EP1257778A1 - Dispositif de protection d'une zone de terrain contre les menaces ennemies - Google Patents
Dispositif de protection d'une zone de terrain contre les menaces ennemiesInfo
- Publication number
- EP1257778A1 EP1257778A1 EP01909891A EP01909891A EP1257778A1 EP 1257778 A1 EP1257778 A1 EP 1257778A1 EP 01909891 A EP01909891 A EP 01909891A EP 01909891 A EP01909891 A EP 01909891A EP 1257778 A1 EP1257778 A1 EP 1257778A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- weapon
- weapons
- ground
- remote
- bases
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000004570 mortar (masonry) Substances 0.000 claims description 13
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- 231100001160 nonlethal Toxicity 0.000 claims description 3
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- 239000000779 smoke Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- -1 artillery piece Substances 0.000 claims 1
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- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000007123 defense Effects 0.000 description 4
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- 241000282412 Homo Species 0.000 description 1
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- 238000004873 anchoring Methods 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
- F42C—AMMUNITION FUZES; ARMING OR SAFETY MEANS THEREFOR
- F42C15/00—Arming-means in fuzes; Safety means for preventing premature detonation of fuzes or charges
- F42C15/40—Arming-means in fuzes; Safety means for preventing premature detonation of fuzes or charges wherein the safety or arming action is effected electrically
- F42C15/42—Arming-means in fuzes; Safety means for preventing premature detonation of fuzes or charges wherein the safety or arming action is effected electrically from a remote location, e.g. for controlled mines or mine fields
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F41—WEAPONS
- F41G—WEAPON SIGHTS; AIMING
- F41G3/00—Aiming or laying means
- F41G3/04—Aiming or laying means for dispersing fire from a battery ; for controlling spread of shots; for coordinating fire from spaced weapons
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F41—WEAPONS
- F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
- F41H11/00—Defence installations; Defence devices
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a device for protecting an area of land against enemy threats
- Protecting an area of land from any enemy threat may include the following levels of protection prohibiting entry into the area, deterring intrusion attempts, and dealing with threats posed by armed elements who may have entered the area
- Known protection systems essentially comprise conventional minefields (buried or dispersed) or weapons whose field of action covers this area (so-called “WAM” weapons). These systems integrate threat detection and reaction in the same set. protection The means of detection and reaction implemented are adapted to a single type of intruder The reaction is triggered automatically, within a predetermined period, upon detection of the threat, which leads to the almost systematic destruction of the sensors detection and thus generates a breach in the protection system of the area There is no possible human action to judge the need or the nature of the reaction In addition, at the end of the mission arises the recurring problem of "depollution" of the land if there was no reaction (mine clearance)
- Document DE-40 29 898 discloses a voltage zone protection device, the ground bases of which include acoustic or laser sensors which alone cannot ensure precise location of intruders in the protected zone, especially if these intruders are not visible in direct view
- the subject of the present invention is an effective device for protecting an area of land against enemy threats, by allowing precise location of intruders in the protected area, even if they are not visible in direct view, which functions. autonomous, while retaining the possibility for humans to validate a global or partial reaction, which is difficult to detect and which does not expose personnel to its implementation, while being able to control and adapt the nature of the reaction according to the operational situation, which is compatible with battlefield information systems and friend / enemy identification devices (BFIs), whose implementation is very rapid, requires few human resources for its deployment and management, which can be quickly withdrawn without leaving any residual danger in the protected area at the end of the mission (in accordance with the Ottawa agreements), which can deal with attacks by all types of land vehicles (heavy, light armored, unarmored vehicles) as well as protect areas against infantrymen, at the lowest cost
- the device according to the invention comprises three main sub-assemblies linked together by a telecommunications network, these three sub-assemblies being a command post remote from the area, an intrusion detection and localization device disposed on the zone or nearby, and remote-controlled weapons placed within range of this zone, the detection and localization device comprising three main sub-assemblies linked together by a telecommunications network, these three sub-assemblies being a command post remote from the area, an intrusion detection and location device located in or near the area, and remote-controlled weapons placed within range of this area, the detection and location device comprising several “ground bases” comprising each a computer, a transceiver and sensors, and it is characterized by the fact that these sensors include minus a UHF / VHF NLOS radar and an acoustic sensor, the information of which is merged and weighted by the computer
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a device according to the invention
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing an example of deployment of the device according to the invention.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram of the device of FIG. 2 explaining the reaction to the detection of an intrusion into the area protected by this device
- FIG. 4 is a diagram of the device of FIG. 2 explaining the steps for classifying and locating the detected intrusion, if the latter persists,
- FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating the intervention step of the device of FIG. 2,
- FIGS. 6A and 6B are respectively a block diagram and an external view of a “ground base” of the device of FIG. 2,
- Figure 7 is a schematic top view of an embodiment of the command post of the device of Figure
- FIG. 8 is a block diagram of a remotely operated weapon of the device of FIG. 2,
- Figure 9 is a diagram of an alternative embodiment of the device of Figure 2, for the protection of a site without encroaching on this site
- the block diagram of essential constituents of the area protection device 1 of the invention comprises a set ⁇ of M “ground bases” 2 1 to 2.
- ground bases are responsible for detecting intrusions, locating and classifying them (small or large groups of infantrymen, light or heavy land vehicles, aircraft) If these intrusions persist, the remotely operated weapons are responsible for es to treat (deterrence, partial or total destruction) Command post 4 manages these operations in a decentralized manner
- FIG. 2 there is shown, in a simplified manner, an example of installation of the device of the invention.
- the zone 7 to be protected is, in this example, of rectangular shape.
- the action ranges are defined as the maximum distance at which the qualities of detection, location and classification of ground bases are equal to a given threshold (for which these qualities are acceptable) operated 3 1, 3 2, are placed outside zone 7 in such a way that at least one of them can reach any point in zone 7
- These weapons can be shot or curved , they can make blinding blasts for illumination, neutralization or destruction, and they can be concealed from people or detection devices located in or near zone 7 By example, these weapons can be hidden by a terrain relief or by natural obstacles or constructions
- command post 4 which has the appropriate IT equipment
- ground bases are programmed during their installation and deposited either manually (by an operator traversing a predetermined circuit in vehicle or on foot) or automatically (for example by remote-controlled vehicles, or else dropped in altitude from rockets, of aircraft, helicopters)
- the remote-controlled weapons can be deployed either by being towed by a light vehicle, or by helicopter directly in the designated position, or driven on site (by an operator or by remote control) if they are self-propelled
- Command post 4 chooses the defense strategy (automatic, manual, deterrence, coercion) and can modify it in real time according to the conditions of the intrusions (change in the nature of the intrusions and / or their importance, persistent or momentary intrusions )
- Station 4 can also activate the standby mode for part or all of the ground bases, or deactivate this mode, or modify the number of ground bases in standby
- the ground bases can also communicate with each other, for example to relay those that are too far from PC 4, or else ( Figure 3) when one of them has just detected an intrusion 8, in order to report it to neighboring bases and their at least approximately communicate the characteristics of this intrusion (see Figure 4) (direction of movement, location, nature of importance), for example to deactivate their standby state, allow them to better orient their sensors, if necessary, or to perform with they precise location measurements by triangulation
- these communications are supervised by the command post, which can possibly intervene to modify or supplement them (for example if other intrusions were reported at another end of
- the command post 4 includes, among other things, a computer receiving the information coming from the various ground bases of the device, which allows it to update in real time the operational situation of the protected area, in particular, to take into account the intrusions detected by the ground bases From this information, it determines a reaction scenario to these intrusions If the automatic reaction mode is not validated, the operators of PC 4 determine, in liaison with the higher level of command, reaction scenario This scenario can be that proposed by the calculator, or a variant of it, parameters of which are modified by the operators.
- the calculator applies the reaction scenario that it has developed, in tele -operating the weapons 3 1, 3 2, which he has selected ( Figure 5)
- the remote control of weapons can also be left to the initiative of P operators C 4
- These operators, or the calculator, can tele-operate weapons for other missions
- the PC sends a report to the upper level of command
- All ground bases, or a part of them, can then be put on standby or deactivated by remote control from the PC
- the ground bases can be either recovered, sterilized or self-destroyed As shown diagrammatically in FIG.
- a 2 k ground base (one of the assembly 2) comprises a base 9 containing a source of energy supplying its other components, a computer 10 a radio transceiver, preferably with encryption, a radar detector 12 operating for example in the UHF band and sensors 13 which may include different kinds of sensors (acoustic, magnetic, optical, seismic), and, advantageously, a GPS location device referenced 14
- the nature of the sensors will be adapted in depending on the nature of the intrusion (vehicle, infantryman, aircraft,) that one wishes to deal with
- the ground base example illustrated in FIG. 6B prefigures a releasable equipment dedicated to the detection of vehicle intrusion As represented in FIG.
- the base 9 of the ground base 2 k may have a cylindrical shape from the upper face of which protrude the radar antennas referenced 15 as a whole and the micro phones 16 acoustic sensors This base 9 rests on an airbag 17 which allows to drop the ground base from an airplane or a helicopter while allowing it to land without damage, and to stabilize in the desired position
- the operating modes of the ground bases are, for example, the following: a stop mode, a standby mode, a location mode and an evaluation mode In stop mode, none of their sensors are active In standby mode, only acoustic detection ( microphones 16) is activated, which makes it possible to detect most intrusions
- the location mode activated automatically following the detection of an intrusion or remote control, makes it possible to determine the position of the intruder In evaluation mode, the base evaluates the significance of the impact of ammunition from remotely operated weapons and the resulting damage
- Ground bases are capable of detecting, classifying (at least approximately) and locating the intruder, even in the absence of intervisibility with it
- Ground bases also provide a threat damage assessment function
- the ground base acoustic sensors determine the impact points of projectiles launched by remote-controlled weapons in response to confirmed intrusions This allows, if targets have not been reached, as evidenced by the evolution of the trajectory of intruders after the reaction of remote-controlled weapons, to correct the parameters firing of these weapons, and proceed to a second shot
- the coordinates of the impact points are transmitted to the PC so that its ballistic calculator can automatically make the necessary corrections for the following shots
- the command post (PC) is installed in a light vehicle (armored or not) 18 II essentially comprises a computer connected to an information terminal 19, to a zone management terminal 20 and to transmitters, for example three in number, referenced 21 to 23, and the operators necessary for the management and control of this station
- the quantity of personnel necessary for the operation of the system depends on the operating mode chosen (automatic or man in the processing loop)
- the information terminal 19 with its display means makes it possible to collect the information necessary for the proper management of the area to be protected 7 (movement of friendly and enemy troops, weather messages,
- the area management terminal 20 with its calculation means makes it possible, from knowing the outline of the area 7 and the surrounding topography, to propose the means to be used for the protection device (number and position of the weapons remote-controlled and ground bases,) It must make it possible to configure a priori the degree of human involvement in the management of protection (automatic or manual management) as well as the level of intervention chosen (prohibition, deterrence, immobilization, destruction)
- the PC has a map of the area to be protected and the surrounding areas, which allows it, directly from information received by the transmission network, to view the respective positions of the ground bases, the deployed weapons, the PC and information from the superior command network (weather messages, positions of friends and enemies,)
- the PC of the PC includes a function of management of the movements of the intruders From information coming from the ground bases and that obtained by the higher level command network, the PC identifies the trajectories of the intruders and can anticipate their evolutions in the short term.
- the terminal 20 and / or terminal 19 display screen displays the ground base (s) alerting the main characteristic of the acoustic signature of the intruder (s), the location of the trajectory and the speed of the intruder (s) This visualization is refreshed periodically (depending on the speed of change of this information)
- the PC calculator also includes a weapon fire management function which optimizes the use of remotely operated weapons, for example to allow firing on mobile targets.
- the device proposes an intervention scenario by defining the weapon (s) (s) to be engaged, the calculated impact point (s), the calculated ballistic parameters (type of ammunition, aiming angles, load settings,) and the firing times In manual mode, some parameters can be modified by the operator of the PC, and the logistic calculations are adjusted accordingly After validation of these parameters by the operators, the remote control sequence of the weapons is automatically launched In automatic mode, the reaction is activated without delay
- the PC computer has a collective remote control function for ground bases and a weapon remote control function.
- the remote control function for ground bases allows the operator to control their put in standby mode, their forced return to standby mode after they wake up (after a friend's intrusion, for example), their deactivation and the control of their good working condition
- the remote control function of the weapons makes it possible to carry out either the remote control directly by the PC's computer, for a complete firing sequence according to the validated scenario, i.e.
- the remote control functions for the weapons are the powering up of the elements concerned, the adjustment of the ammunition, the loading of the ammunition, the aiming of the weapons, the shooting the return to the waiting position of the weapons, the control of the general good functioning weapons
- automatic weapon remote control several weapons can be ordered simultaneously to improve the overall effectiveness of the reaction
- the PC thus constituted makes it possible to fulfill three distinct operational functions zone defense in automatic mode, zone defense with human intervention in the loop, battery PC forming part of a section of indirect fire weapon (mortar for example ) for infantry support
- the ballistic module necessary for the implementation of remote-operated weapons can also be used to generate fire from a section of indirect fire weapon
- the PC can be used to teleoperate the weapon, for actions in hostile zones
- FIG. 8 shows the block diagram of an example of a remote-operated weapon for indirect fire.
- This weapon for example the 3 L weapon, is mounted on a platform 24 that can easily be moved, for example a platform. form capable of being towed by a light vehicle, or self-propelled
- the 3 L weapon comprises a weapon proper 25, for example a mortar or a grenade launcher, provided with its pointing device 26 and its attitude adjustment device 27 , these two devices comprising means making it possible to receive remote control orders.
- the weapon 3 L also comprises a radio transceiver 28, a remote control management computer 29 connected on the one hand to the transceiver 28. and on the other hand to the devices 26 and 27, a device 30 for storing and adjusting ammunition and a device 31 for loading ammunition.
- a source of electrical energy 32 supplies all the electrical and electronic circuits of the weapon. make a direct fire weapon, it will be necessary to add a Qour / night observation camera) with a signal transmission to the PC
- the weapon 25 can be a mortar for example.
- it can be a 120 mm mortar (type 2R2M), because it allows shooting at a hidden target at distances included. between 1 and 13 km, which allows it to adapt to the nature of the terrain (mountainous area, urban area) and the extent of the area to be protected.
- a mortar accepts a large family of ammunition (cargo, explosives, lighters). , with terminal guidance,) existing One can thus modulate the degree of the reaction according to the events occurring in zone 7 and around it, which allows a good adaptation to the nature of the intrusion (troops, armored vehicles
- this mortar can be ordered in teleoperated mode with a minimum of modifications to its mechanical part.
- the teleoperated mode is made possible thanks to an automatic pointing device controlled by an angular setpoint on site and in deposit (devices 26 27) thanks to an automatic ammunition adjustment and loading device (30, 31) and thanks to a mortar management and control circuit (29) which is connected via an appropriate interface to the transmitter ur-receiver 28 and thus allows the remote control of the weapon 25
- the weapon thus automated can not only be integrated into a platform dedicated to the zone defense function, but also can be integrated into a VCI type vehicle () to perform infantry support functions
- the ammunition used is derived from that used for a towed mortar. Only the propellant charges are modified in order to allow the automation of their adjustment. This gives a modular propellant charge easily adaptable to each use case.
- the platform 24 allows not only the movement of the weapon, but also great mobility and its anchoring on the ground for shooting, and the integration of the equipment related to the remote operation of the weapon (elements 26 to 32 )
- This platform can be towed by a light vehicle, and its battery operation (deployment of ground stabilization spades, radio antennas and standby mode) is carried out manually or automatically when it is in position
- the capacity of the storage device 30 is provided sufficient to be able to carry a large number of different munitions, which makes it possible to be able to choose the type of ammunition suitable for the reaction, and this device can be easily replenished during the reaction
- the effectiveness of the device of the invention is also ensured by the transmission network to which all of its elements are connected.
- the links between the bases ensure the following exchanges between all of these bases dissemination of alert messages from a ground base having detected an intrusion to all the other ground bases, and dissemination of a base malfunction message failing by another base having detected this failure at all the other bases
- the links between the ground bases and the PC allow the PC to activate or deactivate all the bases or a part of them, to transfer from each ground base to the PC information concerning its operational state (good functioning, failure, standby, detection,), and information recorded by its sensors (arrival of an intruder, acoustic signature of this intruder, instant position of the intruder direction and speed of movement of the intruder,)
- radio relays are used between the PC and all the bases, which makes it possible to greatly increase the distance between the PC and these bases
- connections are also provided between the PC and the remotely operated weapons, in order to have the PC control these weapons (energizing of the electrical and electronic elements, aiming, loading of ammunition, shooting) , and information is transferred from the weapons to the PC (aiming angles, nature and number of munitions available, operating status of the sub-assemblies)
- the transmissions ensured by the transceivers 28 of the weapons and the transmitters- PC receivers 21 to 23 are secure
- the PC can control several remote-controlled weapons of the device alone or even all of them
- the radio link between the PC (or PCs) and the upper level of command allows the PC to have the information necessary for the management of the protected area (friendly and enemy positions, weather situation) and to keep the upper level informed of the evolution of the situation in and around the protected area (detected intrusions, reactions,)
- the modularity of the device of the invention makes it possible to independently develop the ground bases and the remotely operated weapons, and therefore to ensure a wide range of missions and to implement new means. as they appear, these developments including, for example, for
- - remotely operated weapons mortars can be loaded onto appropriate vehicles or mounted on a self-propelled platform, which allows these weapons to be deployed without exposing personnel
- Other types of weapons can be used mortars of another type (for example 81 mm mortar to treat infantry intrusions), various artillery pieces to increase the extent of the area to be protected or the retreat of the servants of these pieces in relation to this area, proximity weapons
- FIG. 9 shows a variant deployment of the protection device of the invention
- the area 33 to be protected is HERE, for example, a relatively small radar station, and the mission of the protection device is no longer to destroy enemy vehicles or infantrymen who may have entered this area, or made them turn back, but prevented them from approaching this area at a distance less than a safety distance (i.e. a distance equal to the assumed range of enemy weapons capable of destroying facilities in area 33)
- a safety distance i.e. a distance equal to the assumed range of enemy weapons capable of destroying facilities in area 33
- ground bases 2 1 2 G are then placed around the area
- the remote-controlled weapons 3 1 to 3 F are also placed around zone 33 and directed towards the directions from which any enemy forces may come. These weapons can be of any suitable type, weapons of destruction, non-lethal deterrents.
- the device of the invention can include advanced devices. detection (observation satellite, observation aircraft)
- the CP and / or the higher level of command can also receive information from observers, in particular observers very close to enemy lines, or even inside of these lines
- the device of the invention has the following main advantages: it is modular and therefore offers great ease and rapidity of deployment, as well as very good adaptability to each scenario, it avoids the use of anti-personnel mines (the weapons protecting an area can be moved away from this area, which no longer needs to be mined), it allows a graduated response depending on the degree of engagement of the enemy forces (deterrence, partial or practically complete destruction,) and optimization of the means used (weapons and ammunition adaptable to the degree of reaction practically in real time, deployment of ground bases and remote-controlled weapons according to the configuration of the terrain, predictable directions of enemy attack, weather ,) easy evolution depending on the availability of new weapons
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Burglar Alarm Systems (AREA)
- Aiming, Guidance, Guns With A Light Source, Armor, Camouflage, And Targets (AREA)
- Professional, Industrial, Or Sporting Protective Garments (AREA)
- Emergency Alarm Devices (AREA)
- Catching Or Destruction (AREA)
- Road Signs Or Road Markings (AREA)
- Bidet-Like Cleaning Device And Other Flush Toilet Accessories (AREA)
- Measurement And Recording Of Electrical Phenomena And Electrical Characteristics Of The Living Body (AREA)
- Steering Control In Accordance With Driving Conditions (AREA)
- Radar Systems Or Details Thereof (AREA)
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR0002400 | 2000-02-25 | ||
| FR0002400A FR2805642B1 (fr) | 2000-02-25 | 2000-02-25 | Dispositif de protection d'une zone de terrain contre les menaces ennemies |
| PCT/FR2001/000541 WO2001065197A1 (fr) | 2000-02-25 | 2001-02-23 | Dispositif de protection d'une zone de terrain contre les menaces ennemies |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP1257778A1 true EP1257778A1 (fr) | 2002-11-20 |
| EP1257778B1 EP1257778B1 (fr) | 2006-06-28 |
Family
ID=8847410
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP01909891A Expired - Lifetime EP1257778B1 (fr) | 2000-02-25 | 2001-02-23 | Dispositif de protection d'une zone de terrain contre les menaces ennemies |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP1257778B1 (fr) |
| AT (1) | ATE331933T1 (fr) |
| DE (1) | DE60121139T2 (fr) |
| ES (1) | ES2264972T3 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2805642B1 (fr) |
| NO (1) | NO324964B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2001065197A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102004043442A1 (de) * | 2004-09-06 | 2006-03-09 | Comet Gmbh Pyrotechnik-Apparatebau | Verfahren zur Durchführung von Verteidigungs- und/oder Sicherheitsübungen sowie Vorrichtung hierfür |
| FR2879730B1 (fr) * | 2004-12-21 | 2010-05-14 | Giat Ind Sa | Procede de commande de ralliement d'un systeme d'arme d'une plate-forme de tir et plate-forme mettant en oeuvre un tel procede |
| US9612326B2 (en) * | 2013-10-31 | 2017-04-04 | Raytheon Command And Control Solutions Llc | Methods and apparatus for detection system having fusion of radar and audio data |
| ES3028672T3 (en) | 2022-02-25 | 2025-06-19 | John Cockerill Defense S A | Secure remote operation unit for a weapon system |
Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE4029898A1 (de) * | 1990-09-21 | 1992-03-26 | Dornier Gmbh | Raumsperrsystem zur erkennung bzw. bekaempfung von bodenzielen, luftzielen oder dergleichen |
| DE4133543C2 (de) * | 1991-10-10 | 2001-12-13 | Diehl Stiftung & Co | Mine zur Hubschrauberabwehr |
| FR2704051B1 (fr) * | 1993-04-15 | 1995-06-16 | Giat Ind Sa | Systeme d'arme a defense de zone. |
-
2000
- 2000-02-25 FR FR0002400A patent/FR2805642B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2001
- 2001-02-23 ES ES01909891T patent/ES2264972T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-02-23 DE DE60121139T patent/DE60121139T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-02-23 WO PCT/FR2001/000541 patent/WO2001065197A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2001-02-23 EP EP01909891A patent/EP1257778B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-02-23 AT AT01909891T patent/ATE331933T1/de active
-
2002
- 2002-08-20 NO NO20023946A patent/NO324964B1/no not_active IP Right Cessation
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| See references of WO0165197A1 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| NO20023946D0 (no) | 2002-08-20 |
| ATE331933T1 (de) | 2006-07-15 |
| DE60121139D1 (de) | 2006-08-10 |
| DE60121139T2 (de) | 2007-05-16 |
| FR2805642A1 (fr) | 2001-08-31 |
| NO324964B1 (no) | 2008-01-14 |
| NO20023946L (no) | 2002-10-25 |
| EP1257778B1 (fr) | 2006-06-28 |
| WO2001065197A1 (fr) | 2001-09-07 |
| ES2264972T3 (es) | 2007-02-01 |
| FR2805642B1 (fr) | 2003-09-19 |
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