Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D405/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D405/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings
  • C07D405/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/14—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating abnormal movements, e.g. chorea, dyskinesia
  • A61P25/16—Anti-Parkinson drugs
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
  • A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/12—Antivirals
  • A61P31/14—Antivirals for RNA viruses
  • A61P31/18—Antivirals for RNA viruses for HIV
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
  • A61P9/10—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system for treating ischaemic or atherosclerotic diseases, e.g. antianginal drugs, coronary vasodilators, drugs for myocardial infarction, retinopathy, cerebrovascula insufficiency, renal arteriosclerosis
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D211/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings
  • C07D211/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
  • C07D211/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D211/36—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D211/56—Nitrogen atoms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D409/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D409/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
  • C07D409/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond

Definitions

• the present invention relates to chemical compounds, in particular 1,2,3,4- tetrahydronaphthalenes, chromans and thiochromans, to processes for their preparation and to chemical intermediates useful in such processes.
• the present invention further relates to
• 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalenes 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalenes, chromans and thiochromans, to pharmaceutical compositions containing them and to their use in methods of therapeutic treatment of animals including man, in particular in the treatment of neurological disorders.
• Neurological disorders for which the present compounds are useful, include stroke, head trauma, transient cerebral ischaemic attack, and chronic neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, diabetic neuropathy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis and AIDS-related dementia.
• the compounds useful in the present invention are believed to act by binding with the [ 3 H]-emopamil binding site.
• Backeround Emopamil has classically been thought of as a neuroprotective agent whose efficacy is most likely derived from actions at either voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) or 5-HT 2 receptors.
• VSCC voltage-sensitive calcium channels
• 5-HT 2 receptors 5-HT 2 receptors
• [ 3 H]-Emopamil binding defines a unique high affinity site that is not related to VSCC, is found in the brain, but is most prevalent in the liver (Moebius et al., Mol. Pharmacol. 43: 139- 148, 1993). Moebius et al. have termed this the "anti-ischaemic" binding site on the basis of high affinity displacement by several chemically disparate neuroprotective agents. In liver, the [ 3 H]-emopamil binding site is localised to the endoplasmic reticulum.
• Neuroprotective compounds are known, for example emopamil and ifenprodil, that exhibit high affinity for the [ 3 H]-emopamil binding site. However these are not selective inhibitors and exhibit activity either at neuronal VSCC, the polyamine site of the NMDA receptor (N-Methyl-D-aspartate) and/or the sigma-1 binding site.
• the present invention comprises a class of compounds that show selective action at the [ 3 H]-emopamil binding site and that are neuroprotective without acting directly at either NSCC or ⁇ MDA receptors, and which exhibit fewer associated side effects such as hypotension seen with emopamil or behavioural manifestations seen with ifenprodil.
• R 1 is Ci- ⁇ alkyl, C 3 . 6 alkenyl, C 3 _6alkynyl or phenylC 2 _6alkyl;
• R 2 is hydrogen, optionally substituted Ci.galkyl, optionally substituted C 3 . 8 alkenyl or optionally substituted C 3 . 8 alkynyl; wherein said substituents are chosen from one or more halo, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, amino, carboxy, carbamoyl, mercapto, sulphamoyl, C ⁇ . 6 alkoxy, C ⁇ . 6 alkanoyl, C ⁇ . 6 alkoxycarbonyl, C ⁇ _6alkanoyloxy, N-(C ⁇ . 6 alkyl)amino, NN-(C ⁇ -6alkyl) 2 amino, C ⁇ .
• F is optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted carbon linked heteroaryl, optionally substituted carbon-linked heterocycle or optionally substituted C 3 . ⁇ 2 cycloalkyl
• p is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6
• X is a linking group and is selected from -C(O)-, -O-, -OC(O)-, -S-, - S(O)-, -S(O) 2 -, -S(O) 2 ⁇ R 4 -, -NR 4 S(O) 2 -, -NR 4 -, -C(O)O-, -C(O)NR 4 -, -NR 4 C(O)-, -
• any aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycle or C 3 i 2 cycloalkyl may be optionally substituted on a ring carbon with one or more groups selected from halo, nitro, cyano, hydroxy, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, amino, carboxy, carbamoyl, mercapto, sulphamoyl, Ci 6 alkyl, C 2 6 alkenyl, C 2 ⁇ alkynyl, Cj 6 alkoxy, Ci ⁇ alkanoyl, Ci 6 alkanoyloxy, N-(C ⁇ 6 alkyl)am ⁇ no, NN-(C ⁇ 6 alkyl) 2 am ⁇ no, Ci 6 alkanoylam ⁇ no, N-(C ⁇ 6 alkyl)carbamoyl, NN-(C ⁇ 6 alkyi) 2 carbamoyl, Ci 6 alkylS(O) a wherein a is 0, 1 or 2, Ci 6 alkoxycarbonyl
• R 4 is Ci 6 alkyl, r is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, wherein the values of R may be the same or different, and s is 0, 1 , 2 or 3 wherein the values of R 4 may be the same or different, or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt or an in v/vo-hydrolysable ester, amide or carbamate thereof
• the invention comprises a method for using compounds of Formula (I) for the treatment of neurological disorders such as stroke, head trauma, transient cerebral ischaemic attack, and chronic neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, diabetic neuropathy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis and AIDS-related dementia
• neurological disorders such as stroke, head trauma, transient cerebral ischaemic attack, and chronic neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, diabetic neuropathy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis and AIDS-related dementia
• the invention comprises methods for making compounds of formula
• the invention comprises pharmaceutical compositions comprising compounds of formula (I) together excipients, diluents or stabilisers, as further disclosed herein
• alkyl includes both straight and branched chain alkyl groups but references to individual alkyl groups such as “propyl” are specific for the straight chain version only
• alkenyl alkynyl
• phenylCi 6 alkyl includes 2-phenylethyl, 2-phenylpropyl and 3-phenylpropyl
• halo refers to fluoro, chloro, bromo and lodo
• aryl refers to an unsaturated carbon ring.
• aryl is phenyl, naphthyl or biphenyl. More preferably aryl is phenyl.
• heteroaryl or “heteroaryl ring” refers to, unless otherwise further specified, a monocyclic-, bicyclic- or tricyclic- 5-14 membered ring that is unsaturated or partially unsaturated, with up to five ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulphur wherein a -CH 2 - group can optionally be replaced by a -C(O)-, and a ring nitrogen atom may be optionally oxidised to form the N-oxide.
• heteroaryls examples include thienyl, furyl, pyranyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyridyl, pyridyl-N-oxide, oxopyridyl, oxoquinolyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, oxopyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, indolinyl, benzofliranyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothiazolyl, quinolyl, isoquinolinyl, quinazolinyl, xanthenyl, quinoxalinyl, indazolyl, benzofliranyl and cinnolinolyl.
• heterocyclyl or “heterocyclic ring” refers to, unless otherwise further specified, a mono- or bicyclic- 5-14 membered ring, that is totally saturated, with up to five ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulphur wherein a -CH 2 - group can optionally be replaced by a -C(O)-.
• heterocyclyls include morpholinyl, pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, homopiperidinyl, homopiperazinyl and quinuclidinyl.
• examples of Ci_8alkyl include Ci- ⁇ alkyl, C]. 4 alkyl such as methyl, ethyl, isopropyl and t-butyl; examples of phenylCi- ⁇ alkyl include phenylC 2 - 6 alkyl, benzyl, phenylethyl and phenylpropyl; examples of Ci- ⁇ alkoxycarbonyl include methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, n- and i- butoxycarbonyl; examples of Ci- ⁇ alkoxy include methoxy, ethoxy and propoxy; examples of Ci-ealkanoylamino include formamido, acetamido and propionylamino; examples of C ⁇ _6 alkyl S(O) a where a is 0, 1 or 2 include Ci- ⁇ alkylsulphonyl, methylthio, ethylthio, methylsulphinyl, ethylsul
• 6 alkanoyl include propionyl and acetyl; examples of N-C ⁇ . 6 alkylamino include N-methylamino and N-ethylamino; examples ofN,N-(C ⁇ -6alkyl) 2 amino include N,N-dimethylamino, NN-diethylamino and N-ethyl- N-methylamino; examples of C 3 . ⁇ 2 cycloalkyl include cyclopropyl and cyclohexyl; examples of C 3 . 8 alkenyl include C 3 . 6 alkenyl, vinyl, allyl and 1-propenyl; examples of Q,_._ alkenyl include allyl and 1-propenyl; examples of C 3 .
• x alkynyl include C 3 . 6 alkynyl, 1-propynyl and 2-propynyl; examples of C 2 . ⁇ alkynyl include ethynyl, 1-propynyl and 2-propynyl; examples of haloC _6alkyl include 2-chloroethyl and 2-bromopropyl; examples ofN-(C ⁇ .
• 6 alkyl)sulphamoyl include N-methylsulphamoyl and N-ethylsulphamoyl; examples of N,N-(C ⁇ -6alkyl) 2 sulphamoyl include N,N-dimethylsulphamoyl and N-methyl-N- ethylsulphamoyl; examples of N-(C ⁇ . 6 alkyl)carbamoyl include N-methylcarbamoyl and N-ethylcarbamoyl; examples of N,N-(C].6alkyl) 2 carbamoyl include N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl and N-methyl-N- ethylcarbamoyl; examples of C ⁇ .
• 6 alkanoyloxy include propionyloxy, acetyloxy and formyloxy; examples of C ⁇ _6alkoxyC ⁇ .6alkoxy include methoxyethoxy, ethoxymethoxy and propoxypropoxy, and examples of halo Ci- ⁇ alkyl include trifluoromethyl, 2-bromoethyl, 3-iodo-2-fluoropropyl and 4- iodobutyl.
• R 1 is C ⁇ . 6 alkyl-
• R 1 is C ⁇ _ alkyl.
• R ! is methyl
• R 2 is hydrogen or optionally substituted C ⁇ . 8 alkyl wherein said optional substituents are as hereinbefore defined. More preferably R 2 is hydrogen or Ci- ⁇ alkyl.
• R 2 is hydrogen, methyl, n-propyl or isoamyl.
• r is 0.
• s is 0.
• X is CH 2 . In another aspect of the invention preferably X is S.
• R 1 is C ⁇ . 6 alkyl
• R 2 is hydrogen or optionally substituted C ⁇ _ 8 alkyl wherein said optional substituents are as hereinbefore defined; r is O; s is 0; and
• X is CH 2 , S or O; or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt or an in v vo-hydrolysable ester, amide or carbamate thereof.
• R 1 is C ⁇ - 4 alkyl
• R 2 is hydrogen or C ⁇ . 6 alkyl; r is O; s is 0; and
• X is CH 2 , S or O; or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt or an in v/ ' vo-hydrolysable ester, amide or carbamate thereof.
• R 1 is methyl
• R 2 is hydrogen, methyl, n-propyl or isoamyl; r is O; s is 0; and
• X is CH 2 , S or O; or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt or an in / ' vo-hydrolysable ester, amide or carbamate thereof.
• Preferred compounds of the invention are those of Examples.
• a preferred aspect of the invention relates to any one of the Examples.
• Preferred aspects of the invention relate to a compound of formula (I) as hereinbefore defined or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof.
• Suitable pharmaceutically-acceptable salts include acid addition salts such as methanesulphonate, fumarate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, citrate, maleate and salts formed with phosphoric and sulphuric acid.
• suitable salts are base salts such as an alkali metal salt for example sodium, an alkaline earth metal salt for example calcium or magnesium, an organic amine salt for example triethylamine, morpholine, N-methylpiperidine, N-ethylpiperidine, procaine, dibenzylamine, N,N-dibenzylethylamine or amino acids for example lysine.
• base salts such as an alkali metal salt for example sodium, an alkaline earth metal salt for example calcium or magnesium, an organic amine salt for example triethylamine, morpholine, N-methylpiperidine, N-ethylpiperidine, procaine, dibenzylamine, N,N-dibenzylethylamine or amino acids for example lysine.
• a preferred pharmaceutically- acceptable salt is a sodium salt.
• the compounds of formula (I) possess a chiral centre at the 1-position of the 1,2,3,4- tetrahydronaphthalene ring and the 4-position of the chroman and thiochroman ring.
• Certain compounds of formula (I) may also have other chiral centres, for example certain of the values of R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R and certain of the optional substituents may possess chiral centres. It is to be understood that the invention encompasses all such optical isomers and diasteroisomers of compounds of formula (I) that inhibit the [ 3 H]-emopamil binding site.
• the invention further relates to all tautomeric forms of the compounds of formula (I). It is also to be understood that certain compounds of the formula (I) can exist in solvated as well as unsolvated forms such as, for example, hydrated forms. It is to be understood that the invention encompasses all such solvated and unsolvated forms.
• v/ ' vo-hydrolysable esters, amides and carbamates are compounds that hydrolyse in the human body to produce the parent compound. Such esters, amides and carbamates can be identified by administering, for example intravenously to a test animal, the compound under test and subsequently examining the test animal's body fluids.
• Suitable in v/ ' vo-hydrolysable amides and carbamates include ⁇ -carbomethoxy and ⁇ -acetyl.
• An in v/ ' vo-hydrolysable ester of a compound of the formula (I) containing carboxy or hydroxy group is, for example, a pharmaceutically-acceptable ester which is hydrolysed in the human or animal body to produce the parent acid or alcohol.
• Suitable pharmaceutically-acceptable esters for carboxy include Ci- ⁇ alkoxymethyl esters for example methoxymethyl, Ci. ⁇ alkanoyloxymethyl esters for example pivaloyloxymethyl, phthalidyl esters, C 3 .8cycloalkoxy-carbonyloxyC ⁇ -6alkyl esters for example 1- cyclohexylcarbonyloxyethyl; l,3-dioxolen-2-onylmethyl esters for example 5-methyl-l,3- dioxolen-2-onylmethyl; and C ⁇ _6alkoxycarbonyloxyethyl esters for example 1- methoxycarbonyloxyethyl and may be formed at any carboxy group in the compounds of this invention
• An in v/vo-hydrolysable ester of a compound of the formula (1) containing a hydroxy group includes inorganic esters such as phosphate esters and ⁇ -acyloxyalkyl ethers and related compounds which as a result of the in vivo hydrolysis of the ester breakdown to give the parent hydroxy group
• ⁇ -acyloxyalkyl ethers include acetoxymethoxy and 2,2- dimethylpropionyloxymethoxy
• a selection of in v/vo-hydrolysable ester forming groups for hydroxy include alkanoyl, benzoyl, phenylacetyl and substituted benzoyl and phenylacetyl, alkoxycarbonyl (to give alkyl carbonate esters), dialkylcarbamoyl and N-(d ⁇ alkylam ⁇ noethyl)-N- alkylcarbamoyl (to give carbamates), dialkylaminoacetyl and carboxyacet
• Another aspect of the present invention provides a process for preparing a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt or an /// v/vo-hydrolysable ester, amide or carbamate thereof which process (wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , X, r and s are, unless otherwise specified, as defined in formula (I)) comprises of a) reacting a compound of formula (II)
• Pg is am amine protecting group, and thereafter if necessary i) converting a compound of the formula (I) into another compound of the formula (I), ii) removing any protecting groups, or iii) forming a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt or in v/vo-hydrolysable ester, amide or carbamate L is a leaving group, suitable values for L are for example, a halogeno or sulphonyloxy group, for example a chloro, bromo, methanesulphonyloxy or toluene-4-sulphonyloxy group.
• Amines and compounds with suitable leaving groups are reacted together under standard alkylation conditions.
• a base such as an inorganic base for example sodium carbonate or sodium hydroxide or an organic base such as Hunig's base or excess amine
• an inert solvent for example tetrahydrofuran, dimethyl acetamide or toluene and at a temperature in the range of 50-120 °C, preferably at or near reflux.
• Pg is am amine protecting group. Suitable values for Pg are described herein below.
• Compounds of formula (VIII) may be prepared according to the following scheme:
• Ketones or aldehydes may be reacted with amines under standard reductive amination conditions.
• a reducing agent such as hydrogen and a hydrogenation catalyst (for example palladium on carbon), or zinc and hydrochloric acid, or sodium cyanoborohydride, or sodium triacetoxyborohydride, or sodium borohydride, iron pentacarbonyl and alcoholic potassium hydroxide, or borane and pyridine or formic acid.
• a suitable solvent such as an alcohol, for example methanol or ethanol, and at a temperature in the range of 0-50 °C, preferably at or near room temperature.
• Compounds of formula (XIV) and (XV) are reduced under standard reduction conditions for reducing an amide to an amine.
• a reducing agent such as borane, sodium borohydride or lithium aluminium hydride
• an inert solvent such as toluene or tetrahydrofuran
• aromatic substitution reactions include the introduction of a nitro group using concentrated nitric acid, the introduction of an acyl group using, for example, an acyl halide and Lewis acid (such as aluminium trichloride) under Friedel Crafts conditions, the introduction of an alkyl group using an alkyl halide and Lewis acid (such as aluminium trichloride) under Friedel Crafts conditions, and the introduction of a halogeno group
• modifications include the reduction of a nitro group to an amino group by for example
• a suitable protecting group for an amino or alkylamino group is, for example, an acyl group, for example an alkanoyl group such as acetyl, an alkoxycarbonyl group, for example a methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl or t-butoxycarbonyl group, an arylmethoxycarbonyl group, for example benzyloxycarbonyl, or an aroyl group, for example benzoyl.
• the deprotection conditions for the above protecting groups necessarily vary with the choice of protecting group.
• an acyl group such as an alkanoyl or alkoxycarbonyl group or an aroyl group may be removed for example, by hydrolysis with a suitable base such as an alkali metal hydroxide, for example lithium or sodium hydroxide.
• a suitable base such as an alkali metal hydroxide, for example lithium or sodium hydroxide.
• an acyl group such as a t-butoxycarbonyl group may be removed, for example, by treatment with a suitable acid as hydrochloric, sulphuric or phosphoric acid or trifluoroacetic acid and an arylmethoxycarbonyl group such as a benzyloxycarbonyl group may be removed, for example, by hydrogenation over a catalyst such as palladium-on-carbon, or by treatment with a Lewis acid for example boron tris(trifluoroacetate).
• a suitable alternative protecting group for a primary amino group is, for example, a phthaloyl group which may be removed by treatment with an alkylamine, for example dimethylaminopropylamine, or with hydrazine.
• a suitable protecting group for a hydroxy group is, for example, an acyl group, for example an alkanoyl group such as acetyl, an aroyl group, for example benzoyl, or an arylmethyl group, for example benzyl.
• the deprotection conditions for the above protecting groups will necessarily vary with the choice of protecting group.
• an acyl group such as an alkanoyl or an aroyl group may be removed, for example, by hydrolysis with a suitable base such as an alkali metal hydroxide, for example lithium or sodium hydroxide.
• a suitable base such as an alkali metal hydroxide, for example lithium or sodium hydroxide.
• an arylmethyl group such as a benzyl group may be removed, for example, by hydrogenation over a catalyst such as palladium-on-carbon.
• a suitable protecting group for a carboxy group is, for example, an esterifying group, for example a methyl or an ethyl group which may be removed, for example, by hydrolysis with a base such as sodium hydroxide, or for example a t-butyl group which may be removed, for example, by treatment with an acid, for example an organic acid such as trifluoroacetic acid, or for example a benzyl group which may be removed, for example, by hydrogenation over a catalyst such as palladium-on-carbon
• the protecting groups may be removed at any convenient stage in the synthesis using conventional techniques well known in the chemical art In order to use a compound of the formula (I) or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt or
• compositions of compounds of this invention may be administered in standard manner for the disease condition that it is desired to treat, for example by oral, topical, parenteral, buccal, nasal, vaginal or rectal administration or by inhalation
• the compounds of this invention may be formulated by means known in the art into the form of, for example, tablets, capsules, aqueous or oily solutions, suspensions, emulsions, creams, ointments, gels, nasal sprays, suppositories, finely divided powders or aerosols for inhalation, and for parenteral use (including intravenous, intramuscular or infusion) sterile aqueous or oily solutions or suspensions or sterile emulsions
• a preferred route of administration is intravenously in sterile lsotonic solution
• composition of this invention may also contain, or be co-administered (simultaneously or sequentially) with, one or more pharmacological agents of value in treating one or more disease conditions referred to hereinabove
• compositions of this invention will normally be administered to humans so that, for example, a daily dose of 0 05 to 75 mg/kg body weight (and preferably of
• This daily dose may be given in divided doses as necessary, the precise amount of the compound received and the route of administration depending on the weight, age and sex of the patient being treated and on the particular disease condition being treated according to principles known in the art
• unit dosage forms will contain about 1 mg to 500 mg of a compound of this invention
• a pharmaceutical composition which comprises a compound of the formula (I) as defined hereinbefore or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt or an in v/vo-hydrolysable ester, amide or carbamate thereof, in association with a pharmaceutically-acceptable excipient or carrier
• a further feature of the present invention is a compound of formula (I) and pharmaceutically-acceptable salts or an /// v/vo-hydrolysable ester, amide or carbamate thereof, for use as a medicament
• this is a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt or an /// v/vo-hydrolysable ester, amide or carbamate thereof, for use as a medicament to inhibit the [ 3 H]-emopam ⁇ l binding site in a warm-blooded animal such as a human being
• a method of inhibiting of the [ H]-emopam ⁇ l binding site in a warm-blooded animal, such as a human being, in need of such treatment which comprises administering to said animal an effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt or an in v/vo-hydrolysable ester, amide or carbamate thereof, as defined hereinbefore
• the method of (-)- 3 H-emopam ⁇ l binding was a modification of Zech, C , Staudinger R , Muhlbacher, J and Glossmann, H Novel sites for phenylalkylamines characterisation of a sodium-sensitive drug receptor with (-)- ⁇ -emopam ⁇ l Eur J Pharm 208 119-130, 1991
• the reaction mixture contained Assay buffer: 10 mM T ⁇ s-HCl, 0 1 mM phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride (PMSF), 0 2% bovine serum albumin (BSA), pH 7 4 at 4°C Radioligand: 0 96 nM (-)- 3 H-emopam ⁇ l (Amersham) Guinea pig liver membranes: 40mg/mL original wet weight Compounds: 1-300 nM Total volume: 500 ⁇ l
• the method of H-D-888 binding was a modification of Reynolds, I J , Snowman, A M and Synder, S H (-)-[ 3 H] Desmethoxyverapamil labels multiple calcium channel modular receptors in brain and skeletal muscle membranes differentiation by temperature and dihydropyridines J Pharmacol Exp Ther 237 no 3, 731-738, 1986
• the assay tubes contained the following assay buffer: 50 mM Hepes, 0 2% BSA, pH 7 4 radioligand: l ⁇ M 3 H-D888 (Amersham) rat cortical membranes: 6 mg/ml original wet weight compounds: 0 3-100 ⁇ M Total volume: 1000 ⁇ l
• This mixture was incubated for 60 minutes at 25 °C.
• the assay was terminated by filtering with a Brandel Cell Harvester over Whatman GF/C filters that had been soaked for at least 120 minutes in 0.3% polyethylenamine (PEI) and washed three times with 5 ml of wash buffer containing 20 mM Hepes, 20 mM MgCl 2 , pH 7.4. Specific binding was measured with 10 ⁇ M methoxyverapamil (D-600).
• This assay was used to determine in vitro selectivity of compounds vs. L-type voltage sensitive calcium channels, i.e. high affinity for the ⁇ -D888 binding site would show a lack of selectivity.
• Rat brain cortical membrane preparation Male Sprague-Dawley Rats were sacrificed by decapitation and the brains were quickly excised. The cerebellum and brain stem were removed and discarded; and the rest of the brain was rinsed in 320 mM sucrose. The brain was then homogenised in a 10-fold volume of 320mM sucrose with a motor driven Teflon-glass homogeniser using 10 strokes on ice. The homogenate was spun at 1000 x g for 10 minutes at 4 °C in a SS-34 rotor. The supernatant was then spun at 29,000 x g for 20 minutes. The resulting pellet was resuspended in membrane buffer (5 mM Hepes, 0.2% BSA, pH 7.4) to a final concentration of 60 mg original wet weight/ ml. Gerbil Global Model of Cerebral Ischaemia
• mice Male Mongolian gerbils (Charles River) weighing 60-70 grams are used in these experiments. They are housed in individual cages with food (Purina Rodent Chow) and water available ad libitum. The animal room is maintained at 23 ⁇ 2 °C, and is on an automatic 12 hour light cycle.
• the gerbils are brought to the surgical suite and dosed intraperitoneally with the test agent or vehicle, forty five minutes prior to surgery. Drugs are administered at a volume of 5 ml/kg (intraperitoneal). Vehicle is generally saline, with sodium phosphate added to adjust pH, if needed. Forty-five minutes after dosing the gerbils are anaesthetised with halothane (3.3%) which is delivered along with oxygen (1.5 1/M) through a face mask. After the gerbils are anaesthetised, halothane is continued at a maintenance level of 1.5-2 % along with oxygen. The ventral surface of the neck is shaved and cleaned with alcohol.
• Surgical procedures are carried out on a thermostat-controlled heating pad set to 37 °C.
• An incision is made in the neck, the carotid arteries are dissected away from the surrounding tissue, and isolated with a 5 cm length of Silastic tubing.
• both arteries have been isolated they are clamped with microaneurysm chps (Roboz Instruments)
• the arteries are visually inspected to determine that the blood flow has been stopped
• the clips are gently removed from the arteries and blood flow begins again
• a sham control group is treated identically but is not subjected to carotid artery occlusion
• the incisions are closed with suture and the gerbils removed from the anaesthesia masks and placed on another heating pad to recover from the anaesthesia When they have regained the righting reflex and are beginning to walk around, they are again dosed with the test compound and returned to their home cages This occurs approximately five minutes after the end of surgery
• gerbils Twenty-four hours post ischaemia gerbils are tested for spontaneous locomotor activity, using a Photobeam Activity System from San Diego Instruments They are individually placed in Plexiglas chambers measuring 27 5 cm x 27 5 cm x 15 cm deep The chambers are surrounded by photocells, and every time a beam is broken one count is recorded Each gerbil is tested for two hours, and cumulative counts are recorded at 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes Mean counts are recorded for each group and drug groups are compared to control with an ANOVA and Bonferroni post test After each gerbil is tested it is returned to its home cage At this time gerbils are also observed for any changes from normal behaviour
• DMSO dimethylsulphoxide
• CDC1 3 is deuterated chloroform
• THF is tetrahydrofuran
• DCM dichloromethane
• This material was dissolved in ether and was treated with an ether solution containing
• HPMC Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose
• a compound of formula (I) is dissolved in an isotonic sterile solution (5 mg/ml).

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• 1999
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