EP1279769B1 - Rail support device for railway track laid on ballast - Google Patents
Rail support device for railway track laid on ballast Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1279769B1 EP1279769B1 EP02075194A EP02075194A EP1279769B1 EP 1279769 B1 EP1279769 B1 EP 1279769B1 EP 02075194 A EP02075194 A EP 02075194A EP 02075194 A EP02075194 A EP 02075194A EP 1279769 B1 EP1279769 B1 EP 1279769B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- antivibration
- support device
- sleeper
- shoe
- ballast
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01B—PERMANENT WAY; PERMANENT-WAY TOOLS; MACHINES FOR MAKING RAILWAYS OF ALL KINDS
- E01B1/00—Ballastway; Other means for supporting the sleepers or the track; Drainage of the ballastway
- E01B1/002—Ballastless track, e.g. concrete slab trackway, or with asphalt layers
- E01B1/005—Ballastless track, e.g. concrete slab trackway, or with asphalt layers with sleeper shoes
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01B—PERMANENT WAY; PERMANENT-WAY TOOLS; MACHINES FOR MAKING RAILWAYS OF ALL KINDS
- E01B1/00—Ballastway; Other means for supporting the sleepers or the track; Drainage of the ballastway
- E01B1/001—Track with ballast
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01B—PERMANENT WAY; PERMANENT-WAY TOOLS; MACHINES FOR MAKING RAILWAYS OF ALL KINDS
- E01B19/00—Protection of permanent way against development of dust or against the effect of wind, sun, frost, or corrosion; Means to reduce development of noise
- E01B19/003—Means for reducing the development or propagation of noise
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a support device for the rails of a railway laid on ballast.
- a problem that arises is that of the protection of the antivibration sole while maintaining a good maintenance of the cross member to ensure sufficient stability of the crossbar in the ballast, while taking into account the variable dimensions of the cross, by example in the areas of switches.
- This stability of the sleepers is essential to ensure good reliability of the railway supported by the sleepers and thus prevent any deformation of the railway as a result of a lack of stability of a cross.
- Another problem that arises is to provide a support device that allows a uniform loading of the elastic sole during the passage of cars trains trains on the rails.
- EP-A-0569867 is already known a rail support device comprising a cross member resting on an elastic antivibratory sole with a liner surrounding the base and the lateral faces of the resilient antivibration sole and the lower part of the side faces of the cross member.
- the invention aims to eliminate the disadvantages of the interior art and thus improve the stability of railroad tracks placed on ballast.
- the rail support device comprises sleepers each resting on an antivibration sole with a slipper of elastic material wrapping the base and the lateral faces of the elastic sole and at least the lower part of the lateral faces of the crossbar, and a distribution plate.
- the dynamic stiffness of the resilient sole is preferably chosen smaller than the liner and the distribution plate is made of a relatively rigid material, for example wood, metal, plastic, rubber, polyamide or any other natural or synthetic material.
- the elastic sole under the crossbar is protected and therefore does not deteriorate, and its antivibration behavior is improved.
- this device ensures uniform loading of the elastic base when a car passes on the rails.
- the time constant of damping of the deformations of the rail is effectively reduced by selecting for the elastic base of each rail support, a dynamic stiffness such that the successive supports along each rail alternately form relatively rigid supports and relatively flexible supports.
- the ratio of the dynamic stiffness of the relatively rigid supports to that of the relatively flexible supports is preferably equal to a factor of at least 5. Thanks to this arrangement, the vibrations of the rail during the passage of a car on the rails are in a very short time so that the resonances between the rails and the car are avoided, which are not only annoying for the comfort of the passengers but also harmful for the rolling stock and the stability of the rails.
- the spacing between two successive antivibration mounts is a function of the type of rail and the dynamic stiffness of the antivibration mounts used in these mounts.
- the reference sign 11 designates a railway crossing and the reference sign 19 designates the ballast.
- the rails carried by the cross member 11 are not shown.
- the crosspiece 11 rests on an antivibration base 13 and it rests here on a distribution plate 15 made of a relatively rigid material: wood, metal, plastic, rubber, polyamide or any other natural or synthetic material.
- a liner 17 of elastic material for example an elastomer, surrounds the base and the lateral faces of the distribution plate 15, the lateral faces of the antivibration soleplate 13 and at least a portion of the lateral faces of the crosspiece 11.
- the dynamic stiffness the antivibration sole is chosen to be lower than that of the liner.
- the boot protects the antivibration elastic sole placed under the crossbar. It is cut or made from a sheet and has a bottom and side walls that attach to the bottom and are folded vertically. It can be made with any profile selected according to the cross and to ensure the best possible clamp around the cross while allowing easy introduction of the cross and easy removal of the cross for replacement or maintenance.
- the attachment of the side walls to the cross member is by any means: gluing, nailing, stapling, strapping for example.
- the distribution plate disposed between the antivibration resilient sole and the ballast promotes the uniform loading of the antivibration sole when a car passes over the rails and improves the antivibration behavior of the anti-vibration sole placed under the crossbar.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-section in the embodiment of FIG. 1.
- the ballast is not shown here to better show the arrangement according to the invention in a first embodiment.
- the distribution plate 15 is housed under the antivibration sole 13, inside the shoe 17 which rests on the ballast 19 of the railway.
- the distribution plate 15 can also be placed below the base of the liner.
- Such an embodiment is illustrated in Figure 3, on which the ballast is not shown either.
- the liner 17 envelops here the base and the lateral faces of the antivibration sole 13 and the lateral faces of the crosspiece 11 to a predetermined height.
- the distribution plate 15 then rests on the ballast and provides the same effects as in the first embodiment.
- the distribution plate may be incorporated in the liner or the base of the liner may itself serve as a distribution plate.
- the dynamic stiffness of the antivibration sole 13 is chosen such that the successive supports along the rails alternately form relatively rigid supports and relatively soft supports, the supports being alternated at regular distance.
- the ratio of the dynamic stiffness of the relatively rigid supports to that of the relatively flexible supports is preferably equal to a factor of at least 5.
- the vibrations of the rail during the passage of a car on the rails are thus amortized in a very short period of time, which avoids the production of resonances between the rails and the car, which are not only annoying for the comfort of the travelers but are also harmful to the rolling stock and the stability of the rails.
- the spacing between two successive antivibration mounts is determined according to the type of rail and the dynamic stiffness of the antivibration mounts used in these mounts.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Railway Tracks (AREA)
- Platform Screen Doors And Railroad Systems (AREA)
- Machines For Laying And Maintaining Railways (AREA)
- Vibration Prevention Devices (AREA)
Abstract
Description
La présente invention concerne un dispositif de support pour les rails d'une voie ferrée posée sur ballast.The present invention relates to a support device for the rails of a railway laid on ballast.
Il est déjà connu d'installer une semelle élastique sous les traverses d'une voie ferrée ballastée afin de renforcer la stabilité des traverses et des rails et aussi d'améliorer l'amortissement des vibrations générées lors du passage de voitures sur les rails. La semelle présente cependant l'inconvénient de se désintégrer et de se détériorer, en particulier lorsque le ballast doit être bourré. De plus, le fonctionnement antivibratoire de la semelle élastique n'est pas optimal par suite du contact irrégulier de la semelle avec le ballast sous la semelle. Enfin, le ballast génère des points de contact ponctuels qui ne permettent pas une mise en charge uniforme sur toute la surface de la semelle.It is already known to install a resilient sole under the sleepers of a ballasted railway track in order to reinforce the stability of sleepers and rails and also to improve the damping of the vibrations generated when passing cars on the rails. The sole, however, has the disadvantage of disintegrating and deteriorating, especially when the ballast must be stuffed. In addition, the antivibration operation of the elastic sole is not optimal due to the irregular contact of the sole with the ballast under the sole. Finally, the ballast generates point contact points that do not allow a uniform loading over the entire surface of the sole.
Un problème qui se pose est donc celui de la protection de la semelle antivibratoire tout en préservant cependant un bon maintien de la traverse afin d'assurer une stabilité suffisante de la traverse dans le ballast, tout en tenant compte des dimensions variables des traverses, par exemple dans les zones des appareils de voie. Cette stabilité des traverses est essentielle pour assurer une bonne fiabilité de la voie ferrée supportée par les traverses et empêcher ainsi toute déformation de la voie ferrée par suite d'un manque de stabilité d'une traverse.A problem that arises is that of the protection of the antivibration sole while maintaining a good maintenance of the cross member to ensure sufficient stability of the crossbar in the ballast, while taking into account the variable dimensions of the cross, by example in the areas of switches. This stability of the sleepers is essential to ensure good reliability of the railway supported by the sleepers and thus prevent any deformation of the railway as a result of a lack of stability of a cross.
Un autre problème qui se pose est celui de réaliser un dispositif de support qui permet un chargement uniforme de la semelle élastique lors du passage des voitures des rames ferroviaires sur les rails.Another problem that arises is to provide a support device that allows a uniform loading of the elastic sole during the passage of cars trains trains on the rails.
Par EP-A-0569867 est déjà connu un dispositif de support de rails comprenant une traverse reposant sur une semelle antivibratoire élastique avec un chausson enveloppant la base et les faces latérales de la semelle antivibratoire élastique et la partie inférieure des faces latérales de la traverse.By EP-A-0569867 is already known a rail support device comprising a cross member resting on an elastic antivibratory sole with a liner surrounding the base and the lateral faces of the resilient antivibration sole and the lower part of the side faces of the cross member.
L'invention vise à éliminer les inconvénients de l'art intérieur et améliorer ainsi la stabilité des voies ferrées posées sur ballast.The invention aims to eliminate the disadvantages of the interior art and thus improve the stability of railroad tracks placed on ballast.
Le dispositif de support de rails suivant l'invention, tel que défini par la revendication 1 annexée, comprend des traverses reposant chacune sur une semelle antivibratoire avec un chausson en matière élastique enveloppant la base et les faces latérales de la semelle élastique et au moins la partie inférieure des faces latérales de la traverse, et une plaque de répartition. La raideur dynamique de la semelle élastique est de préférence choisie inférieure à celle du chausson et la plaque de répartition est constituée d'une matière relativement rigide, par exemple bois, métal, matière plastique, caoutchouc, polyamide ou tout autre matériau naturel ou synthétique.The rail support device according to the invention, as defined by appended claim 1, comprises sleepers each resting on an antivibration sole with a slipper of elastic material wrapping the base and the lateral faces of the elastic sole and at least the lower part of the lateral faces of the crossbar, and a distribution plate. The dynamic stiffness of the resilient sole is preferably chosen smaller than the liner and the distribution plate is made of a relatively rigid material, for example wood, metal, plastic, rubber, polyamide or any other natural or synthetic material.
Grâce au chausson combiné la plaque de répartition, la semelle élastique sous la traverse se trouve protégée et ne se détériore donc pas, et son comportement antivibratoire se trouve amélioré. De plus, ce dispositif assure un chargement uniforme de la semelle élastique lors du passage d'une voiture sur les rails.Thanks to the combined slipper the distribution plate, the elastic sole under the crossbar is protected and therefore does not deteriorate, and its antivibration behavior is improved. In addition, this device ensures uniform loading of the elastic base when a car passes on the rails.
La constante de temps d'amortissement des déformations du rail se trouve réduite de façon efficace en sélectionnant pour la semelle élastique de chaque support de rail, une raideur dynamique telle que les supports successifs le long de chaque rail forment alternativement des appuis relativement rigides et des appuis relativement souples. Le rapport de la raideur dynamique des appuis relativement rigides à celle des appuis relativement souples est de préférence égal à un facteur d'au moins 5. Grâce à cette disposition, les vibrations du rail lors du passage d'une voiture sur les rails se trouvent amorties en un laps de temps très court de sorte que sont ainsi évitées les résonances entre les rails et la voiture, qui sont non seulement gênantes pour le confort des voyageurs mais également nuisibles pour le matériel roulant et la stabilité des rails. L'espacement entre deux supports antivibratoires successifs est fonction du type de rail et de la raideur dynamique des semelles antivibratoires utilisées dans ces supports.The time constant of damping of the deformations of the rail is effectively reduced by selecting for the elastic base of each rail support, a dynamic stiffness such that the successive supports along each rail alternately form relatively rigid supports and relatively flexible supports. The ratio of the dynamic stiffness of the relatively rigid supports to that of the relatively flexible supports is preferably equal to a factor of at least 5. Thanks to this arrangement, the vibrations of the rail during the passage of a car on the rails are in a very short time so that the resonances between the rails and the car are avoided, which are not only annoying for the comfort of the passengers but also harmful for the rolling stock and the stability of the rails. The spacing between two successive antivibration mounts is a function of the type of rail and the dynamic stiffness of the antivibration mounts used in these mounts.
Les avantages de l'invention apparaîtront clairement à la lecture de la description qui suit, accompagnée des dessins ci-annexés.
- La figure 1 est une vue en coupe longitudinale d'un dispositif de support de rails suivant l'invention dans une première forme d'exécution;
- La figure 2 est une vue en coupe transversale du dispositif de la figure 1 ;
- La figure 3 est une vue en coupe transversale du dispositif de support de rails suivant l'invention dans une deuxième forme d'exécution.
- Figure 1 is a longitudinal sectional view of a rail support device according to the invention in a first embodiment;
- Figure 2 is a cross-sectional view of the device of Figure 1;
- Figure 3 is a cross-sectional view of the rail support device according to the invention in a second embodiment.
Sur la figure 1, le signe de référence 11 désigne une traverse de voie ferrée et le signe de référence 19 désigne le ballast. Les rails portés par la traverse 11 ne sont pas représentés. La traverse 11 repose sur une semelle antivibratoire 13 et celle-ci repose ici sur une plaque de répartition 15 constituée d'une matière relativement rigide quelconque : bois, métal, matière plastique, caoutchouc, polyamide ou tout autre matériau naturel ou synthétique. Un chausson 17 en matière élastique, par exemple un élastomère, enveloppe la base et les faces latérales de la plaque de répartition 15, les faces latérales de la semelle antivibratoire 13 et au moins une partie des faces latérales de la traverse 11. La raideur dynamique de la semelle antivibratoire est choisie pour être inférieure à celle du chausson.In FIG. 1, the
Le chausson protège la semelle élastique antivibratoire placée sous la traverse. Il est découpé ou fabriqué d'une feuille et présente un fond et des parois latérales qui se rattachent au fond et sont pliées verticalement. Il peut être réalisé avec un profil quelconque choisi en fonction de la traverse et de manière à assurer le meilleur serrage possible autour de la traverse tout en permettant une introduction facile de la traverse ainsi qu'une extraction aisée de la traverse pour remplacement ou entretien. L'accrochage des parois latérales à la traverse se fait par un moyen quelconque : collage, clouage, agrafage, cerclage par exemple.The boot protects the antivibration elastic sole placed under the crossbar. It is cut or made from a sheet and has a bottom and side walls that attach to the bottom and are folded vertically. It can be made with any profile selected according to the cross and to ensure the best possible clamp around the cross while allowing easy introduction of the cross and easy removal of the cross for replacement or maintenance. The attachment of the side walls to the cross member is by any means: gluing, nailing, stapling, strapping for example.
La plaque de répartition disposée entre la semelle élastique antivibratoire et le ballast favorise le chargement uniforme de la semelle antivibratoire lors du passage d'une voiture sur les rails et améliore le comportement antivibratoire de la semelle antivibratoire placée sous la traverse.The distribution plate disposed between the antivibration resilient sole and the ballast promotes the uniform loading of the antivibration sole when a car passes over the rails and improves the antivibration behavior of the anti-vibration sole placed under the crossbar.
La figure 2 est une coupe transversale dans le mode d'exécution de la figure 1.
Le ballast n'est pas représenté ici afin de mieux montrer l'agencement suivant l'invention dans un premier mode d'exécution. Dans cet exemple, la plaque de répartition 15 est logée sous la semelle antivibratoire 13, à l'intérieur du chausson 17 qui repose sur le ballast 19 de la voie ferrée. La plaque de répartition 15 peut aussi être placée en dessous de la base du chausson. Un tel mode d'exécution est illustré à la figure 3, sur laquelle le ballast n'est pas représenté non plus. Le chausson 17 enveloppe ici la base et les faces latérales de la semelle antivibratoire 13 et les faces latérales de la traverse 11 jusqu'à une hauteur prédéterminée. La plaque de répartition 15 repose alors sur le ballast et assure les mêmes effets que dans le premier mode d'exécution. La plaque de répartition peut être incorporée au chausson ou bien la base du chausson peut elle-même servir de plaque de répartition.FIG. 2 is a cross-section in the embodiment of FIG. 1.
The ballast is not shown here to better show the arrangement according to the invention in a first embodiment. In this example, the
Afin de réduire la constante de temps d'amortissement des déformations des rails de manière à éviter les effets de résonance gênants pour le confort des voyageurs et nuisibles pour le matériel roulant et les rails, la raideur dynamique de la semelle antivibratoire 13 est choisie telle que les supports successifs le long des rails forment alternativement des appuis relativement rigides et des appuis relativement souples, les appuis étant alternés à distance régulière. Le rapport de la raideur dynamique des appuis relativement rigides à celle des appuis relativement souples est de préférence égal à un facteur d'au moins 5.In order to reduce the damping time constant of the deformations of the rails so as to avoid annoying resonance effects for the comfort of the passengers and harmful for rolling stock and rails, the dynamic stiffness of the
Les vibrations du rail lors du passage d'une voiture sur les rails se trouvent ainsi amorties en un laps de temps très court, ce qui évite la production de résonances entre les rails et la voiture, qui sont non seulement gênantes pour le confort des voyageurs mais sont également nuisibles pour le matériel roulant et pour la stabilité des rails. L'espacement entre deux supports antivibratoires successifs est déterminé en fonction du type de rail et de la raideur dynamique des semelles antivibratoires utilisées dans ces supports.The vibrations of the rail during the passage of a car on the rails are thus amortized in a very short period of time, which avoids the production of resonances between the rails and the car, which are not only annoying for the comfort of the travelers but are also harmful to the rolling stock and the stability of the rails. The spacing between two successive antivibration mounts is determined according to the type of rail and the dynamic stiffness of the antivibration mounts used in these mounts.
Claims (5)
- Support device for the rails of a railway track laid on ballast, comprising a plurality of sleepers, each sleeper (11) resting on a resilient antivibration sleeper pad (13) with a shoe (17) surrounding the base and the lateral faces of the resilient sleeper pad and at least the lower part of the side faces of the sleeper (11) characterised in that it furthermore includes a distribution plate (15, 15') made of a relatively rigid material to improve the load repartition of the sleeper pad, said plate being either placed beneath the base of the shoe so as to rest on the ballast, or incorporated with the base of the shoe, or the base of the shoe being comprised of a relatively rigid material so as to serve itself as a repartition plate.
- Rail support device according to claim 1, characterised in that the dynamic stiffness of the antivibration sleeper pad (13) is chosen to be less than the stiffness of the shoe (17).
- Rail support device according to any one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the dynamic stiffness of the antivibration sleeper pad (13) is chosen according to the dynamic behaviour of the rails.
- Rail support device according to any one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the dynamic stiffness of the antivibration sleeper pad (13) is chosen so that the successive supports along the rails form alternately relatively rigid bearing surfaces and relatively flexible bearing surfaces.
- Rail support device according to any one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the spacing between two successive sleepers depends on the type of rail and on the dynamic stiffness of the antivibration sleeper pads.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| BE2001/0512A BE1014318A6 (en) | 2001-07-26 | 2001-07-26 | SUPPORT DEVICE FOR RAIL RAIL ballasted. |
| BE200100512 | 2001-07-26 |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP1279769A2 EP1279769A2 (en) | 2003-01-29 |
| EP1279769A3 EP1279769A3 (en) | 2004-01-02 |
| EP1279769B1 true EP1279769B1 (en) | 2006-11-29 |
Family
ID=3897069
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP02075194A Expired - Lifetime EP1279769B1 (en) | 2001-07-26 | 2002-01-17 | Rail support device for railway track laid on ballast |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP1279769B1 (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE346978T1 (en) |
| BE (1) | BE1014318A6 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE60216374T2 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2275802T3 (en) |
| PT (1) | PT1279769E (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP4083320A1 (en) | 2021-04-28 | 2022-11-02 | Johannes Stephanides | Railway sleeper |
Families Citing this family (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2906269B1 (en) * | 2006-09-22 | 2008-12-19 | Alstom Transport Sa | RAILWAY TRAVERSE |
| EP1908881A1 (en) * | 2006-10-03 | 2008-04-09 | edilon)(sedra B.V. | Resilient rail support block assembly |
| DE102011086084A1 (en) * | 2011-11-10 | 2013-05-16 | Semperit Ag Holding | Threshold insole with friction-reducing coating for a track sill as well as track sill with such a threshold insole |
| CN107805977A (en) * | 2017-08-30 | 2018-03-16 | 中国铁道科学研究院铁道建筑研究所 | Elastic shoe and resilient sleeper-bearing component and non-fragment orbit for non-fragment orbit |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AT405197B (en) * | 1990-01-30 | 1999-06-25 | Porr Allg Bauges | Track and track substructure for rail-bound vehicles |
| ES2094960T5 (en) * | 1992-05-09 | 2002-01-01 | Phoenix Ag | CONSTRUCTION OF A RAIL. |
| FR2731238B1 (en) * | 1995-03-02 | 1997-05-30 | Vagneux Traverses Beton | PROCESS FOR LAYING A RAILWAY AND PREFABRICATED SLAB FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THIS PROCESS |
| SE504890C2 (en) * | 1996-02-13 | 1997-05-20 | Thomas Lagoe | Ways of assembling rails and sleepers and tracks for track-bound vehicles that cause noise cancellation |
| FR2771760B1 (en) * | 1997-12-01 | 2000-02-18 | Vagneux Traverses Beton | RAILWAY CROSSING CARRYING SLIPPERS, AND SLIPPERS FOR SUCH CROSSINGS |
-
2001
- 2001-07-26 BE BE2001/0512A patent/BE1014318A6/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2002
- 2002-01-17 ES ES02075194T patent/ES2275802T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-01-17 DE DE60216374T patent/DE60216374T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-01-17 PT PT02075194T patent/PT1279769E/en unknown
- 2002-01-17 EP EP02075194A patent/EP1279769B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-01-17 AT AT02075194T patent/ATE346978T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP4083320A1 (en) | 2021-04-28 | 2022-11-02 | Johannes Stephanides | Railway sleeper |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| ATE346978T1 (en) | 2006-12-15 |
| DE60216374D1 (en) | 2007-01-11 |
| BE1014318A6 (en) | 2003-08-05 |
| DE60216374T2 (en) | 2007-09-27 |
| EP1279769A3 (en) | 2004-01-02 |
| ES2275802T3 (en) | 2007-06-16 |
| PT1279769E (en) | 2007-02-28 |
| EP1279769A2 (en) | 2003-01-29 |
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