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
  • Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Definitions

• the invention relates to novel compounds which are substituted alkyldiamino derivatives of the general formula I.
• the invention also concerns related aspects including processes for the preparation of the compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing one or more compounds of general formula I and especially their use as inhibitors of the plasmodium falciparum protease plasmepsin II or related aspartic proteases.
• Malaria is one of the most serious and complex health problems affecting civilization in the 21 st century. The disease affects about 300 million people worldwide, killing 1 to 1.5 million people every year. Malaria is an infectious disease caused by four species of the protozoan parasite Plasmodium, P. falciparum being the most severe of the four. All attempts to develop vaccines against P. falciparum have failed so far. Therefore, therapies and preventive measures against malaria are confined to drugs. However, resistance to many of the currently available antimalarial drugs is spreading rapidly and new drugs are needed.
• P. falciparum enters the human body by way of bites of the female anophelino mosquito.
• the plasmodium parasite initially populates the liver, and during later stages of the infectious cycle reproduces in red blood cells. During this stage, the parasite degrades hemoglobin and uses the degradation products as nutrients for growth [1].
• Hemoglobin degradation is mediated by serine proteases and aspartic proteases. Aspartic proteases have been shown to be indispensable to parasite growth.
• a non-selective inhibitor of aspartic proteases, Pepstatin inhibits the growth of P. falciparum in red blood cells in vitro. The same results have been obtained with analogs of pepstatin [2], [3].
• the present invention relates to the identification of novel low molecular weight, non-peptidic inhibitors of the plasmodium falciparum protease plasmepsin II or other related aspartic proteases to treat and/or prevent malaria.
• the compounds of general formula I were tested against plasmepsin II, HIV- protease, human cathepsin D, human cathepsin E and human renin in order to determine their biological activity and their selectivity profile.
• FRET fluorescence resonance energy transfer
• the assay conditions were selected according to reports in the literature [4 - 7].
• the FRET assay was performed in white polysorp plates (Fluoronunc, cat n° 437842 A).
• the assay buffer consisted of 50 mM Na acetate pH 5, 12,5% glycerol, 0.1 % BSA + 392 mM NaCI (for HIV-protease).
• the incubates per well were composed of: - 160 ⁇ l buffer - 10 ⁇ l inhibitor (in DMSO)
• the reactions were initiated by addition of the enzyme.
• the assay was incubated at 37°C for 30 min (for human cathepsin E), 40 min (for plasmepsin II and HIV- protease) or 120 min (for human cathepsin D).
• the reactions were stopped by adding 10% (v/v) of a 1 M solution of Tris-base.
• Product-accumulation was monitored by measuring the fluorescence at 460 nm. Auto-fluorescence of all the test substances is determined in assay buffer in the absence of substrate and enzyme and this value was subtracted from the final signal.
• the enzymatic in vitro assay was performed in polypropylene plates (Nunc, Cat No 4-42587A).
• the assay buffer consisted of 100 mM sodium phosphate, pH 7.4, including 0.1% BSA.
• the incubates were composed of 190 ⁇ L per well of an enzyme mix and 10 ⁇ L of renin inhibitors in DMSO.
• the enzyme mix was premixed at 4°C and composed as follows:
• an enzyme immunoassay EIA
• 10 ⁇ L of the incubates or standards were transferred to immuno plates which were previously coated with a covalent complex of Angiotensin I and bovine serum albumin (Ang I - BSA).
• Ang I - BSA bovine serum albumin
• 190 ⁇ L of Angiotensin l-antibodies were added and a primary incubation made at 4°C over night.
• the plates were washed 3 times and then incubated for one hour at room temperature with a biotinylated anti-rabbit antibody. Thereafter, the plates were washed and incubated at room temperature for 30 min with a streptavidin-peroxidase complex.
• the peroxidase substrate ABTS (2.2'-Azino-di-(3-ethyl-benzthiazolinsulfonate), was added and the plates incubated for 10-30 min at room temperature. After stopping the reaction with 0.1 M citric acid pH 4.3 the plate is evaluated in a microplate reader at 405 nm.
• the present invention relates to novel, low molecular weight organic compounds, which are substituted dialkylamines of the general formula I:
• Q represents -SO 2 -R 5 ; -CO-R 5 ; -CO-NH-R 5 ; -CO-N(R 5 )(R 6 ); -CO-OR 5 ;
• R 1 and R 2 represent propyl; butyl; pentyl; hexyl; ⁇ -hydroxy-propyl; ⁇ -hydroxy- butyl; ⁇ -hydroxy-pentyl; ⁇ -hydroxy-hexyl; lower alkoxy-propyl; lower alkoxy-butyl; lower alkoxy-pentyl; lower alkoxy-hexyl; aryl-lower alkyl; cycloalkyl; cycloalkyl- lower alkyl; heterocyclyl; and can be the same or different; or R 1 and R 2 and the nitrogen atom together can represent a ring such as azetidin; azepan;
• R 3 represents lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; aryl; heteroaryl; cycloalkyl; heterocyclyl; aryl-lower alkyl; heteroaryl-lower alkyl; cycloalkyl-lower alkyl; heterocyclyl-lower alkyl; aryl-lower alkenyl; heteroaryl-lower alkenyl; cycloalkyl-lower alkenyl; heterocyclyl-lower alkenyl;
• R 4 represents hydrogen; -CH 2 -OR 7 ; -CO-OR 7 ; lower alkyl;
• R 5 and R 6 represent lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; aryl; heteroaryl; cycloalkyl; heterocyclyl; aryl-lower alkyl; heteroaryl-lower alkyl; cycloalkyl-lower alkyl; heterocyclyl-lower alkyl; aryl-lower alkenyl; heteroaryl-lower alkenyl; cycloalkyl- lower alkenyl; heterocyclyl-lower alkenyl;
• R 7 represents hydrogen, lower alkyl; cycloalkyl; aryl; cycloalkyl-lower alkyl; aryl- lower alkyl;
• t represents the whole numbers 0 (zero) or 1 and in case t represents the whole number 0 (zero), R 4 is absent;
• p represents the whole numbers 0 (zero), 1 or 2;
• A represents -(CH 2 ) n -; n represents the whole numbers 2, 3, 4 or 5;
• lower means straight and branched chain groups with one to seven carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
• lower alkyl groups are methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl.
• lower alkoxy groups are methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, iso- butoxy, sec.-butoxy and tert.-butoxy etc.
• Lower alkylendioxy-groups as substituents of aromatic rings onto two adjacent carbon atoms are preferably methylene-dioxy and ethylene-dioxy.
• Lower alkylen-oxy groups as substituents of aromatic rings onto two adjacent carbon atoms are preferably ethylen-oxy and propylen-oxy.
• Examples of lower alkanoyl-groups are acetyl, propanoyl and butanoyl.
• Lower alkenylen means e.g. vinylen, propenylen and butenylen.
• cycloalkyl alone or in combination, means a saturated cyclic hydrocarbon ring system with 3 to 6 carbon atoms , e.g. cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl which may be substituted with lower alkyl groups.
• heterocyclyl alone or in combination, means saturated or unsaturated (but not aromatic) five-, six- or seven-membered rings containing one or two nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur atoms which may be the same or different and which rings may be substituted with lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, aryl; examples of such rings are morpholinyl, piperazinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, dihydropyranyl, 1 ,4- dioxanyl, pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, dihydropyrrolyl, imidazolidinyl, dihydropyrazolyl, pyrazolidinyl etc.
• heteroaryl alone or in combination, means six-membered aromatic rings containing one to four nitrogen atoms; benzofused six-membered aromatic rings containing one to three nitrogen atoms; five-membered aromatic rings containing one oxygen, one nitrogen or one sulfur atom; benzo-fused five-ordinated aromatic rings containing one oxygen, one nitrogen or one sulfur atom; five membered aromatic rings containing one oxygen and one nitrogen atom and benzo fused derivatives thereof; five termed aromatic rings containing a sulfur and nitrogen or oxygen atom and benzo fused derivatives thereof; five membered aromatic rings containing three nitrogen atoms and benzo fused derivatives thereof or the tetrazolyl ring; examples of such rings are furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, pyridinyl, indolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, dihydroquinolinyl, t
• aryl alone or in combination, means six membered aromatic rings and condensed systems like naphthyl or indenyl, whereby such ring systems may be mono-, di- or tri-substituted with aryl, aryloxy, aryl-lower alkyloxy, lower alkyl, lower alkenylen, lower alkyl-carbonyl, aryl-carbonyl, amino, lower alkyl- amino, aryl-amino, bis-(lower-alkyl)-amino, lower alkanoyl-amino, lower alkyl- sulfonamido, aryl-sulfonamido, heteroaryl-sulfonamido, lower alkyl-sulfono, aryl- sulfono, ⁇ -amino-lower alkyl, halogen, hydroxy, carboxyl, lower alkoxy, vinyloxy, allyloxy, ⁇ -hydroxy-lower alkyl,
• this second aryl unit may again be mono-, di- or tri- substituted with the substituents given as examples above. It is understood that the substituents outlined relative to the expressions cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl and aryl have been omitted in the definitions of the general formulae I to VI and in claims 1 to 6 for clarity reasons but the definitions in formulae I to VI and in claims 1 to 6 should be read as if they are included therein.
• salts encompasses either salts with inorganic acids or organic acids like hydrochloric or hydrobromic acid; sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid, citric acid, formic acid, acetic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, methylsulfonic acid, p- toluolsulfonic acid and the like or in case the compound of formula I is acidic in nature with an inorganic base like an alkali or earth alkali base, e.g. sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide.
• the compounds of the general formula I can contain one or more asymmetric carbon atoms and may be prepared in form of optically pure enantiomers, mixtures of enantiomers, pure diastereomers, mixtures of diastereomers, diastereomeric racemates and mixtures of diastereomeric racemates.
• the present invention encompasses all these forms. Mixtures may be separated in a manner known per se, i.e. by column chromatography, thin layer chromatography, HPLC or crystallization.
• the compounds of the general formula I and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts may be used as therapeutics e.g. in form of pharmaceutical compositions. They may especially be used to in prevention or treatment of malaria. These compositions may be administered in enteral or oral form e.g. as tablets, dragees, gelatine capsules, emulsions, solutions or suspensions, in nasal form like sprays or rectally in form of suppositories. These compounds may also be administered in intramuscular, parenteral or intraveneous form, e.g. in form of injectable solutions.
• compositions may contain the compounds of formula I as well as their pharmaceutically acceptable salts in combination with inorganic and/or organic excipients which are usual in the pharmaceutical industry like lactose, maize or derivatives thereof, talcum, stearinic acid or salts of these materials.
• vegetable oils, waxes, fats, liquid or half-liquid polyols may be used.
• solutions and sirups e.g. water, polyols saccharose, glucose and related materials are used.
• injectables are prepared by using e.g. water, polyols, alcohols, glycerin, vegetable oils, lecithin, Iiposomes and the like.
• Suppositories are prepared by using natural or hydrogenated oils, waxes, fatty acids (fats), liquid or half-liquid polyols.
• compositions may contain in addition preservatives, stability improving substances, viscosity improving or regulating substances, solubility improving substances, sweeteners, dyes, taste improving compounds, salts to change the osmotic pressure, buffer, anti-oxidants and related materials.
• the compounds of formula I may also be used in combination with one or more other therapeutically useful substances e. g. with other antimalarials like quinolines (quinine, chloroquine, amodiaquine, mefloquine, primaquine, tafenoquine), peroxide antimalarials (artemisinin derivatives), pyrimethamine- sulfadoxine antimalarials (e.g. Fansidar), hydroxynaphtoquinones (e.g. atovaquone), acroline-type antimalarials (e. g. pyronaridine) and the like.
• other antimalarials like quinolines (quinine, chloroquine, amodiaquine, mefloquine, primaquine, tafenoquine), peroxide antimalarials (artemisinin derivatives), pyrimethamine- sulfadoxine antimalarials (e.g. Fansidar), hydroxyn
• the dosage may vary within wide limits but should be adapted to the specific situation.
• the dosage given in oral form should daily be between about 3 mg and about 3 g, peferably between about 10 mg and about 1 g, especially preferred between 5 mg and 300 mg, per adult with a body weight of about 70 kg.
• the dosage should be administered preferably in 1 to 3 doses per day which are of equal weight.
• children should receive lower doses which are adapted to body weight and age.
• Preferred compounds are compounds of the formula II
• Q, t, R 3 and R 4 are as defined in general formula I above and n represents the whole numbers 2 or 3 and pure enantiomers, mixtures of enantiomers, pure diastereomers, mixtures of diastereomers, diastereomeric racemates, mixtures of diastereomeric racemates and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
• R 3 and R 5 are as defined in general formula I above
• Preferred compounds are:
• the compounds of the general formula I of the present invention may be prepared according to the general sequences of reactions outlined below, wherein R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , Q, A, t, n and p are as defined in general formula I above (for simplicity and clarity reasons, oniy parts of the synthetic possibilities which lead to compounds of formulae I to VI are described). For general methods of certain steps see also pages 16 - 18 and 20 - 21.
• the amine (1) and the aldehyde ⁇ R -CHO ⁇ (1.5 eq.) are mixed in anhydrous methanol and stirred for 6 h.
• the mixture is treated with sodium borohydride (1.5 eq.) and stirred for 2 h.
• Purified Amberlyst 15 or another suitable scavenger is added and the suspension is shaken for 12 h.
• the resin is separated by filtration and washed with methanol.
• the secondary amine 2 is removed from the resin by adding a 2M methanolic ammonia solution. After 30 min of shaking, the resin is filtered and washed with methanol. The filtrate is evaporated to yield the pure secondary amine 2.
• aryl- or heteroaryl substituted benzaldehydes can be prepared as follows:
• the aldehyde ⁇ R 3 -CHO ⁇ may be obtained from commercially available formylbenzeneboronic acids and substituted bromo aryls or bromo heteroaryls via a Suzuki coupling as described in the literature or as described in the typical procedure D) below.
• the carboxylic acid chlorides ⁇ R 5 -(CO)-CI ⁇ may be obtained in situ from the corresponding carboxylic acid as described in the literature (i. e.: Devos, A.; Remion, J.; Frisque-Hesbain, A.-M.; ColensA; Ghosez, L., J. Chem. Soc, Chem. Commun. 1979, 1180).
• the urea derivatives 6 are obtained by reaction of the amines 2 in dichloromethane with one equivalent of an isocyanate. Typical procedure for the second reductive amination (synthesis of compound 4):
• the amine (1) and the ketone or aldehyde ⁇ R 5 R 6 CO ⁇ (1.5 eq.) are mixed in anhydrous dichloromethane and sodium triacetoxyborohydride (1.3 eq.) is added. After stirring the solution for 48 h, methanol is added and the reaction mixture is treated in the same manner as described for the amines 2.
• the amine and the aldehyde (1.5 eq.) (which are used as starting materials, are known compounds or the synthesis (in case of the aldehydes) is described below in section c) in Referential Examples 1 to 6) are mixed in anhydrous methanol and stirred for 6 h. The mixture is then treated with sodium borohydride (1.5 eq.) and stirred for 2 h. Purified Amberlyst 15 or another suitable scavenger is added and the suspension is shaken for 12 h. The resin is then separated by filtration and washed with methanol. The secondary amine is removed from the resin by adding a 2M methanolic ammonia solution. After 30 min of shaking, the resin is filtered off and washed with methanol. The filtrate is evaporated to yield the pure secondary amine.

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• 2001
  • 2001-10-31 EP EP01982452A patent/EP1335899A2/de not_active Withdrawn

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