EP1207346B1 - Flame monitoring device for an oil or gas burner - Google Patents

Flame monitoring device for an oil or gas burner Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1207346B1
EP1207346B1 EP01126119A EP01126119A EP1207346B1 EP 1207346 B1 EP1207346 B1 EP 1207346B1 EP 01126119 A EP01126119 A EP 01126119A EP 01126119 A EP01126119 A EP 01126119A EP 1207346 B1 EP1207346 B1 EP 1207346B1
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EP
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Prior art keywords
flame
signal
photosensor
evaluation circuit
monitor according
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EP01126119A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP1207346A2 (en
EP1207346A3 (en
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Kurt-Henry Dr. Mindermann
Mirko Loncaric
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BFI Automation Mindermann GmbH
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BFI Automation Mindermann GmbH
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N5/00—Systems for controlling combustion
    • F23N5/02—Systems for controlling combustion using devices responsive to thermal changes or to thermal expansion of a medium
    • F23N5/08—Systems for controlling combustion using devices responsive to thermal changes or to thermal expansion of a medium using light-sensitive elements
    • F23N5/082—Systems for controlling combustion using devices responsive to thermal changes or to thermal expansion of a medium using light-sensitive elements using electronic means

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a flame detector for a burner operated with oil or gas burner according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • a flame detector is from document US-A-4,280,184 already known.
  • a flame detector for bluish-burning flames of an oil or gas burner which comprises a flame-detecting photosensor having ultra-violet-to-infrared sensitivity and a downstream evaluation circuit which shuts off the supply of fuel when the radiation is in the region of 200 to 500 nm precipitates or the increase of the detected radiation intensity above 500 nm can detect a migration out of the blue region.
  • the signal of the photo sensor is two-channel, on the one hand regarding ultraviolet radiation to 500 nm and on the other with respect to visible and infrared radiation, evaluated.
  • a special photo sensor with a special evaluation is needed.
  • the object of the invention is to provide a flame detector according to the preamble of claim 1, which detects whether the burner is burning, i. a flame is available, in a very simple manner allows.
  • Fig. 1 shows a diagram concerning various quantities plotted against the lambda value.
  • Fig. 2 shows schematically a circuit diagram for a control device.
  • Fig. 3 shows diagrammatically the formation of measured values for the flicker frequency of the flame radiation.
  • a flame of an oil or gas burner burns optimally when a small stoichiometric excess air is present, ie the lambda value is slightly greater than one. If the lambda value continues to increase, the intensity of the flame radiation increases, which also happens when the lambda value drops below one. If the lambda value is greater than one, the optical frequencies of the air are shifted as the proportion of combustion air increases Flame radiation to larger values, with a lambda value smaller than one, the optical frequencies of the flame radiation shift to smaller values as the proportion of combustion air decreases. In the latter case, however, the development of soot also increases sharply (see diagram of Fig.
  • the evaluation circuit can evaluate the signal of the photosensor with respect to Flackerfrequenz and / or amplitude of the detected flame radiation and upon detection of the emigration of flame radiation at a Flackerfrequenz below a predetermined value, a signal for increasing the combustion air content of the fuel-combustion air mixture and when the predetermined second Value generate a signal for lowering the combustion air content of the fuel-combustion air mixture.
  • the diagram of FIG. 1 further includes a curve C which relates "zero crossings", here referred to as pulsation (Hz), of the signal of the flame radiation detecting photodetector 2 amplified by an amplifier 1 with respect to lambda.
  • Hz pulsation
  • These zero crossings per unit time essentially correspond Flicker frequency of flame radiation.
  • These zero crossings are generated by the evaluation circuit by the DC component of the signal of the photo sensor is cut off and the zero line for the AC component is so placed that the noise component of the signal is suppressed, ie that the dominant amplitudes remain.
  • the resulting AC signal is amplified, amplifier 3, such that substantially rectangular pulses with varying pulse widths result as a result of clipping the upper and lower sections.
  • a comparator 4 either with downstream counter, a shift register and evaluation or a microprocessor 5 is expediently used, which performs the functions of these components and the generation of a shutdown signal in the event of missing flame.
  • Low frequencies about ⁇ 30 Hz can be cut in advance by means of a high-pass filter 6 so that they do not enter into the evaluation.
  • the limit for a shutdown is relatively small and periods may occur within the predetermined time in which no zero crossing is detected, it is appropriate to divide the predetermined time into a plurality, for example, six to ten sections, in which separately counted the zero crossings are then added after each expiration of a section for a predetermined time to corresponding values respectively after expiration of such a section for a predetermined time with the limit value to be able to compare.
  • This is shown schematically in FIG.
  • the required for gas and oil burners shutdown in a gas burner, for example, 1 sec, readily comply.
  • the flame detector can be used in conjunction with any type of fuel-combustion air mixture control equipment.
  • an optical filter in front of the photosensor which absorbs substantially in a wavelength range which corresponds to the radiation of glowing furnace walls (greater than approximately 900 nm), so that a flicker which can thereby be generated in the absence of a flame, that air is swirled by a fan in the oven, is not confused with the actual flickering of a flame.

Abstract

The photocell (2) is sensitive to electromagnetic radiation in the optical or visible band. It is connected to a first amplifier (1) which in turn is connected to a band-pass filter (5). The signal may be divided up into several time bands, with the circuit tuned to the flicker frequency of the observed flames. The band-pass filter is connected to a second amplifier (3), which is in turn connected to a comparator (4) which receives a reference signal (U ref). The output of the comparator is fed to a microprocessor.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft einen Flammenwächter für einen mit Öl oder Gas betriebenen Brenner nach dem Oberbegriff des Anspruchs 1. Ein solcher Flammenwächter ist aus Dokument US-A-4 280 184 schon bekannt.The invention relates to a flame detector for a burner operated with oil or gas burner according to the preamble of claim 1. Such a flame detector is from document US-A-4,280,184 already known.

Aus DE 197 46 786 C2 ist ein Flammenwächter für bläulich brennenden Flammen eines Öl- oder Gasbrenners bekannt, bei dem ein Halbleiterdetektor mit einer spektralen Empfindlichkeit im nahen Ultraviolett mit einer nachgeschalteten Auswerteschaltung verwendet wird, die einen Regler für das Brennstoff-Verbrennungsluft-Verhältnis entsprechend der spektralen Verteilung der Flammenstrahlung beeinflußt. Dies kann aber beim Auswandern der Flammenstrahlung zu größeren Wellenlängen, dem "Gelbbereich" hin zu Problemen derart führen, daß trotz Erhöhung des Verbrennungsluftanteils das Auswandern zunimmt und daraufhin die Brennstoffzufuhr abgeschaltet wird. Ein Auswertung der vom Fotosensor empfangenen Strahlung hinsichtlich dessen, ob der Brenner brennt oder im Falle, daß er nicht brennt, die Brennstoffzufuhr möglichst umgehend abzuschalten ist, ist hier nicht vorgesehen.Out DE 197 46 786 C2 For example, there is known a flame detector for bluish-burning flames of an oil or gas burner which employs a semiconductor detector having a near ultraviolet spectral sensitivity with a downstream evaluation circuit which effects a fuel-combustion-air ratio regulator in accordance with the spectral distribution of flame radiation. However, this can lead to problems when emigrating the flame radiation to larger wavelengths, the "yellow area" in such a way that despite increasing the proportion of combustion air, the emigration increases and then the fuel supply is switched off. An evaluation of the received radiation from the photo sensor in terms of whether the burner is burning or in the event that it does not burn, the fuel supply is as soon as possible shut down, is not provided here.

Aus DE 198 09 653 C1 ist ein Flammenwächter für bläulich brennende Flammen eines Öl- oder Gasbrenners bekannt, der einen die Flammenstrahlung erfassenden Fotosensor, der eine von Ultraviolett zu Infrarot stark ansteigende Empfindlichkeit aufweist, und eine nachgeschaltete Auswerteschaltung umfaßt, die die Brennstoffzufuhr abschaltet, wenn die Strahlung im Bereich von 200 bis 500 nm ausfällt oder die Zunahme der erfaßten Strahlungsintensität oberhalb 500 nm ein Abwandern aus dem blauen Bereich erkennen läßt. Hierbei wird das Signal des Fotosensor zweikanalig, zum einen betreffend Ultraviolettstrahlung bis 500 nm und zum anderen betreffend sichtbare und infrarote Strahlung, ausgewertet. Hierbei wird ein spezieller Fotosensor mit einer speziellen Auswertung benötigt.Out DE 198 09 653 C1 For example, there is known a flame detector for bluish-burning flames of an oil or gas burner which comprises a flame-detecting photosensor having ultra-violet-to-infrared sensitivity and a downstream evaluation circuit which shuts off the supply of fuel when the radiation is in the region of 200 to 500 nm precipitates or the increase of the detected radiation intensity above 500 nm can detect a migration out of the blue region. Here, the signal of the photo sensor is two-channel, on the one hand regarding ultraviolet radiation to 500 nm and on the other with respect to visible and infrared radiation, evaluated. Here a special photo sensor with a special evaluation is needed.

Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es, einen Flammenwächter nach dem Oberbegriff des Anspruchs 1 zu schaffen, die eine Erkennung, ob der Brenner brennt, d.h. eine Flamme vorhanden ist, in sehr einfacher Weise ermöglicht.The object of the invention is to provide a flame detector according to the preamble of claim 1, which detects whether the burner is burning, i. a flame is available, in a very simple manner allows.

Diese Aufgabe wird entsprechend dem kennzeichnenden Teil des Anspruchs 1 gelöst.This object is achieved according to the characterizing part of claim 1.

Weitere Ausgestaltungen der Erfindung sind der nachfolgenden Beschreibung und den Unteransprüchen zu entnehmen.Further embodiments of the invention are described in the following description and the dependent claims.

Die Erfindung wird nachstehend anhand von beigefügten Abbildungen näher erläutert.The invention is explained below with reference to accompanying drawings.

Fig. 1 zeigt ein Diagramm betreffend verschiedener Größen, aufgetragen gegenüber dem Lambda-Wert.Fig. 1 shows a diagram concerning various quantities plotted against the lambda value.

Fig. 2 zeigt schematisch ein Schaltkreisdiagramm für eine Regeleinrichtung.Fig. 2 shows schematically a circuit diagram for a control device.

Fig. 3 zeigt diagrammartig die Bildung von Meßwerten für die Flackerfrequenz der Flammenstrahlung.Fig. 3 shows diagrammatically the formation of measured values for the flicker frequency of the flame radiation.

Eine Flamme eines Öl- oder Gasbrenners brennt dann optimal, wenn ein geringer stöchiometrischer Luftüberschuß vorhanden, d.h. der Lambda-Wert geringfügig größer als eins ist. Steigt der Lambda-Wert weiter an, so nimmt die Intensität der Flammenstrahlung zu, was aber auch geschieht, wenn der Lambda-Wert unter eins abfällt. Bei einem Lambda-Wert größer eins verschieben sich bei Erhöhung des Verbrennungsluftanteils die optischen Frequenzen der Flammenstrahlung zu größeren Werten, bei einem Lambda-Wert kleiner eins verschieben sich bei Erniedrigung des Verbrennungsluftanteils die optischen Frequenzen der Flammenstrahlung zu kleineren Werten. In letzterem Fall steigt allerdings dann auch die Rußentwicklung stark an (vgl. Diagramm von Fig. 1, in dem Kurve A Meßwerte bezüglich der Rußentwicklung, in Bacharach angegeben, gegenüber dem Lambda-Wert aufgetragen zeigt), weshalb in diesem Fall dann, wenn über die Regelung die Rückführung des Brennstoff-Verbrennungsluftgemisches in den optimalen Bereich nicht in vorbestimmter Zeit erreicht wird, die Brennstoffzufuhr zweckmäßigerweise zu unterbrechen ist.A flame of an oil or gas burner burns optimally when a small stoichiometric excess air is present, ie the lambda value is slightly greater than one. If the lambda value continues to increase, the intensity of the flame radiation increases, which also happens when the lambda value drops below one. If the lambda value is greater than one, the optical frequencies of the air are shifted as the proportion of combustion air increases Flame radiation to larger values, with a lambda value smaller than one, the optical frequencies of the flame radiation shift to smaller values as the proportion of combustion air decreases. In the latter case, however, the development of soot also increases sharply (see diagram of Fig. 1, in which curve A shows measured values with respect to the development of soot, in Bacharach, plotted against the lambda value), which is why in this case, if the regulation the return of the fuel-combustion air mixture in the optimum range is not reached in a predetermined time, the fuel supply is expedient to interrupt.

Bei Verwendung eines die Flammenstrahlung erfassenden Fotosensors, der eine vom Ultraviolett zu Infrarot stark ansteigende Empfindlichkeit aufweist, und einer nachgeschalteten Auswerteschaltung, die ein Signal erzeugt, das dem über eine vorbestimmte Zeit integrierten Signal des Fotosensors bezüglich der Strahlung im Bereich größerer Wellenlängen, etwa >500 nm, entspricht, kann man das so erzeugte Signal gegenüber Lambda auftragen. Man erhält dann eine brennerspezifische Kurve B gemäß dem Diagramm von Fig. 1.When using a flame-detecting photosensor, which has a rising from ultraviolet to infrared sensitivity, and a downstream evaluation circuit that generates a signal that the over a predetermined time integrated signal of the photosensor with respect to the radiation in the range of larger wavelengths, about> 500 nm, it is possible to apply the signal thus generated to lambda. One then obtains a burner-specific curve B according to the diagram of FIG. 1.

Aus Kurve B ist ersichtlich, daß bei einem Lambda-Wert von etwa 1 ein Minimum liegt und die Kurve B von dort sowohl zu höheren wie zu niedrigeren Lambda-Werten hin ansteigt.From curve B it can be seen that at a lambda value of about 1 there is a minimum and curve B increases from there to both higher and lower lambda values.

Dementsprechend kann die Auswerteschaltung das Signal des Fotosensors bezüglich Flackerfrequenz und/oder Amplitude der erfaßten Flammenstrahlung auswerten und beim Feststellen des Auswanderns der Flammenstrahlung bei einer Flackerfrequenz unterhalb eines vorbestimmten Wertes ein Signal zum Erhöhen des Verbrennungsluftanteils des Brennstoff-Verbrennungsluft-Gemisches und beim Überschreiten des vorbestimmten zweiten Wertes ein Signal zum Erniedrigen des Verbrennungsluftanteils des Brennstoff-Verbrennungsluft-Gemisches erzeugen.Accordingly, the evaluation circuit can evaluate the signal of the photosensor with respect to Flackerfrequenz and / or amplitude of the detected flame radiation and upon detection of the emigration of flame radiation at a Flackerfrequenz below a predetermined value, a signal for increasing the combustion air content of the fuel-combustion air mixture and when the predetermined second Value generate a signal for lowering the combustion air content of the fuel-combustion air mixture.

Das Diagramm von Fig. 1 enthält ferner eine Kurve C, die "Nulldurchgänge", hier als Pulsation (Hz) bezeichnet, des von einem Verstärker 1 verstärkten Signals des die Flammenstrahlung erfassenden Fotodetektors 2 aufgetragen gegenüber Lambda betrifft. Diese Nulldurchgänge pro Zeiteinheit entsprechen im wesentlichen der Flackerfrequenz der Flammenstrahlung. Diese Nulldurchgänge werden von der Auswerteschaltung erzeugt, indem der Gleichstromanteil des Signals des Fotosensors abgeschnitten und die Nullinie für den Wechselstromanteil so gelegt wird, daß der Rauschanteil des Signals unterdrückt wird, d.h. daß die dominanten Amplituden übrig bleiben. Das sich ergebende Wechselspannungssignal wird derart verstärkt, Verstärker 3, daß sich infolge Abschneidens der oberen und unteren Abschnitte im wesentlichen Rechteckimpulse mit variierenden Pulsbreiten ergeben. Man zählt dann entsprechend auf- und/oder absteigende Flanken dieser Rechteckimpulse und damit Nulldurchgänge. Dies geschieht pro Zeiteinheit, beispielsweise pro Sekunde. Wenn die Zahl der Nulldurchgänge pro Zeiteinheit größer als ein vorbestimmter Grenzwert, beispielsweise 25, ist, geht man davon aus, daß eine Flamme vorhanden ist. Ist die Zahl der Nulldurchgänge gleich dem vorbestimmten Grenzwert oder darunter, geht man davon aus, daß keine Flamme vorhanden ist, und ein Signal zur Unterbrechung der Brennstoffzufuhr kann dementsprechend erzeugt. - Bei Auswertung der Nulldurchgänge läßt sich auf einen speziellen Fotodetektor und die zweikanalige Auswertung seines Signals nach DE 198 09 653 C1 verzichten.The diagram of FIG. 1 further includes a curve C which relates "zero crossings", here referred to as pulsation (Hz), of the signal of the flame radiation detecting photodetector 2 amplified by an amplifier 1 with respect to lambda. These zero crossings per unit time essentially correspond Flicker frequency of flame radiation. These zero crossings are generated by the evaluation circuit by the DC component of the signal of the photo sensor is cut off and the zero line for the AC component is so placed that the noise component of the signal is suppressed, ie that the dominant amplitudes remain. The resulting AC signal is amplified, amplifier 3, such that substantially rectangular pulses with varying pulse widths result as a result of clipping the upper and lower sections. It then counts according to rising and / or falling edges of these square pulses and thus zero crossings. This happens per unit time, for example per second. If the number of zero crossings per unit time is greater than a predetermined limit, for example 25, it is believed that there is a flame. If the number of zero crossings is equal to or below the predetermined limit value, it is considered that there is no flame, and a signal for interrupting the fuel supply can be generated accordingly. - When evaluating the zero crossings can be based on a special photodetector and the two-channel evaluation of its signal DE 198 09 653 C1 without.

Zur Auswertung wird zweckmäßigerweise ein Komparator 4 entweder mit nachgeschaltetem Zähler, einem Schieberegister und Auswertung oder ein Mikroprozessor 5 verwendet, der die Funktionen dieser Komponenten und die Erzeugung eines Abschaltsignals für den Fall fehlender Flamme wahrnimmt. Niedrige Frequenzen etwa < 30 Hz können vorab mittels eines Hochpaßfilters 6 abgeschnitten werden, so daß sie nicht in die Auswertung eingehen.For evaluation, a comparator 4 either with downstream counter, a shift register and evaluation or a microprocessor 5 is expediently used, which performs the functions of these components and the generation of a shutdown signal in the event of missing flame. Low frequencies about <30 Hz can be cut in advance by means of a high-pass filter 6 so that they do not enter into the evaluation.

Da der Grenzwert für eine Abschaltung relativ klein ist und Perioden innerhalb der vorbestimmten Zeit auftreten können, in denen kein Nulldurchgang festgestellt wird, ist es zweckmäßig, die vorbestimmte Zeit in eine Vielzahl, beispielsweise sechs bis zehn Abschnitte zu unterteilen, in denen separat die Nulldurchgänge gezählt werden, die dann jeweils nach Ablauf eines Abschnittes für eine vorbestimmte Zeit addiert werden, um entsprechende Werte jeweils nach Ablauf eines derartiges Abschnitt für eine vorbestimmte Zeit mit dem Grenzwert vergleichen zu können. Dies ist in Fig. 3 schematisch dargestellt. Hierdurch lassen sich die bei Gas- und Ölbrennern geforderten Abschaltzeiten, bei einem Gasbrenner beispielsweise 1 sec, ohne weiteres einhalten. Bei der Erzeugung des jeweiligen Wertes für die Zahl der Nulldurchgänge fällt jeweils die Anzahl des zeitlich ersten Abschnittes weg und die Anzahl des zeitlich letzten Abschnittes kommt dazu, so daß der Wert nach jedem Abschnitt aktualisiert ist und mit dem Grenzwert verglichen werden kann. Hierzu benötigt man die oben erwähnte Schieberegisterfunktion.Since the limit for a shutdown is relatively small and periods may occur within the predetermined time in which no zero crossing is detected, it is appropriate to divide the predetermined time into a plurality, for example, six to ten sections, in which separately counted the zero crossings are then added after each expiration of a section for a predetermined time to corresponding values respectively after expiration of such a section for a predetermined time with the limit value to be able to compare. This is shown schematically in FIG. As a result, the required for gas and oil burners shutdown, in a gas burner, for example, 1 sec, readily comply. When the respective value for the number of zero crossings is generated, the number of the chronologically first segment disappears and the number of the chronologically last segment occurs, so that the value after each segment is updated and can be compared with the limit value. For this one needs the above-mentioned shift register function.

Bei dieser Art der Flammenüberwachung, die äußerst einfach ist, besteht auch keine Problem hinsichtlich Empfindlichkeitseinstellung, so daß er auch äußerst einfach handhabbar ist. Eine Übersteuerung spielt hierbei keine Rolle, da hierdurch die Rechteckimpulse nicht wesentlich beeinträchtigt werden. Der Flammenwächter läßt sich zusammen mit jeder Art von Regeleinrichtungen für das Brennstoff-Verbrennungsluft-Gemisch einsetzen.In this type of flame monitoring, which is extremely simple, there is also no problem with sensitivity adjustment, so that it is also extremely easy to handle. An override does not matter, as this does not significantly affect the rectangular pulses. The flame detector can be used in conjunction with any type of fuel-combustion air mixture control equipment.

Ferner ist es zweckmäßig, vor dem Fotosensor ein optisches Filter zu verwenden, das im wesentlichen in einem Wellenlängenbereich absorbierend wirkt, der der Strahlung von glühenden Ofenwänden entspricht (größer etwa 900 nm), damit ein Flackern, das bei fehlender Flamme dadurch erzeugt werden kann, daß durch einen Ventilator im Ofen Luft verwirbelt wird, nicht mit dem tatsächlichen Flackern einer Flamme verwechselt wird.Furthermore, it is expedient to use an optical filter in front of the photosensor which absorbs substantially in a wavelength range which corresponds to the radiation of glowing furnace walls (greater than approximately 900 nm), so that a flicker which can thereby be generated in the absence of a flame, that air is swirled by a fan in the oven, is not confused with the actual flickering of a flame.

Claims (6)

  1. Flame monitor for an oil- or gas-operated burner, having a photosensor which detects the optical flame radiation and the pulsation thereof, and having an evaluation circuit which is connected downstream of said photosensor and ascertains whether the radiation received by the photosensor corresponds to that of a burning flame and, in the event of a negative result, generates a switch-off signal for the fuel supply,
    characterized in that the evaluation circuit determines the number of zero crossings of the processed signal of the photosensor within a predetermined unit of time and compares it with a predetermined limit value, a switch-off signal for the fuel supply being generated when said limit value is undershot, the signal of the photosensor, freed from the DC voltage component and noise, being processed by corresponding amplification to form square-wave pulses.
  2. Flame monitor according to Claim 1, characterized in that the rising or falling edges of the signal can be counted by the evaluation circuit.
  3. Flame monitor according to Claim 2, characterized in that the evaluation circuit has a comparator with a counter connected downstream.
  4. Flame monitor according to one of Claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the predetermined unit of time is subdivided by the evaluation circuit into a multiplicity of segments, the number of zero crossings being determined at the end of each segment.
  5. Flame monitor according to Claim 4, characterized in that the segments form a fraction of the required burner switch-off time upon ascertaining the absence of a flame.
  6. Flame monitor according to one of Claims 1 to 5, characterized in that an optical filter is connected upstream of the photosensor and essentially absorbs radiation corresponding to that from incandescent furnace walls.
EP01126119A 2000-11-11 2001-11-03 Flame monitoring device for an oil or gas burner Expired - Lifetime EP1207346B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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DE10055831 2000-11-11
DE10055831A DE10055831C2 (en) 2000-11-11 2000-11-11 Flame detector for an oil or gas burner

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EP1207346A2 EP1207346A2 (en) 2002-05-22
EP1207346A3 EP1207346A3 (en) 2004-05-06
EP1207346B1 true EP1207346B1 (en) 2007-08-15

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EP (1) EP1207346B1 (en)
AT (1) ATE370372T1 (en)
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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP1207346A2 (en) 2002-05-22
DE10055831C2 (en) 2002-11-21
ATE370372T1 (en) 2007-09-15
US20020081545A1 (en) 2002-06-27
US6700495B2 (en) 2004-03-02
DE50112856D1 (en) 2007-09-27
DE10055831A1 (en) 2002-05-29
EP1207346A3 (en) 2004-05-06

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