EP1335477A2 - Induktiv gespeiste Beleuchtung - Google Patents

Induktiv gespeiste Beleuchtung Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1335477A2
EP1335477A2 EP03004713A EP03004713A EP1335477A2 EP 1335477 A2 EP1335477 A2 EP 1335477A2 EP 03004713 A EP03004713 A EP 03004713A EP 03004713 A EP03004713 A EP 03004713A EP 1335477 A2 EP1335477 A2 EP 1335477A2
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
lamp
power
lamps
lamp unit
inductive
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP03004713A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP1335477B1 (de
EP1335477A3 (de
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designation of the inventor has not yet been filed The
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Auckland Uniservices Ltd
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Auckland Uniservices Ltd
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Publication date
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Publication of EP1335477A2 publication Critical patent/EP1335477A2/de
Publication of EP1335477A3 publication Critical patent/EP1335477A3/de
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Publication of EP1335477B1 publication Critical patent/EP1335477B1/de
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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B39/00—Circuit arrangements or apparatus for operating incandescent light sources
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01F—ADDITIONAL WORK, SUCH AS EQUIPPING ROADS OR THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLATFORMS, HELICOPTER LANDING STAGES, SIGNS, SNOW FENCES, OR THE LIKE
    • E01F9/00—Arrangement of road signs or traffic signals; Arrangements for enforcing caution
    • E01F9/50—Road surface markings; Kerbs or road edgings, specially adapted for alerting road users
    • E01F9/553—Low discrete bodies, e.g. marking blocks, studs or flexible vehicle-striking members
    • E01F9/559—Low discrete bodies, e.g. marking blocks, studs or flexible vehicle-striking members illuminated
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J50/00—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power
    • H02J50/10—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power using inductive coupling
    • H02J50/12—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power using inductive coupling of the resonant type
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J50/00—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power
    • H02J50/40—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power using two or more transmitting or receiving devices
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B41/00—Circuit arrangements or apparatus for igniting or operating discharge lamps
    • H05B41/14—Circuit arrangements
    • H05B41/24—Circuit arrangements in which the lamp is fed by high frequency ac, or with separate oscillator frequency
    • H05B41/245—Circuit arrangements in which the lamp is fed by high frequency ac, or with separate oscillator frequency for a plurality of lamps
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B45/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED]
    • H05B45/30—Driver circuits
    • H05B45/305—Frequency-control circuits
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B45/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED]
    • H05B45/30—Driver circuits
    • H05B45/37—Converter circuits
    • H05B45/3725—Switched mode power supply [SMPS]
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21—LIGHTING
    • F21W—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES F21K, F21L, F21S and F21V, RELATING TO USES OR APPLICATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS
    • F21W2111/00—Use or application of lighting devices or systems for signalling, marking or indicating, not provided for in codes F21W2102/00 – F21W2107/00
    • F21W2111/02—Use or application of lighting devices or systems for signalling, marking or indicating, not provided for in codes F21W2102/00 – F21W2107/00 for roads, paths or the like
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21—LIGHTING
    • F21Y—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES F21K, F21L, F21S and F21V, RELATING TO THE FORM OR THE KIND OF THE LIGHT SOURCES OR OF THE COLOUR OF THE LIGHT EMITTED
    • F21Y2115/00—Light-generating elements of semiconductor light sources
    • F21Y2115/10—Light-emitting diodes [LED]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B45/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED]
    • H05B45/30—Driver circuits
    • H05B45/31—Phase-control circuits
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B45/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED]
    • H05B45/30—Driver circuits
    • H05B45/395—Linear regulators

Definitions

  • This invention relates to the field of electrically driven lighting, to means for driving one or more lamps using inductive power transfer, and more particularly but not exclusively to the provision of emergency lights, indicating lights, and roadway signal lighting powered from adjacent concealed cables.
  • a particularly reliable lighting source is an advantage and in most ofthese situations the nature of inductive powering of lights will inherently enhance the reliability of a system over that using alternative power supplies such as direct connections, internal batteries, or solar cells with rechargeable batteries.
  • Some situations include: where electrical isolation is necessary, as in lights used in or near water such as in swimming pools or areas where people work in contact with water, where corrosive or conductive fluids are likely to occur, where sparks may cause explosions, as in coal mines and in operating theatres or in certain other industrial sites where flammable powders, gases, or the like are found, where the added robustness of buried cables assists in maintaining power transfer during exceptional circumstances, where a surface on which lights are laid is prone to be replaced, such as on a roadway with a tar sealed surface.
  • the invention provides an inductively powered lamp unit; the lamp unit including one or more lamps capable of radiating light and comprising means to collect inductively transferred power from an external alternating primary magnetic field; said collection means comprising a resonant circuit having a resonant period and including at least one inductance and at least one capacitance; wherein the at least one inductance has a winding adapted to be intersected by a portion ofthe alternating magnetic field and thereby collect power as a secondary current, means capable of limiting the maximum amount of secondary current circulating in the resonant circuit, means to transfer power at an output from the resonant circuit to the lamp or lamps, and means to control the power provided to the lamp or lamps.
  • the means capable of limiting the amount of secondary current circulating in the resonant circuit comprises a shorting switch capable of closing a connection across the inductance; the shorting switch being controlled by a controller provided with means capable of sensing the magnitude ofthe output so that when the output exceeds a first, higher, predetermined threshold the shorting switch is closed for a period exceeding the resonant period ofthe circuit, or when the output falls below a second, lower, predetermined threshold the shorting switch is opened; thereby limiting the secondary current flowing in the resonant circuit so that any magnetic flux generated by the secondary current does not have a significant counteracting effect on the primary field and so that the output of the resonant circuit is not able to exceed a predetermined maximum.
  • the means capable of sensing the magnitude ofthe output is configured so as to sense an output current.
  • the means capable of sensing the magnitude ofthe output is configured so as to sense a relative or absolute output light intensity.
  • the resonant inductance comprises one or more coils, each coil being u rapped around an elongated member composed of a ferromagnetic material having a midpoint, whichmember is orientated when the lamp unit is placed in position so as to lie with its midpoint substantially adjacent to a primary conductor (capable when energised of radiating a primary field), and substantially at right angles to the direction of the primary conductor.
  • the lamp unit has a low profile and at least one window capable of transmitting light; the unit being capable of being attached to the surface of a roadway; and wherein the lamp or lamps comprise one or more light-emitting diodes.
  • the lamp unit is packaged in a strong housing having a low profile and at least one window capable of transmitting light; the unit being capable ofbeing attached onto the surface of a roadway, capable ofwithstanding loads applied by a road vehicle driving over it, and not capable of adversely affecting the integrity of the road vehicle nor deflecting the road vehicle from its course.
  • the lamp unit also includes at least one retroreflector unit for passively reflecting the light of vehicle beams.
  • the invention provides a lighting installation comprising one or more inductively powered lamp units as described above, each affixed to a surface of a substrate, each lamp unit being capable of emitting light on being energised by inductive transfer of power across a space from a primary conductor located beneath the surface ofthe substrate; the primary conductor carrying, when in use, an alternating current.
  • the primary conductor radiates an external alternating magnetic field, at a frequency which is substantially the same as the resonant circuit in at least one ofthe lamp units; the frequency lying in the range of between 200 Hz and 2 MHz.
  • the primary conductor is laid down within a substrate in the topology of a loop, connected at a first open end to a power supply and having a second, closed end, the loop comprising a pair of closely spaced conductors, though spread apart in an axis substantially perpendicular to the surface of the substrate at each site where a lamp unit is to be placed.
  • the one or more inductively powered lamp units are placed upon the substrate so as to guide a moving person (whether on foot or steering a vehicle) to pass along a particular route.
  • one or more lamp units may be selectively addressed using the primary conductor as a medium, so that the light radiated therefrom may be changed from time to time.
  • Preferably selective addressing is accomplished by superimposing a message over the primary current, in the form of momentary variations of the amplitude of the primary current.
  • Preferably selective addressing is accomplished by superimposing a message over the primary current, in the form of momentary variations of the phase of the primary current.
  • Preferably selective addressing is accomplished by superimposing a message over the primary current, in the form of information carried within a carrier frequency, separate from the frequency of the power for inductive transfer.
  • Preferably selective addressing is accomplished by setting the frequency of the primary current so as to match the resonant frequency of the resonant circuit of the addressed one or more lamp units which, for this purpose, may each be provided with one of a variety of resonant frequencies.
  • the invention provides an installation for laying out marking lights on a road, comprising a set of inductively powered roadway markers, a primary energising loop cable, and a power supply.
  • the power supply is capable of energising the primary energising loop in response to an external triggering event.
  • the power supply is capable of remotely controlling one or more lamp units by means of the primary energising loop.
  • the power supply is capable of remotely controlling one or more lamp units by means of the primary energising loop in response to an external triggering event.
  • the invention provides an installation for laying out marking lights along a fire escape route or egress route in relation to a building, comprising a set of inductively powered lamp units, a primary energising loop cable capable ofbeing buried within a substrate ofthe building, and a power supply having a battery backup; the installation being capable of being activated during an emergency.
  • the primary alternating current is a sine wave.
  • Preferably it has a frequency in the range of from 500 Hz to 1 MHz, although more preferably it has a frequency in the range of from about 10 KHz to about 50 KHz.
  • the alternating current is generated within a resonant power converter.
  • the concealed primary cable is electrically insulated and mechanically protected by being embedded within the substrate.
  • it maybe sealed into a slit cut into the substrate with a circular saw or the like.
  • the concealed cable comprises a pair of conductors orientated substantially perpendicular to the surface ofthe substrate, although optionally a pair of conductors may lie side by side within parallel slits.
  • the cable is composed of a litz wire or other wire having a high surface-to-volume ratio such as a strip.
  • the invention provides a lamp unit within a strong housing, comprising a resonant secondary or pickup coil and capacitor, one or more light-emitting lamps, and optionally power conditioning means.
  • the lamp unit has a low profile and may be applied to a road surface.
  • the lamp unit also contains one or more retro-reflector modules.
  • the power conditioning means comprises a current limit and optionally this maybe built into light-emitting diodes or be an intrinsic property of metallic filament lamps.
  • a pair of lamps or of banks of lamps may be connected in inverse parallel in order to utilise both half-cycles of an AC waveform.
  • the invention may provide a road-markings set of lamps comprising a series of lamp units, an embedded cable, and a power supply.
  • this invention may be used to highlight dangerous portions of a highway.
  • it may be energised by the proximity of a vehicle.
  • the invention provides a pedestrian crossing, comprising means to detect the presence of a waiting pedestrian, sets of road markings, and a sequencer to energise the road markings lamps for a period oftime before signalling to the pedestrian that a warning has been given.
  • the invention may provide a fire escape indication set of lamps.
  • the power supply for the invention is driven from a set of storage batteries so that it can operate in the at least temporary absence of a mains supply.
  • Fig 1 is an illustration of a section through a light housing above a pair of primary conductors embedded in a substrate.
  • Fig 3 illustrates energisation using a cable carried within a single vertical slit.
  • Fig 4 shows a typical circuit for use in a light housing of the present invention.
  • Fig 5 shows a preferred circuit including control of the resonant pickup circuit.
  • Fig 6 shows a preferred circuit like Fig 5, also including means for detecting and responding to control impulses.
  • Fig 7 shows the interior of a roadway marker incorporating a pair of ferrite strips as pickup devices to collect inductive power.
  • Fig 8 shows the disposition of the primary inductive loop in an installation.
  • Fig 9 shows the flux about the primary conductors, entering the ferrite mainly at its ends.
  • Fig 10 shows options for controlling the output of individual lamp units by way of currents within the primary conductor.
  • One application ofthis invention is for 'self-illuminated "cats-eye style" roadway reflectors'.
  • This specification describes an installation for laying out a series of marking or warning lights (which may also include retro-reflectors) along a generally linear course, and particular applications for these lights include roadway lighting.
  • marking or warning lights which may also include retro-reflectors
  • they maybe substituted for the well-known "cats-eye” retro-reflectors which are placed upon the road and being of low profile, may be driven over.
  • Many applications beyond the known range of uses for "cats-eye” reflectors become available for a system of self-powered units.
  • the type of energisation used in this invention offers advantages over conventional lighting in that the invention is more resistant to fire damage than other types of emergency guidance and therefore will persist for a longer time.
  • a power supply 200 generating a sine-wave output of a desired power level at usually around 40 KHz into a (mainly inductive) resonating cable 201, and in the applications described herein here at a power level ofperhaps up to 100-200 watts although much higher levels can be generated.
  • the cable can be laid out as a single U-shaped loop or can be run out along several branches, though preferably as a single length without joins.
  • a particular application may require tuning, as only one length has the correct resonant frequency and for this purpose the installer can either vary the resonating capacitors within the power supply or add toroids (including air gaps) over the cable to artificially increase its inductance and thereby simulate a longer cable than is actually present.
  • an inductively powered lighting system As there are no exposed metallic conductors in an inductively powered lighting system, it may be used for long periods in a corrosive atmosphere or one where seawater is present. The relative absence of risk of sparks allows its use in inflammable or explosive situations.
  • Fig 1 illustrates the road warning lamp 100 of Example 3 in place on a road surface 102.
  • the lamp 100 comprises a tough housing 101, having a clear or translucent window in front of an array of lights or preferably light-emitting diodes 103. These diodes derive their power from a secondary pickup coil 104 which is made resonant at about the preferred operating frequency by a capacitor 106, and the lamps are driven through a rectifier module 107.
  • the slits 108 in the roadway 102 are preferably filled with matrix.
  • Fig 3 illustrates the vertical wiring alternative, in which the secondary coil 304 is placed above the slit 302 containing the pair of wires 305.
  • the slit is cut deeper at about the intended position of each lamp unit 306, so that one of the cables 308 may be brought deeper and so increase the inductive field available at that point.
  • the cable 305 has a reduced inductance where its conducting members are closer together and so an increased length of cable can be driven with a limited voltage.
  • a further way to enhance the magnetic flux at a lamp site is to use a ferrite rod or peg as at 205 in Fig 2. This may limit the freedom of placement of lamp units. Ferrite may be incorporated within lamp units, as suggested by the core of the inductor 401. At least one conductor may, instead of being litz wire, be a flat strip of metal, as this will raise the amount of surface available for carrying skin-effect currents.
  • Fig 4 shows one preferred circuit, in which 401 and 402 comprise a resonant circuit, 403 is a rectifier to make a DC voltage, and 405 is a set of LED lamps in series.
  • 404 may be a shunt regulator acting as a current limiter, or a flasher module.
  • 404 is a repetitively acting shorting switch (see 503 with 501, 502 in Fig 5). If a current limiter is not used, the operating current in the lamps may be set to the usual preferred value of around 20 mA by choosing from a range of lamp units or placing a lamp unit so as to give a predetermined brightness.
  • the non-controlled circuit is shown as 500 in Fig 5.
  • the resonant pickup coil 401 may actually comprise two coils 704 (as in Fig 7) wound around each ferrite strip 703, and if several coils are used they are placed in series.
  • the capacitor(s) ofthe resonant circuit are shown at 402; here 247 nF and including provision (pads) on the circuit board for adding a small "tuning" capacitor.
  • the resonant frequency is at about 40 KHz.
  • the bridge rectifier 403 is made up offour diodes (type BAT83), the output ofwhich is passed through an inductor 501(7.5 mH) and through a steering diode 502 (BAT83) to charge a capacitor 505 (33 ⁇ F, 25V).
  • Power FET transistor 503 (type IFRDl10) is used as a shorting switch to short out the resonant circuit from time to time, each time lasting for a number of cycles.
  • Means to control the shorting switch comprise the operational amplifier/comparator 506 (type MC33171) which has at its inverting input a zener diode 510 (type TC9491) as a voltage reference.
  • the comparator compares the zener voltage with a proportion ofthe current passed through the output lamps at resistor 610 (30 ohms) (via a 1K resistor 509) and uses a diode 507 (type BAT83) in series with a 68K resistor 508 as a non-inverting feedback loop, for hysteresis.
  • This control circuit provides a controlled current centered on a design value and fluctuating to a small extent about that value when the resonant circuit is alternately shorted, then allowed to charge the capacitor 505. Typically, there are about 500 short
  • two chains (405) of high-intensity (orange) light-emitting diodes (type HLMT-CL00) are used to radiate light to one side ofthe lamp unit.
  • range range
  • other colours could be used.
  • Variations to Fig 5 include (for example) monitoring the ambient light with a light-dependent resistor, so that the brightness ofthe marker is proportional to daylight, or regulating current in terms of actual light output rather than lamp current.
  • Fig 6 illustrates one means 600 for rendering the circuit capable ofbeing externally controlled. As suggested in Fig 10, it is possible to superimpose control signals over the resonant power circulating in the primary loop. This circuit is well-adapted for control by means of low-frequency tones or dual tones.
  • Fig 6, which is a development of Fig 5 and includes the components of Fig 5, also includes means to short-circuit the pickup coil 401 from time to time (typically once per millisecond) and during that time read the current circulating in the primary loop. This circuit is tentative because it appears that an application-specific integrated circuit will be an appropriate implementation.
  • Box 602 represents a clock generator producing a pulse of 50 ⁇ sec every 1 msec.
  • Step 5 from the action of the comparator as for Fig 5 is of little moment because the inherent regulation can compensate. Repetitive sampling at a rate of about 1 KHz will satisfy the Nyquist criterion for control signals which are single or multiple tones of up to about 250 Hz.
  • the tone detector outputs switch from one state to another state on each tone detection, or change state only during a tone, and there may be more than one tone and hence more than one action, or the detector output maybe treated as a code signal passed to a microprocessor which will execute one of a series of actions on the light output from the lamps 405.
  • red series and a yellow (or orange, green or blue or even infra-red) series of lamps which can be driven separately, or separately controllable lamps may face in various directions.
  • Fig 7 we show a highway marker 700 from above.
  • the casing 701 encloses a pair of ferrite cores 703 (only one core and coil is labelled) which are on each side of a printed-circuit board 702 bearing the circuit of Fig 6 and along one edge a row of light-emitting diodes 705.
  • a printed-circuit board 702 bearing the circuit of Fig 6 and along one edge a row of light-emitting diodes 705.
  • retro-reflectors we have not also illustrated retro-reflectors in this diagram, but they maybe interspersed with the diodes 705.
  • Fig 8 shows part of a roadway installation in side view.
  • a power supply 801 puts power into a loop of cable forming a primary inductive loop. In the portions where the two conductors are close together (802) the flux tends to cancel out and the cable radiated little flux. Hence it may be elongated.
  • the cable is spread apart, preferably using a spreader (805) to maintain spacing during and after installation. The end ofthe loop remote from the cable is shown at 806.
  • the power supply is a resonant power supply, and this type of energisation is economical and, by energising the cable with a sine wave, minimises problems of radiation of radio or electromagnetic energy, it is preferable to use litz wire for the cables.
  • Our typical resonant power supplies are run at 24 volts, which allows for battery backup and safe running and at 24 volts it can power about a 25 metre long primary inductive pathway, and about 10-14 amperes at a 40 kHz frequency circulates in the cable when in operation. Using a higher voltage allows longer primary inductive loops to be used. If an unusually short cable is used, its inductance maybe boosted with a lumped inductance, trimmed to make the installation resonate at 40 kHz.
  • Our basic system maybe embellished by providing for control ofthe output ofthe lamp units, either as a group or individually. Preferably this control is more than simply turning the entire set on or off.
  • One approach is to provide each lamp unit in an installation with control electronics that can detect signals of some sort radiated from the primary conductor cable, because this cable is already functionally connected with all operational lamps.
  • Information may be carried within a carrier frequency, separate from the frequency ofthe power for inductive transfer.
  • Variations of the phase of the primary current are another way to transmit data.
  • a cheap way ofaddressing lamp units is to make a variety of units each having a different resonant frequency. Then only those lamp unit that resonate at the frequency of the transmitted power can operate. If a resonant power supply is used, it might be provided with subsidiary switchable resonating capacitors. By this means it is possible to create a traveling wave offlashing lights, for decorative or directional purposes.
  • a fire-exit indicating network which when energised provides a chain of illuminated beacons 203,204 along the floor of a building.
  • the beacons are intended to direct people to the nearest fire exit.
  • the energising cable 201 is preferably embedded into a concrete or similar floor, and may be embedded at a depth of several inches as our inductive power transfer system is a loosely coupled one that tolerates spacings ofthat order.
  • the energising cable is placed along the floors of passageways that lead to fire exits, preferably along the centre lines ofthe passageways.
  • the drive voltage may be as low as 12 volts, depending on the power required.
  • the lamp units are preferably light-emitting diodes or the like, embedded in wear-resistant transparent or translucent housings so that they remain capable of emitting visible light even after years in position.
  • the lit lamps display a clearly understood and preferably standardised direction so that people in panic are not confused.
  • the lamps or the power supply may be operated in an attention-getting flashing mode and optionally the lamp units may also generate audible signals. In fact, they may also generate vibrations so that blind people can locate and use the indicators.
  • Our preferred lamp units may have bases about 10 cm square containing the resonant pickup coil - with a height of perhaps 5 mm, and have a top made of a wear-resistant material such as polycarbonate or even glass.
  • They may include other electronic devices such as a voltage sensor and a switch to short-circuit the coil when the voltage rises above a threshold.
  • This means of regulation limits the tendency of a resonant secondary to develop a large circulating current which tends to block the primary current from reaching past this secondary coil to reach others.
  • this application of inductive power transfer has substantially constant operating parameters, and it maybe preferable to select a lamp unit for a particular position from a range of units having various brightnesses - actually flux collection and conversion capabilities.
  • These illuminated display devices may be glued onto a carpet, or let into holes cut in a carpet, or glued onto a hard surface, and need no electrical connections. Thus replacement of damaged or displaced units is not a skilled job.
  • Typicalbuildings where the devices maybeused include hotels, schools, hospitals, auditoriums, and other public buildings.
  • Advantages ofthis device include that the system is located on or in floors where it is unlikely to be damaged until after surrounding structures have been destroyed, and the floor location is compatible with people who are keeping low or even forced to crawl in order to avoid smoke and fumes. (Conventional practices of placing often illuminated EXIT signs high up above doorways can lead to obscuration by smoke).
  • the device has inherently a high reliability because the destruction of any lamp unit by flames or the like does not compromise the remainder - rendering its pickup coil an open circuit or a short circuit does not substantially affect the primary current and so the remainder of the lamp units may remain lit.
  • the lamp units themselves are electrically isolated, and the energising power supply is preferably provided with fault detection means so that it provides no electrical hazards in itself.
  • a variant of this device can be used in theatres, hotels, houses and the like, and would be energised steadily or on pressure on a sensing pressure pad, to better indicate the positions of stairs in the dark.
  • a similar arrangement can be used on roadways to better indicate lanes routes hazards and other events to motorists.
  • a particular application is in providing warnings at pedestrian crossings.
  • the power supply is connected to a reliable source of AC power and is arranged to be energised when (for example) a person steps onto a contact pad at the kerbside, or when a conventional button is pushed.
  • the energising cables are placed along selected patterns and maybe embedded within slits cut with a diamond saw. As our inductive power transfer system uses only loose coupling, the cables maybe several centimetres deep and even the later addition of further road surfaces will not affect coupling of power from the cables.
  • the cables are preferably sealed in place, using a suitable adhesive or the like so that the installation is substantially permanent.
  • the preferred slit dimensions for slits cut into roadways is 5 mm wide by 10 mm deep, rather than the more idealised parallel pair of slits shown in Fig 2. (Roads tend to crack and chip between parallel, close slits). Therefore we have also made a modified arrangement in which one of the pair of wires forming the cable is above the other, as shown in Fig 3, and optionally in order to enhance the flux at the position of a lamp we make the slit deeper at that site and push one conductor further away from the road surface at that point.
  • the cables are energised from a power supply operating at 12 or 24 volts, compatible with storage batteries fed from a wind generator or solar cells, although a highervoltage may be needed to inject resonant power into a longer run of cable, particularly ifthe more efficient litz wire is not available.
  • the lamp units may be built into the existing "cats-eye" housings widely used on roadways to demarcate lanes by means of retro-reflective inserts. Glues or other means to mount these devices are well known and the dimensions of existing housings are adequate for housing the power pickup coils, control electronics, and lamps. In order to catch drivers' attention we expect that high-intensity beams from light-emitting diode lamps will be used, aimed towards oncoming traffic. These lamps may be pulsed in a synchronised, attention-gathering manner by for example pulsing the power supply on and off. As the preferred resonant frequency is high, the decay time for power is small.
  • a vandal-proof warning device would preferably comprise (a) a sensing pad for detecting a waiting pedestrian, a sequencer to first energise the array of warning lamps for a suitable time, and then means to energise a "Cross now" or "Walk” signal of some type which may be (a) conventional illuminated signs, (b) audible, and/or (c) made of further lamps on the roadway, this time over the crossing itself and orientated so that they are visible to the pedestrian.
  • the operating frequency can be selected to be separated from that used by the traffic light, and the relatively low harmonic content of the resonant power means that a simple trap tuned to the fundamental frequency should reject any interference to the traffic light sensor.
  • a separation in frequency should minimise any cross-interference between cables or affecting the pickup coils. It may well be preferable to adopt a different frequency of perhaps 40 KHz for these low-power lighting devices and run the vehicle power cables at 10 KHz, whereupon the tuned resonant circuits ofthe lighting devices should not develop any significant power when exposed to magnetic flux at a 10 KHz cycle rate.
  • lane switching may be accomplished by linear arrays of illuminated housings which are laid on the road along predetermined lines or courses, and illuminated as required in order to steer cars into lanes.
  • warning lights intended for motorists are intermittently energised by the approach of a motor vehicle, using a pressure pad or a proximity sensing device so that they can be maintained from a rechargeable storage battery with a solar cell as a source of power.
  • the bands of light emitted from the arrays of lamp units may extend far beyond the range of the driver's headlights.
  • inductive power transfer is inherently unaffected by non-magnetic materials that may appear or disappear in the gap, it may be used under water. Accordingly a series of housings containing lamps may be placed on the bottom (and sides, and edges) of a swimming pool to indicate lanes, and energised as required by buried cables concealed in the substance of the pool floor. These lamp units may be fixed in place, and various combinations energised by selecting particular runs of cable for various combinations of lamp unit spacing. Alternatively they may be clipped into retaining clips as and when required. Magnets, particularly magnets formed from ferrites, may be used to temporarily locate lamp units. Adjacent, magnetically soft ferrites may be included to act as flux concentrators.
  • a light housing could be provided with more than one pickup coil and ancillary light sources, so that by changing the frequency of the power in the primary cable, different colours of light (for example) could be produced.
  • Power modulation may also be arranged to select different lamps.
  • Light emitting diodes are at present available in red, orange, yellow, green and blue, although the latter two are not particularly bright. Laser diodes of various visible colours may soon become cheap enough for use in this application, where their enhanced beam-forming ability will aid in the detection of these lights at a distance.
  • Light-emitting diodes have an advantage in that their ON-voltage can be used to provide a degree of intrinsic regulation as shown in Figures 3 and 4 where even the rectifier can be deleted if a second string of LEDs with the opposite polarity is placed across the first string.
  • a loop can be constructed in the primary cable, or a magnetically permeable coupler such as a ferrite can be used.
  • one wire may be placed above the other, providing a more diffuse field. If this field is weaker, a ferrite flux concentrator maybe provided to increase the power available within the secondary device.
  • Movable lights may be mounted on a light track or on a surface such as awall, ceiling, or table in such a way that they can be held in position without requiring direct electrical contact with the power source.
  • wall mountable lights can be mounted in one or more plastic channel members attached to the wall and maybe allowed to slide along a channel member to a desired position whilst picking up inductive power from a primary circuit embedded in the wall or in the base of the channel member.
  • the lights may take any desired shape or design.
  • the lights may have a base containing the resonant pick-up and an arm or stem extending therefrom which a suitable reflector or light housing is mounted and containing the light source.
  • a suitable reflector or light housing is mounted and containing the light source.
  • An advantage of placing the primary cables in a "slit configuration" as previously described is that the primary cables generate an external alternating magnetic field which is predominately parallel to the surface of the substrate, allowing the lamp base to be moved from side to side ofthe "slit” containing the pair of cables and still receive enough power for its light source.
  • Inductively powered lamp units in accordance with this invention have a variety of uses where direct contact between the power cables and the lamp units is undesirable.
  • Examples of such uses include lights used in or near water such as in swimming pools or areas where people work in contact with water, lights used in corrosive environments or where conductive fluids are likely to occur, lights used in mines and in operating theatres or in certain other industrial sites where flammable powders, gases, or the like are found, and lights used in roadways, or where the lights need to be moved relative to the power supply (eg in display areas or in photographic studios).

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Circuit Arrangement For Electric Light Sources In General (AREA)
  • Road Signs Or Road Markings (AREA)
  • Lighting Device Outwards From Vehicle And Optical Signal (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analysing Materials By Optical Means (AREA)
EP03004713A 1994-07-13 1995-07-11 Induktiv gespeiste Beleuchtung Expired - Lifetime EP1335477B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NZ26400094 1994-07-13
NZ26400094 1994-07-13
EP95923610A EP0786165A1 (de) 1994-07-13 1995-07-11 Induktiv gespeiste beleuchtung

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AU (1) AU682120B2 (de)
DE (1) DE69535873D1 (de)
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EP1335477B1 (de) 2008-10-22
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