Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
  • G01N33/34—Paper
  • G01N33/343—Paper pulp
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
  • D21C—PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE BY REMOVING NON-CELLULOSE SUBSTANCES FROM CELLULOSE-CONTAINING MATERIALS; REGENERATION OF PULPING LIQUORS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • D21C7/00—Digesters
  • D21C7/12—Devices for regulating or controlling
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
  • G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
  • G01N21/63—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light optically excited
  • G01N21/65—Raman scattering

Definitions

• the amount of hydrogen peroxide that is used exceeds or overshoots the amount necessary to reach a final target characteristic, such as pulp final target brightness, yellowness, residual peroxide, brightness efficiency, yellowness efficiency, and delignification efficiency.
• a final target characteristic such as pulp final target brightness, yellowness, residual peroxide, brightness efficiency, yellowness efficiency, and delignification efficiency.
• the resultant unwanted variation in these pulp characteristics may cause additional processing problems in the pulp and paper processing mill.
• peroxide bleaching excessive use of hydrogen peroxide results in waste hydrogen peroxide in the pulp effluent, which is both costly and environmentally harmful.
• United States Patent No. 4,878,998 teaches a method for bleaching of mechanical, thermomechanical and chemi-mechanical pulps whereby peroxide bleaching is controlled by the addition of a preset amount of bleaching chemicals at a first bleaching stage, measuring the brightness of the pulp, feed forwardly adjusting the amount of bleaching chemicals to be added at a second bleaching stage as a function of the measured brightness of the pulp from the first stage, and then bleaching the pulp at the second stage.
• Raman spectroscopy is an emission technique and does not extend to absorption, transmittance or reflectance techniques as discussed in United States Patent No. 5,842,150.
• the reflectance technique disclosed therein is not the same as an emission by inelastic scattering as it occurs in Raman spectroscopy.
• the prior art does not relate the spectral parameters to organic indicators and does not discuss the properties related to the oxidative capacity of inorganic components that may exist in multiple oxidation states, the development of substances that contribute to scale deposition of effluent components, the physical properties of polymerizable species, such as the number of endgroups, the extent of network formation, and the chain length, or the development of bulk, yield or fiber flexibility.
• BTG Spectris (Sweden) has an instrument and method of measuring the peroxide concentration that employs the use of a catalyst to decompose the hydrogen peroxide to generate oxygen gas that increases the reaction vessel pressure.
• This instrument, the RPA-5000 then relates the change in the pressure of the reaction vessel to the concentration of peroxide.
• This method while providing a badly needed measure of the peroxide concentration, is complicated and indirect and subject to variability related to sample preparation and instrument maintenance.
• a method for determining a property of a sample comprising the steps of: (a) irradiating at least a portion of the sample with a laser light for generating a Raman emitted light from the sample; (b) obtaining at least two measurements of the Raman emitted light between 200 cm “1 and 4000 cm "1 , a first measurement at a first wavenumber and a second measurement at a second wavenumber; and (c) determining a non-linear relationship between the at least two measurements and the property of the sample.
• a method for determining a potential of an oxidative reductive process comprising the following steps: (a) irradiating at least a portion of the sample with a laser light for generating a Raman emitted light from the sample; (b) obtaining at least two measurements of the Raman emitted light between 200 cm “1 and 4000 cm "1 , a first measurement at a first wavenumber, and a second measurement at a second wavenumber; and (c) determining a relationship between the two measurements and the potential of the oxidative reductive process.
• the term peak refers herein after to a maximum intensity value or a region about the maximum intensity, near or about the peak.
• an apparatus for determining a property of a sample comprising: a laser light source for irradiating at least a portion of the sample for generating a Raman emitted light from the sample; a detector for detecting the Raman emitted light from the sample, said detector for obtaining at least two measurements of the Raman emitted light, a first measurement at a first wavenumber and a second measurement at a second wavenumber; and a processor for receiving and processing data from the detector for determining a nonlinear relationship between the at least two measurements and the property of the sample.
• a system for determining an amount of at least one of hydrogen peroxide and HOO- in a solution comprising: means for receiving information containing data related to at least one of a Raman intensity peak corresponding to peroxide and a Raman intensity peak corresponding to peroxyl ion; and, means for processing the information to determine indicia of a concentration of at least one of peroxide and peroxyl ion, the processing including an analysis of at least one of data related to the intensity peak corresponding to peroxide, data related the intensity peak corresponding to peroxyl ion, a sum of data related to the intensity peaks of the peroxide and peroxyl ion, a product of data related to the intensity peaks of the peroxide and peroxyl ion, and a ratio of data related to the intensity peaks of the peroxide and peroxyl ion.
• Figure 1 presents a schematic diagram of a pulp bleaching process in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention
• Figure 2 shows a matrix plot for an example of a bleaching process and shows five dependent properties and six corresponding UN absorbance values
• Figure 3 shows a similar matrix plot, which was formed using the same characteristic properties and a representative set of ratios from the absorbance values
• Figure 4 presents an example from pulp and paper process waters and shows a plurality of absorbance spectra obtained at different temperatures between 20 and 80 degrees Celsius;
• Figure 5 shows a matrix plot with one dependent property, viz. the temperature, and 6 corresponding UV- visible absorbance values
• Figure 6 shows a matrix plot with one dependent property, viz. the temperature, and a representative set of ratios from the absorbance values;
• Figure 7 shows a plot presenting Raman spectra from a dispersive system with a 514.5 nm laser and a FT system with a 1064 nm laser;
• Figure 8 shows a Fourier Transform (FT) scan of a Raman scattering signal from a pulp bleaching mixture of hydrogen peroxide, silicate, and sulfate;
• Figure 9 shows a series of Raman spectra of pressates from peroxide bleaching of pulp
• Figure 10 shows a matrix plot for variables related to Aspen TMP pulp bleaching with hydrogen peroxide, Raman intensities, Raman intensity ratios and the pulp and bleaching pressate properties
• Figure 12 shows a graph for the prediction of pulp brightness from a model based on a combination of Raman peak intensities and Raman peak intensity ratios
• Figure 19 presents a matrix plot showing Raman intensities, and Raman intensity ratios with time and oxidation reduction potential (ORP);
• Figure 21 shows the intensities of the different peaks as derived from the spectra presented in Figure 20;
• Figure 22 showing a matrix plot of Raman intensity ratios as a function of the HOVSi ratio
• Figure 24 shows Raman spectra of acetic acid and acetic acetate buffer solution. Top line: 0.05M acetic acetate buffer solution. Bottom line: 5% acetic acid solution (scaling X 0.2).
• FIG. 1 presents a schematic diagram of a pulp bleaching process in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
• wood pulp 2 is bleached in a bleaching chamber 4, by bleaching agent hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), as input component.
• H 2 O 2 flows from reservoir 18 through control valve 16 into the bleaching chamber 4.
• the output of the bleaching process is a process effluent 6, which includes both the bleached pulp as well as the bleaching liquor.
• a sample of the effluent 6 is diverted to a Raman spectrometer 10 for the purpose of obtaining at least two Raman measurements of the effluent 6 and then calculating the ratio of the two measurements.
• the ratio of the Raman emitted light intensity measurements have been found to correlate to various characteristics of the pulp effluent. For example, characteristics such as pulp brightness, pH, and pulp yellowness, and residual peroxide can be determined through the use of different Raman wavenumbers in the ratio.
• the bleaching process causes structural changes in the lignin or extractive components of the pulp including ionization of the phenolic groups of the lignin molecule.
• Lignin degradation typically results in an increase in the number of phenolic groups that can be ionized by changes in pH.
• the relative amount of ionized phenolic groups usually depends on the extent of lignin degradation and pH.
• the effluent 6 is filtered by a 0.05 ⁇ m cross-flow membrane filter (Koch Filtration #5-HMF-451 PNE-PP) filter to remove colloidal material from the pulp effluent. If the colloidal material is not removed from the effluent, the resultant turbidity may interfere and offset the Raman intensities and hence affect the Raman ratio of the present invention.
• Computer 12 calculates a mathematical relationship between two or more Raman measurements, which is a ratio or combination of ratios in this embodiment of the present invention. Moreover, computer 12 stores in its memory a predetermined value for a characteristic of the effluent. Appropriate software provides means for receiving information pertaining to the Raman measurements and means for processing this information. The processing of the information includes the comparison of measurements, the determination of non-linear relationships, and the determination of a property or properties of the sample.
• Computer 12 acts as a comparing means for comparing the measured H 2 O 2 value with a predetermined H 2 O value. This comparison step determines the actual empirical value of the residual weight percentage of H O 2 , a characteristic of the effluent being monitored.
• Richardson et al. disclose in U.S. Patent No. 5,242, 602 a method for simultaneously analyzing the concentration of performance indicators in aqueous systems by determining an absorbance or emission spectrum in a wavelength range from 200 to 2500 nm and applying chemometric algorithms to the absorbance or emission spectrum. The concentrations of the performance indicators determined by the chemometric algorithms are compared to predefined ranges for the respective performance indicators. Thus, this technique teaches the application of chemometrical methods for multicomponent analysis using multiwavelength spectroscopy. Richardson et al. describe the following four basic algorithms to extract and analyze features in the overall absorption or emission spectra that are specific to the qualitative and quantitative contributions from the specific performance indicators:
• Quantification Measurement of the absorption or emission spectra on a series of samples with known concentrations of the performance indicators.
• Processing The processing of raw data to reduce noise and optimize the ability of the chemometric techniques to compare known spectra with unknown spectra or to act on specific features for the spectra of a multi-components solution to permit analysis of multi-components solutions or to adjust for noise or drift.
• the following preprocessing steps were explicitly identified: a) noise reduction or smoothing; b) Fourier or Walsh transformations; c) first or second derivatives; and d) correction for drift.
• the chemometric algorithms are applied directly to the absorbance or emission spectrum.
• the Analysis methods described in U.S. Patent No. 5,242,602 are ineffective if there is a small variation or a high degree of correlation in the data matrix.
• the present invention discloses the use of a ratio or multiple ratios from the at least two measurements for computing an empirical value of the characteristic. This is a significant improvement from the method described by Richardson et al. in that the present invention can extract the variation even if the obtained absorbance or emission spectra are similar, i.e. they show little variation.
• the method disclosed by Richardson et al. does not provide any mention in the processing step for the use of ratios as a means to improve the analysis step.
• the present invention discloses the use of at least one ratio and a value formulated from at least two Raman measurements, each at different wavenumber, to determine a characteristic of a process effluent. Combinations of the disclosed ratios may be further used to monitor and control characteristics of the process effluent. Multiple regression analysis, using a forward stepwise multiple regression, was conducted using these Raman ratios to determine the best combination of these ratios and coefficients, (i.e. a predetermined relationship) which best predicted the final property of the pulp (i.e. optical properties and other descriptors of bleaching including delignification efficiency and residual peroxide). As shown in the graphs, the present invention can use this predetermined relationship to determine a pulp property (final brightness, delignification efficiency, or residual peroxide) using a minimum number of Raman ratio measurements.
• the instant invention relates at least one ratio and a value to a characteristic of pulp or the process effluent and implicitly accommodates nonlinear relationships between the measured values and the determined characteristic.
• a chemical concentration should be linear with the absorbance or emission at different wavelengths.
• One object of the present invention is to obtain a relationship between a set of emission values and a characteristic that is a complicated nonlinear function of a plurality of different chemical and physical factors, such as the delignification efficiency.
• Analysis using a set of absorbance or emission ratios alone or in combination with Raman emission or scattering values amounts to generating a new or expanded data set that has a greater variance than the original data set.
• a new data set will generate more accurate and stable solutions if it contains arrays that relate more closely to the characteristic to be fit than the original data.
• Analysis using a set of absorbance or emission ratios amounts to generating a new data set, based on functions from the initial data set, that is used with the chemometric techniques.
• the statistical methods described by Richardson et al. require that the variation of the measured absorbance at different wavelengths changes substantially as a function of the different properties that are mathematically related to the absorbance values.
• small variation in the data matrix will result in computational difficulties in multiple- linear regression analysis.
• a small variation in the relationships between variables, as expressed in the correlation matrix will result in additional computational difficulties in the principle component analysis.
• small relative variations may be easily masked by large absolute variations.
• the presence of small variations contributing to the response for different variables in the presence of large variations that are similar in the different variables results in an ill-conditioned or singular matrix of the absorbance values that is not amenable to the statistical analysis described by Richardson et al. as discussed below in more detail using an exemplary data matrix.
• ratios obtained from ultraviolet- visible measurements can condition the data matrix to emphasize the variation of emission (or conversely absorbance) at one wavelength to that of another.
• the analysis is then performed on the relative variation rather than on the absolute variation. If in the process to be monitored or controlled one substance is transformed into another, or if a small amount of one substance can have a substantial effect on the concentration of another, then the method of observing the relative changes is much more powerful than looking at absolute changes.
• the present invention as defined in the claims uses at least one ratio and hence provides a means to selectively weigh the contributions from the at least two measurements, each at a different wavelengths.
• the data matrix would consist of a series of absorption or emission measurements on n different samples (indexed by i) andp different wavelengths (indexed by; ' ).
• A [1]
• sample covariance matrix S and correlation matrix R may be calculated.
• the determinant of an n x n matrix is the sum of the products of the elements of a row of the matrix and their cofactors.
• a cofactor is a determinant of a matrix obtained by eliminating the row and column of the element.
• each cofactor may be obtained by calculating the products of elements of a row and the determinant of a matrix obtained by eliminating the row and column of each element. The calculation of the determinant has several important consequences:
• Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression is a multivariate data analysis technique that can be used to extracts components (now called factors) that relate several response (Y) variables to several explanatory (X) variables. The method aims to identify the underlying factors, or linear combination of the X variables, which best model the Y dependent variables. PLS can deal efficiently with data sets where there are very many variables that are highly correlated and involving substantial random noise. a) Richardson et al. in U.S. Patent No. 5,242,602 does not describe the use of PLS although other descriptions of chemometrics describe the power of this technique in chemometric analysis. b) However, the partial least squares analysis is no better than the different linear functions that may be described from the data. If the property/characteristic that is to be predicted cannot be described as a linear function of the variables x then the regression will introduce systematic error into the regression model.
• the analysis method described in accordance with the present invention amounts to generating a new data matrix that has the general appearance shown below.
• the data matrix A is transformed into a new matrix that may be called the ratio matrix Q.
• This matrix is based upon a predetermined set of wavenumbers for the numerators and denominators of the ratios.
• the i index is the index for the sample and the j index is the index for the wavelength of the numerators with a total of j p numerators that define the set of quotients used
• the k index is the index for the set of wavelengths corresponding to the set of denominators that match the j indexed emission (or conversely absorbance) values for each sample.
• the ratio matrix Q may be generally written as:
• the wavelengths used for the numerators A,. . and the denominators A ;>jt will be selected from those absorbance or emission wavelengths that yield ratios that correspond well to the component concentration, process or physical property that is to modeled or optimized.
• the method disclosed by Richardson et al. in U.S. Patent No. 5,242,602 comprises the direct determination of an emission or absorbance spectrum.
• the method disclosed by Richardson et al. would not work with the present invention.
• the pH and the amount of peroxide are the most important parameters to control. Nevertheless, to control those parameters it is not sufficient to look only at the levels of those two parameters.
• lignin component three aspects have to be considered: i) How much lignin has been released from the pulp; ii) What is the intensity of the color of the removed lignin components; and iii) what is the extent of lignin ionization?
• Pulp consists of about 30% lignin which causes its yellow color and hence removing the lignin from the pulp makes the pulp brighter. Lignin has a relatively broad diffuse spectrum and could be monitored at almost any wavelength in the UV region.
• the amount of bleaching that has been done is no longer related to the amount of peroxide consumed and also it is no longer related to the amount of lignin released.
• the trend is opposite and has a non-linear equation.
• the amount of bleaching is linear for a certain region when observing the bleaching versus the amount of peroxide consumed or the bleaching versus the amount of lignin released.
• the bleaching is linear in some regions but in fact it is a parabolic function and one observes a maximum. Using the method disclosed by Richardson et al., i.e. a linear function, it appears that the bleaching process is progressing but in reality this is not happening.
• the following example demonstrates the advantage of the present invention and how it addresses the critical point of extracting the variation by using ratios instead of applying analysis techniques directly on the spectra or on the processed spectra as it was taught in the method disclosed by Richardson et al.
• the presented example utilizes ratios obtained from UV absorbance measurements.
• This example is an example of a bleaching process and shows five dependent properties and six corresponding UV absorbance values.
• the absorbance values are representative, but are chosen to provide a large variance.
• Figure 2 shows a matrix plot for an example of a bleaching process and shows five dependent properties and six corresponding UV absorbance values.
• Each miniature plot in Figure 2 shows a bivariate plot of the corresponding diagonal elements.
• Figure 4 presents an example from pulp and paper process waters.
• Figure 4 shows a plurality of absorbance spectra obtained at different temperatures between 20 and 80 degrees Celsius. The small variation in the obtained spectra shows that there is a chemical change as a function of the temperature. These formless spectra with their small variations as a function of the process variable are typically encountered in the pulp and paper industry as well as in many other industries consuming a large amount of process water.
• Figures 5 and 6 present the matrix plots for this example. The set of spectra for this example shows small variations in the absorbance values.
• the bleaching process was most efficient when the relative amount of hydrogen peroxide anion was maintained at high levels. Underlying this simple statement are the realizations that the principle cause of inefficient bleaching is the degradation of peroxide at high concentrations and high pH values and an important reason for incomplete bleaching is low pH values that do not fully activate the hydrogen peroxide to the hydrogen peroxide anion. Furthermore, peroxide degradation leads to pulp yellowing and darkening processes. The optimum bleaching process then is one at which the bleaching occurs at the highest levels of peroxide anion concentration that are consistent with the beneficial effects of bleaching but which exclude the negative effects of peroxide degradation.
• the measurement of the peroxide concentration under pH conditions where the relative amounts of hydrogen peroxide and the hydrogen peroxide concentrations are varying is a difficult problem.
• the present invention obviates this problem, in that by using ratios, i.e. relative values, obtained from ultraviolet- visible measurements the contributions from lignin and the variation due to pH are factored out.
• ratios i.e. relative values
• a plurality of different methods for measuring peroxides is known. Among those, polarigraphic measurements are thought to be unreliable and commercial methods using catalytic peroxide decomposition were not yet available.
• a hydrogen peroxide measurement is available from BTG a Division of Spectris Technologies, but the reliability of this measurement is still in question and it has not been widely adapted.
• Figure 7 shows an example of dispersive and Fourier Transform (FT) Raman spectra to demonstrate an interference using a laser at shorter wavelengths.
• the plot presents Raman data from a dispersive system with a 514.5 nm laser and a FT system with a 1064 nm laser.
• the data from the dispersive system shows interference that probably is due to fluorescence, at 800-1000 cm "1 .
• Raman spectroscopy lasers at a longer wavelength than 514.5 nm are used to obviate a fluorescence problem.
• a preferred configuration in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention is a laser operating at a higher wavelength than 514.5 nm.
• Figure 8 shows a Fourier Transform (FT) scan of a Raman scattering signal from a pulp bleaching mixture of hydrogen peroxide, silicate, and sulfate. Steps in the processing of the raw data include a fast Fourier transform, a baseline correction and then subtraction of the water signal.
• the peak at 400 cm “1 and below is an experimental artifact due to a silicate cell and the detection geometry.
• An optimized system would have a different geometry, such as 90 degree detection, or cell material, such as sapphire, to minimize the interference of the cell material when measuring silicate solutions and colloids.
• Figure 9 shows a series of Raman spectra of pressates from peroxide bleaching of pulp. These spectra were obtained using a 1064 nm laser with FT signal processing, baseline correction and subtraction of water spectra. The samples were quantitatively diluted to pH 7 before their measurement. The series progresses from high bleaching pH at the top to low bleaching pH at the bottom. Raman peaks are observed at approximately 530 cm “1 for silicate, at approximately 877 cm “1 for hydrogen peroxide (H O , at approximately 990 cm “1 for sulfate, and at approximately 1077 cm “1 for carbonate. The Raman peaks for sulfate shown in Figure 8 appear due to the addition of sulfate.
• Table 2 shows a relationship between pulp yield and Raman intensity ratios.
• Table 3 shows a relationship between residual hydrogen peroxide and Raman ratios.
• Figure 10 shows a matrix plot for Aspen TMP pulp bleaching with hydrogen peroxide and the pulp and bleaching pressate properties.
• This matrix plot shows variables describing the peroxide bleaching process and Raman peak intensity and intensity ratios from bleaching pressates obtained by bleaching with hydrogen peroxide under varied pH conditions. The samples were diluted to a constant pH before measurement so that the information in them relates to changes developed during the bleaching process.
• the pulp variables include an ultimate brightness, bulk, which is a measure of the specific volume of the pulp, and yield, which is the % mass of the bleached pulp relative to the unbleached pulp.
• the Raman intensity ratio of RH2O2SIL presented in Figure 10 is a ratio of (H 2 O 2 (877 cm “1 ) intensity/ intensity of silicate (-530 cm “1 ) and intensity of Raman intensity to UV absorbance is given by the following ratio RH2O2UV2 as expressed by (H 2 O 2 (877cm "1 )/UV absorbance at 280 nm).
• the X-axis relates to the relative concentration of the variable above and the Y-axis relates to the relative concentration of the variable to the right.
• Figure 11 presents Raman Spectra of pressates from hydrogen peroxide bleaching of aspen TMP pulp at different pH values.
• the spectra are obtained directly, i.e. without dilution or pH adjustment.
• the Raman peaks for hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) at 877 cm “1 , for carboxylic acid (COO " ) at 925 cm “1 , for a C-H bending mode at 1350 cm “1 , and for a C-H bending mode at 1415 cm “1 are shown.
• the relative decrease of the hydrogen peroxide peak and increase in the peaks representing different bleaching by-products can be related to pulp properties developed during bleaching.
• Tables 7 to 12 below demonstrate the prediction of pulp properties from Raman ratios and Raman intensities.
• the pulp properties presented are brightness in Table 7, bulk in Tables 8 and 9, residual hydrogen peroxide on the pulp in Table 10, and total organic carbon (TOC) in Tables 11 and 12.
• TOC total organic carbon
• Figure 13 presents the Raman spectra showing HOO " and HOOH peaks at 850 cm “1 and 877 cm “1 , respectively.
• the spectra presented in Figure 13 are shown after subtraction of a reference spectrum of water and baseline correction.
• two peaks are observed for peroxides.
• the intensity of the two peaks varies with the pH value of the solution, i.e. at a lower pH value more hydrogen peroxide is observed and at a higher pH value more peroxyl anion (HOO " ) is observed as a result of ionization of the hydrogen peroxide.
• HOO " peroxyl anion
• Raman spectroscopy conveniently provides a means for determining an extent of ionization of hydrogen peroxide by comparing the Raman peaks for the peroxyl anion and hydrogen peroxide.
• Figure 14A to 14J show a matrix plot of Raman intensities and Raman ratios as a function of pH.
• the considered Raman intensities are the Raman intensities for hydrogen peroxide HOOH (1877) and peroxyl ions HOO " (1850) as a function of pH.
• Two ratios of Raman peak intensities are also shown in the matrix plot.
• the Raman intensity ratio of R850877 is the intensity of the peak at 850 cm “1 to the intensity of the peak at 877 cm “1
• the Raman intensity ratio R877T is the ratio of the 877 cm “1 peak to the sum of the two peak intensities at 850 cm “1 and 877 cm “1 .
• a second ratio may be defined by the intensity of one peak to the sum of the intensity of both Raman peaks. This ratio is expected to follow relationships relevant to the pKa of the peroxide.
• Figure 14F and 14H show nonlinear relationships between the ratio and the direct peak intensity thus confirm the matrix plot presented in Figure 14 does not show a product of the intensities of the two Raman peak intensities at 850 cm “1 and 877 cm “1 . However, the product of these two Raman peak intensities provides similar results as the ratio between two Raman peak intensities.
• Figure 17 presents spectra showing Raman intensities of a solution of sodium hydrosulfite (Na 2 S 2 O 4 ) oxidizing to sulfate and sulfite ions.
• the management of oxidizing and reducing substances in industrial applications is problematic in part because measures such as an oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) are very sensitive to pH, ionic strength, temperature and the influence of interfering substances.
• ORP oxidation-reduction potential
• the use of Raman peak intensities provides a means to directly measure the concentrations and relative concentrations of the different species contributing to the oxidation potential of the solution.
• Figure 18 shows the S-O stretching region of the Raman spectrum during the oxidation of hydrosulfite to sulfate.
• the isobestic point is the point at which the total concentration is always a same function of intensity no matter what proportion of the two different species, i.e. hydrosulfite and sulfate, are present.
• Table 13 provides a regression summary for the oxidation-reduction potential and Table 14 shows the correlations for hydrosulfite oxidation.
• Oxidation-reduction potential, ORP, measurements are used to determine the oxidizing or reducing properties of a solution. Typical applications include the neutralization of waste water containing sulfides, cyanides, chromates, nitrites or organic waste and controlling the addition of oxidants to drinking water, swimming pools or cooling towers. ORP can also be used to determine the ion activity of metals in solution and determine the endpoint of titrations.
• the term potential of an oxidative reductive process within this specification is defined as the oxidation-reduction potential and also as an oxidation-reduction indicator.
• the potential of an oxidative reductive process is a measure of a composite state of the oxidation-reduction capacity of a sample and not of the oxidative-reductive capacity of the individual species.'
• ORP is commonly measured as pE using a metal electrode, a reference electrode and a high input impedance millivolt meter such as a pH meter.
• electrochemical methods for measuring the ORP cannot discriminate between different oxidative/reductive species.
• Raman spectroscopy is employed to determine the contribution to ORP of certain species more accurately by monitoring the oxidative/reductive properties and relative concentrations of the species of interest.
• additional oxidative/reductive species contributing to the ORP are monitored if their molecular vibrations are Raman active.
• pE is a notation related to the oxidation form and the reduction form of the species in a regime. Presented below is the example for a water regime.
• the limit of pE in water can be determined using the Nernst equation.
• the stability regime of water is determined by the reduction and oxidation of water. The reduction of water defines the lower limit to pE
• the pE for natural waters can be calculated using equation [6].
• the unknowns, which must be measured, are pH and the O 2 partial pressure (concentration).
• Figure 20 presents a series of silicate Raman spectra as a function of varying hydroxide concentration as taken from Prabir K. Dutta and Dah-Chung Shieh, published in Applied Spectroscopy, Vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 343-346 (1985). These spectra yield the intensities and ratios presented in Figures 21 and 22.
• Silicates can take different structural forms through ionization and polymerization in dependence upon a pH value. Silicates can be used in a plurality of industrial applications. For example, silicates are added to a bleaching solution in order to stabilize peroxides.
• the set of spectra shows how silicate types vary with solution conditions.
• Figure 21 shows the intensities of the different peaks as derived from the spectra presented in Figure 20.
• Figure 21 shows a matrix plot of Raman intensities as a function of the NaOHVSi ratio as derived from Prabir K. Dutta and Dah-Chung Shieh, Applied Spectroscopy, Vol. 39, No. 2, 343-346 (1985). Peaks from silicate relate to different vibrational modes that depend on the ionization and degree of polymerization of the silicate.
• Vibrations from silicate monomers yield peaks at 925 cm “1 (Si-O " stretch, monomer ionized) 772 cm “1 (Si-O-H stretch, monomer not ionized), 482 cm “1 (Si-OH stretch) and 446 cm “1 (SiO 2 (OH) 2 2" symmetric bend).
• Dimer groups yield peaks at 597 cm “1 (Si-O-Si stretch, dimer bridge) and 1014 cm “1 (SiO 3 stretch, dimer endgroup). Cyclic trimers have a breathing vibration at 531 cm “1 . The peak at 1014 cm “1 (SiO 3 stretch, dimer endgroup) shifts to -1030 cm “1 with cyclic trimers.
• Ratios present the physical properties of the silicates better than intensities alone do. This is demonstrated in Figure 22 showing a matrix plot of Raman intensity ratios as a function of the NaOH/Si ratio from Prabir K. Dutta and Dah-Chung Shieh, Applied Spectroscopy, Vol. 39, No. 2, 343-346 (1985). It is noted that this article does not teach the use of ratios.
• the intensities given in this article were used to derive Raman intensity ratios in order to demonstrate that the use of Raman intensity ratios is much better in predicting the physical properties of silicates.
• the ratios relate the relative concentrations of different functional groups characterizing the silicate speciation. These ratios provide new variables that logically relate to the properties of the silicate solution.
• the ratio R531/772 is related to the ratio of cyclic trimer groups to protonated monomer groups (ratio of the peak intensity at 531 cm “1 to the intensity at 772 cm “1 ).
• the ratio R531/925 is related to the ratio of cyclic trimer groups to ionized monomer groups (ratio of the peak intensity at 531 cm “1 to the intensity at 925 cm “1 ).
• the ratio R1014/925 is related to the ratio of ionized dimer groups to ionized monomer groups (ratio of the peak intensity at 1014 cm “1 to the intensity at 925 cm “1 ).
• FT-IR Fourier Transform Infrared
• Raman spectra of two white water samples from Millar Western Pulp (MWP) and one from Alberta Newsprint (ANC) are collected and shown in Figure 23. These samples are filtered through a 0.45 ⁇ filter before data is collected. Only one band at 980 cm “1 appears in ANC water. It is the contribution of the SO 4 (sulfate ion) band from the sulfate. There are also some sulfates in two kinds of Millar Western Pulp water. The amount of sulfate is different according to the band intensities. The peak at 877 cm "1 in both Millar Western Pulp water samples also indicates the existence of H O . Another band at 925 cm "1 in two MWP water samples is the contribution of carboxylate groups in the water.
• Figure 24 gives the Raman spectra of acetic acid and acetic acetate buffer solution (0.05M).
• the peak at 925 cm “1 is due to ⁇ C-O of the carboxylic group (basic form), the peak at 890 cm “1 is due to the same vibration mode but from the acid form.
• the invention provides an additional set of process parameters that are closely tied to the process chemistry. Using these new variables with functions that predict, model and control the state and outcome of a multi-dimensional process provides a significant advantage over standard chemometric and linear regression methods.
• Advanced control systems including those utilizing fuzzy logic, time correlation analysis, neural networks, adaptive control, principle component analysis and partial least squares provides a means of developing software programming and logic solutions to problems with a high dimensionality. It is an object of this invention to provide new variables that may be used to better control input and output parameters in a complicated process with many interrelated variables.

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