EP1275020A1 - Commutateur optique a pieces mobiles et son procede de realisation - Google Patents
Commutateur optique a pieces mobiles et son procede de realisationInfo
- Publication number
- EP1275020A1 EP1275020A1 EP01925656A EP01925656A EP1275020A1 EP 1275020 A1 EP1275020 A1 EP 1275020A1 EP 01925656 A EP01925656 A EP 01925656A EP 01925656 A EP01925656 A EP 01925656A EP 1275020 A1 EP1275020 A1 EP 1275020A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- optical
- substrate
- optical means
- stop
- switch according
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
- G02B6/35—Optical coupling means having switching means
- G02B6/351—Optical coupling means having switching means involving stationary waveguides with moving interposed optical elements
- G02B6/3512—Optical coupling means having switching means involving stationary waveguides with moving interposed optical elements the optical element being reflective, e.g. mirror
- G02B6/3518—Optical coupling means having switching means involving stationary waveguides with moving interposed optical elements the optical element being reflective, e.g. mirror the reflective optical element being an intrinsic part of a MEMS device, i.e. fabricated together with the MEMS device
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B26/00—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements
- G02B26/08—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements for controlling the direction of light
- G02B26/0816—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements for controlling the direction of light by means of one or more reflecting elements
- G02B26/0833—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements for controlling the direction of light by means of one or more reflecting elements the reflecting element being a micromechanical device, e.g. a MEMS mirror, DMD
- G02B26/0841—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements for controlling the direction of light by means of one or more reflecting elements the reflecting element being a micromechanical device, e.g. a MEMS mirror, DMD the reflecting element being moved or deformed by electrostatic means
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
- G02B6/35—Optical coupling means having switching means
- G02B6/351—Optical coupling means having switching means involving stationary waveguides with moving interposed optical elements
- G02B6/3512—Optical coupling means having switching means involving stationary waveguides with moving interposed optical elements the optical element being reflective, e.g. mirror
- G02B6/3514—Optical coupling means having switching means involving stationary waveguides with moving interposed optical elements the optical element being reflective, e.g. mirror the reflective optical element moving along a line so as to translate into and out of the beam path, i.e. across the beam path
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
- G02B6/35—Optical coupling means having switching means
- G02B6/354—Switching arrangements, i.e. number of input/output ports and interconnection types
- G02B6/3544—2D constellations, i.e. with switching elements and switched beams located in a plane
- G02B6/3546—NxM switch, i.e. a regular array of switches elements of matrix type constellation
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
- G02B6/35—Optical coupling means having switching means
- G02B6/3564—Mechanical details of the actuation mechanism associated with the moving element or mounting mechanism details
- G02B6/3568—Mechanical details of the actuation mechanism associated with the moving element or mounting mechanism details characterised by the actuating force
- G02B6/357—Electrostatic force
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
- G02B6/35—Optical coupling means having switching means
- G02B6/3564—Mechanical details of the actuation mechanism associated with the moving element or mounting mechanism details
- G02B6/358—Latching of the moving element, i.e. maintaining or holding the moving element in place once operation has been performed; includes a mechanically bistable system
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
- G02B6/35—Optical coupling means having switching means
- G02B6/3564—Mechanical details of the actuation mechanism associated with the moving element or mounting mechanism details
- G02B6/3584—Mechanical details of the actuation mechanism associated with the moving element or mounting mechanism details constructional details of an associated actuator having a MEMS construction, i.e. constructed using semiconductor technology such as etching
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an integrated optical switch with moving parts, an optical stirring device using the switch, and a method of making the switch.
- Optical patching devices are similar to multiplexers, capable of optically connecting one or more optical input channels, selectively to one or more output channels. They use optical switches for this purpose.
- the invention relates both to all-or-nothing switches, that is to say switches which authorize or prohibit the passage of light, as well as switches which return light or alternatively switches which modify a characteristic of the light. Switches can have two or more switching states.
- the invention finds general applications in the field of optical telecommunications, and optical signal processing.
- Documents (1), (2) and (3) the full references of which are given at the end of the description, give an illustration of a technological background of the invention.
- Document (1) describes a multi-channel optical switch equipped with a flexible distribution beam.
- This beam provided with an optical microguide used to distribute a light beam applied in an input channel, to a selected output channel of several possible output channels.
- the vertical mirrors can occupy a first switching position corresponding to a light reflection mode and a second switching position corresponding to a light transmission mode.
- the mirrors stand perpendicular to a main face of a support substrate. They can pivot, along an axis also perpendicular, between the two switching positions. Mirrors are moved by the exercise of electrostatic forces between a mirror support plate and a vertical electrode. In such a switch, controlling the verticality of the mirrors can be critical. In Indeed, a defect in the verticality of a mirror can cause a misalignment of the optical beam returned by the mirror.
- Document (3) also discloses a switch in which a mirror is pivoted by electromagnetic forces from a rest position parallel to the substrate, to an active position perpendicular to the substrate.
- a mirror is pivoted by electromagnetic forces from a rest position parallel to the substrate, to an active position perpendicular to the substrate.
- the object of the present invention is to propose an improved optical switch which does not present the above difficulties and in which the active position of a mirror or of other optical means can be fixed with precision.
- Nother aim is to provide a switch which may be all or nothing type but can also be designed to have several switching states.
- a further aim is to propose a particularly simple and economical method for producing such a switch.
- an object of the invention is to propose an optical patching device using the improved optical switch.
- the invention more specifically relates to an integrated optical switch comprising, on a substrate, optical means capable of interacting with a switching light, and motor means connected to the optical means to rotate them, between a first so-called rest position and at least a second so-called active position.
- the switch comprises first stop means, mobile, rigidly secured to the optical means, so as to be able to pivot with the optical means, and second, fixed stop means, arranged in a plane substantially parallel to the main face of the substrate, and cooperating with the first stop means for fixing said active position of the optical means.
- the driving means can be electrostatic means, or electromagnetic means.
- the pivot axis of the optical means and the first stop means is preferably parallel to the main face of the substrate.
- the fixed stop means are parallel to the main face of the substrate, it is possible to very simply and very precisely adjust the position of the fixed stop means.
- the movable stop means are rigidly secured to the optical means, the active position of the optical means is also fixed with precision by adjusting the fixed stop means.
- the fixed stop means according to the invention can be parallel to the main plane, the precision of formation of these means is linked to the precision of the thicknesses of the layers.
- these abutment means were produced by the wall of the obviously of the substrate which was perpendicular to the plane of the substrate, and the precision of the position of the optical means was then dependent on the precision of the assembly. This is not the case with the invention.
- the movable stop means can have an angular spacing with the optical means. Due to the rigid link between the movable stop means and the optical means this angle is kept unchanged during the pivoting movement of the optical means.
- the optical function and the positioning function are thus dissociated, unlike the prior art where the optical means and the movable stop were in a parallel plane.
- the stop means are not located in the same plane as the optical means. More specifically, the stop means are outside a plane parallel to a plane containing the optical means in the active position. They therefore do not risk interacting with light and do not require any special anti-reflective treatment to avoid parasitic reflection.
- the angle formed by the movable stop means with the optical means can be, for example, a right angle.
- the switching of the optical means may take place in 'such a way that, in the rest position, the optical means extends substantially parallel to the face principal of the substrate, and, in at least one from active positions, the optical means stand up substantially perpendicular to the main face of the substrate.
- the motor means can comprise at least a first electrode, called mobile electrode, secured to the optical means so as to be able to pivot with the optical means, and at least a second electrode, called said fixed electrode, secured to the substrate.
- a fixed electrode is associated respectively with each mobile electrode to exert respectively between the mobile electrode and the associated fixed electrode pivoting electrostatic forces.
- the first stop means that is to say the mobile stop means, integral with the optical means, can constitute one or more mobile electrode (s) or carry one or more mobile electrodes. The stop means then also have an actuation function of the optical means.
- the abutment means have an angular spacing with the optical means, it is possible to separate the plane of the electrode from the plane of the optical means and thus free the optical means from the constraints linked to the presence of an electrode . This allows a more varied choice of optical means.
- the optical means may comprise one or more optical components chosen, for example, from: a mirror, a separating blade, a lens, a blade of absorbent material and a blade of reflective material, a difractive optic.
- the motor means are of the electromagnetic type, the electrodes are replaced by magnetic coils.
- the optical means may have a first part with a first optical property, standing on the substrate in a first active position, and a second part having a second optical property, different from or identical to the first optical property, standing on the substrate in a second active position.
- the pivoting of the optical means and of the movable stop means can be ensured by hinged means which connect them to the substrate.
- the hinged means may comprise, for example, one or more torsion beams, extending substantially along the pivot axis.
- the torsion beams can in addition ensure the automatic return of the optical means to one of the active or rest positions.
- the invention further relates to an optical patching device comprising a plurality of optical switches, as described above, arranged in rows and rows, an optical input channel being associated with each row, respectively row, of switches and a optical output channel being associated with each row, respectively line, of switches.
- the optical patching device may further comprise a plurality of optical fibers respectively coupled to the lines and rows of optical switches. Each fiber is thus associated with an input channel or an output channel of the device.
- the invention also relates to a method of producing a switch as described.
- the method comprises the following successive steps: a) the formation of at least one fixed electrode on a main face of a first substrate, and definition of the optical means on a second substrate, parallel to a main face of the second substrate, b) assembling the first and second substrates, by comparing said main faces, and c) etching the second substrate by a free rear face, opposite the main face, to form, in the substrate, at least one movable stop, rigidly secured to the optical means, and to release the optical means.
- the mobile stop formed in the second substrate can serve as a support for the mobile electrode or itself constitute a mobile electrode when the material of the substrate is non-insulating.
- non-insulating material means a conductive or semiconductor material to which an electrical potential can be applied which is capable of generating the electrostatic force necessary for the pivoting of the optical means. It should also be noted that a plurality of stops and / or a plurality of mobile electrodes can be formed simultaneously or not.
- Step a) of the method may also include etching, in the first substrate, at least one cavity for receiving the optical means.
- the cavity makes it possible to receive the optical means, in particular in their rest position, so that they entirely free a space for the passage of the light ray to be switched.
- step a) of the method may include the definition, in the first substrate, of one or more fixed stops, cooperating with the mobile stop of the second substrate, to fix a position of the optical means in the active position and / or the rest position.
- the fixed stops constitute the fixed stop means and make it possible to better define the active or rest position of the optical means. In the absence of the stops, the fixed stop means can be simply formed by the surface of the main face of the first substrate.
- Figure 1 is a partial and schematic sectional view of an optical switch according to one invention.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic section along a plane I-I of the switch of Figure 1.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic section of a switch constituting a variant with respect to Figure 2.
- FIGS. 4 to 6 are schematic sections of substrates prepared for the formation of a switch according to the invention.
- FIG. 7 is a schematic representation of substrates prepared in accordance with Figures 4 to 6 in a state prior to their assembly.
- FIGs 8 and 9 are 'schematic sections of the substrates after their assembly and illustrate subsequent steps of a switch forming process according to the invention.
- FIG. 10 is a schematic and simplified representation, in top view, of an optical patching device including optical switches according to the invention.
- the switch of FIG. 1 comprises a first substrate 100 with a main face 110.
- the main face has a depression 112 in which are fixed electrodes 114.
- the depression 112 is designed to receive a mirror 120 in a rest position.
- the mirror 120 constitutes the optical means within the meaning of the invention.
- the mirror is rigidly connected to two fins 122 arranged on either side of the mirror. In the example illustrated, these form a right angle with the plane of the mirror.
- the fins are arranged opposite the fixed electrodes 114 and carry on their face facing the fixed electrodes, electrodes 124 called mobile electrodes.
- the fins 122 can be devoid of electrodes and constitute the electrodes themselves when they are made of a non-insulating material.
- Torsion beams 126 connect the assembly formed by the mirror 120 and the fins 122 to a fixed part of the substrate 100. They allow the mirror and the fins to pivot along an axis parallel to the main face 110. This axis is materialized by the beams 126 which constitute a hinge.
- the beams 126 are free from the bottom of the 'depression 112. They are connected to the fixed portion of the substrate that the ends indicated with the letter P in Figure 1. It can be also note that the mirror 120 and the beams 126 are etched in thin layers 201, 202 interposed between the first substrate 100 and a second substrate 200. This point, which does not appear in FIG. 1, will be described in more detail below. of the text, with reference to the following figures.
- the mirror occupies the low position shown in the figure in which it rests in depression 112.
- a light beam can pass over the substrate along a path shown in the figure by an arrow Fi.
- the beam passes into a free switching space 220 and into a first outlet groove 222, formed in the second substrate 200.
- the state in which a beam can take the path according to the arrow FI is a first switching state called the quiescent state.
- the assembly formed by the fins 122 and the mirror 120 pivots in a direction indicated by small arrows.
- the pivoting is caused by a torque which results from electrostatic forces exerted between the mobile and fixed electrodes. This torque must overcome a return torque exerted by the torsion beams 126.
- the switching threshold can be established experimentally or by calculation, it essentially depends on the surface of the electrodes, their conductivity, their spacing and the restoring torque of the torsion beams.
- the pivoting of the mirror is stopped when the fins 112 abut against the main face 110 of the first substrate 100.
- the main face is equipped with stops 128 designated by “fixed stops” and cooperating with the fins to more precisely fix the position of the mirror in its upright position.
- the fins constitute the movable stop means as defined above.
- the fixed stop means are formed by the main face of the first substrate, or by fixed stops when fitted.
- This state is, in the example illustrated, a second switching state, called "active state".
- the assembly formed by the mobile electrodes and the fixed electrodes is part of the motor means indicated above.
- Figure 2 is a simplified schematic section of the device of Figure 1 along the section plane II shown in Figure 1. It shows in solid line the mirror 120 and a fin 122 in an intermediate position between the rest position and active position. It also shows, in broken lines, these parts in the active position.
- stops 128 on the main face of the substrate 110 have a height adjusted so that the mirror 120 stands perpendicular to said face in the active position.
- the fin 122 is parallel to the main face of the substrate.
- the mirror 120 is formed of a support 119 and a layer of reflective material 121 covering one face of the support.
- the support 119 consists of the two intermediate layers 201, 202 already mentioned.
- the other elements, the references of which are recalled in the figure are identical to those already described with reference to Figure 1. We can therefore refer to them.
- FIG. 3 shows another possible embodiment of a switch according to the invention.
- the optical means comprise a first optical component, in this case the mirror 120, extending from one side of the fins 122 (of which only one is visible) and another optical component 130 , for example a semi-blade transparent or a second mirror, extending on an opposite side of the fins 122.
- the first substrate 100 has a set of first fixed electrodes 114 and a set of second fixed electrodes 115 disposed respectively on either side of the fins and of the torsion beams 126.
- the fins 122 do not carry electrodes. They are made of a non-insulating material, so that they also constitute the mobile electrodes.
- the first substrate has a groove 102 of movement of the optical means.
- the two optical components 120, 130 are in a position substantially parallel to the main face 110 of the first substrate 100.
- the fins 122 then stand perpendicular to the substrate. This position corresponds to the rest position, in which the system is automatically recalled by the torsion beams 126.
- a voltage is applied between the fins 122, which constitute the mobile electrodes, and the first fixed electrodes 114.
- the assembly formed by the fins and the optical means then pivots along the axis of the beams. torsion 126 until the fins bear against stops 128 arranged in the vicinity of the first fixed electrodes 114.
- the first optical component 120 then stands in the free switching space 220 in which it can act on a light beam.
- the second optical component 130 is received in the clearance groove 102 of the first substrate 100.
- a switching voltage is applied between the fins 122 and the second fixed electrodes 115.
- the assembly formed by the fins and the optical means then pivots in an opposite direction until the fins 122 come to bear against stops 129 arranged in the vicinity of the second fixed electrodes 115.
- the second optical component 130 rises in the free switching space 220 and the first optical component plunges into the clearance groove 102.
- a device according to FIG. 3 can be used for example in an optical mixer in which it is desired to distribute a light power over several output channels.
- the reference 300 schematically indicates electronic control means provided for applying switching voltages to the electrodes. These means, which as such are not part of the invention, are not described here. They can be produced using standard microelectronic or electronic techniques. As in the preceding figures, FIG. 3 shows that the first and second substrates can be separated by two intermediate layers 201, 202. The origin of these layers will appear in the following text relating to a process for manufacturing the optical component.
- Figure 4 shows, in section, the preparation of the first substrate 100 during a manufacturing process of a switch according to the invention. It is, for example, a silicon substrate whose main face 110 is etched to form a depression 112 therein and possibly stops 128.
- the stops 128 define a region for the formation of fixed electrodes.
- the fixed electrodes 114 are formed by depositing and etching a metallic layer such as a layer of gold.
- the metal layer can be electrically isolated from the substrate if the latter is conductive. Insulation can be obtained by depositing an intermediate layer such as silicon oxide.
- FIG. 5 shows, in section, a substrate 200 usable for forming said second switch substrate.
- the substrate 200 has a thin surface layer 201 and a buried thin layer 202, made of a material different from the surface layer.
- the buried layer 202 separates the surface layer 201 from a solid part 203 of the substrate.
- the substrate 200 is for example of the silicon on insulator type (SOI, Silicon On Insulator) comprising, in order, a thin layer of silicon, a buried layer of silicon oxide and a solid part of silicon.
- SOI silicon on Insulator
- the surface 201 and buried 202 layers are shaped, according to usual photolithography and etching techniques, to define and cut out a plate intended to form, or at least support, the optical means of the switch.
- the plate is lined with a metallic layer 121, reflecting, and thus constitutes a mirror.
- the mirror plate is identified with the reference 120 and designated by "mirror".
- the etching of the surface and buried layers 201, 202 is also used to define the torsion beams 126 which extend the plate (blade) of the mirror. It is also used to form on the main surface 210 of the second substrate 200 a depression 212.
- the depression is also used to form on the main surface 210 of the second substrate 200 a depression 212.
- 212 is located in a region substantially symmetrical to the region comprising the mirror, with respect to the beams 126.
- FIG. 7 shows in perspective the transfer of the second substrate 200 onto the first substrate 100 at a time before they are brought into contact.
- Figure 7 provides a better view of the shapes and locations of the torsion beams 126 and the mirror 120 defined on the second substrate, as well as the shapes and locations of the electrodes 114 and the stops 128 on the first substrate.
- the location and the dimensions of the depression 112 of the first substrate 100 are provided so as to be able to receive the mirror 120 and the torsion beams 126 of the second substrate 200.
- the depression in particular makes it possible to prevent contact between the first substrate with the torsion beams and the mirror. Bonding of these beams on the first substrate 100 is thus avoided.
- the depression 212 in the second substrate 200 is provided to coincide with the electrodes 114 and the stops 128. It also makes it possible to avoid sticking of these parts.
- the main faces 110 and 210 of the first and second substrates are brought into contact, in their peripheral part devoid of relief, to obtain a bonding.
- This bonding can be a direct molecular bonding (called in English terminology "wafer bonding") or a bonding involving a binder.
- Figure 8 shows in section, according to a plane VII-VII shown in Figure 7, the structure obtained after bonding.
- a last step illustrated in FIG. 9 includes the deep etching of the second substrate 200 by a free face of it. It is the "rear" face opposite the main face 210.
- Etching, of the anisotropic type is carried out using the buried layer 202 as an etching stop layer to preserve the mirror 120.
- the fins preserved during etching, are connected to the mirror by means of the buried layer 202 and are located directly above the torsion beams 126.
- the location and the shape of the fins can be fixed by an etching mask not shown.
- Figure 9 is also similar to Figure 2 described above.
- the buried layer 202 on the mirror 120, exposed during the etching, can possibly be removed if necessary.
- the foregoing description refers to the manufacture of a single switch. However, a plurality of switches can be made simultaneously on the same substrate.
- FIG. 10 shows an optical cross-connect 10 using a plurality of optical switches as described above. These switches, for example mirror switches, are marked with the reference 20 and are marked with a cross when they are in an active state.
- the optical mixer has a plurality of input channels coupled to a plurality of fibers signal input optics 12. The coupling takes place, for example, via an array of lenses 14.
- stirrer is coupled to a plurality of signal output optical fibers 16, via a second lens array.
- Each fiber 14 materializes an outlet path of the brewer.
- the optical switches 20 are divided into lines and rows, each line being associated with an input channel and each row being associated with an output channel.
- a switch When a switch is in an active switching state, its rectified mirror makes it possible, for example, to return a beam F received from a signal input fiber to a signal output fiber.
- the input channels can thus be selectively coupled to the output channels.
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Mechanical Light Control Or Optical Switches (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR0004910A FR2807844B1 (fr) | 2000-04-17 | 2000-04-17 | Commutateur optique a pieces mobiles et son procede de realisation, et dispositif de brassage optique utilisant le commutateur optique |
FR0004910 | 2000-04-17 | ||
PCT/FR2001/001158 WO2001079903A1 (fr) | 2000-04-17 | 2001-04-13 | Commutateur optique a pieces mobiles et son procede de realisation |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1275020A1 true EP1275020A1 (fr) | 2003-01-15 |
Family
ID=8849320
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP01925656A Withdrawn EP1275020A1 (fr) | 2000-04-17 | 2001-04-13 | Commutateur optique a pieces mobiles et son procede de realisation |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6833080B2 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP1275020A1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP2004501382A (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2807844B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2001079903A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP3908503B2 (ja) * | 2001-10-30 | 2007-04-25 | 富士通株式会社 | 光スイッチ |
FR2848477B1 (fr) * | 2002-12-17 | 2006-03-24 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Procede et dispositif de confinement d'un liquide |
JP2007286172A (ja) * | 2006-04-13 | 2007-11-01 | Pentax Corp | マイクロミラー、及び、電極形成方法 |
Family Cites Families (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3870816A (en) * | 1973-05-17 | 1975-03-11 | Xerox Corp | Optical system for transmit/receive mode conditioning of facsimile transceivers |
FR2523363B1 (fr) * | 1982-03-12 | 1986-07-25 | Gentric Alain | Dispositif bistable electromagnetique, application a la realisation de dispositifs de deflexion optique et de dispositifs de commutation notamment optique |
US4626066A (en) * | 1983-12-30 | 1986-12-02 | At&T Bell Laboratories | Optical coupling device utilizing a mirror and cantilevered arm |
US4844577A (en) * | 1986-12-19 | 1989-07-04 | Sportsoft Systems, Inc. | Bimorph electro optic light modulator |
US5535047A (en) * | 1995-04-18 | 1996-07-09 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Active yoke hidden hinge digital micromirror device |
US6046840A (en) * | 1995-06-19 | 2000-04-04 | Reflectivity, Inc. | Double substrate reflective spatial light modulator with self-limiting micro-mechanical elements |
US5982554A (en) * | 1997-12-31 | 1999-11-09 | At&T Corp | Bridging apparatus and method for an optical crossconnect device |
US6295154B1 (en) * | 1998-06-05 | 2001-09-25 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Optical switching apparatus |
US6261494B1 (en) * | 1998-10-22 | 2001-07-17 | Northeastern University | Method of forming plastically deformable microstructures |
US6034807A (en) * | 1998-10-28 | 2000-03-07 | Memsolutions, Inc. | Bistable paper white direct view display |
-
2000
- 2000-04-17 FR FR0004910A patent/FR2807844B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2001
- 2001-04-13 WO PCT/FR2001/001158 patent/WO2001079903A1/fr not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2001-04-13 EP EP01925656A patent/EP1275020A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2001-04-13 JP JP2001576511A patent/JP2004501382A/ja not_active Withdrawn
- 2001-04-13 US US10/239,845 patent/US6833080B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO0179903A1 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP2004501382A (ja) | 2004-01-15 |
WO2001079903A1 (fr) | 2001-10-25 |
US6833080B2 (en) | 2004-12-21 |
FR2807844A1 (fr) | 2001-10-19 |
FR2807844B1 (fr) | 2003-05-16 |
US20030138191A1 (en) | 2003-07-24 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
EP3610309B1 (fr) | Puce photonique à structure de collimation intégrée | |
EP3540878B1 (fr) | Dispositif photonique comportant un laser optiquement connecté à un guide d onde silicium et procédé de fabrication d'un tel dispositif photonique | |
EP3495861B1 (fr) | Puce photonique à repliement de trajet optique et structure de collimation intégrée | |
EP0451018B1 (fr) | Commutateur et système de commutation optiques multivoies intégrés et procédé de fabrication du commutateur | |
EP0533543B1 (fr) | Commutateur optique et procédé de fabrication de ce commutateur | |
EP3521879A1 (fr) | Puce photonique à structure de collimation intégrée | |
EP3102973B1 (fr) | Procédé de fabrication de structures de couplage optique vertical | |
EP0136193A1 (fr) | Dispositif de commutation optique à déplacement de fluide et dispositif de composition d'une ligne de points | |
EP3404457A1 (fr) | Puce photonique à structure réfléchissante de repliement de trajet optique | |
FR2820834A1 (fr) | Procede de fabrication d'un micro-miroir optique et micro-miroir ou matrice de micro-miroirs obtenu par ce procede | |
EP3538937B1 (fr) | Procédé de réalisation collective d'une pluralité de puces optoélectroniques | |
FR2779536A1 (fr) | Assemblage permettant la connexion de fibres optiques avec des composants optiques ou optoelectroniques et procede de fabrication de cet assemblage | |
EP1800175B1 (fr) | Miroir deformable | |
EP1275020A1 (fr) | Commutateur optique a pieces mobiles et son procede de realisation | |
WO2002065186A2 (fr) | Micro-miroir optique a pivot, matrice de tels micro-miroirs et procede de realisation dudit micro-miroir. | |
EP3514614B1 (fr) | Dispositif optique | |
EP3660563A1 (fr) | Test de circuit photonique intégré | |
FR2725038A1 (fr) | Commutateur optique integre bidirectionnel destine a commuter le faisceau lumineux d'une fibre optique | |
FR2737019A1 (fr) | Microelements de balayage pour systeme optique | |
FR2823859A1 (fr) | Support de positionnement et de maintien de fibres optiques et son procede de realisation | |
FR2817050A1 (fr) | Brasseur optique a voies guidees et procedes de realisation d'un tel brasseur | |
EP1055949B1 (fr) | Miroir à membrane déformable | |
FR2706074A1 (fr) | Dispositif de commande du type actionneur à structure symétrique. | |
EP1381904A1 (fr) | Commutateur optique multivoie | |
WO2002044781A1 (fr) | Procede de fabrication d'un commutateur optique, commutateur optique obtenu par ledit procede, et matrice de tels commutateurs. |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
PUAI | Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012 |
|
17P | Request for examination filed |
Effective date: 20021001 |
|
AK | Designated contracting states |
Kind code of ref document: A1 Designated state(s): AT BE CH CY DE DK ES FI FR GB GR IE IT LI LU MC NL PT SE TR |
|
RBV | Designated contracting states (corrected) |
Designated state(s): AT BE CH DE GB IT LI |
|
17Q | First examination report despatched |
Effective date: 20050222 |
|
GRAP | Despatch of communication of intention to grant a patent |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNIGR1 |
|
RBV | Designated contracting states (corrected) |
Designated state(s): DE GB IT |
|
STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: THE APPLICATION IS DEEMED TO BE WITHDRAWN |
|
18D | Application deemed to be withdrawn |
Effective date: 20060209 |