EP1222841A1 - Procede de fusion et de solidification sans contact d'un echantillon conducteur d'electricite - Google Patents
Procede de fusion et de solidification sans contact d'un echantillon conducteur d'electriciteInfo
- Publication number
- EP1222841A1 EP1222841A1 EP00966254A EP00966254A EP1222841A1 EP 1222841 A1 EP1222841 A1 EP 1222841A1 EP 00966254 A EP00966254 A EP 00966254A EP 00966254 A EP00966254 A EP 00966254A EP 1222841 A1 EP1222841 A1 EP 1222841A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- sample
- magnetic field
- intensity
- gradient
- solidification
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 36
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 18
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 18
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 title abstract 2
- 230000005291 magnetic effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 78
- 238000005339 levitation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 claims description 11
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000004781 supercooling Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000013021 overheating Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910010038 TiAl Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000001939 inductive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001069 Ti alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000001965 increasing effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 72
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 11
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 10
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 7
- 244000052616 bacterial pathogen Species 0.000 description 3
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000033001 locomotion Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 3
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005298 paramagnetic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000036961 partial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004616 Pyrometry Methods 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012300 argon atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011449 brick Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001010 compromised effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001627 detrimental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005292 diamagnetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002889 diamagnetic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005294 ferromagnetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000010006 flight Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011344 liquid material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010309 melting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002028 premature Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007712 rapid solidification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000284 resting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000013519 translation Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B6/00—Heating by electric, magnetic or electromagnetic fields
- H05B6/02—Induction heating
- H05B6/22—Furnaces without an endless core
- H05B6/32—Arrangements for simultaneous levitation and heating
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a process for melting and solidifying a conductive sample of elect ⁇ cite. as well as an application of this proceeds to the manufacture of samples comprising at least one metastable phase
- a known technique for levitating a metallic material is electromagnetic lev itation, which consists in applying a high frequency alternating magnetic field to this material.
- the application of the magnetic field i D produces two effects the generation of induced currents flowing in 1 sample. which orodoute a heating by Joule effect and thus make melt the sample, and the creation of an electromagnetic force of repulsion, which raised and maintains 1 sample in levitation
- the sample has 1 melted state undergoes an intense electromagnetic stirring: o
- This technique has the disadvantage of being able to levitate only a small sample.
- the heating power and the levitation force are coupled because they are all proportional to the square of 1 ntensite of the alternating kinetic field applied in such a way that it is not possible to dissociate its effects
- the sample undergoes instabilities, due in particular to internal mixing, which risk in particular causing significant lateral movements and even taking the sample out of the field area
- the present invention relates to a process for melting and solidifying an electrically conductive sample, allowing contactless solidification of the sample while overcoming the constraints present in known techniques of contactless solidification.
- the method of the invention thus makes it possible to process quantities of materials identical to those subjected to fusion, for the desired duration and economically, without being restricted by security measures linked to on-board systems.
- the invention also relates to the application of such a method to the manufacture of samples comprising at least one metastable phase.
- the invention relates to a process for melting and solidifying an electrically conductive sample, in which:
- the sample is melted by induction by means of an alternating magnetic field
- a gradient of a continuous magnetic field is superimposed on the alternating magnetic field, so as to cause the molten sample to levitate without contact with solid surfaces, and
- a solidification of the sample is produced.
- the intensity of the alternating magnetic field is reduced by varying the intensity of the gradient of the continuous magnetic field, so as to keep the sample in levitation without contact with solid surfaces and to reduce the temperature of the sample to obtain a contactless solidification of this sample.
- the liquid phase can be overheated without contact to remove all solidification germs, then cooled without contact.
- Solidification then does not take place at the thermodynamic solidification temperature, but the sample remains liquid below this temperature: this is the phenomenon of supercooling.
- the out-of-equilibrium conditions make it possible to manufacture metal phases which cannot form at equilibrium. These conditions favor the production of metastable phases.
- solidification can be very rapid and generate very fine microstructures based on small grains (for example nanograins), or even make it possible to obtain glasses.
- the change of 1 "intensity of the magnetic field gradient is increased.
- changes in magnetic susceptibility with temperature generates a magnetic force intensity increase, which requires maintenance or a decrease of the field continuous magnetic.
- the alternating magnetic field is at high frequency, that is to say at a frequency greater than 1 kHz. and advantageously greater than
- the continuous magnetic field preferably has a high maximum intensity, of induction greater than 0.3 T and advantageously greater than 3 T.
- continuous magnetic field is meant a time invariant field.
- the DC magnetic field preferably produces a strong gradient (spatial variation), the product of the magnetic induction continuous magnetic field by the magnetic induction gradient having an intensity greater than 1 T 2 / m and advantageously greater than 50 T 2 / m.
- the method according to the invention is applicable not only to diamagnetic materials, but also paramagnetic or ferromagnetic.
- the application of DC magnetic field in the second step produces the following two effects:
- the combination of alternating and continuous magnetic fields keeps the sample levitating while controlling its position enough to avoid contact with solid surfaces. Thanks to this combination, it is possible to avoid the instabilities of positioning of the sample, while reducing its temperature.
- the presence of the alternating field ensures a pa ⁇ ielle self-regulation of the system: if the sample is raised beyond the alternating field, it undergoes a lesser force of electromagnetic levitation. There is therefore a stable electromagnetic position along a vertical axis, which constitutes a so ⁇ e of potential wells.
- the alternating field also makes it possible to compensate for radial instabilities, in particular when the continuous magnetic field generates a levitation force which is not perfectly vertical.
- the reduction in intensity of the alternating magnetic field is compensated for by an adapted variation in intensity of the gradient of the continuous magnetic field, so as to exert on the sample an approximately constant levitation force.
- the sample thus remains in substantially the same position during its solidification.
- the variation in intensity of the gradient of the continuous magnetic field is advantageously produced by the variation in intensity of the continuous field himself. Such an operation is in fact simple to implement.
- this variation of the gradient is obtained by modifying the relative positioning of the sample in the DC field or by moving the field or of the sample.
- a third gradient of the variation in shape combines the first two techniques (modification of the field strength and the relative positioning of the sample).
- the variation of the levitation force produced by the alternating magnetic field (induction) is evaluated over time, preferably taking into account the variations with the temperature of the magnetic properties of the sample. Indeed, these generally decrease with temperature, according to a function depending on the material considered.
- the gradient of the continuous magnetic field is modified so as to compensate for the decrease in the levitation force and to keep it approximately constant.
- the gradient of the continuous magnetic field is controlled by the variation of the levitation force evaluated.
- the gradient of the continuous magnetic field is controlled by the movements of the sample.
- the intensity of the gradient of the continuous magnetic field is automatically controlled.
- the adjustments are made manually.
- the intensity of the alternating magnetic field is adjusted so as to obtain an overheating of the sample. This overheating is preferably sufficient to produce a supercooling of the sample in the third step.
- the intensity of the alternating magnetic field must then be high enough to overheat the liquid phase so as to dissolve all the germs solidification in the second step.
- the cooling of the sample in the third step thus only causes solidification in a supercooled state. Obtaining such supercooling is obtained by the combination of two characteristics of the process: contactless melting, which makes it possible to rise very high in temperature in a very homogeneous manner in the sample, and contactless solidification, which avoids the appearance of solidification germs compromising supercooling.
- a gradient of continuous magnetic field is applied from the first step, that is to say before and during the fusion of the sample. It is thus possible to melt the sample in levitation.
- Such a method generally requires a gradual reduction of the DC field, as the AC field is increased to increase the heating of the sample. Indeed, it should preserve the spatial stability of the latter, and even preferentially to exercise on a sample approximately constant levitation force.
- This technique is more complex to implement than the previous one (without any continuous field during the first step).
- it is particularly advantageous when it is desired to avoid contact between the liquid sample and the container containing it, in order to preserve the purity of this sample.
- it is advantageously used when using a refractory crucible as a container. In this way, it is in fact avoided to load the sample material with refractory impurities, which would be produced by reactions at the walls of the crucible during melting.
- an advantageous mode of implementation consists in slightly reducing the intensity of induction, which can make it possible to considerably reduce the temperature without significantly disturbing the position of the sample.
- the alternating and continuous magnetic fields are gradually reduced to zero, so as to recover the solidified sample.
- the sample is preferably placed in a gradient zone of the continuous magnetic field, this gradient having an intensity decreasing upwards.
- the continuous magnetic field is applied by means of a superconductive magnet.
- the sample is melted in a cold crucible.
- This crucible is, for example, cooled copper.
- the use of a cold crucible makes it possible to rise very high in temperature and to avoid chemical reactions at the walls.
- the levitation of the sample makes it possible to avoid heat exchanges at the walls and thus to raise the temperature substantially above the melting point of the material considered.
- the sample is melted in a crucible made of refractory bricks.
- This mode of implementation is however not applicable to materials capable of chemically attacking the walls of the crucible, and it is then necessary to melt the sample in levitation by applying from the first step a continuous magnetic field, as explained previously.
- this cold crucible is inductive and is positioned in a magnetic field gradient area of the superconducting magnet, capable of producing an upward directed vertical force on the sample.
- the invention also concerns the application of the melting process and solidifying the manufacture of samples comprising at least a metastable phase. This process indeed allows obtaining metastable phases which cannot be obtained other than by supercooling.
- this metastable phase is based on a titanium alloy, preferably TiAl.
- a contactless electromagnetic and magnetic levitation non-contact melting device comprises (figure) an inductor 1 placed in a superconductive coil 2 and surrounding a cold crucible 3.
- the cold crucible 3 is, for example, a hemispherical crucible made of sectored copper having an internal diameter of 16 mm, inserted in the inductor 1.
- the bottom of the crucible 3 is equipped with a retractable cooled finger 4, connected to a horizontal support 5 of vertical translation.
- the inductor 1 is, for example, an inductor with four turns supplied with high frequency alternating current.
- the inductive system comprising the inductor 1 and the cold crucible 3 is placed in a sealed enclosure 10, connected to a primary vacuum pump. This enclosure 10, resting on the support 5. is provided with an upper window 7 allowing monitoring by video camera 6 of the phenomena occurring in the enclosure 10.
- the superconductive coil 2 is provided with a field hole of 120 mm in diameter and is capable of delivering a vertical magnetic field up to 8 T in the center.
- the enclosure 10 is inserted in the center of this coil 2.
- a solid sample is first placed in the cold crucible 3 and a vacuum is produced on this sample.
- the following operations are carried out for treating the sample under a partial argon atmosphere.
- the force responsible for levitation consists of a component from the alternating magnetic field (repulsion between inductor and metallic charge) and a component from the continuous magnetic field gradient related to the magnetic susceptibility of the material.
- the temperature of the sample is lowered while keeping the total levitation force constant.
- the decrease in temperature is obtained by gradual decrease in the intensity of the alternating magnetic field. This operation produces two effects: a decrease in the electromagnetic component of the levitation force and a variation in the magnetic susceptibility (which is a function of temperature) which acts on the value of the magnetic component of the levitation force.
- Solidification without contact is therefore obtained by compensating in real time during cooling for the variation in the levitation force by a variation in the intensity of the corresponding gradient of the continuous magnetic field.
- an infrared pyrometer preferably makes it possible to monitor the temperature of the sample during treatment. It is thus possible, if necessary, to determine the variations in the magnetic properties of the sample and to combine them with the variations in induction to determine the variation to be applied to the continuous magnetic field, therefore to the induced gradient.
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Sampling And Sample Adjustment (AREA)
- Crystals, And After-Treatments Of Crystals (AREA)
- Crucibles And Fluidized-Bed Furnaces (AREA)
- Glass Compositions (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analyzing Materials Using Thermal Means (AREA)
- General Induction Heating (AREA)
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR9912367A FR2799335B1 (fr) | 1999-10-04 | 1999-10-04 | Procede de fusion et de solidification sans contact d'un echantillon conducteur d'electricite |
| FR9912367 | 1999-10-04 | ||
| PCT/FR2000/002728 WO2001026424A1 (fr) | 1999-10-04 | 2000-10-02 | Procede de fusion et de solidification sans contact d'un echantillon conducteur d'electricite |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP1222841A1 true EP1222841A1 (fr) | 2002-07-17 |
| EP1222841B1 EP1222841B1 (fr) | 2004-12-01 |
Family
ID=9550558
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP00966254A Expired - Lifetime EP1222841B1 (fr) | 1999-10-04 | 2000-10-02 | Procede de fusion et de solidification sans contact d'un echantillon conducteur d'electricite |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP1222841B1 (fr) |
| JP (1) | JP2003511239A (fr) |
| KR (1) | KR20020043611A (fr) |
| AT (1) | ATE284124T1 (fr) |
| AU (1) | AU7670300A (fr) |
| DE (1) | DE60016444D1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2799335B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2001026424A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102009042972A1 (de) | 2009-09-16 | 2011-03-24 | Technische Universität Ilmenau | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zum Manipulieren einer levitierten elektrisch leitfähigen Substanz |
| DE102011018675A1 (de) | 2011-04-18 | 2012-10-18 | Technische Universität Ilmenau | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zum aktiven Manipulieren einer elektrisch leitfähigen Substanz |
| US10563275B2 (en) * | 2014-10-16 | 2020-02-18 | Glassy Metal, Llc | Method and apparatus for supercooling of metal/alloy melts and for the formation of amorphous metals therefrom |
| CN105970135B (zh) * | 2016-05-11 | 2019-02-22 | 上海大学 | 利用梯度强磁场制备梯度组成块体材料的方法和装置 |
| CN113758789B (zh) * | 2021-09-10 | 2022-07-22 | 西北工业大学 | 支撑加热金属样品的装置及系统 |
| CN113981273B (zh) * | 2021-11-04 | 2022-05-27 | 四川大学 | 一种初始凝固相为α相的多取向片层组织TiAl合金及其制备方法和应用 |
Family Cites Families (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0294913A3 (fr) * | 1987-06-12 | 1989-08-09 | Inductotherm Corp. | Alimentation de puissance multiphasée pour coulée continue en lévitation |
-
1999
- 1999-10-04 FR FR9912367A patent/FR2799335B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2000
- 2000-10-02 EP EP00966254A patent/EP1222841B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-10-02 DE DE60016444T patent/DE60016444D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-10-02 AU AU76703/00A patent/AU7670300A/en not_active Abandoned
- 2000-10-02 AT AT00966254T patent/ATE284124T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2000-10-02 KR KR1020027004369A patent/KR20020043611A/ko not_active Withdrawn
- 2000-10-02 JP JP2001528432A patent/JP2003511239A/ja not_active Withdrawn
- 2000-10-02 WO PCT/FR2000/002728 patent/WO2001026424A1/fr not_active Ceased
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| See references of WO0126424A1 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP1222841B1 (fr) | 2004-12-01 |
| FR2799335A1 (fr) | 2001-04-06 |
| FR2799335B1 (fr) | 2001-12-14 |
| WO2001026424A1 (fr) | 2001-04-12 |
| KR20020043611A (ko) | 2002-06-10 |
| JP2003511239A (ja) | 2003-03-25 |
| AU7670300A (en) | 2001-05-10 |
| ATE284124T1 (de) | 2004-12-15 |
| DE60016444D1 (de) | 2005-01-05 |
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