EP1237682A1

EP1237682A1 - Hand tool, in particular, a screwdriver

Info

Publication number: EP1237682A1
Application number: EP00989968A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Martin Strauch
Original assignee: Wera Werk Hermann Werner GmbH and Co KG
Current assignee: Wera Werk Hermann Werner GmbH and Co KG
Priority date: 1999-12-15
Filing date: 2000-12-08
Publication date: 2002-09-11
Anticipated expiration: 2020-12-08
Also published as: CN1214900C; EP1237682B1; CN1424954A; US20030196527A1; WO2001043922A1; ES2197126T3; US6883405B2; DE20022294U1

Abstract

The invention relates to a hand tool, in particular in the form of a screwdriver or a file, comprising one or more working surfaces with a grooved profile. According to the invention, the grooves are formed by recesses which are created using high-energy irradiation and which have border ribs. The border ribs can be formed by the edges of a fusion which immediately solidifies into a dish-shaped structure.

Description

00001 Handwerkzeuq, in particular screwing tools

00002

The invention relates to a hand tool, in particular

00004 a screwing tool and preferably a screwdriver

00005 or an open-end wrench and pliers, a clamping device

00006 tool or a file, with a deepening pro

00007 filleted work surface.

00008

The invention further relates to a method for professionals

00010 lation of work surfaces on tools of the aforementioned

00011 neten Art.

00012

00013 A generic tool shows the utility model

00014 DE 95 00 780.2 Ul. The utility model describes one

00015 screwdriver bit for Phillips screws, at

00016 which the work surfaces are profiled linearly,

00017 with alternating depressions and elevations

Train 00018. A channel course with the channel is created

00019 flanking ribs. In the manufacture of such a

00020 gene screwdriver insert is first the Pre¬

00021 towards the ribs. The tool is then hardened

00022 total The surface influence during hardening works

00023 also on the ribs. If the work is too brittle

00024 stuff, in the hard ribs from a hard base body

Protrude 00025 creates an oversized notch effect. This can

00026 can only be avoided by having a lower surface area

00027 sets the hardness. However, this then leads to

00028 relatively soft ribs, which then ver¬ quickly

00029 can wear. One is here with the Pro¬

00030 faced that a wear-resistant rib with

00031 is accompanied by excessive tool brittleness

00032 and on the other hand avoiding the brittleness of

00033 to give way to the entire tool and thus rub off

00034 leads the ribs.

00035 In the prior art, other methods are therefore also used to achieve an increase in the surface roughness of screwdriver bits. For example, DE 40 29 734 A1 and EP 0 521 256 00040 A2 show the coating of the work surfaces with friction material 00041. A combination of surface profiling 00042 with coating is shown in GB 950 544 and DE 197 20 00043 139 Cl. The invention is based on the object of specifying a generic tool according to 00046, in particular of low brittleness 00047 with hard ribs, and a method for its manufacture. The object is achieved by the invention specified in claims 00051. The claim 1 provides that the work surface of the 00054 tool is irradiated with energy, the 00055 irradiation is carried out in such a way that recesses are produced, 00056 which have raised edge ribs. In this case, 00057 the area close to the surface is melted with 00058 a melt that solidifies at the edge into ribs. The 00059 process can be carried out without problems after heat treatment 00060, for example hardening the blank. This is suitably brought to a toughness corresponding to 00062 in the heat treatment 00061, so that a low material brittleness 00063 is present. This tough core material 00064 rial is then preferably irradiated with a laser, 00065 whereby local surface hardening follows only in the engraving zones and not in the 00066 intermediate areas. The melt is self-deterrent. Along with the hardening of the material, the 00069 spatial structure and in particular the topography of the 00070 surface also change. In particular, channel-like connections 00071 deep with ribs. These gutters made of harder

00072 material are in an environment of softer material

00073 embedded. The ribs produced are high

00074 abrasion resistance and can be elastic on the other hand

Immerse the core material when pressure is on it

00076 direction of the surface normal is exerted. That invented

The method according to the invention also has the advantage

00078 that one in the choice of the geometry of the wells

00079 is almost completely free. Edge ribs are preferred

00080, which are extra hard. These can be found at

00081 screws with such a profiled screwing tool in

00082 press the walls of the screw engagement opening, so

00083 that the tool is stuck in the screw. This

00084 the arched ribs are buried in the screw head

00085 is particularly pronounced when galvanized with zinc

00086th screws. The radiation is preferably carried out with

00087 a particularly focused laser. Also for filing

These profiles are suitable for 00088. 00089

00090 It is also conceivable to expand the laser beam

00091 and to sweep across the surface of the workpiece

00092 chen. The metallic surface is over the

00093 melting point heated and cooled according to the

00094 high temperature gradients shock. accompanying

00095 with the melting and evaporation of the metal

00096 roughened the surface. With the sudden

00097 freeze from the high energy exposure

00098 standing morphology is also a hardening of

00099 surface. The hardness of the

00100 brought rib / depression structure is larger than that

00101 material hardness of the surrounding area, which is why this

00102 structures are mounted elastically. 00103

00104 The laser exposure can be applied directly to the steel

00105 basic body of the tool. It is also 00106 conceivable, previously a metal coating, for example

00107 to be applied galvanically. The profiling process can

00108 also take place in two stages. For example, first

00109 the total area is

00110 are roughened. Then with a focused laser

00111 beam a linear structure can be applied.

00112 The first step can also be omitted. The

00113 Application of the linear structures with a

00114 focused laser beam goes with the formation of

00115 channels, bounded by wall-like edges

00116 are. These wall-like edges are above the surface

00117 before the workpiece attack surface and form one

00118 hard and rough workpiece attack profile. It has

00119 it turned out that especially when a

00120 metal coating is applied galvanically to the

00121 area areas acted upon by the laser

00122 compression of the metal coating is generated. As

00123 has advantageously turned out to be nickel as a metal

00124 coating to use. In particular, it is advantageous

00125 adheres if hard material particles in the nickel layer,

00126 in particular diamond chips are embedded. Also

00127 these diamond chips are obtained by the laser

00128 striking a firmer frame in the metal matrix.

00129 The laser is applied with such a

00130 intensity and duration that the profile zones thus generated

00131 compared to the surrounding non-profiled work

00132 Slightly jump back to the piece contact surface. The

00133 Beam direction of the laser generating the profiling

00134 can be directed perpendicular to the surface. It

00135 an acute-angled alignment is also possible.

00136 This ensures that the edge flanks of the back

00137 jumping zones at an acute angle into the workpiece

00138 Run out surface. The focus of the laser beam is

00139 writing over the surface. This melts

00140 in focus the steel base material or that on the steel 00141 base material applied nickel-phosphor coating

00142 in some areas. A material conversion takes place

00143 instead. The melted steel material forms a

00144 hardness structure. The melted nickel-phosphorus

00145 layer can be a fusion connection with the

Enter 00146 steel body. This type of profiling

00147 is particularly advantageous for the work surfaces

00148 of screwdriver bits with a cross profile. The

00149 Profile lines can run obliquely in the direction of rotation

00150 fen, so that the cam-out effect is counteracted. It

00151 finds the tool buried in the

00152 screw opening instead. Furthermore, by the shape

00153 the channels avoided that they fill with abrasion.

00154 They act as chip channels. 00155

00156 When using high-energy,

00157 especially focused rays will be the surface

00158 of the tool in the area of the focus of the beam short

00159 melted in time. The melting can be done with light,

00160 with a laser beam or with electron beam

00161 learn or by sputtering. The only local and

00162 almost spontaneous melting of the surface has a lot

00163 high temperature gradients in the material result. The

The consequence of this is that the melt after lifting

00165 of the energy supply, i.e. by moving on for example

00166 way of the laser beam, immediately solidified. The at

00167 Melting dynamic forces cause the

00168 Formation of a flow within the melt

00169 the edge. This creates running to the edge

00170 en waves. The procedure should be carried out in such a way that

00171 the waves get steep slopes, but

00172 do not break. The energy supply must therefore

00173 end abruptly when the waves have their optimal flank shape

Take 00174. When the short-term energy

00175 feed solidifies the melt immediately. This gives 00176 the solidified melt a great hardness. This can be 00177 greater than 62 HRC. It can be between 64 and 66 HRC 00178. Below the trough-like structure, which is approximately 00179 and 50 μm thick, the volume material 00180 is left on due to the temperature. The 00181 material softens there. The tub made of harder material is therefore embedded in a soft zone. The 00183 hardness of this soft zone increases up to the hardness of the basic material. 00185 00186 Exemplary embodiments of the invention are explained below with the aid of the attached drawings. The figures show: 00188 00189 FIG. 1 a screwdriver with laser-profiled 00190 working tip, 00191 00192 FIG. 2 the working tip, 00193 00194 FIG. 3 a detail from the workpiece engagement surface, 00196 00197 FIG. 4 a representation according to FIG. 3 of a second 00198 exemplary embodiment , 00199 00200 Fig. 5 shows a third embodiment of the invention 00201 in a perspective detailed view 00202 a roughened surface, 00203 00204 Fig. 6 shows an illustration according to FIG. 5 after Profilie00205 tion, 00206 00207 Fig. 7 shows an embodiment of the invention in 00208 the work surface intersecting trough-shaped 00209 channels, 00210 00211 FIG. 8 shows a cross section of a trough-shaped channel, 00212 00213 FIG. 9 shows a further exemplary embodiment of the invention, in which the depressions have the shape of 00215 craters, 00216 00217 FIG. 10 schematically shows a typical hardness curve of a 00218 50 μm thick solidified melt and a 00219 adjoining 30 μm thick event 00220 zone, 00221 00222 FIG. 11 a further embodiment of the invention, the tool being a screwdriver 00224 with a flat blade, 00225 00226 FIG. 12 another embodiment of the invention, the screw tool also is a 00228 screwdriver, although the 00229 blade is polygonal and the polygonal surfaces 00230 are laser beam profiled, 00231 00232 Fig. 13 shows an embodiment in which the tool 00233 is a file, 00234 00235 Fig. 14 the working tips of a saw ring pliers, 00236 00237 Fig. 15 modified working tips of a 00238 sowing machine kleinzange and 00239 00240 Fig. 16 schematically shows a jaw profiled in accordance with the invention, for example 00242 pliers, a clamping tool or a wrench. 00244 00245 The exemplary embodiment shown in FIGS.

00246 game is a screwdriver with a handle and one

00247 blade 2. The blade 2 has an ar-

00248 beitsspitze 3. This working tip 3 forms a work

00249 piece attack surface 8. In the execution

00250 example the shape of a cross profile. Through multiple

00251 total, parallel overrun of this workpiece attack surface

00252 before 8 a large number of parallel

00253 linear profile stripes running towards each other

00254 fen 6 generated. The application of the metal coating

00255 ung 5, which is applied to the steel core 4, causes

00256 a material consolidation. This material consolidation

00257 in the area of the material attack profile 6 is with a

00258 approximately 100 percent increase in surface hardness combined

00259 den. The energized zone 6 also gives way slightly

00260 compliant to the surrounding non-energy

00261 struck back zone. Due to the laser beam

00262 a melt develops, which follows the trace of the laser

00263 beam follows. Because of the very high temperature gradients

00264 th to the bulk material, the melt very quickly

00265 cooled. The solidified channel then has a considerable

00266 lent greater hardness than the material surrounding the channel

00267 al. The focused laser beam is preferably so

00268 guided and aligned that the melt at your

00269 edges rises like a wall, so as to glow

00270 pen to generate. The material for this wave comes from

00271 the depression between the waves. Prefers

00272 the edge ribs are created by a thermo-dynamic-in-

00273 dated flow movement in the melt, such that the

00274 material from the center of the melt to the edge

00275 flows to solidify there. 00276

00277 The energy is applied with a focusing

00278 laser beam as a laser beam source, a label can

00279 tion lasers are used in particular a diode 00280 ser, which operates with an increased output power

00281 will. In the embodiment shown in FIG.

00282 play the steel core 4 carries a metal coating 5,

00283 which can be nickel phosphide. The

00284 writing laser beam guided over the surface

00285 causes local melting not only of the layer

00286 5, but also the adjacent zone of the steel

00287 basic body 4. Then there is a sudden initial

00288 tion of the melt. An elongated forms

00289 Crater in the form of a groove 9 with two wall-like

00290 edges 10, which over the surface of the metal coating

00291 and 5 protrude. This leads to a roughening of the

00292 surface, the melted and abrupt

00293 cooled material has an increased hardness. There

00294 is a structureless martensite. 00295

00296 In the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG.

00297 is, are in the nickel coating 5 additional

00298 introduced diamond splitter 7, the areas over

00299 protrude the surface of the coating. The local

00300 heating using focused laser beam also forms

00301 here a linear profile strip 6. This

00302 profile strip 6 forms a groove 9 with edges

00303 waves 10 that protrude above the surface. In the

00304 local energy is the metallic

00305 Material not only melted. It also comes to

00306 evaporation of the same. The energized

00307 Diamond chips make a phase

00308 conversion by. They can be oxidized

00309 ren that they get a rounded structure. The

00310 diamond splinter 7 'in the area of the profile strip

00311 6 then no longer protrude above the surface

00312 beyond. 00313 1/43922

10

00314 In the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 5, the steel core 4 is uncoated. For example, a diode laser was applied across the area of 00316. Accompanying this exposure, the surface area 11 is melted. The 00319 bubbles that are produced are frozen by the sudden solidification, so that roughening occurs. 00321 00322 In the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 6, 00323 a steel core surface 11 00324 pretreated according to FIG. 5 was treated with writing 00325 with a focused laser beam. Line-shaped 00326 structures were applied to the surface. The surface material of the 00327 steel body 4 was melted in some areas and 00328 was displaced towards the edge, so that wall-like structures 1032 are formed on both sides of the channel 9, which protrude beyond the 00330 surface 11. 00331 00332 As shown in particular in FIGS. 1 and 2, the preferred area of application is the working tip of a screwdriver. The line-shaped structures are preferably applied obliquely. The contact surfaces of the screw00336 tip then dig into the screw head. This 00337 counteracts the cam-out effect. The grooves 00338 do not tend to clog with metal that has been rubbed out of the screw head. They act like a chip channel. 00340 00341 It is regarded as particularly advantageous that 00342 the local hardening of the surface is accompanied by a local roughening. 00344 00345 Before treating the working tip, the entire 00346 blade can be chrome-plated. The work tip is completely or partially by 00347 the laser beam treatment / 43922

11

00348 freed from the chrome again, so that the working tip 00349 also contrasts in color with the rest of the blade. 00350 00351 The shape of the grooves, the direction of the grooves and the 00352 arrangement of the grooves can be adapted to the power output profile 00353 of the screwing tool. So the 00354 grooves can form a diamond shape. You can get fish-like in fishbones. But you can also leave 00356 transverse or parallel to the direction of extension of the blades. In contrast to the embossing of surface structures 00358, there are almost no 00359 limits to the shape and course of the grooves, as there are no demolding problems. 00360 00361 The slight protrusion that the wall-like edge of the 00362 groove sits opposite the workpiece attack surface be00363 also causes the screwing tool 00364 to adhere in the screw opening, as a result of this wall 00365 having a certain excess. A screw placed on the screw 00366 tool can be held there without additional forces, such as magnetic forces or the like. 00369 00370 FIG. 7 shows a further exemplary embodiment of the 00371 invention. Here, too, the 00372 depressions with edge ribs were applied by means of a focused laser beam00373. However, the groove-shaped 00374 depressions intersect here, so that four ridges form in the area of the edge ribs at the 00375 crossing point. 00376 00377 The flank profile is shown in FIG. 8. The 00378 flanks of the marginal ribs are relatively steep. The Randrip00379 pen arise as a result of waves developing during the energy supply 00380. The waves solidify 00381 just before they break. 00382 00383 In the embodiment of FIG. 9, the working

00384 surface only with a laser beam at certain points

00385 strikes so that there are annular edge ribs.

00386

00387 FIG. 10 shows a typical hardness curve. The

00388 hardness is given in Rockwell. The range between 0

00389 and 50 μm (tub) has a substantially constant

00390 en hardness. This area corresponds to the frozen one

00391 melt. Here the hardness is typically 65

00392 HRC. The range between 50 and 80 μm is the lower one

00393 tempering zone lying half of the solidified melt. The

00394 adjoining bulk material has in

00395 embodiment a hardness of 60 HRC. As a result of

00396 Tempering is about hard in the tempering zone

00397 50 HRC increasing to 60 HRC.

00398

00399 In the embodiment shown in FIG. 11

00400 is a screwdriver with a fla¬

00401 chen tip. In the area behind the flat tip 3

00402, a flat zone 15 is formed, which with profile strips

00403 fen 6 is provided. With this flat zone 15 a

00404 machining is done. As a result of this

00405 configuration can be screwed and with a tool

00406 can be filed.

00407

The same processing is shown with that in FIG. 12

00409 presented embodiment possible. Here the

00410 blade an angular, in particular square Quer¬

00411 cutting contour. The polygonal surfaces 12 are also here

00412 with parallel, oblique to the blade extension

00413 directional profile strips provided.

00414 These form a rib structure, so that this

00415 plane surfaces can act as files. The top 3 is

00416 profiled there with ribs.

00417 00418 The exemplary embodiment 00419 shown in FIG. 13 is a file. The file sheet is profiled in 00420 in the prescribed manner. The special feature 00421 of the tool shown there is that 00422 the file sheet has an L-shape. The level hollow areas are covered with profile strips 6. In addition, there is a narrow surface 15, 00425 in the apex 15, 00425 which has also been given a cutting 00426 rib 6 by laser radiation. With this tool 00427 it is possible to carry out deburring in one work step. The blade is connected to a handle 14 with a handle 00429. 00430 00431 The exemplary embodiment 00432 shown in FIG. 14 shows the tips 16 of a ring saw pliers. The two Ar00433 tips of the pliers are tapered. In parallel with 00434 to the cone axis, a profile 6 is applied there, in particular on the side facing 00435, 00436, with which the working tips 00437 are prevented from sliding out of the openings in the saw ring. 00438 00439 Fig. 15 shows a modification. There, the 00440 profiles 6 are designed in the axial distance from one another as 00441 circumferential rings. 00442 00443 FIG. 16 shows a jaw 17 profi00444 profi le according to the invention. This jaw can be assigned to a pair of pliers. The pliers can have two 00446 jaws facing each other, each of which is profiled with intersecting Pro00447 fill lines. However, the jaw can also be assigned to 00448 a clamp. The same structure 00449 can also have the jaw opening of an open-end wrench. 00451 00452 In particular, it is provided that such a jaw

00453 on an adjustable screwing tool, for example

00454 is provided on an Englishman. 00455

00456 All disclosed features are (in themselves) inventive

00457 considerably. In the disclosure of the registration is hereby

00458 also the disclosure content of the associated / attached

00459 priority documents (copy of the pre-registration) fully

00460 included in terms of content, also for the purpose of features

00461 of these documents in claims of this application

00462 to record.

Claims

00463 Contact

00464

00465 1. Hand tool, in particular a screwing tool or

00466 an open-end wrench and pliers, a clamping tool

00467 or a file, with one or more deepening profi

00468 coated work surfaces, characterized by means of

00469 generated high-energy radiation, edge ribs

00470 send wells.

00471

00472 2. Hand tool according to one or more of the preceding

00473 claims or in particular according thereto, thereby

00474 characterized that the opposite Randrip¬

00475 pen (10) the edges of a trough-shaped structure

00476 are immediately solidified melt.

00477

00478 3. Hand tool according to one or more of the preceding

00479 claims or in particular according thereto, thereby

00480 characterized that the trough-like structure about 50

00481 μm thick.

00482

00483 4. Hand tool according to one or more of the preceding

00484 claims or in particular according thereto, thereby

00485 characterized that the tub-like structure harder

00486 is as the surrounding area of the work surface and

00487 in particular a hardness greater than 62 HRC, preferably 64 to

00488 66 HRC.

00489

00490 5. Hand tool according to one or more of the preceding

00491 claims or in particular according thereto, gekennzeich¬

00492 net through a below the tub-like structure

00493 lying tempering zone made of softer material, the hardness

00494 with increasing depth up to the hardness of the base material

00495 increases, preferably from 50 HRC to 60 HRC.

00496

00497 6. Hand tool according to one or more of the preceding claims or in particular according thereto, characterized ge00499 that the tempering zone is approximately 30 microns thick. 00500 00501 7. Hand tool according to one or more of the preceding claims or in particular according thereto, characterized 00503 in that the profiling is applied to a metal coating (5). 00505 00506 8. Hand tool according to one or more of the preceding claims or in particular according thereto, characterized 00508 in that the metal coating is a neatly applied nickel or nickel-phosphorus layer 00510 or chrome layer. 00511 00512 9. Hand tool according to one or more of the preceding claims or in particular according thereto, gekennzeich00514 net by hard material particles (7) (diamonds), in particular diamond 00516 fragments, introduced into the metal layer (5). 00517 00518 10. Hand tool according to one or more of the preceding claims or in particular according thereto, characterized 00520 in that the depressions form a roughening 00522 generated according to part 00521 and material conversion. 00523 00524 11. Hand tool according to one or more of the preceding claims or in particular according thereto, characterized gekennzeich00526 net by depressions in the form of a plurality of in particular 00528 troughs (9) with wall 00528 ar ige edges (10). 00529

00530 12. Hand tool according to one or more of the preceding claims or in particular according thereto, gekennzeich00532 net by intersecting channels. 00533 00534 13. Hand tool according to one or more of the preceding claims or in particular according thereto, characterized 00536 in that profile lines formed by the wall-limited recesses 00537 have almost twice the surface hardness 00539 over almost their entire lines 00538 than the non-profiled area of the attack 00540 area (8). 00541 00542 14. Hand tool according to one or more of the preceding claims or in particular according thereto, characterized 00544 in that the depressions are crater-shaped 00545 individual depressions. 00546 00547 15. Hand tool according to one or more of the preceding claims or in particular according thereto, characterized in 00549 that the working surface (8) is the working 00550 tip (3) of a blade (2) of a screwing tool. 00551 00552 16. Hand tool according to one or more of the preceding claims or in particular according thereto, gekennzeich00554 net by one of the working tip of a screwdriver 00555 adjacent, in particular designed as a flat surface 00556 surface, which is provided with profile strips. 00557 00558 17. Hand tool according to one or more of the preceding claims or in particular according thereto, characterized in 00560 that the flat surface is the flat 00561 flat of a flat-blade screwdriver. 00562 00563 18. Hand tool according to one or more of the preceding claims or in particular according thereto, thereby 00565 characterized in that the flat surface is a polygonal surface 00566 of a polygonal blade (2). 00567 00568 19. Hand tool according to one or more of the preceding claims or in particular according thereto, characterized 00570 in that the hand tool is a file. 00571 00572 20. Hand tool according to one or more of the preceding claims or in particular according thereto, characterized 00574 in that the hand tool is a hollow file 00575, in particular with a longitudinal narrow surface (15) arranged in the apex of the cavity. 00577 00578 21. Method for profiling work surfaces on 00579 tools, in particular according to one or more of the 00580 preceding claims, characterized in that 00581 the work surface (8) is briefly irradiated over a large area and / or 00582 locally in such a high-energy manner that the 00583 region near the surface irradiated zone melts 00584 and solidifies into a rib at the edge. 00585 00586 22. The method according to claim 21 or in particular da00587 according to, characterized in that the irradiation is carried out with 00588 a laser or electron beam. 00589 00590 23. Method according to one or more of the preceding00591 claims or in particular according thereto, characterized in that the laser irradiation takes place after the 00593 tool has hardened. 00594 00595 24. Method according to one or more of the preceding claims, or in particular according thereto, characterized 00597 by a laser beam aligned at an acute angle to the workpiece attack surface. 00599

00600 25. The method according to one or more of the preceding00601 claims or in particular according thereto, characterized gekenn00602 in that the workpiece engagement surface (8) is metal-coated before the 00603 laser treatment. 00604 00605 26. The method according to one or more of the preceding00606 claims or in particular according thereto, characterized gekenn00607 that the workpiece engagement surface (8) is chromed before the 00608 laser treatment. 00609 00610 27. The method according to one or more of the preceding00611 claims or in particular according thereto, characterized gekenn00612 that the energy is selected so that when 00613 passes over the metal surface with a focused 00614 laser beam by brief melting and / or 00615 evaporation of metal Form channels (9) from structureless 00616 martenside, which in the edge area (10) projects like a wall 00617 from the adjacent, untreated surface. 00618 00619 28. The method according to one or more of the preceding00620 claims or in particular according thereto, characterized gekenn00621 that 00622 diamonds (7) applied to the steel base body (4) round in part upon laser beam exposure. 00624 00625 29. The method according to one or more of the preceding claims 00626 or in particular according thereto, characterized in that the laser power and the scanning speed of the laser are matched 00629 so that the ones that form in the melt form the edge 00630 the energized zone of moving waves 00631 immediately freeze shortly before breaking.