EP1290745A2 - Brennstoffzellensystem und verfahren zum hochfahren eines brennstoffzellensystems - Google Patents
Brennstoffzellensystem und verfahren zum hochfahren eines brennstoffzellensystemsInfo
- Publication number
- EP1290745A2 EP1290745A2 EP01955198A EP01955198A EP1290745A2 EP 1290745 A2 EP1290745 A2 EP 1290745A2 EP 01955198 A EP01955198 A EP 01955198A EP 01955198 A EP01955198 A EP 01955198A EP 1290745 A2 EP1290745 A2 EP 1290745A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- fuel
- fuel cell
- cell system
- line
- heating
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 440
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 20
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 126
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims description 73
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 claims description 34
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- 239000002828 fuel tank Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 abstract description 7
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 7
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 26
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 22
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 17
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 17
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 15
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 11
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 11
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000003570 air Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000002706 hydrostatic effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 2
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003502 gasoline Substances 0.000 description 2
- -1 hydrogen ions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229920005597 polymer membrane Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000002407 reforming Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008929 regeneration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004566 IR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005481 NMR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012080 ambient air Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003034 coal gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002737 fuel gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000572 poisoning Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000000607 poisoning effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000032258 transport Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002918 waste heat Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04223—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids during start-up or shut-down; Depolarisation or activation, e.g. purging; Means for short-circuiting defective fuel cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04223—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids during start-up or shut-down; Depolarisation or activation, e.g. purging; Means for short-circuiting defective fuel cells
- H01M8/04225—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids during start-up or shut-down; Depolarisation or activation, e.g. purging; Means for short-circuiting defective fuel cells during start-up
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/043—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems applied during specific periods
- H01M8/04302—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems applied during specific periods applied during start-up
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a fuel cell system and a method for starting up such a fuel cell system.
- Fuel cells have been known for a long time and have become significantly more important, particularly in the automotive industry.
- a chemical reaction generates electricity in a fuel cell. This turns a fuel and an oxidant into electrical energy and water
- a fuel cell essentially consists of an anode part, a membrane and a cathode part.
- the membrane is made of porous, electrically conductive material and is arranged between the anode and the cathode in order to exchange ions.
- the fuel is supplied on the anode side, while the oxidant is supplied on the cathode side.
- Protons or hydrogen ions are generated at the anode by catalytic reactions and move through the membrane to the cathode.
- the hydrogen ions react with the oxygen and water is formed.
- the electrons released during the reaction can be conducted as electrical current through a consumer, for example the electric motor of an automobile.
- hydrogen as fuel and oxygen or air as oxidizing agent are used as gaseous reactants for the fuel cell.
- a readily available or storable fuel such as natural gas, methanol or the like
- it is a desire for them to be ready for use as quickly as possible, ie for all components to be brought to operating temperature as quickly as possible and to achieve their full performance.
- the start-up phase or start-up phase should be kept as short as possible. Furthermore, a method for starting up such a fuel cell is to be provided.
- a fuel cell system with a fuel cell having an anode part with a feed line and a discharge line for a fuel, a cathode part with a feed line and a discharge line for an oxidizing agent and a membrane, with a device for generating / processing the fuel, which is connected to the fuel cell via the fuel feed line, wherein a sensor element for determining the concentration and a valve, which is connected to a bypass line bypassing the fuel cell, are provided in the fuel feed line, with a delivery device and a valve are arranged in the oxidant feed line, the
- Valve is connected to a bypass line bypassing the fuel cell, a fuel tank, which is connected via a fuel feed line to the device for producing / processing the fuel, at least one delivery device being provided in the fuel feed line, and to an additional electrical power source, in particular a battery, which is electrically connected to the conveyor devices so that they are driven or can be driven by the power source during the starting phase of the fuel cell system.
- a basic idea of the present invention is that those components of the fuel cell system that are absolutely necessary for starting up the fuel cell system are initially driven by an additional electrical power source during the starting phase.
- a battery in particular one, can be used as an additional electrical power source rechargeable battery, also a capacitor can be used. It is particularly recommended to use capacitors with excessive storage density compared to conventional capacitors, which are also called “ultracaps" and can withstand an extremely high number of cycles (loading and unloading).
- the energy required by the individual components during the starting phase of the fuel cell system can be provided immediately via the additional electrical power source.
- the power requirement for the electrical power source should be as small as possible.
- the individual electrical consumers of the fuel cell system are then supplied via the fuel cell itself, the additional electrical power source being recharged via the fuel cell.
- the energy supply for the thermal consumers is realized through the use of fuel.
- the hydrogen must first be produced or processed, for example, from a liquid or gaseous fuel consisting of hydrocarbons, such as methanol, methane, gasoline, natural gas, coal gas, biogas or the like.
- a liquid or gaseous fuel consisting of hydrocarbons, such as methanol, methane, gasoline, natural gas, coal gas, biogas or the like.
- This production or processing of the fuel takes place in the device for generating / processing the fuel.
- the fuel is fed into the fuel tank via a fuel feed line
- At least one delivery device is provided in the fuel supply line to support the feed.
- This conveying device or these conveying devices which can be designed when using liquid fuel as a pump or the like, usually initially convey the fuel into an intermediate tank, from which the device for
- the conveyor is advantageously designed such that only a small electrical power is required.
- the intermediate tank can be higher than various heating devices of the fuel production and processing system, which are in the further course of the description will be explained in more detail and are designed for example as a burner or the like. These heating devices are used to supply thermal energy to various thermal consumers.
- the fuel can be transported by means of the hydrostatic pressure.
- a separate conveying device can then be dispensed with and only a corresponding valve for controlling the inflow is required. With such a configuration, the heating devices could be ignited electrically and the system could be brought up thermally.
- the fuel gas leaving the device for generating / processing the fuel is fed into the fuel cell via the fuel feed line. If the fuel cell is operated with hydrogen and this is generated from one of the fuels already mentioned as a hydrogen-rich gas, essentially hydrogen and carbon dioxide are generated during the conversion process. Furthermore, substances which are harmful to the fuel cell, such as carbon monoxide or the like, also arise and must be removed before the fuel enters the fuel cell. From a certain concentration, such harmful substances result in the power output by the fuel cell being reduced and the efficiency of the fuel cell being greatly reduced.
- the sensor element for determining the concentration of harmful substances in the fuel and the bypass line bypassing the fuel cell, which is connected to the fuel supply line via the valve, can prevent harmful substances from accidentally entering the fuel cell. Basically that is
- Invention is not limited to the detection of certain substances.
- the fuel After the fuel has escaped from the device for generating / processing the fuel, it flows through the sensor element for determining the concentration, through which the respective concentration of harmful substances in the
- Fuel can be detected and measured. If the concentration of a harmful substance in the fuel exceeds a predetermined limit value, the gas flow of the fuel is not directed into the fuel cell via a corresponding position of the valve, but instead bypasses the fuel cell via the bypass line. The consequence of this is that the fuel cell cannot be poisoned by the substances in the gas stream. As long as the sensor element measures a concentration of the harmful substances that exceeds the limit value, the gas flow is guided past the fuel cell. Only at the moment when the concentration of harmful substances falls below a permissible limit value is the gas stream introduced into the fuel cell, so that the required electrical power can then be supplied by the fuel cell.
- the oxidizing agent for example oxygen or air
- the oxidizing agent feed line is fed to the fuel cell via the oxidizing agent feed line.
- a suitable conveying device is provided in the oxidant feed line.
- This conveying device can be designed, for example, but not exclusively, as a pump, compressor or blower, and here in particular as a regulated blower.
- the oxidizing agent is sucked into the oxidizing agent feed line via the conveying device.
- the oxidizing agent In order to avoid damage to the fuel cell, it is necessary for the oxidizing agent to be moistened when it enters the fuel cell.
- this moistening of the oxidizing agent can be carried out, for example, by means of water formed in the fuel cell. However, such water is not yet available during the start-up phase of the fuel cell. The one entering the fuel cell
- Oxidant stream would thus enter the fuel cell dry during the starting phase, which would lead to the fuel cell drying out for a short time.
- Oxidizing agent supply valve is provided, which is connected to a bypass line bypassing the fuel cell.
- the valve is switched in such a way that the oxidant gas stream is not directed into the fuel cell, but rather bypasses it.
- the oxidant gas stream directed past the fuel cell can then take on further functions in the fuel cell system, as will be explained in more detail in the further course of the description. It is therefore necessary that the conveyor device located in the oxidant feed line is already driven by the additional electrical power source during the starting phase of the fuel cell system.
- the delivery device can then be driven via the power generated by the fuel cell itself.
- the conveyor in the oxidant supply line for example a compressor, should be controlled in such a way that it starts to demand power as late as possible.
- the fuel cell system designed according to the invention ensures that those which are absolutely necessary for the startup process of the fuel cell system
- Components can be actuated immediately, so that the starting phase, that is, the phase until the fuel cell can supply the electrical current required for the operation of a consumer, can be kept very short, without causing damage to the fuel cell or individual components of the burner - can come.
- Two delivery devices can advantageously be provided in the fuel feed line.
- One of these delivery devices can be designed, for example, as a fuel pump.
- the fuel is pumped out of the fuel tank via this fuel pump and passed into the device for generating / processing the fuel.
- the conveyor device which is also provided can be designed as a double pump, i.e. be prepared for the simultaneous promotion of two media.
- Double pumps have the task, for example, of mixing the pure fuel pumped out of the fuel tank with another medium, for example water or the like, before entering the device for generating / processing the fuel.
- This fuel mixture generated in the double pump is then either temporarily stored in an intermediate tank, or is fed directly into the device for producing / processing the fuel. Since the supply of fuel or the fuel mixture is already required in the starting phase of the fuel cell system, both delivery devices are preferably driven via the additional electrical power source during the starting phase of the fuel cell system.
- the intermediate tank is always filled and the fuel mixture is conveyed out of the intermediate tank. This can be done, for example, without or with a corresponding conveyor device which can be connected to the electrical power source.
- the valves for the bypass lines can preferably be designed as three-way valves. Such valves allow easy and accurate control of the Gas streams. Three-way valves can usually be controlled quickly, so that they can be opened or closed without delay. In this way, if a value exceeding the permissible limit value for harmful substances is measured in the sensor element for determining the concentration, this information can be quickly implemented, for example via a corresponding computer, a control and control device or the like, so that poisoning of the fuel cell by harmful Substances or their drying out is prevented.
- the drives required to actuate the valves can also be driven via the additional electrical power source during the starting phase of the fuel cell system.
- the device for generating / processing the fuel can have a number of reactor elements, individual reactor elements being designed as heat sinks, each of which is thermally connected to a heating device.
- the heating device in turn is preferably connected to the fuel supply line or the electrical power source for energy supply in order to enable the system to be started up thermally.
- the individual reactor elements of the arrangement for generating / processing the fuel are connected to one another via corresponding lines, so that the fuel can flow through the individual reactor elements during its generation or processing.
- a reactor element functioning as a heat sink can be designed, for example, as an evaporator. Such an evaporator is required, for example, if hydrogen is to be reformed from methanol, natural gas or the like.
- Another heat sink is a reformer which is connected downstream of the evaporator and in which the fuel used as the starting material is reformed to hydrogen with water vapor.
- the reactor elements functioning as a heat source can be designed, for example, as selective oxidation. This reactor element is required if the
- Hydrogen is processed by the partial oxidation process.
- the gas is first cleaned in a shift reactor by means of a homogeneous water gas reaction and finely cleaned in the subsequent stage - the selective oxidation.
- the reactor elements designed as heat sinks are connected to a heating device, via which they can be brought to their required operating temperature.
- the heating devices can be designed, for example, but not exclusively, as burners, in particular as catalytic burners, or as electrical heating elements.
- the heating device is designed as an electrical heating element, the required electrical energy can be provided by the additional electrical power source during the starting phase of the fuel cell system.
- the electrical heating device can be designed, for example, as a heating wire, heating coil or the like.
- the heating device is designed as a burner, in particular as a catalytic burner, it is expediently connected to the fuel supply line for energy supply.
- the heating device can thus be supplied with fuel as long as necessary during the starting phase of the fuel cell system.
- the fuel can be drawn from the fuel tank in the fuel line by means of the delivery device and made available to the heating devices designed as burners in the fuel production.
- Suitable metering devices can optionally be provided between the conveying device and the heating devices.
- the heating devices are arranged lower than the fuel tank so that the fuel is transported via the hydrostatic pressure and a special delivery device can be dispensed with.
- the heaters are preferably ignited electrically.
- a bypass line can be provided for temporarily bypassing the conveyor.
- the fuel can then be transported during normal operation on the basis of the hydrostatic principle solely on the basis of the hydrostatic pressure. If there is an increased fuel requirement, the fuel can be passed or pumped via the delivery device by providing appropriate valves.
- an electrically operated conveying device can advantageously be provided, which is arranged in a flow circuit for a heating / cooling medium passing through the reactor elements and for the power supply the additional electrical power source is connected.
- This conveyor device can thus also be driven via the electrical power source during the starting phase of the fuel cell system.
- the flow circuit of the heating / cooling medium which is designed, for example, as a closed flow circuit, ensures that heat is transported between the individual reactor elements.
- the heat released in the reactor elements functioning as a heat source can thus be used to additionally heat the reactor elements designed as a heat sink. As a result, the thermal energy generated by the reactor elements acting as a heat source is not lost.
- the conveying device can advantageously be designed as a pump or blower.
- An especially advantageous heating / cooling medium is, for example, an oil, and here in particular a highly heat-resistant oil.
- the senor element can be designed to determine the concentration of carbon monoxide in a gas stream, in particular in the fuel stream. As has already been described in detail above, these are:
- Carbon monoxide is a very harmful gas for the fuel cell, which can arise from the reforming of hydrogen from hydrocarbons.
- the presence of carbon monoxide in the fuel can be detected at an early stage via a correspondingly designed sensor element, so that suitable measures can be taken, such as switching the valve and bypassing the gas flow via the bypass line past the fuel cell.
- the sensor element for determining the concentration can advantageously be designed as an infrared spectrometer. Infrared spectrometry measures molecular vibrations and rotations by absorbing radiation in the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. In another embodiment, the sensor element for determining the concentration can be designed as a sensor element for measuring the nuclear magnetic resonance of a substance. However, the invention is not limited to the two examples mentioned, so that other configurations of the sensor element for determining the concentration are also possible.
- the oxidant discharge line can advantageously be connected to a filter, in particular an activated carbon filter, which in turn has a connecting line to the fuel tank. As will be explained in more detail below, the oxidant, for example an air stream, which bypasses the fuel cell during the starting phase of the fuel cell system can be used to clean and regenerate the filter, which performs various functions.
- hydrocarbons are generally released. Since hydrocarbons are harmful to the environment and can also cause damage in the fuel cell system, they must be bound in a suitable manner. This is usually done via the filter element, for example the activated carbon filter. However, this filter element must be regenerated from time to time to ensure the functionality. If timely regeneration is neglected, the hydrocarbons can reach the atmosphere unhindered through the filter element.
- the oxidant gas stream is introduced into it or passed through it.
- the oxidant stream is used for this purpose, which is bypassed the fuel cell via the bypass line.
- the oxidant gas stream is used for this purpose, which is derived from the fuel cell via the corresponding discharge line.
- the actual regeneration of the filter element takes place in that the oxidant gas stream entrains the hydrocarbon molecules located in the filter element.
- the filter can advantageously also be connected to the heating device or devices in the device for generating / processing the fuel.
- the oxidant stream after flowing through the filter and desorbing and entraining the hydrocarbons, can be used in the production of the fuel.
- the heating devices which are in particular designed as burners, are supplied with the fuel absorbed or the hydrocarbons absorbed when the filter is being regulated, as a result of which, among other things, the gas treatment process within the device for generating / processing the fuel is brought to the corresponding operating temperature when the fuel cell system is started up becomes.
- an arrangement for heating / cooling the fuel cell via a heating / cooling medium can be provided, which has a heating device which is connected to the fuel supply line or the additional electrical power source.
- the fuel cell can be quickly and easily heated to the ideal temperature range during the starting phase. Heat is usually generated in the fuel cell during operation, which causes it to heat up. After the operating temperature has been reached, the excess heat loss generated in a fuel cell must be dissipated.
- the heating phase of the fuel cell until the ideal operating temperature is reached takes a certain amount of time, which is particularly disadvantageous for a faster start of the fuel cell.
- the fuel cell can be preheated during the starting phase and thus accelerated to the ideal operating temperature. This means that the fuel cell is fully operational in a very short time.
- the heating device is designed as a burner, in particular as a catalytic burner, it should expediently be connected to the fuel feed line for its energy supply. In this way, the heating device can be supplied with fuel via the delivery device. If the heating device is designed as an electrical heating device, it is preferably connected to the additional electrical power source.
- a conveyor for the heating / cooling medium which is connected to the additional electrical power source, can preferably be provided in the arrangement for heating / cooling the fuel cell.
- the arrangement for heating / cooling the fuel cell has a flow line for the heating / cooling medium, which is connected to the fuel cell in such a way that an indirect thermal exchange takes place or takes place between the fuel cell and the heating / cooling medium in the flow line can.
- the flow line can penetrate the fuel cell, for example, at least in some areas.
- the heating / cooling medium in the flow line is heated via the heating device.
- the heated heating / cooling medium enters the fuel cell, where it stores the stored heat releases the fuel cell and heats it up.
- the heat loss generated in it is transported away via the heating / cooling medium.
- the delivery device can be designed as a pump, blower or the like.
- the conveying device is preferably connected to the additional electrical power source, so that it can also be operated immediately when the fuel cell system is started.
- a method for starting up a fuel cell system according to the invention as described above is provided, which is characterized according to the invention by the following steps:
- the method according to the invention makes it possible in a simple manner to start the fuel cell system without causing damage to the fuel cell or individual components of the fuel cell system can come, and the start phase of the fuel cell system is kept very short.
- the advantages, effects, effects and the mode of operation of the method according to the invention reference is made in full to the above statements regarding the fuel cell system according to the invention and reference is hereby made. Preferred embodiments of the method result from the subclaims.
- fuel in the starting phase of the fuel cell system, fuel can be introduced into the heating device or heating devices for the reactor elements in the device for generating / processing the fuel via the at least one delivery device in the fuel supply line or the bypass line operated by the additional electrical power source, or the heating device or Heating devices can be operated via the additional electrical power source in order to supply the reactor elements with the thermal energy required for the operation of the device for generating / processing the fuel.
- a delivery device for a heating / cooling medium provided in the device for generating / processing the fuel can be driven to control the temperature of the reactor elements via the electrical power source.
- the oxidizing agent bypassing the fuel cell can preferably be introduced into the filter connected to the fuel tank, in particular the activated carbon filter, in order to rinse it and then to add the oxidizing agent enriched in this way with fuel into the heating device or devices to generate / prepare the fuel and use it there for combustion, thereby bringing the reactor elements to temperature.
- fuel in the starting phase of the fuel cell system, fuel can be introduced into the heating device provided in the arrangement for heating / cooling the fuel cell via the at least one conveying device in the fuel supply line, or the heating device is supplied via the additional electrical power source operated to bring the fuel cell to the required operating temperature.
- a fuel cell system as described above or a method as described above for starting a fuel cell system in or for a vehicle, in particular a vehicle with an electric traction drive can be used. Due to the rapid development of fuel cell technology in the vehicle sector, such use currently offers particularly good applications. However, other possible uses are also conceivable. These include fuel cells for mobile devices such as computers or the like up to power plants. Here, fuel cell technology is particularly suitable for the decentralized energy supply of houses, industrial plants or the like.
- the present invention is preferably used in connection with fuel cells with polymer membranes (PEM). These fuel cells have a high electrical efficiency, cause only minimal emissions, have an optimal part-load behavior and are essentially free of mechanical
- FIGURE shows a schematic view of a fuel cell system according to the invention.
- a fuel cell system 10 is shown, which is used to operate an electric drive for a vehicle.
- the fuel cell system 10 has a fuel cell 11 with an anode part 12, a cathode part 14 and a membrane 13.
- the anode part 12 is connected to a feed line 15 and a discharge line 16 for a fuel, in the present case hydrogen.
- the cathode part 14 is connected to a feed line 17 and a discharge line 18 for an oxidizing agent, in the present case oxygen or air.
- the supply line 17 for the oxidizing agent there is a filter 20, an oxidizing agent mass sensor 21, a conveying device 22 designed as a regulated fan, a residual moisture transmitter 23, a three-way valve 24 and an arrangement 40 for heating / cooling the fuel cell 1 1 belonging heat sink 43, which takes over the function of a heat exchanger, is provided.
- the fan 22 is connected via an electrical connection 76 to an additional electrical power source 75 designed as a rechargeable battery and provided for the fuel cell 11.
- a water separator 26 is provided in the discharge line 18 for the oxidizing agent and is connected to a line 27 for discharging water. Furthermore, a pressure regulator 28 and part of the residual moisture exchanger 23 are provided in the discharge line 18.
- the three-way valve 24 provided in the supply line 17 is connected to the oxidant discharge line 18 via a bypass line 25.
- a check valve 29 is also provided in the oxidant discharge line 18.
- the oxidant discharge 18 opens into a filter element 57, in the present case an activated carbon filter.
- the ambient air used as the oxidizing agent is sucked in via the particle filter 20 by the regulated fan 22.
- the entering air mass is determined in front of the blower 22 with the air mass sensor 21. After passing through the residual moisture exchanger 23, the air mass flows through the three-way valve 24.
- the three-way valve 24 is switched in such a way that the oxidant flow is passed via the bypass line 25 past the fuel cell 11 directly into the oxidant discharge line 18. In this way, the dry stream of oxidant cannot enter the fuel cell 11.
- the oxidant stream is passed through the oxidant discharge line 18 into the filter element 57 in order to rinse and regenerate it, as will be explained in more detail in the further course of the description.
- the blower 22 and any control devices (not shown) of the valve 24 are driven by the battery 75.
- the blower 22 and any control devices (not shown) of the valve 24 are driven by the battery 75.
- the blower 22 and the corresponding control devices of the valve 24 are supplied with electrical current via the fuel cell 11, the battery 75 simultaneously again is charged. In this phase, the blower 22 is operated only with low power in the so-called power saving mode.
- water is also produced, which is derived in the form of water vapor in the exhaust gas stream of the cathode part 14 via the discharge line 18.
- the oxidizing agent containing the water vapor flows through after it has left the fuel cell 11 first the water separator 26, in which a portion of the water vapor already condenses into liquid water. The water condensed out in this way is discharged via line 27.
- the remaining exhaust gas stream of the oxidizing agent is expanded in the pressure regulator 28. This reduces the moisture content in the exhaust gas flow.
- the remaining moisture is then extracted from the gas stream by the residual moisture exchanger 23.
- the moisture extracted from the oxidizing agent in the residual moisture exchanger 23 is used to suitably moisten the oxidizing agent that is originally dry to the fuel cell 11 via the oxidizing agent feed line 17 and is dry.
- the heat exchanger 43 is provided, which will be explained in more detail in the further course of the description.
- a device 80 for generating / processing the fuel is also provided for generating or processing the fuel.
- the device 80 has a number of reactor elements which, in the present exemplary embodiment, are designed as evaporators 81, reformer 82, shift reactor 83 and partial oxidation 84. These reactor elements are connected to a fuel feed line 63 on the inlet side of the device 80 and to the fuel feed line 15 on their outlet side.
- Two of the reactor elements namely the evaporator 81 and the reformer 82, are designed as so-called heat sinks, which means that heat is required in them for operation.
- the evaporator 81 and the reformer 82 are coupled to heating devices 85, 86 designed as catalytic burners.
- the required heat is supplied to the reactor elements during operation of the device 80 via the heating devices 85, 86.
- a flow circuit 88 is also provided for temperature control of the individual reactor elements conveyor 87 designed as a pump.
- the heating / cooling medium flowing through the flow circuit 88 absorbs the heat released in the reactor elements designed as heat sources and transports it to the reactor elements designed as a heat sink, where the heat is then transferred.
- the conveyor 87 regulates the flow rate and thus the flow rate of the heating / cooling medium.
- the conveyor 87 is connected to the additional electrical power source 75 via an electrical connection 89.
- the operation of the conveyor 87 during the start phase of the fuel cell system 10 can be dispensed with better, since the operation of the conveyor 87 also consumes energy.
- the fuel cell system 10 has a fuel tank 55 for holding a fuel consisting of hydrocarbons, such as methanol, natural gas, gasoline or the like, from which hydrogen is produced in the device 80 for generating / processing the fuel.
- the fuel tank 55 is connected via a tank protection valve 56 to the filter element 57 designed as an activated carbon filter.
- the fuel tank 55 is connected via the fuel line 63 to the device 80 for generating / processing the fuel.
- two delivery devices are provided in the fuel line 63, which are designed as a fuel pump 58 and as a double pump 60.
- the double pump 60 is not only connected to the fuel tank 55 on the suction side, but also to a water tank 62.
- the fuel pump 58 and the double pump 60 are connected to the additional electrical power source 75 via corresponding electrical connections 77, 78.
- an intermediate tank 61 is connected downstream of the double pump 60 in the fuel feed line 63.
- the heating devices 85, 86 of the device 80 for generating / processing the fuel which are designed as burners, are connected to the fuel supply line 63 via a corresponding line 64.
- the line 64 is connected to the fuel line 63 in the flow direction after the fuel pump 58.
- the individual heating devices 85, 86 are connected to the line via corresponding branch lines 69, 70 Line 64 connected.
- Corresponding metering devices 66, 67 are provided in the branch lines 69, 70 for supplying a precisely defined amount of fuel to the heating devices 85, 86.
- the filter element 57 is connected to a divider 71 via a feed line 72.
- Two lines 73, 74 come out of the divider 71, each of which is connected to the heating devices 85, 86, so that the filter element 57 is connected to the heating devices 85, 86.
- a sensor element 90 for determining the concentration of pollutants in the present case a sensor element for determining the concentration of carbon monoxide in the fuel, is provided in the feed line 15 for the fuel, which adjoins this on the outlet side of the device 80 for generating / processing the fuel , Furthermore, a three-way valve 91 is arranged in the feed line 15, which is connected to a bypass line 92 bypassing the fuel cell 11. Finally, a heat sink 44 is provided in the feed line 15, which is designed in the form of a heat exchanger. The heat sink 44 is part of the arrangement 40 for heating / cooling the fuel cell 11.
- the hydrogen When the fuel cell system 10 is started, the hydrogen must be generated or processed as quickly as possible in the device 80.
- the fuel is pumped out of the fuel tank 55 via the fuel pump 58 and pumped into the double pump 60 through the fuel filter 59.
- the fuel In the double pump 60, the fuel is mixed with water taken from the water tank 62. This mixture is then temporarily stored in the intermediate tank 61 before it is introduced into the device 80 for generating / processing the fuel.
- the fuel pump 58 and the double pump 60 are connected to the additional electrical power source 75. In this way, they can already be operated reliably before the fuel cell 11 has reached its operational capability and can supply electrical current.
- the fuel mixture entering device 80 is reformed therein to produce hydrogen.
- the components required for this such as the conveying device 87 or the heating devices 85, 86, if they are designed as electrical heating devices, are likewise operated via the additional electrical power source 75 during the starting phase of the fuel cell system 10. In normal operation of the fuel cell system, operation takes place via the fuel cell 11. If the heating devices 85, 86 are designed as burners, as in the case shown in the figure, they are operated on the one hand by means of the fuel removed from the fuel tank 55. For this purpose, a partial flow of the fuel is pumped via the fuel pump 58 into the branch line 64 and via this into the lines 69, 70.
- the quantity of fuel required for the heating devices 85, 86 is set in the metering devices 66, 67 and this is then fed into the heating devices 85, 86.
- the heating devices 85, 86 driven in this way can now supply the reactor elements 81, 82 which act as a heat sink with the heat required for operation.
- the heating devices 85, 86 are also supplied via the filter element 57.
- the oxidizing agent bypassed the fuel cell 11 during the starting phase of the fuel cell system 10 is conducted into the filter element 57 through the oxidizing agent discharge line 18 and through it.
- the hydrocarbons located in the filter element 57 are entrained by the oxidizing agent.
- the oxidant enriched in this way with fuel is passed on via the feed line 72 to the divider 71, where it is divided between the two lines 73, 74 and is then made available to the heating devices 85, 86 for combustion.
- the filter element 57 can be regenerated, on the other hand the fuel in the filter element 57 can be used to operate the heating devices 85, 86.
- Fuel cell system 10 possible to supply the necessary heating devices for generating / processing the fuel with energy. In this way, the starting phase of the fuel cell system 10 can be shortened considerably.
- the fuel leaving the device 80 has a concentration of certain substances that are harmful to the fuel cell 11.
- One such substance is carbon monoxide.
- the fuel emerging from the device 80 and flowing through the feed line 15 is examined with the aid of the sensor element 90. If the sensor element 90 measures a concentration of carbon monoxide that exceeds a predetermined limit value, the three-way valve 91 switched in such a way that the fuel does not enter the fuel cell 11 via the feed line 15, but rather is led past the latter via the bypass line 92.
- the bypass line 92 is advantageously connected to the fuel line 16 from the anode part 12.
- the fuel that bypasses the fuel cell 11 in this way can either be derived from the fuel cell system 10 or used further. To further utilize the fuel, it can be fed into the heating devices 85, 86, for example via corresponding lines, dividers or the like, and used there to generate heat. It is also conceivable to introduce the fuel again into the device 80 for producing / processing the fuel and to subject it to a renewed reforming process.
- a corresponding valve in particular a check valve 93, is provided in the fuel line 16 at the outlet of the fuel cell 11.
- valve 91 As soon as the concentration of carbon monoxide in the fuel flow has fallen below a certain limit, the valve 91 is switched over in such a way that the fuel can now enter the fuel cell 11 via the feed line 15. If the valve 91 by electrical actuators, such as those in
- control devices can be connected to the additional electrical power source 75 in order to enable operation at the start of the fuel cell system 10.
- the fuel cell system 10 furthermore has an arrangement 40 for heating / cooling the fuel cell 1 1.
- the arrangement 40 has a flow line 45 designed as a closed heating / cooling circuit, which is preferably supplied by a liquid heating / cooling medium, for example water, oil or the like - the same is flowing through.
- a liquid heating / cooling medium for example water, oil or the like
- Flow line 46 connected to the fuel cell 11 such that a thermal exchange between the fuel cell 11 and the heating / cooling medium takes place or can take place in the flow line 45, 46.
- the fuel cell 11 is penetrated by the partial area 46 of the flow line 45.
- the flow line 45 is preferably designed as a coil.
- a pump 49 is also provided, via which the flow rate of the heating / cooling medium is set and regulated.
- a cooling device 42 is provided with which the heat loss generated during operation of the fuel cell 11 can be dissipated.
- a heating element 41 is provided in the flow line 45 and is connected to a heating device 48. Furthermore, an additional flow line 47 branches off from the flow line 45 behind the fuel cell 1 1, which flows back into the flow line 45 behind the heat sink 44 and in which the heat sink 43 designed as a heat exchanger is arranged, which is connected in this way parallel to the heat sink 44 ,
- the heating element 41 is supplied with heat via the heating device 48.
- the heating device 48 is designed as an electrical heating device, it is preferably connected to the additional electrical power source 75 for this purpose.
- the heating device 48 is designed as a burner or the like, as in the case shown, it is preferably connected to the line 64 via a branch line 68 and a corresponding metering device 65 and via this to the fuel line 63. Similar to the heating devices 85, 86, the heating device 48 is thus supplied with fuel. The heat generated in the heating device 48 and thus in the heating element 41 is used to heat the heating / cooling medium flowing through the flow line 45.
- the heating / cooling medium heated in this way is pumped into the fuel cell 11 via the conveying device 49, where it releases the heat to the fuel cell 11 and thus heats it up.
- the heated heating / cooling medium is conducted via the flow line 47 into the heat sinks 43, 44, where it releases its heat to the oxidizing agent or the fuel supplied. In this way, both the oxidizing agent and the fuel supplied.
- Fuel are heated to a suitable temperature before entering the fuel cell 11.
- this rapid heating preferably takes place in that the conveyor device 49 is connected to the additional electrical power source 75 via an electrical connection 50 and in that the heating direction 48 fuel is made available via the fuel pump 58 connected to the additional electrical power source 75.
- the heating element 41 and the heating device 48 can be switched off.
- the waste heat produced by the fuel cell 11 is then used to heat the fuel or the oxidizing agent via the heat sinks 43, 44.
- the excess heat loss of the fuel cell 11 is dissipated via the cooling device 42.
- the additional electrical power source 75 which is not required during normal operation of fuel cell 11 and which can be designed, for example, as an on-board electrical system battery when fuel cell system 10 is used in a vehicle, is recharged via fuel cell 11 during normal operation thereof.
- tank protection valve Activated carbon filter
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Fuel Cell (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE10028331 | 2000-06-05 | ||
| DE10028331A DE10028331C2 (de) | 2000-06-05 | 2000-06-05 | Brennstoffzellensystem und Verfahren zum Hochfahren eines Brennstoffzellensystems sowie Verwendung des Brennstoffzellensystems |
| PCT/DE2001/002111 WO2001095415A2 (de) | 2000-06-05 | 2001-06-05 | Brennstoffzellensystem und verfahren zum hochfahren eines brennstoffzellensystems |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP1290745A2 true EP1290745A2 (de) | 2003-03-12 |
Family
ID=7645084
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP01955198A Withdrawn EP1290745A2 (de) | 2000-06-05 | 2001-06-05 | Brennstoffzellensystem und verfahren zum hochfahren eines brennstoffzellensystems |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP1290745A2 (de) |
| DE (1) | DE10028331C2 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2001095415A2 (de) |
Families Citing this family (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US7179556B2 (en) | 2001-08-10 | 2007-02-20 | Denso Corporation | Fuel cell system |
| JP2005276694A (ja) * | 2004-03-25 | 2005-10-06 | Nissan Motor Co Ltd | 燃料電池スタックの燃料ガス置換装置 |
| DE102006032471A1 (de) * | 2006-07-13 | 2008-01-17 | Webasto Ag | Brennstoffzellensystem mit Reformer und Nachbrenner |
| JP5109362B2 (ja) | 2006-12-15 | 2012-12-26 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 燃料電池システム及び燃料電池システムの起動方法 |
| WO2009010113A1 (de) * | 2007-07-18 | 2009-01-22 | Daimler Ag | Vorrichtung und verfahren zum aufwärmen einer brennstoffzelle in einer startphase |
| DE102014223906B4 (de) * | 2014-11-24 | 2021-11-11 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft | Brennstoffzellensystem mit einem befeuchteten Oxidationsmittelstrom, Verfahren zum Betrieb einesBrennstoffzellensystems und Wärmetauscher für ein Brennstoffzellensystem |
| DE102020200442A1 (de) | 2020-01-15 | 2021-07-15 | Robert Bosch Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung | Brennstoffzellensystem sowie Verfahren zur Analyse eines Reaktionsfluides |
| DE102020206698A1 (de) | 2020-05-28 | 2021-12-02 | Robert Bosch Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung | Verfahren zum Betanken von Brennstoffzellensystemen und Brennstoffzellensystemverbund |
Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5462815A (en) * | 1992-08-20 | 1995-10-31 | Fuji Electric Co., Ltd. | Fuel cell power generation system and method of controlling the same |
Family Cites Families (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS6145569A (ja) * | 1984-08-09 | 1986-03-05 | Nissan Motor Co Ltd | 自動車用電源装置 |
| JPH01197970A (ja) * | 1988-02-02 | 1989-08-09 | Toshiba Corp | 燃料電池発電システム |
| JPH03129674A (ja) * | 1989-10-13 | 1991-06-03 | Fuji Electric Co Ltd | 燃料電池用改質装置の起動方法 |
| JP3333877B2 (ja) * | 1990-11-23 | 2002-10-15 | ビーエイイー システムズ マリン リミテッド | 動力発生システムへの燃料電池の適用 |
| DE19523109C2 (de) * | 1995-06-26 | 2001-10-11 | Daimler Chrysler Ag | Kraftfahrzeug mit Brennkraftmaschine und einem Stromerzeugungssystem |
| JP3608017B2 (ja) * | 1996-07-22 | 2005-01-05 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 電源システム |
| AT408041B (de) * | 1998-10-08 | 2001-08-27 | Vaillant Gmbh | Brennstoffzellenanordnung |
-
2000
- 2000-06-05 DE DE10028331A patent/DE10028331C2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2001
- 2001-06-05 EP EP01955198A patent/EP1290745A2/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2001-06-05 WO PCT/DE2001/002111 patent/WO2001095415A2/de not_active Ceased
Patent Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5462815A (en) * | 1992-08-20 | 1995-10-31 | Fuji Electric Co., Ltd. | Fuel cell power generation system and method of controlling the same |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE10028331C2 (de) | 2002-11-07 |
| WO2001095415A3 (de) | 2002-06-27 |
| DE10028331A1 (de) | 2002-04-04 |
| WO2001095415A2 (de) | 2001-12-13 |
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